skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
You are getting the right idea there. It all has to do with how the typing rules look like in programming languages with subtyping.

In a type system with subtyping, having a type A be a subtype of a type B (A <: B) means that we can pass a value of type A to any place where a value of type B would be expected.

For basic types, the subtyping rules are pretty simple: just follow the class definition hierarchy. a Dog is an Animal, an Animal is an Object, and so on.

For parameterized types, like collections (List[X]) or functions (Function[A,B]), it is a bit more complicated. The only way to go is to define the subtyping rule for T[X] in terms of the subtyping rule for X but which rule do we use?

- T[A] <: T[B] iff A <: B ? (covariance)

- T[A] <: T[B] iff A :> B ? (contravariance)

- T[A] <: T[B] iff A = B ? (invariance)

Well, it depends on the type! For example, function types (A->B) are contravariant with respect to the input type (the As) and covariant with respect to the output types (the Bs). For collections it depends on what operations are allowed. Read-only collections are covariant, write-only collections are contravariant and read-write collections are invariant.

This last part is where knowing about variance becomes important for programmers. When it comes to user-defined parameterized types, the variance rules are different so to find out if a given type is covariant, contravariant or invariant the only option is to read the type annotations and documentation. And you also need to know what variance is to understand those annotations when you come across them.
Looks awesome! How about adding a direction to your graph for people just starting with SQL.
You aren't using math. You're just cherry picking hypothetical data. McDonalds and Walmart are not barely profitable; they're extremely profitable.
> The question is not "Are minimum wage increases good in general?" the question is "Given the potential tradeoffs, is this specific minimum wage increase good?"

That still isn't the right question because it's a false dichotomy.

At any interesting wage, a minimum wage increase will increase unemployment. An increase from $.10/hr to $.50/hr does nothing because approximately zero people make less than $.50/hr to begin with. Once you get into wages that people are actually paid, with high probability there will be some jobs that can't be justified at a higher wage.

Imposing a minimum wage is taking from the people at the very bottom (who become unemployed) in order to give to the people at the almost-but-not-quite bottom. Which is why the whole exercise is folly.

It doesn't matter whether the higher wages outweigh the increase in unemployment in any particular scenario because there is a third option -- increase income without imposing the entire cost on employers who hire people at the bottom.

The simplest way to do that is a UBI. The UBI supplements everyone's wages, which brings up the lowest paid workers to the minimum, and is paid for from general taxes, which minimizes the economic damage by spreading out the burden (and having the rich pay their proportionate share).
The somewhat optimistic view of these "gigs" is that they have two important qualities:

- They can be picked up/put down at any time
- They require no specific time commitment and can be managed in parallel with other money making endeavors/jobs

Most "jobs" are actually difficult to get (go try to get a job as a waiter - you probably need to know someone), require a very specific time commitment, and if you decide you have other opportunities you want to pursue for any period of time you have "quit" the job and renounce the right to work it likely forever.

Those are really shitty qualities! There's tremendous value in a job you know you can start/stop anytime and don't require any specific commitment in order to continue to have the job available to you. We should look at the gig economy not in any way as a career (although some may find it appropriate to use it as such) but rather as a new income generating tool. When considering whether the gig economy is good or bad, we should consider that context. My overall take is that we need more "gigs" but that the rate of the shift towards "gigs" in general is too fast and is worrying. I assume it will slow dramatically but if it doesn't...
>so why bother having arguments with people, do you really think they're gonna abandon their way of life just because you're right ?

You may not be serious. I'm pretty sure next generations will condemn our time as time of total ignorance, selfishness and unprecedented killing of planet and species. What kind of planet do you want to leave to your grandchildren? Hot and uninhabitable? And what would you tell them? "Sorry kiddos, we destroyed the planet, because of our YOLO lifestyle". I don't want to participate on this. And already have reduced my carbon footprint significantly. For example I'm using my car in average twice a month. And still looking how to reduce it even more.
How to Backup and Recover Data from Broken iPhone 7/6S/6
Does path-independent mean what I think it means? One thing I hate about Linux is having to set prefix at build time. You can't tar up a software and move to your home directory on another machine. That and the lack of compatibility between base libraries/kernels means you can't hope to upgrade chrome for yourself easily like anyone on Windows or Mac can trivially do.
> Pushing up the min wage forces productivity improvements as well as standard of living increases.

The evidence in this study shows precisely the opposite.
You keep using the word "just" in what feels like an unusual setting.
>Didn't any of the engineers on the team tell their managers that something isn't right? I find it hard to believe.

Or, the managers knew full well the system was shit and they had no time to fix it, but 80k/month is 80k/month.
It's funny, if you really believe yourself, how could you ask the final question? How can a minimum wage increase in one rich neighborhood be compared to a poor neighborhood? How about different industry? How about different businesses? The assumption of your question is a deep believe of central planning and numeric abstraction of the society, which is an ideology. So stop pretending you are free of ideology.
Men are 20 times more likely to die on the job than women.(at least in Canada)

http://vancouversun.com/opinion/columnists/douglas-todd-mens...
No. You don't get claim to want honest discussion then say minimum wage makes it illegal to hire low skilled workers.

It makes it less likely to hire people who add less value per hour than the minimum (+overhead) but A) that doesn't make it illegal. B) low skill and low value-added are not the same thing. C) there are things in businesses that must be done regardless of generated value (which of course brings up the problem of measuring value). D) training people is and always has been an option.

Which is not say that a minimum wage increase won't cause unemployment of marginal employees but it sure as hell doesn't make employing them illegal. Which is again a hell of a statement to make when asking for honesty
There is an odd tendency to ascribe some sort of scheming long-term vision to the Chinese government, probably based on memories of dynasties that managed to reign over an empire for centuries. The CCP is nothing like that. As soon as they got into power, they triggered the "great leap forward" (miscalculated "modernization", and famine that killed dozens of millions), followed by the Cultural Revolution that bordered on civil war and spawned a generation of illiterate, starving zombies ("lost generation ").

The CCP has a pretty terrible record at avoiding shooting themselves (or China) in the foot. They probably killed more Chinese people than Imperial Japan did.
Wow, that's a new word, "posetal". Does that mean "can be partially ordered"?

What is "Int"? Integers? Integral? Int... ernal? ... types?

What's with the notation, anyway? Why use "<:" instead of "<" like you would for any other transitive anti-symmetric relation?

"Anti-monotone" is weird language. I would say "monotone" in general and "increasing" or "decreasing" in particular.

What does any of this have to do with programming languages? I mean, types are purely abstract, right? Do they have to be part of a programming language? I thought types were merely sets ordered by inclusion.

If programming languages are not something that can be abstracted away, what's a programming language in this context? A set (class?) of types and functions on those types?

What is a definable function? Are some functions not definable? Is it something like "there exists a Turing machine such that..."?

I don't know why computer people's category theory always looks so foreign to me. Sometimes I feel like we're in completely different worlds with vaguely similar-looking language. Category theory for me was mostly about homological algebra, but I don't think computer people care very much about the snake lemma or chasing elements across kernel and cokernel diagrams.
Why You're Better Off Taking a Safe Career Path
You are the one with a binary mindset. Any flaw that is pointed out is "whataboutism" to you because it disturbs your black and white worldview of US good, China bad.
A great suggestion. And I'll second King's own suggestion to read The Elements of Style by Strunk and White. Though, some of its advice might be a bit dated and best used in small doses. But to will provide a great foundation.
Minimum wage is a terrible and tyrannical idea. Government
has no place to say what any employer can offer for any kind
of work. It is more manipulation and fakery, just shifting
things around to seem like something is getting better but in
reality it makes things worse.

Every government program has this effect. All government
workers are bad people. All government jobs promote abusive
relationships and oppression. To improve the economy and
working wages, get rid of all government programs. Instantly
a huge amount of wealth will be gained and productivity will
skyrocket. It is very important to remember: nothing the
government does is good.

What is the minimum amount of manipulation and lies it
takes to cover up a problem? This is the question every
government worker ponders every day of their job. Every one
of these people are lying, scheming, delusional sub-humans.
They manipulate and they lie, they shuffle things around
and create busy-work for disgusting twisted crab-people.
Have you used Venmo before? Either way, if you connect your contacts (not sure if it's just FB or overall contacts too), I have a hard time believing you won't see at least one semi-active person you know using it. To be sure, not saying you should connect your contact info to Venmo. It is a privacy matter after all.

Even my dad who has virtually no real friends outside the husbands of my mom's friends, had multiple contacts using Venmo when I got him to use the app so we would have an easier time paying for stuff between us.

I don't know a lot of people, but my Venmo activity feed of friends has at least a dozen transactions a week. I have ~300 FB friends and about half that in Venmo "friends".
I like StrongLifts a lot. Mehdi has a ton of great form beta. However, you will plateau. You can't do +5 everyday for ever. And that's ok! Then you need to study Greg Nuckols [1] and people like that. I do wish his iPhone app was a little more flexible and could handle different programs than 5x5.

The one thing that StrongLifts beat into my tiny brain is that nothing worked before squats and everything got better after squats.

[1] https://www.strongerbyscience.com/
The car's going to depreciate whether you drive for Uber or not. Most car owners treat the car as a sunk cost that you need to live in America today, and figure they might as well earn some extra money if they have to pay that cost anyway. I really doubt there are many people going out there and buying cars just so they can drive for Uber.
I live in China and use a Chinese-language product that combines SOCKS proxying with packet obfuscation, and it works flawlessly, unlike anything else I've tried. I can't find an English reference, but Obfsproxy for TOR is similar. So if anyone wonders how they could contribute to bypassing the GFW, working on that kind of packet obfuscation software might be a good way.
Is this being modded down? (93 points/6 hours, and already on page 3 after being on the front front page 2 hours ago...)
Ah. I'm a norwegian speaker, and didn't know that about the other two languages. Actually the norwegian dialect I speak also features a merged masculine and feminine, but it is non-standard.
I would also wager that a lack of a thriving app store eco-system was/is a major factor that played Windows down.

By the time Windows entered the Market, Android and iOS had the critical mass of developers and users in downloading games and apps from their respective apps stores and Windows could not break into the network effect.
Thanks for sharing this, it seems like a lot of interesting material is being discussed. The audience seems to be more like the hacker news visitor than the average student though, as it feels like little hand holding is provided.

I've just started lecture 1 but I already felt some minor frustrations:

- One of the links in the first lecture is to a notebook about intro to convolutions but that notebook is just a big code dump.

- After executing the exercises, you lose the expected answer. It might be better if the answers were included as a comment in the code fragment.

- Sometimes the given answers are not actually the answer but just the computation performed as part of getting the answer. I.e. for the matrix-matrix products section in lecture 1 the suggested answer is just the resulting matrix from doing the matrix product, but according to the question in the text the answer should be the actual cheapest shop.

- Is this a USF course or a fast.ai course?

I don't know if the author is planning on improving the material, because right now it feels a bit like a beta version.
Well presumably if you could build one, you could build fifty for better economics. I agree with Dr. Hartwig that once you know you can build even one, everything changes. I hope I live to see that day.
Can't help but think there'd be pressure to lower the minimum wage with a UBI because "oh those people have enough money now, they can stand a lower wage" and we end up back where we started with some money shuffled around.
The original title is misleading. It should say Most GitHub projects are libraries or frameworks. It is quite a leap to go from 60% GitHub projects to most open source software.
Interesting point. Don't forget that this is 40-50 year old Soviet technology :). And cars are actually in pretty bad shape, well over their planned lifetime of 30 years (AFAIK). Full of rust, sometimes catch fire. The drive system is also problematic, because it doesn't have regenerative breaking so the cars heat the tunnels quite a lot which is pretty bad during the summer.

They are in such a bad shape and/or hard to rebuild that not much remains of the original during the refurbishment.
Also very age dependent.
I competed in that! It was a fun contest and if you want to read more about it, we have a section on our blog dedicated to it with lots of rich technical detail: https://blog.trailofbits.com/category/cyber-grand-challenge/

I am sorry to admit, though, that it did not involve AI or machine learning in the slightest. Most of it was about melding the capabilities of fast, dumb dynamic testing like fuzzing together with the deep analytical capabilities of more advanced program analyses like symbolic execution.
FLSA 14c allows employers to pay developmentally disabled person less than the minimum wage. I'm fine with that. Employing them as bag boys frees up other people for more productive work, and they almost certainly wouldn't have a job otherwise.
It's not about whether the company as a whole is profitable, it's about whether the value the company derives from employing a particular person is more than what they have to be paid.

This is especially true of manual jobs that could be outsourced or automated for only slightly more than employees are currently paid.
Who is they in your first paragraph? Venmo? Or Splitwise? Venmo supporting PayPal makes complete sense considering it is a subsidiary of a subsidiary of PayPal.

If it's Splitwise, then it seems like PayPal doesn't care so much for propping up Venmo. Interesting either way.

Walnut seems like an interesting product. Thanks for the link.
Petoskey stone
Diving deep into net/http: A look at http.RoundTripper
Yes, but only in hindsight, when they realize they have been losing money or didn't make as much as they expected.
Yes, they laid off a bunch of people.
The old infrastructure is still in place and has advantages in some cases. Those countries never built the same level of retail infrastructure, so it makes sense they would buy more online. Similar trajectory happened here with landline usage vs cell phones, credit cards vs phone payments, cars and road infrastructure vs transit. We will see it with other disruptive technologies going forward as well. We will probably be among the last to transition the majority of our vehicles to electric because of huge existing infrastructure in gasoline distribution. If self-driving cars become reality, transitioning parking lots, parking garages, traffic lights, etc. will take some time while cities that will be built after that disruption can avoid that infrastructure cost.
The op means: the letters map vaguely to the sounds used to produce them.

Also speaking some Thai, I'm like you unsure this is any kind of useful insight. More useful would be that there's enough Latin alphabet signs in Thailand that all literate Thais can already sound-out English, even if they don't understand it.
Which groups did you get added to? I too was surprised getting added to multiple groups. I've silenced some. Left some. But stay in all the family ones. Did you leave family ones too?
"So ask yourself, what kind of world has work but no jobs."

The article gets it completely wrong. A world with a high minimum wage has work to be done, for example, but no jobs.

There's always work to be done. The existence of jobs depends on somebody willing to pay someone the market rate for that job. In many cases, the market rate is too high for the value of the work performed.

Minimum wage essentially outlaws all work that generates less than a certain value.
Asian cities suck for programmers in terms of real earnings: study
First Glimpse of Steven Spielberg’s Ready Player One
This is super trivial just figure out the right command to run and what the key is called and bindsym key command.

If you don't know what they key is called run xev and press the key and it will show you.

If you don't know what command to run google do whatever command line linux.
My uncle (mid 40s) who I got into Venmo has never heard of it in his social circle either. Connecting his contacts showed two people he knew around his age using it pretty actively. Besides that though, his activity feed is barren compared to mine (late 20s).
The only solution is to always go for the HTTPS resource disregarding any suggestion. On browsers a strict configuration of Smart HTTPS [0] covers that, for everything else I think the best solution would be to intercept all HTTP traffic, request the HTTPS counterpart (and decide if falling back on failure is acceptable instead of just dropping the connection), then serving locally the decrypted response. Worse than properly requesting the right one from the start but harder enough to exploit.

[0] https://mybrowseraddon.com/smart-https.html
I was there so I probably saw you. I remembered that the competitors used symbolic execution . My comment should have been more general and say automated .
The Universal Apps idea makes a lot of sense, and I don't think the refactors are what harmed it. Getting a late start is the primary problem, since it is all about getting apps. Windows succeeded on the desktop for that reason, and failed on mobile so far for the same reason.

But they have made all the right moves over the past five years, and have lots of momentum, cash, and goodwill from the tech community. They will do some sort of big mobile push in the near future. Probably some kind of Surface Phone, which can double as a desktop.
Hah. All this talk and I just realized yeah the more techy a person I know is, the less likely they use Venmo. The use cases I see are similar to your last paragraph.
I knew I was asking for trouble, generalizing peanut butter into fuel...
A UBI would replace the minimum wage entirely.

Obviously the question then becomes how much the UBI should be, but at least it gets us away from the folly of a minimum wage.
What prevents you from buying a battery case for he nexus or iPhone?
I'm currently working with Laravel and have worked with other PHP frameworks, as well as Rails and Sinatra. Both Rails and Laravel can be very easy to create new projects with, but I don't think that claims of a clear advantage for Laravel can be substantiated.
It wouldn't be a good system if they could. You have to worry more about wired Ethernet which can also be encrypted but rarely is.
The other problem is that after they finally showed a direction (xaml/UWP) no backwards compatibility was offered, you had to choose between the now deprecated libraries and have an app that worked on windows 7+, or you could choose the new ones and have it only work on windows 10.

Had UWP run on windows 7 we might have seen some more take-up.
>...Want safe drugs and devices? Who determines that?

I am sure many consumers see the UL certification on electrical devices and think that the product design must have been certified a large government agency. Some public goods must be provided by government, but those who think everything requires a government agency seem to forget the regulatory capture, rent seeking, political cronyism etc that can plaque government programs.

>...Somebody has done harm to another person. Who determines that?

Did anyone ever say that courts should be removed?

>...I just think a lot of libertarians are intellectually lazy, blame everything on government and offer no practical solutions.

Oh please. One might say it is intellectually lazy to create straw men arguments and then declare victory. If you need an example of trying to offer practical solutions, go to reason.org and you can probably find hundreds of pages of commentary, practical solutions, reviews, etc. The top story on teh site looks like it is on the details of the current state of the air traffic reform legislation being proposed in congress. You can read the digital version of their magazine for free and in fact every issue they have ever published for close to 40 years. Feel free to disagree with what they (or anybody else) writes - but don't make up a story that they (and others) just "blame government and offer no practical solutions".

>...There is a lot to improve in this world but dreaming of the ever elusive free market and evil government will do nothing.

Many libertarians I know would consider themselves to essentially be classic liberals. I suspect they all would find your characterization above to be inaccurate and offensive. For example, here is a quote from a professor at NYU:

"...I consider myself both a libertarian and a classical liberal. … So there are important differences among liberals and libertarians but I view these are differences along a spectrum. Some are principled (“Never, ever, initiate the use of force”) and some are empirical (“Many public goods can be provided privately”) and some are hard to classify (“The NSA should not collect masses of meta data”). Some people will want to take these differences and harden them into different political philosophies with different names and so forth. But I suggest that libertarians and classical liberals have too much in common for any divorce."

https://thinkmarkets.wordpress.com/2014/02/05/libertarianism...