> The capabilities of the state actors are high.

Not just of state actors, we are not talking about aircraft carriers or nuclear missiles here, things that need a massive infrastructure behind them, we are talking about tools pretty much anybody with the right knowledge can apply once they get access.

That's the thing barely anybody wants to acknowledge with this situation because it's way more convenient to attribute everything to state actors, it's become the new get-out-of-jail card for shoddy security practices. "Nothing we could do to prevent that, adversary was a mighty state actor ¯\_(ツ)_/¯"

It's also convenient for pointing fingers at the usual suspects and start the war drums (Russia, China, NK) without admitting that attribution pretty much boils down to a guessing game with no guarantees.

In that regard the "who" is pretty much meaningless to the problem, it's all about the "how" and as Wannacry has shown the "how" quite often boils down to "Abused a vuln. that has been known, but hoarded in secret".

> They cooperate with chipmakers and OS makers (or subvert or hack them). They compromise routers and hard drive firmware. Second, Kaplan's book documents multiple waves of cyber-fear in the US government; multiple US presidents starting with Reagan have tried and failed to secure our vulnerable systems.

That's a bit contradictory, why would manufacturers be willing to let themselves get subverted to make less-secure products, but not to make more secure products? Especially considering how security is a big part of the business for quite a few of these companies, like CISCO's firewalls.
For that very same reason, MS did act rather quickly and pushed out a fix when NSA informed them about EternalBlue.

> Remember how cannons made castles obsolete? We're in a similar era, where offense is outstripping defense.

That comparison doesn't really hold up. Cannons didn't work because of some obscure vulnerability in castle walls that only cannon makers knew about and which could have been fixed by wall-makers once they knew about it. Cannons simply overpowered walls.

One could argue that offense is outstripping defense due to the simple fact that "state actors" mostly focus on offense, while barely ever bothering with defense because that would also hamper their own offensive capabilities.

IT security always boils down to how much effort an attacker is willing to invest. If government agencies focus most of their efforts (backed by massive resources) on offense then the natural outcome will be that defense (mostly driven by private entities) always lacks behind, because we end up spending more time poking new holes than actually plugging them.

> Consider stuxnet. You have to assume Iran, which is smart enough to make nuclear weapons, took its best shot at securing that air-gapped network.

Their best shot was air-gapping the network, that's about it. To get trough that Stuxnet went wide and deep: https://www.scmagazineuk.com/chevron-confirms-that-it-was-hi...

> I think you have to accept that hoarding vulns is the international reality and difficult to change.

Sure I have to accept that, can't force anybody to do anything. That reasoning still reminds me way too much of the reasoning for selling weapons to questionable nation states, "If we don't do it somebody else is gonna do it", the kind of reasoning that doesn't get us anywhere and only makes the problem worse.