skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
As you're focused on the command line, I won't mention things I generally use in shell scripts like compound commands (if, for, while) or shell parameters. I will also skip things I don't often use.

First, there is moving around in bash - the arrow keys, or backspace/delete to remove a character, or ^A to go to line start, or ^R to search command history, or tab to complete a command. ^L clears the screen, although from habit I still type clear.

I use shell/bash builtins cd, and pwd often enough. Sometimes export, umask, exit, ulimit -a, echo.

I use shell variables like PS1, HOME, and PATH. I set them in $HOME/.bashrc, which sometimes references files like $HOME/.bash_aliases. I often set a larger than default history file size. I use ~ tilde expansion as an abbreviation for $HOME. For long commands I type regularly, I put an alias in the run control (or run control delegated) file.

I use job control commands like bg, fg, jobs and kill. You should know how bash job control complements and diverges from the system process commands. & starts a process as a background process, and preceding it from nohup tells it to ignore hangup signals.

You should know how single quotes work, and escape characters for them if they are needed.

Then there are pipes (| - "pipelines"), and redirecting of stdin, stdout, and stderr. I use this a lot. Also redirecting or appending output to a file (>, >>). I don't use tee often but sometimes do.

Then there are commands used with the shell a lot. Such as parallel, or xargs.

Also nice which modifies process scheduling.

Script, or typescript, keeps a log of your shell session.

Screen allows for multiple shell sessions. Useful on remote hosts especially (tmux is an alternative).

Then there are the standard file and directory commands I often use like pwd, cd, ls, mv, cp, df, chmod, du, file, find, locate, mkdir, touch, rm, which, and wc.

I manipulate these with commands like awk, sed, tr, grep, egrep, cat, head, tail, diff, and less.

I edit with vim or emacs -nw.

Command like htop, ps, w, uptime and kill let me deal with system processes.

Then there are just handy commands like bc or cal if I need to do some simple addition or see which day of the week the first of the month is.

Man shows you manual pages for various commands. "man command" will show the manual page. For a command like kill, the default will show the command kill - "man kill" which specifically is "man 1 kill". But "man 2 kill" would show the kill system call. You can see what these different manual sections are with "man man" - 1 is executable programs, 2 is system calls etc.

All of it is a process. I mentioned awk. It is one of the commands handy to use with the shell. I have seen entire programs written in awk. Some parts of awk I can use from memory, some I use occasionally and have to look up the flags to refresh my memory, some parts I have never used at all. As time goes on you pick up more and more as you need it.
This is a fantastic way to respond to it. But I do fear if it's a slightly emotional response and not a more assuring one. It's probably the best way to address the elephant in the room though, aside from having a kick-ass product that addresses their pain points.
Just because it's publicly accessible doesn't mean anyone who can access it gets usage rights on it, but some metadata might not qualify for protection. There is also the issue of ToS forbidding it, with varying legal consequences – and this site requires you to log in with Twitter/Facebook, so they have accepted a developer agreement with the service, which might forbid what they are doing.
If you don't fancy the price of premium economy or business class, you can get some great deals at the literal last minute.

Go through with your flight as normal, check in, go through security, and find a member of staff for your flight. Ask how much an upgrade costs, and if they have the space available, they're open to offers.

For example, about 5 years ago I got economy+ on British Airways LHR -> LAX for $200, and business offered for $600 or $700 IIRC. Not bad for a 12 hour flight!
Effective at predicting outcomes of interventions. As in: My country's situation is X. If I tweak such and such policies this way, will that lead to situation Y? And then it actually happening.
A bit of nitpicking:

"the function to compute the truth value of a given proof" should be "the function that returns the truth value of a given statement" (1st change because it is confusing to use the word compute in two different ways, 2nd change is simply an error correction)

"equivalent in power" should not link to the Church-Turing thesis, as the former is a mathematical statement, proved in any introductory course on computability, and the latter is a philosophical one.

w.r.t. the Neil Gaiman quote:
https://www.goodreads.com/topic/show/1407558-misattributed-q...
Cool, thanks for the detailed feedback. Glad to see you are using real feedback to iterate and improve your offering. Wishing you and your team the very best!
Still, one can argue with fundamental assumptions, and if those are wrong, then whole entire branches of knowledge, including decades of work by many bright individuals, comes into question.

Regarding economics, there are some fundamental assumptions that are often criticized.

For instance, in the mid 1700s, Charles Townsend asserted the fundamental laws of economics were these: 1,) Man's want, wishes, needs and desires are infinite. 2.) Resources are finite.

But numerous anthropologists have criticized these assumptions. Margaret Mead didn't see the tendency towards infinite consumption among the tribes she studied. And see Marshall Sahlins book Stone Age Economics -- he doesn't see any evidence of infinite desires among the tribes he studies. Thus it appears Townsend's assumptions are fit only for a society in the middle of the Industrial Revolution. So his "laws" are not "laws" in the same way that Issac Newton could describe "Laws Of Motion". Rather, Townsend's laws were a convenient assumption for a certain kind of society, but then the question comes up constantly, are we still the same kind of society?

Another example, Joseph Schumpeter starts one of his books (I think Das wesen und der hauptinhalt der theoretischen nationalökonomie, 1908) "The social process is one indivisble whole! However, to make useful remarks regarding production and consumption, it is reasonable to pluck from experience those transactions that are altogether economic in nature."

There are many people who strongly agree with the first sentence and therefore they can not agree with the second sentence.

I could go on, but I don't have the time.

If you go looking, you'll find many examples. In physics, no one doubts that matter and energy are real things, but in economics, it is the most fundamental assumptions of the discipline that have always been under attack.
It also reduces transportation costs, and cuts out the farmer's profit margin, and any other middlemen between them and the grocer
Is there a twilio script I can use to robodial people that leave me too much voice mail?
Redux follows the same pattern with your more "familiar" syntax.

Typed functional programming offers wins that forces more safety and modularity onto the code. These are all long term wins. Ultimately I would argue that elm's syntax is better suited for extremely complex projects that have low tolerance for bugs.
Along these same lines, every time I see a new topology I wonder how much of it was inspiration and how much was trial-by-error.

On twitter [1] I saw mention of GDGS: Gradient Descent by Grad Student :)

[1]: https://twitter.com/hardmaru/status/876303574900264960
Is it considered good etiquette to keep applying to YC even if we failed in previous attempts?
I think perception matters, and if you give off the vibe that your company may not have the resources and wherewithal to support my business in the long run, I'm not going to go with your offering.
Right idea, but basil leaves is not a farm.

I think for this type of thing to really change things, they need to concentrate on calories and nutrition. Things like peanuts and potatoes.

I also think there is some room for permaculture. Such as replacing ornamental city landscaping with productive food forests.
How to reduce MPLS cost with SD-WAN
you don't even have to be unfamiliar with state machines to have found some usefulness here. sometimes it's just nice to be reminded of a concept as you're wrangling the 20 different problems you face as an entrepreneur on any given day.

the blog post wasn't particularly deep, but the (short) discussion here was worth perusing, as i'm considering employing a state machine for my rails app and have been generally looking for options and best practices (in a mental background thread). but it looks like most (all?) existing gems assume a fixed set of states and transitions, and i was hoping to find something designed primarily for user-defined states and transitions.
So I made a list of 30 SNES games about 8 months ago as an exercise if this did get announced, and posted it here on Hacker News, and I just looked back at that list. 15 of the games I stated are included in these 21 games, and an additional 1 of them I just picked the wrong version (I picked Super Street Fighter 2 instead of Street Fighter 2 Turbo).

I only missed the 2 Kirby games, Star Fox 2, Super Mario RPG, and Contra III.

Here was my list:

* Chrono Trigger * Donkey Kong Country * Donkey Kong Country 2 * Earthbound * F-Zero * Final Fight * Final Fantasy 2 * Final Fantasy 3 * Harvest Moon * Illusion of Gaia * Legend of Zelda: Link to the Past * Mega Man X * Killer Instinct * NBA Jam * Pilotwings * Secret of Mana * Sim City * Star Fox * Super Street Fighter 2 Turbo * Super Castlevania IV * Super Ghouls n' Ghosts * Super Mario Kart * Super Mario World * Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island * Super Metroid * Super Punch-Out!!! * Super R-Type 3 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 4: Turtles in Time * Tetris Attack * Zombies Ate My Neighbors

Source: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12903399
If you're at the same company, generally the answer is obvious. Overly bored with the tech and internal politics. Probably, brushing up on interviews to escape.
Classic.. yeah I think the lecturer says the project was from 2014

I suppose it's a clear testament to the quality of the show and its commentary.. thanks for your contribution to that end!
This probably works only for items where there's a huge markup. It's like those little indoor trays of growing grass seen at some hipster sandwich shops. The article suggests they want to grow basil.

This was tried in LA in 2015.[1] Not sure what happened to "Green City Farms", but their last Twitter activity was in 2015 and their web site says "Error establishing a database connection".

[1] https://www.fastcompany.com/3044958/this-hollywood-restauran...
It also doesn't work for people who want to interview speculatively. Looking at what else is around once in a while is a pretty decent due-diligence that you can apply to your career. You can even be honest about this with recruiters. "I'm not sure that I want to change jobs right now, but I'm open to persuasion."

If trial weeks become commonplace, it starts looking like a form of structural lock-in.
Fair point, didn't think about that
Is that causation, or only correlation?
No. Source: I have worked for a financially successful company whose database was designed without any notion of foreign keys or surrogate keys. They also had serialized Java objects in database blobs by accident.
Zillow forces McMansion Hell to delete posts
A manhattan project for economics would likely cause more human misery than the invention of atomic weaponry. The market is not your friend. The market is highly advanced social technology that bribes and coerces people into sacrificing the things they care about to further the goals of the state.

There's a reason why Western-style market capitalism has taken over the world. You aren't anywhere near remotely worried enough about it.
I have different processes and strategies depending on what I am learning and how familiar I am with a topic. For example, if I would like to explore a brand new topic that I have no clue about then this is how my thought process looks like:

1) Look for verticals/lists of resources. These exist in all fields, awesome-lists are just an engineering example, universities keep lists of open courses, list of book recommendations or lists of open-sourced books.

2) Look for key figures in that field. PhD Researchers, Conference Presenters, TEDx Talkers, Professors, Founders of Companies in that field. Follow their pages/blogs/twitter accounts and ask them what resources do they recommend for beginners. Compile your own vertical of resources based on cross matching the resources here with the ones you found in other verticals.

3) Look for courses, new ones are usually offered on MOOC Platforms, archived ones can be found on university websites. Check the reviews of such courses and pick the most beginner friendly one. Depending on the field, if it's not technical then you will have to look for courses elsewhere, for example: The Great Courses.

By now you should know, roughly, the best resources (Books, Articles and Courses) and how to find more (verticals and people in that field).

4) Learn the terminology. One way to learn the terminology of a field is to pick the book you decided is best to start with using the previous 3 steps, open it and go to the index section, read the index and start googling terms as you come across them, for example: If I am exploring Data Engineering and I come across the word or term "stream processing" then I will start googling that term. Familiarise yourself with as much terms as possible.

5) Commit to reading at least 1 book, going through 1 course and trying to apply as much of what you learned as possible. Technical subjects are the easiest to apply this step to, since you can start a side-project at anytime.

P.S. you can always ask for guidance in this, you don't have to repeat all the steps for all fields, for example, you can submit an "Ask HN" post asking for resources about X topic or a question on a related Subreddit such as: /r/PostgreSQL.

Best of luck!

EDIT: typo
Other people have covered in detail different approaches to learning, so I figured I'd mention a weird thing that's been helpful for me, in case it's useful.

While learning, I try to split off a little piece of myself into a sort of adversary, whose job it is to get me to do basic problems / tasks, in order to demonstrate that I don't remember as much as I think I do.

This might happen in the form of spending an hour one morning leafing through older material, and setting aside things for me to solve / re-prove. It's pretty simple, and I take some kind of perverse joy in finding areas where I thought I would remember much better.
Theres no way I would quit my current job before having another job lined up, if I didn't need to. I do agree that looking for a new opportunity is like a full time job, but when you are already employed the necessity is not as great. I can take my time over months rather than try to treat it like a 9 - 5.
I've worked at places where well-meaning 'just get stuff done' people created mountains of technical debt that hobbled the project in the long term. Made them look great, though.

Great programmers should hopefully recognize and implement a proper balance between practicality and rigor, as necessary. They should also exhibit self-awareness and self-restraint, which sounds like the real problem for the guy you mention.
This is a fantastic list.

I've been trying to teach myself ML and AI for a while now, and though only tangentally relevant to the article perhaps others can take a few tips from my experience. First, I didn't really have a breakthrough until I ditched the 'recommended' textbooks and video courses and just started picking out a topic and learning by doing. Anything I don't understand or know when trying to implement it I just google/youtube/wikipedia it and keep messing with it until I know how it works at a conceptual level. Thats where resources like this article really come in handy.

For the heavier math parts, I just write a short summary of the formula and what its various parameters do and try to make a mental note of it. I certainly do not try to use the formulas to solve complex mathematical problems or write an implementation in python. I chalk this task up to `someday when I have the time`.

Finally, I'll get a dataset and try to solve various problems using the new skill I just learned using R/python & co.

Thats it.

This method has ridiculously accelerated the speed at which I've been able to acquire ML/AI skills that I also know how to apply in the real world. Before I felt like I was moving at a snails pace.

This method might not work well for everyone but its at least an interesting alternative to most of the recommendations of doing A,B,C online courses and reading X,Y,Z books.
Why even expect binaries to be in the same place on different systems with different default PATHs? Know how many times I've seen problems caused by (#!/usr/bin/bash|#!/bin/bash) pointing to the wrong place?

After reading this thread though, I'm not sure I want to suggest people write `#!/usr/bin/env bash` either... since that depends on the path being correctly set, and bash being in the path!
Well, OK, but I think Washington is not one of those states. So, again, how is it relevant?
Yes, please do it. I am not affiliated with YC, but I have heard YC Partners mention many times that they encourage people to reapply. There was a case when someone didn't get in 7 times but got in on the 8th attempt.
Passable quality LEDs have been around for a few years, and the price has dropped substantially. I got a few 75W-equivalent LED bulbs with a warmer color temperature for $35USD each in 2013, and they color match almost identically with some incandescent bulbs that I can't replace (built-in lighting units in an apartment).

Those same bulbs now sell for ~$11/ea on Amazon.
$20 for a spring of basil plant grown in your local grocers, though sounds very expensive, there is probably almost definitely a demographic for that. And it does not go stale, you can keep it there indefinitely. What is likely to happen though is that it gets commercially farmed and then is brought to the store after it has reached a certain size. Totally destroying its purpose but there is a market for this sort of thing.
Walmart takes its Amazon battle to the clouds
And watch out for those sand worms!
i use a text (word file) template i made - if you want to see, visit

blondyn.com
Several comments mentioned that the best way to learn is by doing - applying the knowledge. How would you go about learning-by-doing something like particle physics or advanced chemistry without access to labs? Are you reduced to creating homemade soap and rote memorization of theory? Could you ever make a meaningful contribution or get a job as an autodidact in either field?
This is part of the reason I'm not planning on ever providing this as a paid service. Regardless of the ToS, I don't really think it would be right to sell this data in the first place.
I have been using email since 1987 and have never seen anyone who sends too much legitimate email. (Spammers don't count. People who like to Reply All to All-Company lists don't count.)

Where is this a problem?
> Even our Google Wifi access points don't support IPv6 in their latest firmware

They actually rolled IPv6 support out with their latest firmware.

I'm at sea at the moment, so I can only find the play store note:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.and...

"WHAT'S NEW

IPv6: Enable IPv6 on your Google Wifi."
Hi, what data does this output?
The worst thing is I don't think it would be too hard to make a quite open phone, even an upgradeable phone. From the top of my head:

* Raspberry pi compute module as a base

* SIM8008 equivalent with 3g/hspa module soldered on a daughterboard, with battery charging circuit

* I2C sensor package (accel, gravity, typical AKM modules)

* lcd with usb touchscreen

You could make a nice DIY phone (I've been wanting to make something like this from an old Nokia 9210 or something like that).
If you could make more powerful versions creating some boards with different SoCs respecting the CM pinout layout, you could make some nice kit to put on kickstarter, but you would also need a software stack to support it, and everything is so targeted these days that THAT would be the most difficult part. It's not hard to make hardware talk each days, it's integrating it with the software everybody else is using. What's a phone without Whatsapp / Telegram? How can you download an app without a store? People don't use forums these days to get to know new software... Sure, you could make lineageOS run on it, but then, that would differentiate much from other phones, except for the tinkerers and OSS freaks (me included), but there are not that many of us as to make that a profitable business

I agree that we need an open hardware initiative in phones, but you need a shitload of money to burn before you can make any kind of difference in the established ecosystem, and would still not be too sure who the real target would be
A PATH, though, is global.

Situations exist where you need more granularity.

There's also things like "watch" and "at" you might use in a shell script. They don't inherit the parent's environment, so setting PATH doesn't help.

You're correct in that "full paths" isn't a definitive answer though. I suppose the more generic advice to not depend on your environment to have it right is better.
I know NLTK isn't used for learning by itself, but it's such an essential player in the realm of NLP+Python that I think it should definitely be included (and that the list would be incomplete without it). The best link is probably http://www.nltk.org/book/ which is an excellent place to get started.

You should probably also include the gensim package https://radimrehurek.com/gensim/, since it has the most popular python word2vec implementation. One of the links I clicked on mentions it and walks you through using it, but I think it would make sense to point people to it directly in case they don't have time for a tutorial.
They do more than basil, it was just the example I used in the opening, also other greens and even some fruit.
Next to the old charts you mention, the author writes:

"This is just the 2017 version of The Law of Shitty Clickthroughs, which I wrote about a few years ago, where I showed some stats indicating that email marketing open rates are on the decline … and that traditional banner CTRs seem to be asymptotically approaching zero".

I.e., he indicates that this is a continuation of long-running trend, and that those particular charts illustrate the trend from several years ago, so your criticism misses the mark.

I thought it was a very interesting article, and identifies a set of fundamental trends. The main weakness is too much focus on B2C, but that's the author's area of interest.
Thank you for saying that. The Elephant was just sitting on everyone's face.
Since we're bikeshedding HN quote styles, please don't. While this is marginally better, it still causes horizontal scrolling on mobile devices.

My preferred style is:

> Don’t waste time showing [prospects] the step-by-step process of doing something. Create a vision of what benefit they can get by using your product. Then demonstrate how they achieve that benefit. Only if they ask for more should you get into the “step-by-step” process of how to set things up.

This has the advantage of letting the browser do the word-wrapping, while still setting off the quote in a different style.
Apple Releases First Public Beta of iOS 11 to Public Beta Testers
Ah sure, but that'll depend a lot more on the type of website. For small websites I normally include the main library through a CDN and just include it into the <style> tags if the total HTML+CSS size is under 14kb. For medium-large websites totally agree.
Im suing NYC to loosen Verizon's iron grip
Just tap into the store's bathrooms and presto! free fertilizer.