1. Should a school or workplace be allowed to block specific websites? Why shouldn't ISPs be allowed to?

Citizens aren't children.

2. Should cable providers be forced to distribute 100% of channels? Why should we apply a different standard to a different protocol?

Yes, cable provide a broadcast platform. Internet is a communication platform.

3. Should toll-free telephone number be banned?

No. It's an established practice, and not too many people have a problem with it.

4. Should ISPs charge for data used to check your balance or account statement? Should phone companies bill the minutes used to call their customer services?

I think the reasonable answer is No.

5. Should ISPs be allowed to cache arbitrary content on their servers to reduce their loads (e.g., Netflix movies), and distribute the savings to their users?

Ideally as long as they have the permission of the content holder.

6. Should a taxi driver be allowed not to serve specific neighborhoods, or should they be forced to serve 100% of neighborhoods?

A taxi driver can stay in a certain neighbourhood. The taxi industry should not impose some neighbourhoods.

7. Should posting a letter to someone in the same city cost the same as posting a letter to someone in a different country?

Yes as it's a physical transfer, and requires personnal effort. Bits on the wire don't cost more to transport across the world.

8. Should ISPs that implement their own proprietary protocol as an alternative to the Internet be forced to be neutral as well?

No. This is already seen with something like Skype, which tries to woo customers to it's platform. TCP/IP is what should be neutral.

9. Should restaurants be forced to serve both Pepsi and Coca-Cola?

The reasonable answer is of course they should not be forced. I hope you'll compare this answer to should hospitals be allowed to only recommend one brand of a drug?

10. Should Netflix be able to reduce your subscription price when used through a specific ISP?

I could be convinced either way I think.

11. Should toll roads be allowed?

Yes. And you may also change me for internet. You may not discriminate against or for some car brands.

12. Should a workplace be able to reimburse bandwidth fees associated with the use of their VPN?

I'm afraid I don't understand this.

13. Should web hosts (e.g., Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, Heroku, etc) be neutral as well? Should Amazon charge the same fees to all of their customers (including themselves)?

No. ISPs may also try charging customers farther from the ocean pipes larger fees.

14. What should be done about small startups that can't handle all the incoming traffic? Should some other regulation subsidize their hosting cost so that they can compete with larger competitors?

The startup has to handle scaling issues, and expand their infrastructure. No, they may not be subsidized.

15. How many new laws and regulations will be required (if they don't already exist) just to address the above examples? Wouldn't these laws and regulations only make it more difficult for startups to emerge and compete with the so-called monopolies?

Honestly, a simple one page net-neutrality law will suffice. This will almost definitely allow more startups to flourish as their traffic is not discriminated for or against other vendors.

Thank you for the exhaustive list of scenarios, as this has provided a generous perspective.