skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Very insightful long-term study of investment returns, from 1900 to the present, across 23 countries.

I highlight a few results below that I think might be of interest (particularly for people that are thinking about investing/retirement).

1. Annualised real total return (hence, ARTR) for the world from 1900 to 2016 (USD real terms) was 5.1% for equities, 1.8% for bonds.

For US equities, it was 6.4%.

(Note that this includes re-investment of dividends, so this is annualised real total return. Annualised real price return (capital gains without div reinvestment) was only 2.1%.)

(Note that the German DAX is a total return index, while most other commonly quoted indices are price return indices.)

2. The 1980's and 1990's were a golden age for stocks. The ARTR on the world equity index was a staggering 10.6%, thus doubling your investment every 7 years (real terms).

3. The years 2000 to 2016 were much worse for equities. The ARTR on the world equity index was just 1.9%, doubling your money only after 37 years.

ARTR were negative or zero in Italy, Portugal, Netherlands; 0.8% in Japan, 2.2% in Germany, 2.4% in the UK, and 2.7% in the USA. Better in countries with commodities: Australia 5.1%, New Zealand 6.4, South Africa 8.2%.

4. Over 2000–16, bonds were the best asset class in 16 of the 21 countries, returning ARTR 7.1% in Germany and 5.1% in the USA.

5. Vol (for 1900 to 2016) has been around 20% p.a. (world 17%, USA 20%, UK 20%, Germany 32% (bloody wars!)).

6. Equity worst years were down 40%-60% in many countries 2008, 73% to 90% in the axis countries after WW II.

7. Inflation 1900 to 2016 was 2.9% p.a. in the USA, 3.7% in the UK, 4.6% in Germany, 8.1% in Italy. So, over the period, US consumer prices rose by a factor of 28, UK by a factor of 70 (compounding!)

8. Bonds over 1900 to 2016: world real returns 1.8%, vol 11%. Negative real returns for Austria, Italy, Japan, and Germany (even after taking out hyper inflation in 1922-1923).

9. "smart beta"/factor investing (momentum, low vol, size = small caps, income = high yield, value vs growth): They've definitely outperformed in the past (1926 to 2016, USA), but it's unclear whether the "premium" persists now or in the future.

My personal conclusions:

1. Diversify. The "common wisdom" to put everything into equity (growing out of the 80's and 90's) has something going for it, but as the last decade and a half showed, is not fool proof. (Note that it makes no sense to move into bonds now, with the current rates!)

2. Assuming 6% or even 8% real returns (as some people seem to do) for retirement planning is optimistic. I think it's prudent to plan with 4% real return and a 3% withdrawal rate.

If you find further nuggets in the report, please share!
Primitive types plus basic containers mostly. Anything else is just ad-hoc stuff (like algorithms) that should be properly encapsulated, so its representation in a static type system has less utility.
Austerity or not, assuming infinite growth is a fallacy.
random question - do those older machines support a UEFI OS install?

I'm a bit wary from a security standpoint of going back to MBR.
The ability to ignore the latest fad, but know the basics.

If it wasn't known about in 1980, and it wasn't published in a peer-reviewed paper since then, then it's probably not worth worrying about.
Pretty obnoxious of cloudfare to act this way in the wake of their own mistake.
The difference between ZF with and without C doesn't only emerge with uncountable sets, in any significant sense; even, say, the question of whether every countable set of two-element sets has a choice function depends on Choice.

This is orthogonal to the distinction between type theory-style frameworks and everything-is-a-set ZF-style frameworks, as I was noting before. Whether "all subsets of a finite set are finite" or not can be true or false just as well in ZF-style systems as in type theory systems (taking "finite" to mean "having cardinality equal to a natural number", this is basically just the question of whether we are using classical or intuitionistic logic; you can have classical type theories, and you can have intuitionistic ZF-style theories). As I said, let's not conflate the type theory vs. ZF-style axis with the constructive vs. non-constructive axis.

As for what non-logician mathematicians use in practice, almost everything they do could be done in Zermelo set theory simpliciter (making use only of sets of rank less than omega * 2). I doubt the majority of non-logician mathematicians could even reliably correctly list all the axioms of ZFC. Sure, they've been trained ritualistically to say ZFC is what they're using, but they really aren't using ZFC in particular, any more than any other formal system into which their work could be just as well translated (the formal system of higher-order logic corresponding to Boolean topoi with natural numbers and choice, say).

Frankly, type theory is a lot closer to what "actual" (i.e., non-logician) mathematicians actually do than ZF; actual mathematicians don't spend a lot of time talking or thinking about transfinitely iterated sets of sets of sets…. Actual mathematical practice does come implicitly with types; integers are one type of thing, and functions from reals to natural numbers are another type of thing, and sets of complex numbers paired with Booleans are a third type of thing, and one would never ask whether 7 was an element of 3 or the squaring function on integers was an element of the complex number 3 + 5i, etc.

Framing mathematical ontology in terms of types is not some esoteric practice far removed from the mathematician/programmer in the street. If you've ever written a program in C/C++ or Java, you've worked with types.

Finally, your Turing quotes aren't about type theory in particular, but symbolic logic in general. They apply equally so to ZFC or any other such formal system.
Why would you build a SPA, if not for a more snappy user experience?
Why use Skype or Google Hangouts when there is https://appear.in ? No login, no central server, no app to install, just screen sharing, audio and video...
It's an optional thing. Unfortunately when enough of those features were active, they started leaking uninitialized memory which included lots of other pages too.
I'll stick to meditation, yoga, and the occasional premium IPA. I do understand the compelling nature of chemical enhancement - especially for creative endevours. David Bowie cranked out amazing albums year-after-year while high on coke. But like usual, it became a problem he had to address.
What's "Blind"? Never heard of it. So far I have never encountered anything blocked internally at Uber. Nor is anyone is talking over anything secret at Uber. People normally talk in person, but there isn't even much of that going on.
Mostly out of ignorance many people abuse drugs, use them casually, without any respect for them or much knowledge either of how to use them or their dangers, believe in all sorts of myths about them, and even use them in self-destructive ways. Then they blame their negative experiences on the drugs.

It is possible to use psychedelic drugs constructively, in positive settings, and with knowledgeable sitters who can provide support when needed. Studies have shown time and again that such an approach maximizes the chance of very positive, profound experiences that are highly valued by the subjects for many years. That doesn't mean the experiences are risk-free. One could have a negative experience even when one has prepared thoroughly. But even negative experiences can be valuable if one faces them and tries to learn from them.

One other thing we should recognize is that people are going to alter their consciousness somehow. It seems to be a fundamental human need. The "just say no" approach does not work for a significant proportion of the population. Wagging fingers at that population and continuing to tell them "just say no" can even be counter-productive, as what is forbidden often becomes more alluring. Much more constructive and helpful is teaching people how to use these substances in a healthy, positive, and non-destructive way.
It's incredible to me that so many Americans below have reconfigured their relationship to slavery with a narrative such that they have even more pride in their country since it succeeded in spite of slavery, not because of it.

It's incredible. As a foreigner, I feel like I'm witnessing the payoff some absolutely top-notch patriotic propaganda.
Not a blood granddaughter. Just for your information. I'm not making a judgement either way.
They definitely complement each other, but HTTP2 helps out with the request/response cycle and reduces latency in general, which reduces the threshold between rendering on the client and backend.
I'm a high school teacher in San Francisco, and I have an obligation to prepare my students for the world they will live and work in. To do that, I need to stay aware of what that will look like and what skills they'll need. HN is just one of the ways I can keep abreast of what's going on outside my own discipline.
On the day the half-brother of the North Korean leader was killed, some North Koreans based in Malaysia were unexpectedly recalled by Pyongyang to report on it

That's not what the reporting says, neither does the Malaysian police. You should read the coverage, a lot of what you've listed as evidence for this being something other than what it appears to be is simply inaccurate.
> This system runs Windows 10 fine

Do you have any tips on how? At work I have a brand new Dell Precision 5510 with Win10 that I had to upgrade to 32 GB RAM when using two full-HD external monitors (internal 4K display off) running Firefox and Autodesk Inventor, because on 16GB it would randomly crap out and bluescreen (with the new useless "sad smiley" type BSOD). Mind you, FF and Inventor were only using ~6GB RAM total.
Asking questions of dissonance leads to more dissonance. :)
I also think their approach is not the best, but do you believe anyone outside the tech echo chamber is making the same comments? I'm not sure how much the behavior could be actually hurting them.

Of course, sometimes the people in tech introduce products to non-tech people. That could be a problem...
I can't seem to be able to log in - seems possibly due to a missing Mandrill API key. Given that Mandrill is apparently now a paid addon to mailchimp, how'd you get around this?
Most likely both.
I just wanted to add nootropics to the conversation. They weren't mentioned in the article which is weird because it would fit as a legal substitute within the behavior. I don't know anything about it though.
Exercise can significantly improve brain function after stroke
This is more a comparison between Python and functional programming than dynamic vs static. This is partly because the language you compared it to is Erlang, which is a dynamically typed language, with no compile-time checking. But also because you can do this superior idiom in statically typed languages if they offer it, and you also get the static type checking.

In statically typed C# with LINQ, you can have, generic over T:

IEnumerable<T> iterable = ...;
var filtered = from item in iterable select item where Predicate(item);

This does not depend on the static typing. It's just syntax.

One non-obvious difference is that the type checker knows that 'filtered' must be an IEnumerable<T>, and you can't accidentally treat it as an IQueryable<T> or an IList<T>, which have subtly different behaviour. You can't, for instance, attempt to sort an IEnumerable without getting it ToList() from it. This is good, because enumerables can be lazy, and lists can't.

Python checks the enumerable/list distinction, but only at runtime. So let's say your Python library offered a method returning a list, and a new version of the library did some filtering before it returned the list.

A test for that functionality might pass independent of the distinction, because what test case attempts to sort a list for no reason? Some other part of your code used to work on the old version, but now breaks, and nobody knows until they run their program or write a really comprehensive test suite.

In comparison, in C#, this problem literally never arises, for one of two reasons:

1. The API initially offered only an IEnumerable<T> and consumers were calling .ToList() before sorting anyway (which is free on an IEnumerable that's actually an IList); or

2. The library author catches the error when it doesn't compile, because you can't implicitly downcast IEnumerable to IList.
Yeah, me, too. I wonder what it would be like to read now, but I had a really, really tough time getting through that book. It was horrible.
Yeah, the injectors you get for chemical weapons is either atropine, or a mix of atropine and just that. It can work, but it's not magic, and the dose you're exposed to matters. It's also very much the thing you do to stay alive until you can supportive medical care, not a cure or "vaccine". You also have quite limited time to use it on yourself before you're unable to move well enough to manage.

That said, since Jong-Nam probably got a small dose, that might have saved him, but of course... who'd have had it? Who'd have known? In the military you're trained to recognize the symptoms of nerve agents, because you need to notice the very early ones to have a chance... most people don't get/need that training.
How do you know HPPD's occur when regularly taking microdoses instead of regal perception changing doses? It hasn't been investigated and I haven't read about it in anecdotal reports
pmontra doesn't have to change every password, just every password used by a website using Cloudflare (thus the purpose of the list of affected sites).
Confirmation Bias: Did big data sink the Clinton campaign?
Seems like randomly generated passwords kept in a password manager are the way to go then, too much risk in letting our personal details bias password choices.
I'm not sure there is or isn't evidence but if you study the brain I think you can come to some plausible conclusions that it does compromise health to some extent.
I may be missing something, but the official Intel site shows the price of $27 for a 2 core cpu and not for a 16 core one.

[1] http://ark.intel.com/products/97928/Intel-Atom-Processor-C33...
Site is down (again?).
I would put that into the "Copper wristband" category. Meanwhile Modafinil...
As a counterpoint to learning something "new" every day, it might instead be wise to learn something you already know, but deeper, every day. As fields advance, the trend is towards specialization.

If they aren't already, expert-level skills in a few areas should be worth more than tutorial-level skills in a few dozen JavaScript frameworks.
Heavy stimulants are like running your car with NoS all the time. You'll get amazing performance until your engine fires a rod through your hood. Bowie had a near psychotic break.

Much lighter use however may be more sustainable. There is no law that says the human brain can't be tuned a little for different modes, and I have no problem with people doing that. There may still be tradeoffs though, so anyone doing this should try to be self aware and observe the effects carefully.
If that's so then I'd say apples (LSD) and oranges (meditation) are both fruits of inner discovery and empowerment.

Meditation is a much more sustainable, healthy solution, though
In this case, I believe the threat was twofold. They'd drag out proceedings so that we couldn't have afforded to make it to a judgment. But they'd also threaten to cancel a deal with one of our other large customers if they didn't cancel with us. Knowing basically our customer list and how much those customers paid for the software, it wasn't much work to infer the company's somewhat tenuous financial situation. They guessed, correctly, that we'd drop it rather than risk the company's future on a successful lawsuit that, win or lose, would likely mean the loss of a significant customer.

There was nothing we'd done as a company that was actionable.
I never trusted Cloudflare's TLS/HTTPS infrastructure. Consider any CC information that could have been in their servers as already compromised. Stuff like that should be on a dedicated payment provider, and insulated away as much as possible. Stripe and other providers are perfect for handling CC, because it's what they do as a service.
Million Dollar Incentives for Local Messaging Apps in Iran
On a basic level, you can include a IP or a country inside your authentication tokens. That's enough to block some unwanted access.

On a more advanced level, there is a two step process, you authenticate as usual with your password and get a token, then the site will authenticate your device.

The device fingerprinting is totally transparent, it saves and checks some characteristics from your computer, and ensure you come from the same device next time.

For instance, on Facebook you can see a list of known device somewhere. When you connect on a new computer it sends you an email "connected from a new computer is that you?".
Er... I can't help you for I have never used a computer with more than 4 GB. And I was running dual monitors in the days when 256MB was a very decent setup. You had to upgrade to 32 GB RAM?
No, I agree this is a topic upon which reasonable people can disagree. And I agree with your example.

The problem is that a bunch of disparate unorganized attacks can have the same effect as a coordinated intentional terror campaign. At that point, you have to decide whether terror is defined by intent or effect.

One Nazi in times square? OK, not terror. A dozen Nazis all across America, even if uncoordinated? Terror.

I default to intent but am also liberal in allowing effect to stand in for intent.
It not "appears", it is generic. As generic as it could be. This particular line is also a generator comprehension which produces a lazy sequence.

Run-time errors and so-called null-propagation are well-known issues and once code passed unit tests it is no less trustworthy in principle than statically-typed one. In the first run, yes, there is a chance of a run-time error.

The dynamic languages, notably Lisps, Erlang, Python and Ruby are proved to be superior for quick prototyping and so-called exploratory programming, which has been popularized by pg, along with bottom-up design and the layered-DSLs architecture, in the OnLisp book.

Another classic example is Norvig's Design Patterns in Dynamic Languages which basically ridiculed the whole thing.

There are distinct cultures around MIT Scheme and Common Lisp, Smalltalk and now Python which emphasize expressiveness, minimalism and readability. Such an erudite like you should know this.
The Master Microfixer Teaching the World to Fix iPhones
I would say not at all, your health on the other hand, is very much an open question people are now endeavoring to answer with their own lives.
+1 for mentioning offloading CC stuff to payment providers
How Dangerous Is a Stock Market of Mindless Robots?
Just curious, but could Google's culture have evolved so that it tends to treat all their users as products by default, even if they're actually not in a particular case? "You are the product, not a customer" applies to most of what they do, and that has to have had an effect.
The current leader executed his uncle with an anti-aircraft gun. I think the natural human tendency towards pique and irrationality more than explains away the obvious flaws in the plan.
It only compromises your integrity if you're claiming that you're not doing it -- in my experience, most people microdosing LSD don't brag about how they're not doping. Lance Armstrong, however....

I personally am on the fence about LSD microdosing (and relatedly, most nootropics). There's evidence on both sides and much of it likely comes down to personal psychology and physiology.

I think we are going to have to accept the future where unenhanced humans are (largely) obsolete at the top (say, 0.1% or 0.01%), though: if it's not drugs, then it'll be cybernetic implants.

I think we might actually agree at a deeper level, and disagree how to address it: you seem to be interested in regulating the actions of people to prevent a tragedy of the commons situation, while I think we need to change the fundamentally exploitative economic structure that's precipitating the tragedy; I think both of us are more concerned with the coercive aspect of the problem than that people are doping.

I don't want people to be desparate for an edge, but I also think people have a fundamental right to burn brighter for less time if they want to. But I don't like the ratcheting of that becoming necessary for survival any more than you do.
Show HN: SVRF – Search and Discovery for VR Content
I think everyone's practice is a little different, and I highly recommend finding people IRL who meditate and ask them about their practice. I sorta have my own thing that I've made up in my routine. Happy to expand on it but not sure HN is the right place. Foundational books that got me going in order of importance for me:

15 Laws of Growth: https://www.amazon.com/15-Invaluable-Laws-Growth-Potential-e...

The Bhagavad Gita: https://www.amazon.com/Bhagavad-Easwarans-Classics-Indian-Sp...

The Four Agreements: https://www.amazon.com/Four-Agreements-Practical-Personal-Fr...

(Note: grew up Christan in rural Scotland now agnostic chilling in Manhattan, so no religious slants)
Amazing, thank you. I haven't read it, but definitely, will.

Obviously, there won't be a strictly mathematical solution. Neither optimal one. We can try to create something that is good enough for a limited set of problems, though. If it works at least in half cases, then I'm happy.

I don't think we can create a methodology or magic something. But having a repository of estimates for similar projects could be great.
Kocası Tarafından Erkeklere Satılan Mecidiyeköy Escort Ferda
You mentioned health which is a valid concern, but integrity? It depends on the context of course but saying this generally invokes naturalistic fallacy moralizing-- that anything not "natural" is wrong.
The other side of it is what do they gain by admitting they did it?

That people tend to believe Malasia (in reporting the attack used VX) and tend to believe the straightforward explanation (assassination by the DPRK) doesn't mean they are not weighing the evidence, it is quite possible to believe the picture being painted in the media without having automatically accepted it.
Learning to learn better, and also learning to practice better.
“Andy Warhol. Phoney, radical Andy Warhol. Burgeois capitalist.” [1]

[1] https://youtu.be/Bw0Rmt2S0uQ?t=10m27s
It might be, but IIRC North Korea has already attempted to hire a taxi driver once before, to assassinate the same man.
Oh no, it isn't. It just takes quite a while to load.
I think it's clear that lcw was making an observation about the tone of HN comments on the topic. I found it to be a reasonable one that matches my perception.

Disputing his comment makes sense if you think he's wrong, but it seems unreasonable to require people to back up such commentary with "stats".
1. Low costs. Seemingly small fees (such as 1% p.a.) eat up a third of your savings over three decades.

2. Diversify across countries/asset classes. ETFs help. Or adopt a core-satellite strategy (most in some solid cheap broad ETF, a few chunks into more speculative investments.)

3. Be aware of distinction between real/nominal returns (inflation), gross/net returns (fees), total/price returns (dividends).

4. If a bank (or any commission based advisor) recommends it, your first instinct should be: RUN
The slave holding states are now the poorest and were under-industrialized even during the Civil war.

The correlation between historical slavery and industrialization/modern wealth is negative.

Not really difficult to disentangle.

And theres Canada.
Carders capitalize on Cloudflare problems, claim 150M logins for sale
A Bay Area Gym Wants You to Get Sweaty and Stoned
Show HN: Git-dit – a distributed issue tracker for git
I just read some articles on why Linux went from asciidoc to RST. Interesting read.