It's a bit complicated, but I'll try to address the issues.

First, let's say that you want to make an isosceles triangle on a sheet of paper with the base parallel with the bottom of the page (as part of a triangle standard). Nokia owns a patent on lines being parallel to a side of the page. Ericsson owns a patent on figures with two sides of equal length. Qualcomm owns a patent on angles less than 90-degrees. In order to make your triangle, you need all three patents. You can't just go to Nokia and say, "wonderful, you own one of the patents and I want to make a triangle according to this standard and I'm going to compare your bid against the bids of Qualcomm and Ericsson." Nope, you need a license from all three.

Now, they've agreed to license the technology under FRAND (fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory) terms. But what does that mean? The idea is that the patents of these three companies are all needed by the standard. If I want to implement that standard, I shouldn't get a license from Nokia and Ericsson for their patents and then during negotiations with Qualcomm be told that they want 99% of all my profits. That would mean the standard would go nowhere because people would be holding it hostage. The idea is that none of the patent holders should be able to exercise market power due to its patents being used as part of the standard.

But given that some patents are more valuable to a standard than others, how do we know which ones should cost what? We don't. Therein lies the problem. Most of the time, companies like Apple negotiate bilateral agreements with companies like Nokia, Ericsson, and Qualcomm. The only thing keeping those three in check is the specter of court action - court action that might look very unfavorably upon them.

But we still don't have a great definition of how exactly FRAND licensing should work. Ultimately, I think this is a new challenge for the world that we're trying to figure out.

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Now, on to CDMA. CDMA is a standard and while Qualcomm is often thought of as the owner, the case is actually that it owns a high share of standard-essential patents on 2G CDMA. They own a smaller share of 3G CDMA patents and an even smaller share of LTE patents (to the point that they aren't the #1 holder of LTE IP).

Qualcomm has committed to FRAND licensing on its standard-essential patents for CDMA. As such, CDMA isn't really single source - Qualcomm doesn't even own all the IP for CDMA.

But the FTC is alleging that despite Qualcomm's FRAND commitment, it isn't licensing its standard-essential patents to competing baseband developers. The FTC is also alleging that Qualcomm is getting paid a lot more in royalties than OEMs have to pay other holders of equivalent standards-essential patents.

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Let's say that consumers need a BLT sandwich to use mobile networks. I own a patent on bacon, you own a patent on lettuce, and someone else owns a patent on tomatoes. I say that bacon is really the hero of the sandwich and demand 3x more for my patent. Is that reasonable? Maybe. I decide that I won't license bacon to anyone unless they're willing to let me manufacture the sandwich on my bread (bread having no patent). I'm capturing a lot of money for my bread business, but I'd committed not to exercise market power like that when the standard agreed to use my patent. But I am. You want a BLT, you're going to need to buy it from me as I manufacture it using my bread.

More, let's say that it's 1901 and I'm the only company that makes non-stale bread. Your customers don't want stale bread - at least not the rich ones where you earn your money. So, I tell you that if you buy bread from other companies for your peasant BLTs, you'll have to pay me extra money for all those peasant BLTs or I'll stop giving you my bread for your rich customers. Maybe the other companies could make non-stale bread with capital investment, but if I raise the cost of their bread enough, you're not going to give them bread orders. Which means my bread will keep getting better while their bread doesn't improve.

Ultimately, the FTC is alleging that Qualcomm agreed that CDMA and other standards would be standards and wouldn't be single-sourced, but now Qualcomm is wielding its patents to try and make it single-sourced.

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But this really isn't about CDMA even. The FTC complaint goes into how Qualcomm basically supplies all the premium LTE basebands. Part of this is because of Qualcomm's practice of "no license-no chips". If you want Qualcomm chips (which you're going to need for any premium LTE device), you need to pay Qualcomm a license fee for non-premium baseband chipsets you get from other companies. That differs substantially from the agreements that all the other holders of standards-essential patents are enforcing. Normally, if I create anti-Qualcomm to create baseband chips and license the patents from Qualcomm, the people I sell the baseband chips to don't need a license from Qualcomm (just as you don't pay Qualcomm a license on top of paying Apple for your iPhone).

The FTC is noting that Qualcomm's "no license-no chips" policy has meant that OEMs can't challenge Qualcomm in court which means that Qualcomm can charge higher royalties than its IP should command since there isn't the judicial threat. Losing access to Qualcomm's baseband processors during the fight would basically doom a mobile company.

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Qualcomm has been using this as leverage. They make the best basebands and a company like Apple or Samsung or HTC need access to those basebands for their premium, profit-making products. If they can make competitive basebands less price competitive by demanding royalties on those chips from Apple/Samsung/HTC, then their baseband is "Total Patent Cost + Chip Manufacture + Markup" while competitors cost is "Total Patent Cost + Chip Manufacture + Markup + Cost of Qualcomm's Patents Again".

So, in theory: Qualcomm has chips people need. If you want a Qualcomm chip, you must agree to pay Qualcomm royalties on any competing chips you buy making the competing chips less economically viable. This means that a company like Apple can't give a big contract to a competitor that gives that competitor the chance to invest in their chips and potentially make them as good as Qualcomm's. Which means that a company like Apple continues to be reliant on Qualcomm. Which means they can put the onerous "no license-no chips" term in their contract that requires royalties on purchases of competing chips. . .which means the competing chips don't get the investment to become as good as Qualcomm chips. . .which means Apple continues to be reliant on Qualcomm chips.

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Hopefully that cleared up some of the issue. Qualcomm found itself with the best basebands and to make sure that competitors couldn't invest and become as good, they made sure that OEMs couldn't buy competing chips under threat of losing access to Qualcomm's chips (unless double royalties were paid). This also meant that Qualcomm could punch up the amount that royalties cost for their patents because no one wanted to lose access to their chips while their chips are the best. But their chips will always be the best if no one can give contracts to a competitor without having to double-pay royalties. It's a vicious cycle.

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As an aside, CDMA definitely had advantages over GSM. 2G CDMA had much better voice capacity. 1xRTT was a lot faster than GPRS. EV-DO was way ahead of EDGE and faster to market than UMTS. It was also a lot easier to deploy than UMTS. UMTS meant clearing 10MHz of spectrum (and carriers back then often only had 20-50MHz so it meant clearing a lot of space on an already congested network). UMTS, as a voice and data protocol, meant you had to have enough reliability to support voice without too many faults or customers would get annoyed so you had to wait longer before you could launch it. EV-DO only required 2.5MHz of spectrum which was a lot easier to clear out. As a data-only layer, you could launch it without worrying as much about it being unreliable since it wouldn't drop calls.

CDMA definitely had advantages - heck, there's a reason why UMTS was based on CDMA technology.

But CDMA specifically is a bit of a red herring here, in my opinion. Qualcomm found itself in a position where it had standard-essential patents for LTE and the best basebands. If you wanted their basebands, you had to agree that you'd pay double royalties on competing basebands that you purchased. You had to agree to that because you needed the best basebands for your flagship products. Given the inflated prices and lackluster performance of competitors, why not source everything from Qualcomm down the product line? Of course, that's a vicious cycle since no one will get good if no one buys their stuff to given them the money to put into R&D.

"Oh, I see you need our best-of-class basebands. . .It would be a shame if there were a supply disruption because you didn't agree to our terms. You don't think it's fair that we ask for double royalties when you buy competing basebands? Well, don't use ours! Oh, right, you can't make that decision. So pay up and don't use our competition, you hear?"

That sounds ridiculous, but the FTC complaint literally says "On some occasions, Qualcomm has induced certain OEMs to accept its preferred license terms using both the “stick” of threatened supply disruption and [redacted]".

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Anyway, excellent questions and I hope this clarified some.