skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Ask HN: What mental models from your field are useful to generalists?
Hi HN,

As a passion project, I am currently making a list of mental models.

Thanks to Charlie Munger, psychology and economics get a lot of love, but I think there are useful, underappreciated models in other fields.

What are mental models from your field that can help others to understand the world better?
>That having said, the I still don't get the point you make about tone-sandhis and such. How do you propose they be incorporated?

I haven't given it much thought, but I would just write the tone with the unique combination of the phonology and the pitch level function that it actually has. Sheet music does this.

A difficulty in this approach would be defining a standardized tone sandhi, and the learning curve required for users to understand and write it.
OP elaborates more about this below.
For anyone wondering, the spinning Unicode symbol mentioned is F01E, corresponding to fa-repeat in Font Awesome: http://fontawesome.io/icon/repeat/
Font Awesome also has a bunch of spinner icons which OP is probably seeing on other sites: http://fontawesome.io/icons/#spinner

It really is unfortunate that there is no way to have these widely-used resources (Font Awesome, jQuery, etc.) cached on a long term basis across all sites that use them. (Though arguably this is easily achieved for fonts, which can be installed system-wide.)
Not having an underscore for a variable name is un-American.

I will have a word with Ryan Gosling.
>Of course it's less noticeable in the hot days, but in general when I go out for long walks my fingers will feel bloated and red-ish. So far I tried some gloves that I had in my house but even with those my fingers get cold while they are inside the gloves.

Err, maybe I'm missing something, but how about investing in a BETTER pair of gloves?

Doing something with your fingers while walking (keeping them occupied, e.g. with small stretching, etc) will help the blood flow better.

Also, maybe don't go out for "long walks" when it's too cold outside?
Wire uses Firebase Cloud Messaging (former Google Cloud Messaging) by default as it is the Google requirement. If you, as a developer, roll out your own solution, you simply get banned on Google Play. Claimed reason is that FCM/GCM delivers all your messages in batch, so it saves your phone power [0]. It is doubtful because your phone may enter Discontinuous Reception (DRX) state, so your cellular operator will deliver messages in batch anyway, but whatever. I think it is Google pushing developers to use their push servers while avoiding antitrust laws.

GitHub message about fallback to WebSocket you are referring to is here: [1]. So you can remove all Google services from your phone and install APK, it will still work, but now Wire server pings your phone whenever it wants. TLDR on the thread is that APK is not uploaded to F-Droid due to dependency (not really) on Google services.

[0] https://developer.android.com/training/monitoring-device-sta...

[1] https://github.com/wireapp/wire-android/issues/5#issuecommen...
But by speeding you're creating a much bigger than 0% probability you screw up and do something bad.
Perhaps counter-intuitively, I have found that applying more layers to my core rather than to my fingers/hands tends to keep my fingers warmer.

Of course, this only works if blood can circulate heat from your core to your extremities. Try throwing on a vest and, when coding, make sure your elbows are not bent and your writs are not resting on a pad in such a way as to obstruct blood flow.

Good luck!
If it's Raynaud's you might want to ask if treatment is appropriate for your case. You're not just getting cold, you have arterial spasms with Raynaud's if I remember correctly, and mayo clinic suggests I do.

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/raynauds-disea...

Check the lifestyle and home remedy part for some advice, but it sounds like you just need to plan more breaks and relax your extremities more.

So I'd continue to be checked. There is likely a more specific underlying cause that can be treated. Cold is a factor but it seems based on the condition that you could be coding in a volcano and still have this happen

Edit cause I bumped submit on tablet too soon.
State of the Union: npm
Help us understand then, and tell us what really happened
> Your health insurance premium is not a "tax". You're getting health insurance

The difference between your risk-adjusted premiums (based on your lifetime expected payouts + margin and overhead) and the amount that you actually pay in premiums can best be described as a "tax", because if it is positive, that money is directly going towards subsidizing someone else's premiums, and it is mandated by the government.

You can make the argument that it's the right thing to do because it allows people to purchase insurance that they otherwise would be unable to afford, based on their expected risk level (ie, past health) and their current income, but it's important to understand that that's not the way insurance itself works. The insurance is simply being bundled together with that tax, so you only see the one price at the end, instead of having it broken down and itemized.
> This isn't some petty nationalist agenda like you're claiming

That's not what I am saying. I'm saying Broadcom is getting a pass because they are a household name.
Most monopolies are only sued (or considered in anti-trust) when they are in a dominant position. In this case, there are two dominant phone platforms... Apple's iOS (iStore only), and Android (multiple phone vendors, Play Store and options to load whatever software a user wants).

In the Apple case, they've taken whatever legal means possible to stop side-loading and alternative stores, dropped apps that try to sell via other paths. They have a vertical stranglehold on the platform, and are in a dominant position.
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I never said Snowden was a "spy". The alternative I am proposing is that he was approached by a covert operative (a "spy") who nudged or convinced him on what he eventually did. This doesn't even require ultimately require financial motives or a will to betray his country. He may even believe to be helping his country, even though he is cooperating with a foreign government.

And yes, this kind of thing happens all the time. "Moles" are the exception in terms of covert "assets". Double agents even more so. On the other hand, there are recurring reports of employees in the government and defense contractors being approached by operatives (or other assets). The Chinese seem to be very fond of honey traps, too.

Saying Snowden isn't an asset isn't that much simpler and it doesn't need less assumptions. Because I am not deciding on either possibility, and not trying to convict him, Snowden's honesty isn't a proven fact in my view. I don't have the burden of proof to assume he could be lying, just as nobody can prove he isn't lying.
> Static typing helps a lot to catch basic type errors

> but it is surely not the "Messiah" of code safety.

I've been wondering why that is, and one reason I can think of is that testing verifies values. This also implicitly verifies the types of those values.
Off topic but I found this interesting:

Out of the top 10 mobile apps in the US 5 are owned by Google, 3 by Facebook, and 2 by Apple.
Probably not police but certainly schools.
I went about eight years without health insurance because I was freelance and in NYC it was somewhere around $550 per month for the worst of plans for a perfectly healthy twentysomething with no medical conditions whatsoever (besides being a smoker at the time)

I ended up taking a job at a start-up when I turned 30 because I figured at 30 I should probably start going to the doctor more often and it was the only way I could afford health insurance.

I was finally able to go back to freelance a little over a year ago because a decent plan only cost about $700 total per month for both me AND my wife, and She has pre-existing conditions, which is to say she had gone even longer without insurance before we'd met. I was merely hedging bets according to my age. She actually needs it.

Of course, BCBS-IL keep cancelling our plans as is their apparent loophole to raise rates. Because even though the non-profit had a surplus of 14B in early 2016, the absolutely perfect plan we were on wasn't making enough money for them, so they killed it. That's twice in a row, so we switched to Cigna this year, which I don't assume will be much better.

It's expensive,. They're all expensive, whether I use the marketplace or not. But they're nowhere near as expensive as they were four years ago. Especially for my wife who literally could not be insured before the ACA.
maybe this: https://www.sideprojectors.com/project/project/5220/changelo... ?
https://gizmodo.com/262981/this-heated-keyboard-is-the-best-...
I'm starting an application... plan on having a website, ios and android version. If my cost is $2/month/user, and I want to make even $1 a user, then I have to charge more for the Apple/Android store versions, because they charge 30%.

Beyond this, if I charge more for the Apple app than the website or google versions, then Apple may choose to ban my app. This means, my website app may be more expensive (higher margins, sure) because of Apple.

With Android, I can always bypass the Play Store (like Amazon does).
Thx, that was an interesting read.

However I think that Lisp is too powerful to be executed directly on the machine (as I understand Lisp machines provide HW capabilities to deal with cons and list atoms).

I often wonder if we should try to make a non Turing complete language, but that we make "pseudo-turing-complete", by using some kind of bounded-automaton with insane worst-case upper bounds (e.g. about complexity) that we can feed to the OS/machine which then can aggressively schedule as it knows upper timing bounds etc.

Btw. is their good literature about the implementation of intermediate languages as compilation targets for static functional languages? I think the book to go was SPJ's "The Implementation of Functional Programming Languages", but I am not sure how relevant it is today.
because ㄣ is /ən/, whereas ㄋ is just /n/.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofo

edit as reply:

>That's another rule. But in return you get 26 alphabets which majority of people on planet recognizes, instead of zhuyin which is only used in Taiwan and some Taiwan-related schools overseas.

I would argue the opposite; you don't actually get double bonus understanding of reusing language A's writing system on language B's, you get double misunderstanding. Aspects of each overlap on each other and the user confuses one for the other when they are in fact different and can't be dropped in as accurate substitutes for the other.

When they are dropped in as substitutes, unintelligible pronunciations are made. In the case of dropping a Latin writing system into a Sino-Tibetan writing system, this occurs even more frequently than when Indo-European languages are dropped in for each other.

If you want the right tool for the job, two different systems might be more appropriate.

>zhuyin which is only used in Taiwan and some Taiwan-related schools overseas.

I'm a rare example, but I didn't learn Zhuyin in Taiwan, nor did I learn Chinese in school. I reviewed the phonetic representations available and decided to use it because it happened to be the best supported by Pleco. If Pleco had IPA support, I would use that instead, because it's an even better tool for the job.
Nintendo’s weird and wonderful Switch console may be a hard sell for some
Well, I'm unfamiliar with Raynaud's phenomenon, but from the larger picture you've painted, this doesn't seem to be a temperature issue and quick fixes, while comforting, don't seem to be hitting the core of the issue. I hate to be "that guy" who gets on the gymkata preaching pulpit (and, yes, that's a very old movie reference), but I work in a computer lab and am generally cold, until I work out. Short, quick cardio in the morning (nothing too strenuous) and either more intense cardio with light weight lifting in the afternoon, or heavy weights and light cardio. I know this sounds like the meatheadiest of meathead posts, but it has really helped me out.... also helps me to keep focus a little better and work of a little frustration. Not all of it, but the sharp, acidic edges seem to fade a bit.
MasterMind Groups: Magic Key
I too have struggled with painfully cold fingers and feet while I code. My hypothesis of what is happening is that when you're resting your arms on the table, you are preventing the free flow of blood in your forearms to your hands. Without warm blood reaching your hands, they get very cold. The same thing applies to your feet as the seat you're sitting in constrains blood flow in your legs.

A good short term solution is to fill a paper cup with hot water and wrap your hands around that. This provides temporary relief but only treats the symptom. The effect wears off quickly.

I have also tried fingerless gloves, but those are completely worthless.

The only real solution is to do some light exercise. Most days after I eat lunch, I will walk around for 30 minutes. This light exercise creates heat in my muscles and thereby heats up my blood. The warm blood can also freely circulate to my hands and feet as nothing is constraining the flow of blood. After about 15 minutes of walking I can feel an internal warmth returning to my hands. The skin is still cold but I know soon enough my hands will be warm again. And the effect lasts the rest of the day.
> Also, it's worth noting that the "retail" price is a way that health care providers rip off the government by claiming a loss on their books after they are reimbursed by medicaid

You've got it backwards - Medicare (and Medicaid, to a lesser extent) are the ones who rip off providers, by reimbursing less than COGS[0]. The "retail" price is actually a way that providers make up for these losses by passing on the costs to private insurers (who then pay for those increased costs by accounting for them as claims, improving their MLR, and allowing them to raise premiums for it).

[0] Medicare's own financial statements attest to this; you don't have to take providers' words for it.
RNN Poetry on Winter: Sleet
Income in a vacuum isn't all that useful a metric. What matters more is what you can do with it, leading to what matters most: your actual quality of life.

Without feeling compelled to do a deep analysis, taking a 20% hit in exchange for, say, being able to afford broadband and a smartphone/notebook to use it is a deal I'd make all day.
Applying Neuroscience Methods to Microprocessors
In all fairness, Switzerland and the Netherlands have privatised medical insurance with universal coverage and the people are generally satisfied. Other countries, e.g. France and Germany, have mixed systems which also work well.

The flaws of ACA are not inherent to a privatised system, they are the result of this specific implementation.
Write up: https://samgentle.com/posts/2017-01-14-automata-by-example
You only need a small minority to believe something. If they believe it loud enough they will create a ruckus.

Then the government will have to actually prove all the character assassination attempts. Even though there is no evidence they really have against him at this point. I mean, in terms of being a Russian spy, or an alcoholic or something.

Also, remember these are the same pollsters who had Hillary winning the election...
It's not just about safety.

Speed limits that are slightly below reasonable speeds mean there is always probable cause to detain nearly anyone driving a car.

And pity the poor soul who adheres to the posted speed limit. That's often a separate offense of impeding the flow of traffic.
And those responsible for the 2008 crisis why aren't arrested?
Or another way to state this is that people generally drive at a speed they think is reasonable given the road conditions and mostly ignore posted speed limits altogether.

No surprise to me, many states didn't have speed limits outside of town at all in the US until the federal government withheld highway funding until they posted speed limits. That's the reason the 55mph highway speed limit was originally established. It's also the same method by which we forced the drinking age from 18 to 21.

Given a population of people, some will be reasonable in their behavior, some will not be. Setting limits on that behavior is more of a signal (or suggestion) than anything that really changes how people behave in the large. To consider otherwise is to be naive of the reality.

Fun story, data shows that raising highway speed limits results in less accidents, but the accidents that do occur result in more fatalities.
BOB: Ok, we're all good, we have verified our keys in person, send me the launch keys to the nuclear missile. Good night. [tick mark, tick mark]

ALICE: Here they are: 12345678. [tick mark]

[Eve on the compromised server to Alice]: Hey ho, new key, please send again.

ALICE [with new MITM key, and no way to block this]: Here they are: 12345678.

!!! By the way, Bob's key has changed. !!!

BOTH: Ooops.
You haven't learned pinyin properly. Anyone who learns the utmost basics of pinyin and the language will not stumble on any of this stuff. You sound like you are relying on the phonetics too much. You just need to get the phonetic rules, and then whatever system you are using, you will know the sound in your head and match it to what is on the page. ye and de are super easy to distinguish as two things that have two different rules (read about initials and finals, if you need more info, here for example: http://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/pinyin-rules.php)
Other people are subsidizing you. Basically, sick people get a better deal. Healthier people pay more to cover sick people. I'm sure you are happy but let's not pretend other ppl aren't covering your ass.
It would never work.
A new comic strip: Chief Security Officer
Pretty solid evidence of a time traveler. :)
specifically its how many DCT coefficients you keep i believe
Is there a good reason why it's hard to make SELinux easy to use?
Very cool achievement! IIUC, the author was targeting a digital replacement for analog SSB voice comms.

I don't expect to see widespread adoption in other areas though, such as cellular phones and similar. To my ears, I doubt the codec will compete with common voice intelligibility metrics, such as Diagnostic Rhyme Test [1] or PESQ [2].

However, it may be an improvement over SSB voice intelligibility!

[1] http://www.dynastat.com/Speech%20Intelligibility.htm

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PESQ
The example probably does the truncation this way to just show the effect of decode() on the console, but if you really want a truncated version you should either decode everything and then truncate or use a StreamReader to only decode the first X characters. The docs probably should make that issue clear, so yes, the example there is badly choosen.

Another real-life answer probably is "don't use urllib directly", since sadly the trend seems to go away from stdlib libraries for these things. E.g. Requests will take the encoding from the HTTP headers if available, and allows you to manually specify it as well if you want.
My company doesn't do this. But many companies specialize in it.
My battle with Leishmaniasis: a flesh-eating parasite
Yup and Eben Upton did it to teach basics of computer programming and development since he was so frustrated with the state of things in the UK.

I really hate the attitude of the root post that holds open hardware above everything else. RPi has done a ton to help education getting a new generation excited about computers.
So, given that, it would seem that a compromised server could pull a whole conversation (if people overlook the single tick mark), as claimed in the article?
The more competition the better.

While Android and Apple have the most dominant market share, they could be usurped with the right product (Hardware and Software combination). Best of luck to Andy and his team AND Microsoft with ARM Qualcom 835.

MWC will be a MUST watch event!
Great looking site, really catches your attention.

My input from a "currently evaluating different controllers" perspective is that the page somewhat lack information about interfaces, possibility for expansion (in our case we have requirements on interfaces not commonly existing out of the box).

I also believe that of your target audience is industrial solutions skip the "BS" (i.e. "Our controller allows you to develop voice controlled devices that are truly beneficial in the real world.") and instead go for specs. Even though your controller is not ready for the world i guess you have a goal or conceptual model?

Looking forward to see where you end up, I signed up for the newsletter :)
Yes, because Apple Store is known for having such high quality apps[1] all around. There's definitely room for a mobile store than actually reviews every app, with a person running said app. Bans on spyware/adware, and only apps for purchase. An initial review could be as little as $50 to the developer, and update reviews paid out of the top of sales. Charging well below 30%.

[1] https://www.google.com/search?q=apple+store+iphone+fart+app
You know, it could be one syllable. This is a topic that I've tried to search for specific answers for before but I couldn't find definitive information about it.

When I listen to recordings and to people speaking it, it sounds like two, which the Zhuyin seems to support.
"认为" can also be interpreted as making assumptions.

I'd use something more catchy such as "思通ハ達" :-)
If they were actually a positive contribution to the country one would think that they'd have been able to immigrate legally.

Even if they are a positive contribution, that just means we should have a good look at immigration procedures, not that we should use misleading euphemisms for lawbreakers.
Regular exercise at the gym.
Man who faced perjury in chattishgarh highcourt
This is great. I built something similar over the last two years, but I pivoted to something else, as it is a hard problem to build a cloud IDE
Depending on how bad it is, you might have Raynaud syndrome[0]. Ask your doctor if you need calcium blockers.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynaud_syndrome
> In Apple’s view, because it sells distribution services to app developers, it cannot simultaneously be a distributor of apps to app purchasers.

What?!?

It's the _only_ distributor of apps to app purchasers.
It's entirely possible to sideload on iOS, all you need is an OSX machine and a free Dev account.

Practical, no. But possible.
Don't fall for it if you like, let's see... touch typing, reading signs that are written in pinyin, being able to write down the sounds of Characters you haven't learned yet and have them readable by the average Chinese person, and focusing your time and efforts in the right places.

It is nice to hear you say this. I practice characters and stroke-order an hour a day. I also read for about an hour each day in some kind of reader or book. My other classmates are really surprised that I hand write every assignment instead of just using a digital input method and have it write the characters for me. But, I think this is why I read and understand a lot faster.

I am trying something new, since January 1. I am trying to learn 30 new characters a week. So far this is proving a bit hard. I need to know the pinyin, pronunciation, meaning, stroke-order and how I might use this character. Perhaps 30 is to many. I'll keep trying.
I normally do not care about down-votes and I still don't but for people who are downvoting me explain to me this: Where can I go and read the constitution that exists but that it is not written down anywhere? It's an oxymoron. So for all practical purposes there is no constitution.