skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
This isn't always true either. 4WD can mean that you send equal amounts of power to each axle, but at that point there are things that can change the amount of power going to each wheel within the center differential casing. If you have a limited slip differential (why some 4WD vehicles can drive perfectly fine on pavement) it'll basically send a 50/50 split (lock the axles together when going straight) but allow the axles to turn at different rates when making turns (otherwise bad things would happen). Some cheaper 4WD vehicles (and many 2WD vehicles) have open differentials. Open differentials send the power to the path of least resistance (bad for traction, and also why if you're in gravel the loose wheel usually just spins while the other one doesn't). There's also a fully locking differential that literally locks the axles no matter what. These cannot be used on pavement for obvious reasons (well, think about turning a corner, the outside wheel will have to turn faster than the inside wheel). AWD vehicles have a center diff typically and also often employ limited slip differentials (but sometimes again, they have open and/or auto-locking diffs...ARB made air locking diffs at one point, not sure if they still do) at each axle as well which enables a mechanical distribution of power. Some newer vehicles have replaced the axle differential gears with anti-lock breaking systems that provide resistance to open diffs to regulate wheel spin (artificially add resistance to the spinning wheel).....sorry, before I became a computer geek I built motors and off-roaded in my 81 CJ-5, after that I drag raced for fun on the weekends at the local track. I had a limited slip in the mustang I raced and a fully locking one in my Jeep. Jeeps (and older 4WD) are interesting b/c many come with what are called locking hubs ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locking_hubs ) which are not all that common today. Even if you do find them, they're usually auto-engaging vs. the ones you have to get out an manually turn to engage the front drive shaft.
There are roads in Spain with 1:4 gradient, too. 200 of the world's best cyclists rode up some of them in today's stage of the Vuelta a Espana. I'm no slouch cycling up hills but my jaw dropped seeing today's footage...
The data isn't well-presented (52.3% of exits would be a negative if 68% of the companies considered had only 1 founder, as that would mean less received an exit than would be expected), but if you normalize the percentage of exits with the percentage funded, you roughly see that the author's original claim is likely true.

1: 52.3 / 45.9 = 1.1394

2: 30.1 / 31.9 = -1.0598

3: 12.5 / 15.0 = -1.2000

4: 3.7 / 5.3 = -1.4324

5: 1.4 / 1.9 = -1.3571

Maybe the idea is that a single founder situation is preferred, but as creating a startup can be stressful, trying, and involved, maybe doing so with a single partner (that complements your skillset) is a compromise?

I had never considered creating a business with a partner/co-founder. There would just be too many issues. People have a difficult time understanding what I'm trying to do even when I explain it in plain English, so I shudder to think what it would be like if I were doing something completely new/groundbreaking/different.

I can't deal with someone nagging, draining, or getting in the way as I try to do what I'm doing. It's always been fairly clear to me that the route I should take is to found a company solo, then bootstrap it to profitability, while keeping the employee count low (43-73, or 259-585). Then not go public. That is, I should avoid dealing with a co-founder, investors, or the overhead/inefficiency/bureaucracy/politics that comes with having more than a certain number of employees.

Also, it became clear (especially in the world today with so many service-oriented companies to contract out to) that it's entirely possible to do almost anything with 42+me employees (which is the "ideal" number of employees (1 CEO/founder + 6 leads/executives/managers + 6 individual contributors per lead/manager/executive), as there's only one layer of "management").
You'd think, but then they lose that easy upsell.
Is that grey area enough to call a book a piece of non-fiction?

I don't think so.
You asserted that Russia should produce more mathematicians because it is large. But large mainly empty land area will not have that effect.
Whenever I rely on scroll information, I store the event info I need on the scroll event in some variable, and the logic that would normally be placed in the callback goes in a separate requestAnimationFrame loop. This way, even if it takes a few ms, it doesn't impact the scroll speed of the page. I wish more developers did this.
If you're looking for premium, I'd check out LiquidWeb without hesitation. LimeStone Networks is also up there.

Not affiliated with either, just really knowledgable of the industry.
That would depend on what you want to do. If by statistical analysis you mean regression or similar tasks, then sure R is the way to go.

However there are other family of analytics tasks which can be summed up as "decision analysis". Taking regression models (for example, maybe even built in R) and simulating them under different inputs, getting quantiles, sensitivity, etc. This goes much further with multiple sets, multiple outcomes with decision trees (NOT regression trees/CART) and even further with solvers. Excel is the best option in those tasks most of the time because of quick data entry and already built output reports and interfaces.
AFAICT you're required to have the chains available, so they're usually in the trunk, unless you're in a situation where they're required. Of course if you buy chains you should immediately put them on your vehicle, if only to ensure that later, when you need them, they will fit. Once you've done that, then you can put them in the trunk.

I disagree with your interpretation of the law: dot.ca.gov simply state what they require and say nothing about which is superior. And note that 4WD/FWD vehicles _also_ must carry chains in the R2 & R3 areas (from the URL you posted http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/chcontrl.htm):

"(NOTE: Four wheel/all wheel drive vehicles must carry traction devices in chain control areas.)"

Unfortunately for an AWD/4WD vehicle, following this provision costs twice as much as for a FWD car and will take twice the time to install (not an insignificant factor in freezing rain) and, should you fail to install on both front and rear properly, or should they suffer mechanical failure, may put one in a bad situation.

Sometimes it's better to do less.
GTA V Tribute by MaDonna New Tab
There are lots of people who are data analysts who use Excel. Data scientists would more generally use more powerful tools, but Excel is still useful for some things. For example if you have to manually enter in a small amount of data and then perform some simple calculations on this data, Excel is a fine tool. If your data is stored in a machine readable format or you want to do complex analysis with it you generally shouldn't be using Excel.
there are a few unique issues i face with excel beyond the stats package.

1. if you shift cells (ctrl c, ctrl v) around, delete or insert rows, you may mess up existing cell references in formulas without realizing it. your vlookups, hlookups will not change your column numbers just because you did. your vba code will not change your A1 cell references. things will blow up here in spectacular fashion.

2. if you have a massive spreadsheet with a lot of lookups, UDFs, non-static cell values (like a Bloomberg real time feed), it's not so clear which UDFs in which cells get calculated in what order. sometimes it results in #value errors, which is a million times more desirable than if there was a iferr(..., 0) or iferr(..., "") and you can't tell if there was a failure.

3. your macros will happily destroy your work if you let it by mistake (writing over formulas in the wrong sheet etc). python will generally not destroy the code it's running.

4. AUTOFORMAT will destroy, without any honor or humanity, any data if it just barely looks like it should be something else. I've had strings get converted into dates, 0s get stripped off (I think geneticists also face that same issue), all kinds of nonsense.

some of the problems I see raised here in HN (such as errors in formulas, sanity checking) are also issues in other tools like scipy, matlab. common errors in these languages are off-by-one matrix references, terminating loops prematurely (esp for numerical solutions), formulas not written correctly, brackets in the wrong place or + instead of -, typos in variable names, nan versus 0 vs na, these are things that affect excel equally.

otherwise, excel is pretty good. it's quick to prototype, it gives passable charts if all you need are passable charts. it's very good at displaying intermediate results. it's pretty ok for WSYWIG presentation, formatting, especially if you have custom reports to produce every week rather than regular ones that tex can solve. the biggest thing about excel is that everyone uses excel and if you try to send over results in a non-excel format they'll (clients or whoever) ask you to send it back in xls.

oh also... mediocre workers can produce excel sheets of passable quality. mediocre works may not even produce a single scipy script of any quality. I have seen some horrific matlab code, written by people with engineering background. i've seen one guy, in his desire to make a programming language look just like excel, write a single line for each of the 50 charts he creates and calls them Chart1, chart2, chart3, rather than use a for loop even though it's just 2 lines. it's totally bizarre.
lol ... let me get this straight, the UK is a terrorist state because the EU doesn't defend its southern border?

It was President Juncker who said he thought borders were the worst invention of politicians ever, not the Brits who we learned recently are rather fond of borders. Your argument is backwards.
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12360736
They've been saying this for years. Also, I've seen some companies get on the list that were far from the best to work at by gaming the system.
Gives Google a D.

https://observatory.mozilla.org/analyze.html?host=google.com

(Would take this rating with a grain of salt.)
Why China won’t own next-generation manufacturing
You've hit the nail on the head.
He has apparently never worked with a dataset of more than 1,048,576 observations, Excel's row limit [0].

[0] https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Excel-specification...
> there exist some true theorems that you can't prove.

Emphasis mine.

Are all unprovable theorems true? I googled "are all Gödel sentences true", but came up with nothing. Also: Are all unprovable theorems Gödel sentences or are there other kinds?

EDIT: Lots of good answers to my first question, thanks a lot to everyone. For the second one I think I also found an answer:

According to the Wikipedia article about the incompleteness theorems [1]: "The Gödel sentence is designed to refer, indirectly, to itself." So the question really is if there are non self-referential unprovable statements, and the answer seems to be yes[2].

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_...

[2] https://www.quora.com/Are-there-true-but-unprovable-statemen...
They have differentials on the front, but they're not "locking" differentials, they're "open" differentials, no locking capability at all.

Center diffs are for the most part (in Land Rovers) locking differentials, though some Discovery IIs had open center diffs and things like Freelanders use a viscous coupling in place of a mechanical diff lock.

Newer models have an electronically controlled locking diff in the gearbox (center) and an optional electronically controlled locking differential at the rear.

But front diffs on modern Land Rovers are open.

Edit: Here is an image showing the locking diffs on an LR3/Discovery 3: http://www.landroversonly.com/forums/attachments/f41/37257d1...

Note the center diff is unlocked (or open) and the rear is locked, there is no option to lock the front, which will always be open.
3M of autonomous killer drones in a trailer
I loved my old Tercel wagon. Didn't use that low gear all that often but fun to have. CV joints were always my problem, ended up having to replace them quite often.

One time in college I was turning too sharply while parking and the axle actually popped out of the right front. Loose axle would just spin in 2WD but switching to 4WD enabled me to make it to the nearby Mech E. building and get help. :)
Look up "model checking" and see how that compares to what you're thinking about. How would you specify tests (or rather, correct program behavior) in such a language?

The languages Alloy and TLA+ come to mind. (So does Coq, which is at the other extreme of actually proving your program correct.)
Wow, that video does a really great job building up the explanation. I already knew how a differential worked (thanks to Legos), but I had never thought about it that way before.
It's not just "better acceleration", it's more consistent and predictable acceleration. I find it makes driving backroads on a dark stormy night quite a pleasant experience.
In real life, in most situations, ground clearance, good tires, traction control and ABS make more difference than driving all four wheels, most of the time. Personally, I'm more concerned with stopping than starting, and that's where ABS and good tires matter and what kind of transmission you have doesn't.

This is a sales pitch video, but it is interesting to illustrate the differences in AWD approaches, with different vehicles on rollers:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cuZYTQLfA0

I spent a lot of time looking at this several years ago when my family was planning on taking a vacation to the Outer Banks of North Carolina where you have to drive on the sand. We ended up renting a Ford Explorer that had a "sand mode" in it's electronically controlled awd setup. Worked great.
Tk is pretty and lean but I never felt comfortable using it in C code. A native C toolkit would be nice.
It reduces it 100% on the people that aren't let out again. Which suggests that we should be looking at life in prison, rather than shorter sentences if we really want crime to go down and we are conserned about them becoming hard-core criminals.

Actually though I think there is a mismatch - there are two groups here, those who made a mistake but are fundamentally good people (they perhaps have a drinking problem or a drug problem, fell into a bad crowd, etc) those should probably not be put in jail, but more a closed treatment center, put on parole, sentenced to community service, etc. The idiots who stole my wheel-caps probably belongs here, as would somebody who killed their spouse because they abused them - it is not okay, but it doesn't make them unredeamably bad people.

Then there are the people who are just scum, the [mum who goes out to drink, leaving her toddler at home](http://www.lohud.com/story/news/crime/2016/05/09/new-rochell...), the gang members, the people who commits rape, etc. Those just needs to be locked up, forever if possible.

It appear to me that both sides of this debate are only focusing on one of the sub groups and are trying to apply rules evenly, without first looking at the criminal. This will absolutely result in injustices, either by throwing a 17 year old in prison for life with out the possibility of parole for [killing her pimp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Kruzan) or releasing criminals who will go on to do more criminal acts.
Umm.... Did you read the article? It clearly states only the Nexus 5 is supported at the moment.
Saving money in new ways, with adverse consequences on work and employees that prove it isn't a benign optimization. Variant: ending or selling off "unnecessary" luxuries.
For example, the newest computers are cheaper than old ones, free food is replaced by a vending machine, art on display disappears.

The slightest hint of late payments. For example, salary one day late "because the bank made a mistake": in reality, the company was waiting for cash but negotiations with banks or other lenders were difficult enough to miss the deadline.
Nice video (well, I'd say motion picture). Reminds me of the Master Hands:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bT6txm4RpA
I'm not sure what there is to tone down. The statement is patently untrue.[1]

[1] http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/04/16/what-are-cor...
Is there a study you can point to? I'd be curious to know the severity of the vulnerabilities. In the past companies have also been able to successfully cover up breaches. The media attention as you point out makes this more challenging, but in the post-Snowden era people are more aware and and concerned about security and privacy and researchers are getting better at explaining/marketing their discoveries (ex. Heartbleed). I can see breaches continue enjoying heightened attention across industries.
WebAssembly(wasm) needs one
https://github.com/WebAssembly/design/issues/112
Former Facebook founders and employees have started Asana, Quora, Cloudera, Path, etc.
EU funding is notoriously wasteful hence the phenomenon of "ghost airports" and other stuff:

http://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-airports-specialrep...

I can believe the EU is slightly more competent than, say, Greece. I can believe it's not exactly corrupt. But that doesn't mean it's progress.
Here are the HN guidelines for submissions: https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
Don't know if the title has changed, but I like the current title much better:

Russia Wants Bulgarians to Stop Vandalizing Soviet Monuments To Look Like American Superheroes

And it just so happens that "Russia" (or the Russian government) is right in this case.
It doesn't detract from your point, but.. I've been around hundreds of people who use the term fundamentalist proudly as sort of an advertisement for their brand of christianity. They looked askance at other flavours of christianity, believing those to have drifted from the fundamentals of the religion.
I'll be writing a longer response in a few minutes. I am the CEO of a 20-person startup and there were a few scenarios we've had where payroll was truly late because of bank issues.

Just want to bring this up so people aren't paranoid when such things happens. They DO happen, especially now that so many startups use "cool" and "hip" startup payroll providers that also make mistakes.
Awesome write-up!! I had never heard of linear calculus before, is that an extension of linear algebra or a distinct field?
I was very interested in this as well for learning purposes. Without an instructor it's fairly easy to accidently make logical jumps and come up with wrong proofs. I figured that math is effectively a somewhat formal language for communicating concepts, so a compiler that checks errors (or even suggests corrections) could work well.

Tools like coq are great, but difficult to use (even as a programmer used to languages like Haskell) and they don't have a large set of existing proofs to work off of.

My opinion is that we need a good intermediate representation for proof tools (to share results; each new tool now needs a huge base built up to start being useful) and simpler tools to work with. It would be an enormous benefit to mathematicians and the world at large.
>Which devices are officially supported?

>Only the Nexus 5 at the moment. Both D820 and D821 models with 16GB or 32GB storage are supported.

https://github.com/maruos/maruos/wiki/FAQ#which-devices-are-...
They will do a corporate rollout of pair programming once they Six Sigma Black Belts are done doing their lean workouts ;).
I have 2.4 billion data points loaded in Excel at the moment.

Not that it matters. "Data science" is not something that magically kicks in after you go beyond some "big data" threshold.

Excel is heavily used in managerial science type of positions and I can assure you those are rather heavy on the "data science" workflows.
"Interesting site" is a completely undescriptive title that doesn't allow HN readers to determine what the site is likely to be about. Better to submit a particular article from that site that you found interesting, which can be discussed on HN.
All great and dandy, but I can't help to think what the continued fallout is going to be.

If someone is willing to smash your door down because you called them out on their dealings or perceived dealings, then that person is a threat to your safety.
The last time I bought a computer with an OS preinstalled [a couple months ago], it threw all sorts of popups at me, flashed command prompts at me, doing all sorts of nasty stuff while stealing focus from the programs I was trying to use. And it couldn't find or install any OS updates. Hours and hours of scanning, and nothing would happen. Hours and hours spent googling, trying to manually install updates that supposedly fix the problem but cannot be installed...

I wouldn't say everything worked.
This question should not be posted to HN. You should contact the moderator, per these instructions in his profile:

Please send HN questions to hn@ycombinator.com.
I teach kids low level programming. It can be quite rewarding.
Sailfish 2.0 from Jolla seems more compelling as a Linux based phone OS.
Bicycles theft is basically a "free crime", almost nobody ever gets caught. This also causes serious issues to those who depend on the bikes to get to work (or even as their work). As such the penalties have to be absolutely draconian when they do get caught - in fact 3 years sounds lenient, we used to hang horse thieves.
Tire fire as in it won't stop burning or tire fire as in nobody bothers trying to put it out?
Some people (their companies aren't likely to be a pleasant place) like motivational posters from the beginning and even if the business goes well.
Therefore I'd qualify the symptom: motivational posters are a bad sign as part of an attempt to renew management style and inject new energy, which is itself an indication of helpless desperation.
But do many of those clients exist on sites like upwork?
Probably because your "submission" was a single sentence tweet, with nothing of any intellectual interest to discuss.

If Twitter hasn't been auto-banned already, I think it should be. Tweets don't provide meaningful context or insight unless they're linking to something else.
Then your comment isn't constructive.

This is a discussion site, meaning we discuss things, telling us a potential problem with the source is a great discussion topic. Taking unqualified potshots at the article doesn't provide a jump-off point to any discuss worthwhile.
If you actually listen to the guy's talks (Heinlein) on youtube, you will see that he cares deeply about privacy. That's all it means, it doesn't mean that the whole German society cares more than others about privacy.
I'm curious how Dragon carried a docking adapter to ISS. Such things generally don't fit through hatches.
As you point out - the EU Parliament has so little power that if it ever amends a law in a way the Commission doesn't like, the whole thing is scrapped so they can try again.

Article 50 isn't a serious thing. The guy who wrote it admitted he assumed it'd never be used and he didn't put any thought into it, as it was only put in there to shut up the Brits. The EU has never seriously considered the possibility any country would actually leave and the constitutional possibility of doing so was only added recently, in a half-arsed way.
I can't argue with that: if I had to choose between the two, I'd rather be stabbed by the non-dominant hand. Obviously not being stabbed at all is a much better choice (when available).
> That's right. A poorly-engineered 4WD system means you are stuck on a hill because one wheel is on slippery wet leaves. AWD should mean you can get up that hill with three wheels on slippery wet leaves, and one with grip. That's the simplest explanation.

I think you just said the opposite of the guys above you while saying you agree. 4WD should not have a problem on slippery terrain.