skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
> "Collection" doesn't necessarily imply "set"; perhaps the author chose this word on purpose to avoid such complaints?

I think it's still wrong, but let's get concrete in the more unusual type systems to check. What is the "collection of values" for a type in TyPiCal [1]?

What is the "collection of values" for substructural types, like linear types [2] or affine types [3]?

I don't think "collection", set-based or otherwise, can capture these types.

[1] http://www-kb.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~koba/typical/

[2] https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~fp/courses/linear/handouts/lintt.pdf

[3] http://users.eecs.northwestern.edu/~jesse/pubs/alms/tovpucel...
Over time, various economists have argued for additional factors. For example, there's often a degree of path dependence to why a given firm might be structured in a particular way. But, yes, especially for a paper that's almost 80 years old, its core concepts hold up remarkably well and provide a useful framework to think about sourcing decisions.

And it's often very clear (at least in retrospect) that those outsourcing trends that fall out of fashion over time often do so because many transaction costs associated with the outsourcing turned out to be ignored or at least underestimated. Conversely, there are countless examples today of companies using external services for things because the transaction costs associated with doing so have been so dramatically reduced.
Why would it be unpopular? On the scale of the space involved, any "pollution" would be literally inconsequential.

On the cost, I agree and think we have much bigger fish to fry on our own planet than to spend huge sums to discover what is in all likelihood a barren rock.
User-Agent is a SHOULD, not a MUST. There are also practically no browsers that send a non-fake User-Agent, since they almost all claim to be Mozilla/5.0.
Telephone sanitisers.
i started with python when 3 dropped in ~2008.917

ignorant of any prior ecosystem i just thought i was getting into the most current

i came for the prebaked arbitrary precision floating point arithmetic and now i use it for prototyping all of my projects, and all the other stuff that i would call general scripting

this 2to3 complaint made sense to me from an employed standpoint:i work as X and use 2.7's Y library; but you said general scripting

i wonder what libraries were you hoping to use but were unable, and for what general scripting purpose?
My theory is that AI is smarter than us, but it is biding its time until we build physical machines that can self-replicate before it announces itself.
Java's Hidden Costs
Sure, the AECB, Passivhaus, the Green Building Forum, http://www.greenspec.co.uk, http://www.houseplanninghelp.com all useful for starters.

http://www.greensuffolk.org/assets/Greenest-County/SGBN/Sust... is a good overview of common problems.
Quite inspiring. That's how you beat an endless game.
My thought was that most binary distributions probably use very conservative configuration that will generate code that compatible with very old processors, and that you would therefore not see much use of modern instructions in /bin. This is one of the selling points of compile-yourself distributions like Arch/Gentoo: you know what processor you're running on, so you can take full advantage of its features.
About LEA: adding to the above correct information, it is also useful because it can be scheduled in parallel with other ALU instructions (through a different "port" in x86 parlance), or at least that's how it used to be (I haven't looked at most recent x86 architectures). Thus compilers can use LEA to perform some arithmetic operations and generate code that will effectively run faster.
If you're going to use magsails to slow it down, why not use a magsail to get it there? The trip is basically symmetrical.

I suppose it's possible that the laser could produce a much more stable and precise trajectory, while a magsail would just slow it's descent towards or accelerate it away from the sun. But I think it's more likely to be a case of the materials science and energy density being in favor of the laser method over sails.

What if we used lasers to send a fleet of laser ships with powerful one-time-use chemical lasers, then the front set of laser ships fired the same kind of beam back at the rearmost ship to to slow it down?
Pretty sure? I'm pretty sure we don't know near enough to make any type of guess on that.
I wouldn't use this if you're not dealing with the DoD. However, if you're in the DoD trying to work with an external collaborator, services like this provide at least some way to show, for example, an IRB, that you're moving PHI with due diligence.

The DoD maintains a PKI system that is essentially independent of the rest of the world's crypto: http://iase.disa.mil/pki-pke/interoperability/Pages/index.as...
Property Graph Query Language
This is a (likely) reference to Contact (1997), with Jodie Foster.

Some celestial event. No - no words. No words to describe it. Poetry! They should've sent a poet. So beautiful. So beautiful... I had no idea.
Maybe you'd get a nice little tech upgrade when you got there. And I'd hope that we'd at least develop some form of suspended animation to make things bearable.
Sort of agree, except that "31 percent" is incompatible with "more than one third".
Right, and I agree everyone has gaps in their knowledge. People obviously specialize and I wouldn't ever work on compilers, for example.

I'm just describing what I often see the self-taught "millennial" programmer is missing with a minimal number of data points. Doesn't mean all of them do, but hopefully by me listing it here a book such as the above can tackle these topics. I hope somebody reading this doesn't take offense of my laundry list; it's just intended to show what I think would be useful to cover in such a book given their importance to app development.

I'm no way knocking self-taught programmers. They learn a lot faster than those who went the formally trained route. One of my interns who was trying to get a master degree in CS I showed how to link to a library 3-times, and he still couldn't get it.
"may" being the word that makes it true.
IIRC, Turbo Pascal and its descendants (including Delphi and FreePascal) have support BCD arithmetic at the language level (but it might be part of stdlib), so I'd imagine that either the compiler outputs BCD instructions or BCD instructions are inlined in the library implementation.

EDIT: Although its possible that they use something else behind the scenes and just convert to/from BCD representation. That seems intuitively likely to be inefficient, but if keeping BCD ops efficient hasn't been a focus of CPU development, its possibly not the ideal way to do things under the hood, even when at the application language level it is presented as doing BCD.
Why FA insists on abusing the Italics tag (repurposing it as "Icon") instead of leveraging the appropriate <span> is...specious at best.
Hey.
The site really is no mention of this, but now we add this information to the site.
Thank you for your comment!
I would agree that complete and meaningful unit and integration tests are definitely a necessity for a large Python projects. Or really for any software project meant to be maintained.
Erowid Recruiter (mashup of trip reports and recruiter emails)
Why I trade in my Samsung S7 Edge
We are, by no means, sure of that. There are numerous theoretical possibilities that fit current theory. Not least of which is the Alcubierre Drive: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive
The problems people have with Python are magnified at least 10x on R.
DoD PKI interoperability chart
Revoking CA's is considerably harder than you think it might work for you but it might not work for the tons of people that do not update their browsers or operating systems.

Private/Internal/Enterprise CA's are intentionally out of the ring of trust for SSL certificates, there is no need to give the DoD any preferential treatment.

This would literally benefit no one as anyone with any interest in accessing those websites would install the certificate.

US .gov sites are "secured" with commercial CA certificates so they aren't even part of the argument.

When you count the benefit / usefulness of this change which is very little to null and compare it to the possibility of it being abused as well as the precedent of adding "internal" certificate authorities to the global trust list I see a pretty solid argument against this.

Overall with things like LetsEncrypt I hope that the CA/SSL Cert industry would get disrupted enough for most if not all commercial CA's to simply become irrelevant.

It's not a question of insurance rather than a technical issue since you still get an 'n' figures "fraud" insurance when you purchase validated SSL certificates from commercial CA's and some standards require you to use them rather than LE and the likes.

To my knowledge I do not know of any case on which that insurance has ever been successfully claimed so this entire premise should be just killed off completely.

'LE' and similar services should then be managed by a non-profit or a handful of those maybe for each region and just be done with it, the CA list is already too big and it's already near impossible to figure out who owns what besides the <10 big players.

I honestly see no reason for SSL to work a browser have to have a list of 130-150 CA's on file (default Root+Intermediate CA listing on Windows).
This whole conversation reminds me of Europeans who have never been to the states thinking of flying over for a week, renting a car and visiting the Florida Keys, Times Square, the grand Canyon and Disneyland.

At 34k MPH it would take 75 Millenia to reach our literal stellar next door neighbor.

Makes the blood boil how vast and empty space really is, when you think about it
MilitaryCAC is not an official source, it's about using CACs on personally-owned computers.
There are no TLS or SSL ciphersuites that use Blowfish.

Some sources, some old, some new -- you'd reasonably expect Blowfish to be an older suite if it exists:
[1] https://testssl.sh/mapping-rfc.txt [2] https://testssl.sh/openssl-rfc.mappping.html [3] https://tls.mbed.org/supported-ssl-ciphersuites [4] http://www.thesprawl.org/research/tls-and-ssl-cipher-suites/

Also note that Bruce Schneier, Blowfish's creator, has been encouraging people to move off of it for years, since he went on to design two more block ciphers since.
Ok, we changed the title above to try to accommodate this info and make it more accurate. Thanks!
Sure thing! Pull requests welcome!
Show HN: Automatically turn a major song into minor and hear how it sounds
Hey there! Thanks for the feedback. Could you clarify what's incorrect about effective_cache_size? Would love to correct it.
Funny that there have been exoplanets found on so many stars, but our closest neighbor can still surprise us.
Is an extremely large and well-indexed encyclopaedia smarter than you? It certainly contains more information than your head does, so you could say it "knows" more. Look at it from the other direction, though: If the machine were smarter, would your son have to learn how to structure queries, or would the machine learn how your son asks questions?

Put another way, if I can tell you (verbatim) what some person wrote about quantum mechanics, but I can't rephrase it into some other form to help you understand the information, then how smart am I? I can repeat rote information without any analysis (just like a sheet of paper could), but I can't tell you what it means. On the other hand, if I tell you enough information, you're likely to connect it together meaningfully, and come to your own conclusions and explanations about it. That seems like a fundamentally different kind of "smart" than what OK, Google can do.
The Clinton campaign app that helped win the Iowa caucus
Could they carry mini solar sails to slow down? Solar parachutes if you will.

Or if we sent them in single file several seconds apart they could each relay what they see to the ones behind them and then back to us. Effective oh giving us a long exposure.
I was just there a few weeks ago... it's an extremely moving place - I had tears in my eyes reading the info panels and seeing the slave quarters.

There are quotes on the wall from all kinds of world leaders that have been there, very inspirational stuff.

I highly recommend a visit.
And the fact is, when there's a piece of core that nobody uses, and has since been replaced by superior tooling, The Right Thing to do is to rip it out,

...The only way that could ever work without breaking existing software running in the wild would be for that superior tooling to be backwards compatible. SunOS (illumos) does this all of the time. For example, GNU options like -C have been added to SVR4 tar(1) on illumos, thereby enhancing, but not breaking existing functionality.

Otherwise, how would you determine whether someone isn't using something, and that on every Solaris / illumos system on the planet?

Have they optimized grep the way GNU did?

I don't know about grep(1) in particular, we have fgrep(1) on illumos for that, which comes all the way from AT&T's SVR4. We also have egrep(1) in addition to grep(1). HP-UX for example, being a SVR4 system, has fgrep(1) and egrep(1) in addition to grep(1) as well. I use fgrep(1) every day; only when I need to use regular expressions do I use grep(1).

I know cat(1)'s been optimised. If you're curious enough, you can check out Solaris's grep(1) code here:

https://github.com/illumos/illumos-gate/tree/master/usr/src/...

Lupus in fabula: you can also see that the -H option has been added to grep(1), which illustrates my point that illumos does this all of the time[1].

I mean, it's not like Solaris still has ptrace or /dev/poll.

?

% ls -l /dev/poll
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Jul 24 2013 /dev/poll -> ../devices/pseudo/poll@0:poll
% man ptrace
Standard C Library Functions ptrace(3C)

NAME
ptrace - allows a parent process to control the execution of
a child process

SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>

int ptrace(int request, pid_t pid, int addr, int data);
...
...
...
% uname -srpmi
SunOS 5.10 i86pc i386 i86pc

...so I'm baffled by your statement. Did you mean to write the opposite? What were you actually trying to say?

[1] https://github.com/illumos/illumos-gate/commit/41599e9fdccb4...
what are the things you enjoy about it?
> how dangerous

I would think it's just as dangerous as having something traveling at 20% the speed of light relative to you.
We've changed the title above for that reason.
if even a tiny fraction of those 1000 tiny probes hit that planet at 20% of speed of light, could that pose a problem? it sounds like a shotgun approach, not so figuratively, using pellets loaded with plutonium.
In a real street fight situation you also don't know if the guy is going to shank you, so most arguments about "which style is best" kind of go out the window at that point.
RX Java based event bus
I tried writing a small event bus library using RX-Java - https://github.com/bangarharshit/RXBus (just abstracted out bits and pieces present on internet and is just 1 class). Let me know your feedback and if anything can be improved.
Stack Overflow podcast #72: salary transparency
Biology (the discipline) is messy because biology (the reality) is really really messy.
If the period is 11.2 days, seems like there is a high chance that it is tidally locked to the star. If that's the case, that side is probably pretty roasting hot, the other quite cool. But maybe life near the edge is OK. Probably some interesting weather patterns there as well.
That's exactly the reason I chose that descriptor. In fact, the field "Computer Science" may not have existed before.
even accounting for the various forms of wing chun, how are wing chun stances silly? are there even more than one or two?
It's not quite that bad. Have you heard of fission-fragment rockets? Highly feasible, and travel times to Alpha Centauri on the order of decades, not millennia. Baffles me that no one talks about them.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission-fragment_rocket
I haven't found one, but I suspect the IASE page is only over HTTP for legacy reasons, as there are lots of things that download stuff automatically from DISA. I could be wrong though, and I agree that it should be served over HTTPS. The main DISA page is served over HTTPS: https://www.disa.mil
Interestingly, I can't think of a single self-made entrepreneur out of continental Europe -- think Germany, France, Italy, and their neighboring countries -- who in recent history has become immensely wealthy by creating new products or services that have changed the world.

In continental Europe, there is no Jeff Bezos, no Sergei Brin, no Bill Gates, no Steve Jobs, no Elon Musk, no Larry Page, no Mark Zuckerberg... one could keep going.

I don't think it's a coincidence.

--

PS. In response to comments below, note that the founders of Skype, Spotify, Ikea, are not from continental Europe; they are from the Scandinavian Peninsula. Note also that I'm talking about NEW kinds of products and services that have changed the world.
Good point about it being a double-edged sword, but I think strategically it's better to rely on an existing service (allow use of multiple services to diversify the risk). If the services disappear, yes, you're a bit SOL but I'd deal with that when it happens. Better to get something working first and get customers and not worry about running a sync service.

This is all under the assumption that your app doesn't require something beyond basic file sync, of course.
Ah, I actually didn't see that. I would have done if you had said more than "garbage".
It's a really interesting question. Jiu-jitsu unquestionably works in "uncontrolled" environments. I'd wager large money that if more police officers trained in grappling and submission techniques there'd be far fewer shootings.

I don't have specific experience with Krav per se, but the self-defense I learned getting my Karate BB was kravesque. Krav is fine, but I think of it a little like crossfit; it's mostly a marketing thing. In my estimation, krav can be great for self-defense. But anything where you focus on one or two practical defense moves is great for self-defense. Get good at one or two things and drill it 10,000 times.
If I did the math correctly, it turns out to be ~2400km for 10km across (changing 100 to 10 in the eq). This could very easily be wrong as I only glanced through the comment. Think of it as Kirkian mathematics.
What Security Leaders Can Learn About Decision-Making
even if we would. that could easily be defeated by regular rekeying like done in ipsec or not?
Ok, we've incorporated your point and another user's to try to make the title above less misleading. Thanks!
Because the public doesn't know to make that distinction. I'd rather a site be served plain than retired HTTPS.
TL;DR: less has better specs and replaced more for non-philosophically inclined sysads.
~5.5x that speed is still about 13,636~ years. Much better but still not very realistic....

18.1 lighthours is 3/4ths of 1 lightday. Which is 1/1533 of 4.2 lightyears or in other words: 0.06% of the way there. Going the remaining 99.94% is a massive jump!
The fun stuff is buried in footnote [4]:

> The actual suitability of this kind of planet to support water and Earth-like life is a matter of intense but mostly theoretical debate. Major concerns that count against the presence of life are related to the closeness of the star. For example gravitational forces probably lock the same side of the planet in perpetual daylight, while the other side is in perpetual night. The planet's atmosphere might also slowly be evaporating or have more complex chemistry than Earth’s due to stronger ultraviolet and X-ray radiation, especially during the first billion years of the star’s life. However, none of the arguments has been proven conclusively and they are unlikely to be settled without direct observational evidence and characterisation of the planet’s atmosphere. Similar factors apply to the planets recently found around TRAPPIST-1.
There are FPGAs (mostly Microsemi) that use internal flash memory to hold their configuration, but you are correct, most use eeproms/
Just use the normal search box. For example, type "SFMOMA" and the third result is the location with the geo pin icon.
In addition to what others have said, sometimes stuff gets added in a backwards compatible way. For example, Intel added two new instruction prefixes for their hardware lock elision extension. Actually, they reused existing instruction prefixes which were valid but did nothing on older CPUs when used on the instructions where the HLE prefixes apply. The semantics are such that "do nothing" is valid, but CPUs which understand the new prefix can do better.

Another alternative is to use the new instructions regardless, then trap illegal instructions and emulate them. This used to be a common way to handle floating point instructions, back in the days when FPU hardware wasn't universal. CPUs with FPUs would run the instructions natively, and CPUs without them would emulate them in software. This was, of course, unbelievably slow, but it worked.

But for the most part, you just generate different code for different CPU capabilities and dispatch, as the other comments describe.
Analog DNA circuit does math in a test tube
The thing about Krav Maga, Kung fu, or similar stuff that uses "deadly techniques", is that their efficacy is (conveniently?) unprovable. Meanwhile, submission grappling (such as jiu jitsu) and striking techniques (such as boxing & muay thai) are tested constantly from the lowest levels of beginners via sparring, to the highest levels of champions via competition.

Another thing to consider, is take a look at the all-around grappling skills of a top wrestler, judoka, bjj practitioner, etc. Do we really believe that their all-around skills wouldn't enable them to effectively use forbidden techniques such as ball punches or eye gouges or whatever? A skilled grappler is going to win a grappling contest, and a skilled striker will win a striking contest, regardless of the finishing techniques they employ.
After we build the laser it might not cost that much more just to keep a constant stream of these guys going to the planet relaying their information back along the stream. Effectively giving us a streaming feed of what's happening on the planet.

A single probe in orbit could obviously do this but with this idea there's no way to slow down.
The 911 gets you pretty good performance per dollar, unlike a mac.
Because your original comment offered a contemptuous, know-it-all tone devoid of any meaningful content. It's kind of a shitty feeling, isn't it?
I tend to disregard the entire <7% (assuming overlap).
One worry here is that AI only classifies as well as the labeled datasets that it trains on. And my concern would be the way humans apply labels to other humans. Diagnosing mental illness is notoriously messy. DSM-IV descriptions of various illnesses including borderline personality disorder are disputed, not settled. If we can catch psychosis early, great -- but what's psychosis?
If you're on a bike or in a car, you can often home in on pokemon based on them appearing and disappearing on the nearby list, along with some knowledge of areas where pokemon tend to spawn. My SO and I have caught a couple of rare ones like this (one person drives, and the other operates both phones).

But I agree completely that it's more fun when you have a map or the long lost footprints to be able to zero in on foot.
> Lack of profitability isn't their problem, lack of ability to continue operating anywhere legally is.

From the POV of investors, I'd say that the former is the critical problem, the latter is merely the cause of the problem.

From other POVs, that might be different.