skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
First-class polymorphism is what System F gives you: functions from types to values.

Second-class polymorphism is what Damas-Milner gives you: let-bound identifiers may admit more than one type, in which case every type they admit is subsumed by a type schema.

Second-class polymorphism rules out polymorphic recursion if you consider every recursive definition as syntactic sugar for applying a fixed point combinator to some expression of type `a -> a`, for whatever monotype `a`.
Bay Area Transit System to Subsidize Uber, Lyft Rides
I've got a bunch of WiFi cameras that aren't able to access the internet[0], so really it's an "Intranet of Things". But they sometimes drop their connection, which is expected because it's WiFi, but a lot of the time they won't reconnect properly.

I figure that if basic infrastructure stuff, like automatically reconnecting to WiFi, doesn't even work, what chance do we have of harder things like security working properly?

[0] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=11933851
Anything is more fun than java.
The final advice is "invest in tech stuff, because there's a lot of opportunities in the old big companies". That's true, but there's some stuff in between about the old big companies being doomed (as in Oil companies going bankrupt). I don't really agree with that reasoning.

The thing I don't quite know is how the tech culture is going to generate a replacement to Johnson&Johnson in the next 20 years.

Unilever bought dollar shave club, right? So that's good for investors. But if all the big companies buy the successful unicorns.... didn't the big companies win? A win/win, sure, but not the "GE is finished" sort of opening.

I think that a core argument here is that SV can come in and eat these conglomerate's lunches in certain verticals. But that's fine! So many of these companies are in so many domains that having one division go to zero is something that's happened at the beginning of time, right?

So there's an argument that going against these huge companies is a Good Idea(TM). But the success of the SV company does not mean the collapse of GE/J&J/Coca-Cola. Not to mention Wal-Mart.

Amazon is a good counter-example to what I'm saying, as it has taken significant market share from so many different industries. I wonder if SV really has the guts to make "real" capital investments like with Amazon again.

Space X happened because a billionaire just through all his money in, but the "traditional" financing companies (banks) are making those kinds of big bets all the time! I think we're still a ways off from capital-intensive startups ("real money") from getting those. Especially with the 20+ year lead time necessary.

I kinda see the argument for oil going to zero, but transportation is only 1/3rd of oil expenditure. I think Exxon-Mobil will still sell stuff for a while.
Every ship within range of an AIS receiving station. There are deadspots far out and see and behind obstructions.
A couple of observations I thought were interesting:

Very few ships travel around the southern tip of South America

A corrupted data point sends it flying across Russia and into Southern Europe.

A lone ship travelling to Svalbard.

Multiple ships travelling in rivers deep into Russia.

Control of the nine-dash-line area would yield huge economic influence to the controller.
That's a new turn of the phrase for me. I've only ever heard the expression "second-class parametric polymorphism" used in reference to enforcing predicativity (which does not rule out polymorphic recursion)
Wow Singapore, Istanbul and which I believe is Rotterdam has crazy traffic. And basically all of Japan and China :)
You could always buy a goat.
Why you have to be so mentally sick?
One of my backgrounds is in stats and economics. I've done some work with what I would term similar models...

It's not that I don't think they can't be useful, like all models, but the paper greatly simplifies and brushes over some VERY complex problems and issues with them.

Let's focus on some:

1The paper says the underlying rules governing such systems can be easily translates into computer language and understood. I assure you they cannot and as the model gets bigger, like software it gets harder and harder. If your model is so complex it can accurately describe the things about social systems that fool simple human cognitive systems, the question arises how did YOU discover those rules without the model, and how do you debug something that has effects that are far removed and non intuitive.

The decision as to what the foundations of the model are and what is important are often confounded and become political: fundamentally when it comes to the nature of these complex systems, we don't have a consensus reality, so someone has to make a call, and am the effects that stop you being able to understand complex social systems also feed into who usually makes that call.

And finally, as with all predictive future models and forecasting, often conjoined in this case because of the chaotic and nonlinear effects, how do you judge the falsafiability or fit/error of your model and implementation.

Let's say your model says that humans get wiped out in 50 years, or your policy, which everyone in the room loves, looks like a total failure. Then is the model right? Have the assumptions that gone into it been correct? Is the implementation correct?

So what you'll tend to get in practice are iterative design choices that result in models that confirm the assumptions and beliefs of the most powerful people in the room: because how well the model confirms to their beliefs is the judge of the model fitness, and you quickly devolve into a political echo chamber where modelling becomes marketing/self-confirming...
Yeah, the decoupling of desktop and tablet is a big deal for us, our tablet conversion rate is currently pretty similar to mobile but we have had to pay roughly double per click over mobile to have the bids correct for desktop.
I think it's a corruption of "persnickety," which in my experience means "overly precise" as in a lock can be persnickety because dirt gets in and fouls the workings because there's no room for grime in the lock.
History lesson: listen to "Col. L. Fletcher Prouty Explains the Bay of Pigs and Viet Nam" to understand planning of this era ~ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qz56WytRlqo
Sure, but even if your traffic is bursty, this would be a problem, no? If one container is already running and you suddenly need ten containers, that delay is still present.

Also, I'm not sure your assertion is accurate. Amazon's entire selling point around Lambda is that you don't pay for the time that your code isn't running, which implies that the service was built around not having code running sometimes. If my code was going to be running all the time anyway, why not just run an EC2 instance?
Ah, I might be wrong, then. Pretend I said “let” instead of “second-class”.
Apart from the fridge that, once upon a time could show you your Google calendar[0], I have yet to see any IoT device that actually requires a cloud service for its functionality.

Why can't things be built to just use local TCP/IP connections? Those work just fine on my local network, and they work just fine if I flip my VPN on when I'm not on my local network. Anything that actually needs some kind of server piece should have a server that can run locally.

[0] https://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/calendar/Uhfp...
Here's a link to the 1988 paper they're disputing http://datacolada.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Strack-et-a...

I wonder if it'd make a difference if the pen was horizontal in the participant's mouth, touching both corners of the lips. That's the mental image I walked away with when I read "Thinking, Fast and Slow".
Lots of jokes about horse-drawn carriages in here. Would note that, in order to legalize casinos in the STL area, they were required to give money to a dump of a horse track which would have otherwise sped (no pun intended) toward an even earlier grave.
"Both subpuncting and the ellipsis indicate a falling short or a defect in the text..."

I had never heard of subpuncting before reading article (and my spellchecker does not know it yet) but ellipsis is useful in abstraction - focusing on the matter at hand - which is neither necessarily an error or a shortfall of information.
The Strange Case of the Butterfly and the Male-Murdering Microbe
I'll guess that the root term is "perfunctory."
Noob question: It intuitively seems to me that by feeding raw text of a structured format (such as the music notation in the article) we're making the algorithm unnecessarily learn the syntax in addition to interesting stuff, which is the high level musical patterns. What kind of results would you expect from running the same experiment, but with an input encoding more specialized to the problem domain? Would the performance benefits be significant?
Seems like you just want to argue, so I'm not sure anything I say matters. You continue to harp on one or two words while ignoring the main points I am making (even though I point out explicitly "these are the main points I am making").

Anyways, to address the issues you raised...

> Where have you seen anyone use expat...

I see the term almost exclusively in researching possible foreign locations to live and work remotely as a U.S. citizen. It is a fairly rare event for me to see it used elsewhere, but I rarely read about U.S. citizens employed onsite in other countries, so that is really not surprising. My concerns are generally what types of residency options are available, and what they might mean for the U.S. side of things (taxes, citizenship, etc.).

>> Depends how you are using the term

> No, it doesn't.

Yes, it does, and again I feel like you are really just trying to argue here. What I meant by "Depends" is that your post was not clear as to which parties were in which country to determine economic ramifications, so said another way "whether your statement is true depends on specifically what your statement is saying". I don't see how you could have read the sentence that followed and not have gotten that. The point is, a country receiving immigrants that increase the labor pool will thereby experience lower demand for workers.

> I think you are confusing "immigrants" with "foreign workers"?

I'm not confusing anything, and I have no issue with the definition of expatriate and immigrant meaning the same thing. I've stated some of what I've seen as an anecdote that may or may not shed some light on why some people may use the word the way they do.
I really don't see how some tweaks to window manager behavior to make it more accessible to Mac and Windows users are more fundamental and massive than the aforementioned change to scrollbar behavior to make it more accessible to Mac and Windows users. They were all noticeable, for sure, but from a technological perspective they were all quite minor.

Plus, I'm not sure how many of the things you mention are even changes relative to genuine NeXTSTEP rather than just differences from WindowMaker's imperfect emulation of it. Focus-follows-mouse was an X11 thing WindowMaker shoehorned into its NeXT-like environment; genuine NeXTSTEP was click-to-focus, though it could be hacked to emulate focus-follows-mouse: https://ftp.nice.ch/peanuts/GeneralData/Usenet/news/1994/_Mi...
The great part about ATS that I wish Rust had is that you can define linear types for C libraries, and in general the type system is strong enough that you don't need unsafe{} sections.

See e.g. https://bluishcoder.co.nz/2010/06/02/safer-c-code-using-ats....

That said, thanks for your work on Rust! Count me a big fan of the language.
4. Bad luck

A proportion of studies will produce false positives just by chance even if they're conducted perfectly.
Yeah, I think it's an invented term. It's not in my dictionary as a word.
Vendor lock-in gets short shrift in this article. Let's not forget Philips attempting to lock out competitor's bulbs from their Hue bridges.
Another article about a study failing replication?

I too wish we didn't have to have this conversation so often, but I think the problem is that poor studies are published, not that we "rehash this conversation" in response.
Every huge entity having their own mapping system in order to grind out a minor efficiency is probably the biggest tragedy, to me, in modern services. Before mapping, it would be the TLS certificate racket, which LetsEncrypt appears to have dead to rights.
I actually have the reverse reaction. I find the frustrating slow load-times of the modern internet intolerable, and enjoy how low-quality gifs start immediately, unlike cumbersome videos.

Fast load times are one of the things that keep bringing me back to hacker news.
No field is immune from this, but social sciences are just much harder to do experiments in.

Primarily because, as opposed to atoms and anti bodies, your test subjects have intelligent minds of their own.
That is so very Brave New World.
What Transistors Will Look Like at 5nm
Any smartphone from the past few years + an internet connection lets people file their taxes, watch videos, communicate by text/audio/video with pretty much anyone in the world, read online encyclopedia, order pretty much any physical good to their door, listen to music, translate languages, read books, take high resolution videos, and so much more.

How do you even beat that? And what do you offer beyond that?

It feels like we're reaching the flat part of the logarithmic progress curve (a much more appropriate curve for progress than the hockey stick curve) when it comes to what personal computing is going to bring to the daily lives of consumers.

Of course, there are still many areas not explored by computing. Computer aided medical procedures and diagnoses, monitoring and upkeep of crops, and so many more fields will grow in the years and decades to come. And improvements to personal transportation, through i.e. self driving cars, is arguably a consumer technology.

But the whole IoT movement is just a parody of itself. The vast majority of people do not want internet connected water cups or juicers or microwave ovens; and those who do soon get frustrated by the real world logistics that come with these things (higher costs, more frequent failures, lack of interoperability, etc.). I had Philips Hue bulbs for a while, and the girlfriend I lived with at the time hated them with a passion - for understandable reasons. When it comes to turning lights on and off, you can't beat a light switch, and the same logic applies to every single item we interact with daily. For instance, the Nest we had in our apartment would randomly start on and off, or suddenly stop being visible to the app, etc.
> Have you ever actually tried to teach someone who doesn't know how to program?

Yes.

> It takes months, even when using a simple language like Python. Or even BASIC, which was designed specifically for beginners.

I never said anyone can learn everything there is to programming in a week. I only said anyone can learn the Standard ML language in a week. You might encounter far more difficult things along the way, but they shouldn't be related to Standard ML itself.
I'm pretty sure rethinkDB fans and datastore fans would love to have their database included in that list ;)
And the disadvantage of that is that you possibly don't even know what's broken! It will come down entirely to how vigilant you've been with testing. Your argument is that if it's broken but you don't notice, then it must not be all that important. But I think there are tons of exceptions to that, and that's putting a huge amount of faith in yourself and beta testers to reliably test all important aspects of the software. Besides, if you do more or less figure out what's broken and what's not important, you still have to engage in a flimsy surgery of the codebase to excise the broken pieces.

I'm not arguing universally against what you're proposing by any means, but it doesn't seem like a clearly superior approach to me. The bottom line is that "let it break" takes many forms. There's your version, there's my type coherence version, there's Erlang's version with supervisor trees, etc. I think it's hard to argue that any of these is universally superior to the others.
I remember forcing my parents to drive me to our local Apple retailer so that I could play this game on a beige PowerMac G3. One of the first games I truly lusted for.
Comparing apples to apples, the first compiler sponsored by 'other company' was PHP, so Go looks not that bad in comparison. Reason is second, and maybe Google's second language would be 1ML.
Bay Area Startups Find Low-Cost Outposts in Arizona
If you think this is impressive, consider that Mozart himself wrote an algorithm to randomly generator music... and it still sounds like Mozart: http://www.rationalargumentator.com/index/blog/2015/06/varia...
The Fire Department already has to keep track of which hydrants are operational.

If marking them would generate any revenue it would be done very quickly. As it is not marking them generates tons of parking ticket revenue, so that's what's done.
I had expected this to be a JavaScript implementation of Gopher. A little disappointed.
The investment required to truly consider the evidence is so high that none of us can manage that investment for more than a few questions.

We all have to rely on expert opinion in most cases. Even leading experts on one question have to rely on other experts for other questions.
Me too. One is surrounded by his immediate family (who are well-to-do), providing him a home, i.e. more than a place to live: unconditional love and support, safety, and heaps of patience in the face of frequent problematic behaviors and offensive outbursts. He is, in fact, a mathematical genius and was a semester short of a Ph.D. before his mental health utterly collapsed and the school had no choice but to send him packing. He seems to be dimly aware that he suffers from serious mental illness, but never sticks with treatment for any length of time. He's now alienated from most of his friends of several years ago, and sticks close to home. I have hope that one day he'll make a recovery and be able to pursue some of his brilliant insights into the physical sciences.

The other friend alternates between being a street person for long stretches and a recluse living in a townhouse that a distraught family member purchased for him years ago. He is now estranged from his family, without any support besides meager monetary assistance from the government. He ends up arrested and/or beaten by the police two+ times per year. His paranoia and erratic behavior are off the charts – I've become physically afraid of him on several occasions and departed his presence in haste. An uncle of his and I signed papers to have him committed at one point... but the docs only kept him for a couple of days, since he refused all treatment while staying fairly well behaved (after some wild episodes at the beginning of his confinement). I learned the latter details from his public defender... long story. Of course, after he was turned out on the street, he spiraled down even further and none of us (friend, family) saw him for a couple of years. This friend is not so intellectually gifted as the first, though he possesses a remarkable memory and attention to detail. Sadly, I have little hope that he'll ever make a recovery or be able to find a way to support himself. I'm worried he's going to end up dead in a ditch at some point, and it makes me sick to my stomach that "the system" can't do more for him.
The latest version is available as open-source on github apparently: https://www.unrealengine.com/ue4-on-github
There seem to be a consistent route of ships travelling overland from Tunis across the top of Algeria.
Part of the appeal of ml is that you don't have to care about the underlying processes.
MN - Mainstream News
... and remember, children, Kremlin is Evil!
Sorry about that. :) This does come up occasionally, but given that the gopher is the mascot animal for Go, this name has a nice ring to it once you're used to it, at least IMO.

Also reminds me of earlier days where people would talk about Go, I'd get excited and it turned out it was the board game not the programming language.
I helped run a clinical trial for an antidepressant one time. It was a double-blind randomised within-subjects-replicated crossover design. All that control was complicated, time consuming and very expensive. Only the hospital pharmacy knew whether participants were in treatment or placebo for a given session, and we never met the pharmacist, just received an orange vial. But we're pretty sure information still leaked, because drugs have side-effects. There's nothing to be done about this. Use an active placebo, you might say, but now you've added "get ethics approval to administer a nauseating placebo" to your 9-month-long ethics todo list. And then your placebo is worse than your active and the whole study is screwed because everyone spewed up in the MRI. Meatbags are tricky indeed.
It was greatly overshadowed by its bigger hit of a sequel, Unreal Tournament. I still fondly remember the original's remarkable technical and artistic accomplishment though.
Picking a framework to get started isn't a lifelong commitment. So trying to optimise for these 5 factors (the 4 you listed, plus being able to get a job) at the same time is overkill, and unlikely to result in a better decision.

Just pick one. You will not regret starting with Rails or Django, providing you put in sustained effort to learn best practices.

Re: 'fast prototyping', the RoR+React combo won't give you that. De-coupling the front-end and back-end of your code has many advantages, but fast prototyping is not one of them. Particularly as you'll be learning as you go, with two different languages (Ruby and JS) and two frameworks, you'll spend twice as much time stuck.
I don't mean to sound rash, but have you ever been trained in an experimental science?

If I had a dime for every time a physics undergraduate makes a subtle and unintentional flaw during an experiment that, were it not a mistake, would overturn a century of science that we know Just Works.
What Rio tells us about the future of advertising
I would imagine it's the same thinking that puts multiplayer in every game, and just generally wants to keep a live connection to everything, always.
It depends on how apocalyptic you are about the future.

On the one hand, I'm pretty pessimistic about the current political will necessary to create global policy on climate change solutions. I feel we are too primitive right now; too fixated on historical inertial factors such as religion, ethnicity, and nationalism to let go and embrace the one thing that will allow global solutions to happen: tolerance.

On the other hand, I have faith in the human race that if we do get to a crisis point, that sanity will prevail and we will pool our resources to overcome these global issues. However, much pain will occur before this pooling (hopefully) takes place. For example, if projections are correct, the Persian Gulf will be uninhabitable by 2050 which will make today's refugee crisis pale in consideration.

So I say have kids, but we must instil upon them that their generation needs to wrestle the power away from the current band of old white males. They cannot stay on the sidelines because basically they are fucked if they do.
The internal story of Russia right now must be a pretty interesting one.

The guy who does Caspian Report did a story a couple days ago arguing that Putin's recent aggression, both internally and externally, is a sort of corner he'd backed himself into that he can't get out of to the detriment of the country.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BT4sK36cU3Y
That's pretty much exactly what I said, except with a half-baked political opinion weaved in.
The secrets of London’s coffee doctor
I know what mixed content is.

I guess because all my websites are static, I never needed anything fancier than:

grep -e "http:" *.html