skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
> Why is it so important to make the chips smaller every time?

Because the amount of power leakage (heat) is proportional to the size of the transistors. So you cannot improve the efficiency of the chip without making the transistors smaller or lowering the frequency.

> Obviously there would be downsides in cost of materials and power consumption,

Huge costs. Data centers aren't only worried about the power consumption of chips, because for every watt that's generated as heat, they have to use >1W to cool that (because cooling systems aren't 100% efficient themselves).

As you may know from other branches of science, the resistance of a conductor rises with heat, meaning that electrons running through the conductor are more likely to hit a vibrating atom and dissipate as heat. This is why so-called "super conductors" are usually super cooled. Very little atom movement = very low chance of an electron hitting a moving atom. Silicon is a semi-conductor, but the principal is the same. If the temperature of the chip rises, so does the heat generated. This is why world-record setting overclocks are done using liquid nitrogen to cool the chip.

To prevent things from getting too toasty, data centers would have to reduce the density of the servers, which means they would need larger buildings and more land to house the same number of servers.

> but wouldn't that be offset by avoiding the need for nano-manufacturing advances in every single round?

In short, no.
Vernor Vinge on the Singularity
It's not a mistake to tie it to race. Race, or some hidden variable correlated to it, is highly predictive even after accounting for income and similar things.

https://randomcriticalanalysis.wordpress.com/2015/05/16/on-c... http://ftp.iza.org/dp8733.pdf http://www.mindingthecampus.org/2010/09/the_underperformance...

Further, the effect size is large - far larger than anything you could hope to accomplish with a teacher.

Supposing that the cause is genetic, I'm not sure how it's different if the genetic influences were caused by slavery or something prior to it. Either way, the net result is that an identifiable group of humans will have an intelligence distribution shifted to the left.

Note that my claim had nothing to do with genetics - the genetic influences are trickier to pin down than the racial differences. Also, there is significant evidence that at least part of the black/asian gap is caused by factors other than racism and genetics - namely the overperformance (relative to black Americans) of black immigrants.

http://www.unz.com/article/closing-the-black-white-iq-gap-de...
The desire for such a distinction is strong. We prefer to attribute illness to physical causes because in our society we blame the patient for mental but not for physical illness. This disparity drives the push to find physical causes to which we can more comfortably redirect blame. Such as DNA, leptin, bacteria, enzymes, etc. It is wise to be skeptical of any new findings which fit too well with human desires and thus make "good" articles.
> does not make them any less free to you

Of course not, but it does make them unencumbered. And I'm not complaining. I'm just saying that's cost (i.e. not free) of doing business with a sponsored open source language.
>That type of "work hard play hard" is a pretty common pattern at universities in the US.

Yes, but usually we assume that you stop doing that for your health's sake after you finish school.
This is also important for the economy of making chips at scale. Since silicon fab is very precise a single wafer can have from dozens to thousands of errors, ranging from failed doping to entire scratches on the surface. Making monolithic all in one chips allows you work around those errors instead of throwing out that part of the wafer.

Say you're making an i7 and half the chips on the wafer have scratches on one or two of the cores. Instead of throwing out half the wafer (doubling the per CPU price) you just disable the damaged cores and sell them as i5s instead.
Why Israel has become a mighty mobile app engine
And you have to figure out what a "reserved instance" is. Because that saves you 70%. And so, if you miss that small point, then you are wildly over paying. But who can learn all these details in a short amount of time?
CPU? Your jumping all the vital underpinnings. What if the copper was of low quality or the silicon was a low grade? I'm in a cave rubbing sticks together to make fire.
> Coq is ridiculously powerful, but hardly beautiful.

I agree, hence my qualification that it relies on an imperative layer (Ltac) to do anything useful, like dependent pattern-matching. I've edited my potentially ambiguous phrasing.
If we make the chip die area bigger the probability of a defect goes up a lot. Similarly with bigger dies, there are fewer dies to a wafer of silicon. All this works out that the die cost is proportional to 4th power of area. So to make money, you want to make the smallest die possible. At the same time you want to add more features which means more transistors. Keeping the die size same means the transistors need to become smaller. Doing that means lots of new improved equipment and research. This also has a cost. So you need to ride the right balance between the two. In most of these companies, the yield rate is one of the most guarded numbers because from that you can estimate costs very easily.

All this feeds into a competitive market between chip manufacturers. If you are a memory manufacturer and can find the right balance that makes the product 5% cheaper to manufacture, they can make a ton of money and gain marketshare. There are a few companies like Apple, Intel that can differentiate on brand name but the rest are commodity products that compete on cost and features.
https://xkcd.com/678/

"We haven't finished inventing it yet, but when we do it'll be awesome."

Seems about right.
Emails Show Unqualified Clinton Foundation Donor Appointed to Intel Board
You've overthinking things. Give the Free Tier a shot and you'll see how easy it is to get an instance up and running. Sure, there is a lot of customization available if you want it though you can make do with the defaults most of the time.
Yes! It's brilliant. It covers everything - the weird names, the weird language, the reliance on Black's, the rejection of law, the reliance on law to attempt to force what they want, etc etc.
I hate to be that guy, but this needs to be said. The guy on page 15 was right. Sage should have at least put a little more effort into their applications, because if it did, it would be much more popular and thus more developed.

Back in 2011 or so, as a young undergrad, I latched onto sage and used it for an undergrad research project. My BS was from a tiny university (one year, I was the only Physics major in the school)..and I tried to turn all my friends and profs onto sage, being small meant there was no dept. standard, so I tried to impress it on the dept. (3 people really) but they stuck with mathematica because sage didn't even have an easy to use ode solver! For pete's sake... I understand that sage is a niche project for the math community, but if that's the case, that's the only place you'll find funding and devs from.

This is often said here amongst the startup nerds: make sure you have an audience willing to pay. Hey, many of us in the "more applied community" would love to have a FOSS tool that rivals mathematica, we exist! But it needs to do things well, or at least well enough that in linear combination with the fact that it is open source, the overall goodness vector for the project's value has a timelike norm. Then, we'd clamor for it, you get downloads, and one day, the funders will go, "hey, that's good shit right there, I better be a part of it!"

They don't need to do things for others, or for others' interest. But then, no one should be surprised when such efforts don't get funding. I mean, doing something niche implies that less people will be interested which implies that less people will fund it, right? It's almost a direct consequence of choosing to serve a niche.
That's true as long as you ignore the fact that your server's IP address might change when you restart it. Once you understand that, you realize that you have to rethink how you're using AWS, and that it's quite different than using Rackspace. So you get sucked into the complexity, and start thinking about availability zones, auto-scaling... it's a slippery slope into devops hell.
Ahem. Nuclear
I worry about the ever increasing ways, humans have to escape reality, and isolate themselves.

Drugs and alcohol. Video games, soon, full immersive. Streaming videos. Porn. One demand deliver of everything. Sexbots, coming soon. More remote work.

Literally someone could work, eat, and never leave their house if they wanted to.

It seems like technology is already making people more isolated. I really worry about this.
> latter half of the 20th century.

Nitpick - latter half of the first half.
You don't need an IDE for Clojure, IMO, huge IDEs like intellij/cursive are anti-clojure, Clojure culture encourages to write programs composed of small, modular components that can be tested individually, so mostly you keep things in your head, and if you haven't work with it in a while, is easy pick up again, Clojure doesn't need a "dot operator" to autocomplete to million of different API classes/methods. Rich Hickey makes a comparison here: https://youtu.be/VSdnJDO-xdg?t=2943

The thing is that most Clojure users are/were heavy Java users and they feel awkward without their IDEs and also some have a big java project that hey mix with clojure.
If you do the bare minimum work as a tenured professor you're going to get an awful lot of people extremely mad at you at all levels of the academic hierarchy.
> Boiled potatoes without anything added to them are about as close to tasteless as you can get.

Hm, not my experience, but there are many types of potatoes, and usual supermarkets often stock only 2-3 that are cheaply available.
First of all, Chris is great. I'd know: I hired him. (I'm Parse.ly's CTO.)

But I will mention that we were not always on AWS. Indeed, I hired Chris at a moment in our company's life when we were growing a bit too fast and still had a "snowflake server" setup in Rackspace Cloud. Served us well for the first year of revenue, but not so well given our growth rate. One of his first jobs was to move us from snowflake to proper config management. Then we made an 18 month pitstop in colo before adopting AWS.

I think what the blog post fails to recognize is that there is "commodity AWS use" and then there's "AWS platform use." For example, at Parse.ly we use Route53, Cloudfront, ELB, EC2, S3, RDS, and EMR.

The first 5 are basically commodity services. DNS, CDN, load balancer, VMs, backup.

Whether you use Rackspace, DigitalOcean, or your own colo, you'll need to figure something out in each category to deploy a real webapp. (Or, accept the devil's bargain of a PaaS.)

The last two services, RDS and EMR, are basically AWS-specific value-adds that saves our team time. We used to run our own Postgres EC2 node, but meh, why bother. Our SQL DB is small, and RDS handles a lot of things for us. We also used to run our own Spark clusters (using spark-ec2), but in June 2015, Spark got EMR support, so again, that saves us time/money. We actually breathed a sigh of relief when that came out, since we were essentially building Spark EMR ourselves with boto.

Spot instances and reserved instances are very neat cost optimizations at scale. But complex.

We adopted RDS/EMR hesitantly because of the "lock-in" they represent. We could definitely run without them. I don't think I have interest in the other 70 AWS services, mainly because I hate lock-in, I like open source, and I want to Keep Things Simple. (So Chris stays sane!)

AWS is definitely more complex than DigitalOcean. But I think running production web apps in the cloud is "simply complex", no matter which provider you use.

I also think the OP has a good point, which amounts to, "premature scaling is the root of all evil". Parse.ly may run on 200 EC2 nodes across multiple regions & AZs today, but our first prototype ran in a single 1U rackmounted server I built myself and snuck into a friend's server cage (2009). It's important not to waste time on "devops" when you are still figuring out what the heck your startup is even supposed to be doing. If I wasted time on that in the early days, we simply wouldn't be here.
House Poised to Advance Privacy and Defend Encryption…If Allowed to Vote
The Best of the Physics arXiv (week ending June 11, 2016)
It's a laundry list of enhancements that are usually not in any way critical to business and product requirements, and whose absence will likely not be noticed by many users. Great to have and I support the idea 100%, but this stuff is usually the first to get cut when launch is looming, and for good reason.
She Went to Hell and Came Back by the Mercy of Jesus – Testimonies of Hell
That's an entirely reasonable skeptical point of view to take in the absence of other evidence. However, this question has also been examined. Using typical measures of socioeconomic status (e.g. an index of education + income), one finds that controlling for socioeconomic status does little to explain the black-white IQ gap. There is a sizable gap at every level of socioeconomic status. Data: http://sites.biology.duke.edu/rausher/Hm2.jpg

source: http://sites.biology.duke.edu/rausher/lec23_05.html
The cost is dependent on the wafer size - bigger is more expensive. Power is dependent on the capacitance of the various switching layers, so smaller features take less power to clock on and off or can go faster. Inductance is dependent on trace length, so shorter traces can be clocked faster or at lower voltages. And that (plus speed-of-light issues) means that smaller chips can both go faster and cost less!

Five wafers stacked on top of each other would take 5 times as much capacity and materials to produce and cost about 5 times as much. The interconnect would be very difficult. Lastly, while you could cool the top wafer, the bottom layers would have to go through a lot of silicon to remove heat. Five times the number of layers on each wafer would also be prohibitively expensive, you don't just cut it thicker, you vapor deposit each layer under a mask and often also need to etch off parts of previous layers or ensure that higher layers are still planar. That gets difficult when you have a few steps of logic layering and some metal layers for interconnect, and would be much more expensive (and hot) with many layers.

This isn't so much of a problem with eg. NAND flash chips which are low power and the address and data pins can just be shared with a couple wafer select wires to separate them, but processors are neither low power nor trivially paralleled.
Maybe we need to design more friendly bombs which only kill people in the blast radius (in a nice way) but don't compress the brains of those outside of that radius. Those soldiers launching bombs need a safe work environment. Perhaps we should get OSHA involved.
Intel as Intelligence, not the company.
I understand that there is a consensus that the easy availability of large amounts of pornography (and the subsequent large numbers of people who use pornography a great deal more than in previous generations) has altered how (a number of) young people think of the sexual act, the relationships that go with them, and the people involved (both the other people and themselves). Altered in a way that is damaging.

https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/tech-support/201407/wha...

http://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/porn-debate

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-arterburn/sexually-inc...

and so on.
Yugoslavia wasn't part of the EU at the time though?

You can't really judge how an alliance will respond to conflict crossing their borders on the basis of how they've responded to conflict outside their borders. Governments and militaries think borders are a pretty big deal!

More generally, there are some people in "the European project" who would like to see a United States of Europe with its own foreign policy and military. But this is pretty unpopular with voters in most member states, so everyone involved is happy to keep that level of integration on the back burner, leaving member states to respond how they like to foreign military conflicts while the EU maintains "We're a pacifist trading union, not a belligerent military alliance or a superstate, shucks we don't even have a military"

Politicians are happy to keep kicking the can down the road on EU military coordination for as long as it's politically convenient. But if an EU member state was invaded, they couldn't do that any more; they would have no chance but to make a decision.

And public opinion is far more likely to support (and may even demand) a tough, belligerent stance if Russian tanks have are invading our allies.
It's a damaging and harmful thing when it creates unrealistic expectations that actually affect other people. What happens when a young man gets upset at a young woman for not being as compliant with his sexual desires, or as physically flawless, as a sexbot? It already happens with porn, after all.
It's well known that isolation causes negative psychological effects, which makes me wonder if we'll ever get to a point where technology really can act as a substitute for human interaction.

The next 50-100 years when AI really takes off is going to be an interesting time.
Eventually graduating from virtual football to real football where other people are involved and can get hurt isn't a societal necessity (or even particularly likely).
You might be misinterpreting the code. Not all algorithms are vulnerable to this attack, so OpenSSL might be picking the faster version for those specific algorithms, and the constant time version for the others.
mbasic.facebook.com still has access to messages, if you want to uninstall messenger
> So, if one has a device attached to ones genitals and it is remote controlled by another person

There's a word for that, and it's "teledildonics". The term was invented by none other than Ted Nelson.
Try Reddit
Another point of difference in the Gould version of the...I'm just going to go ahead and call it an "urban legend"...and the Shaw version is that in the Gould version the Native American character is in the text of the question "An Indian who had come to town for the first time in his life...", while in the Shaw version the Native American character is the person being given the test, "...a young Native American boy..." Also Gould's version does not mention age or sex. Shaw's does. Neither gives a source. Both assume an incredible amount of naïveté on the part of the Native Americans by stating that they were unfamiliar with bicycles.

Until someone provides an actual citation to a first-hand witness, I'm going to go ahead and call this myth busted.
I think we already have this "problem" anyway, and have seen it's solvable. There's this thing about porn or porn addiction that can desensitize people, or excessive masturbation leading to the "death grip" syndrome.

So we have both psychological and physiological causes of not being able to maintain a good "IRL" sexual performance due to a history of excessive and, perhaps at least as important, different stimuli. BUT... The brain can usually easily be retrained if you abstain from those practices. It may take a month or even two, but following this, restore regular dopamine levels when aroused IRL, restore sensitivity, and so on. I see no reason sexbots will be any different.

So I think sexbots will just be a new means that may cause old problems. But also as usual, the more you do things in moderation, the less of a problem they'll probably be. Sure, the old problem with addiction may rear its head again especially among people prone to getting addicted of sex, gambling, alcohol, etc, but I think this is as usual not the problem of a product, but of a personality. The best solution to that is not to withdraw products, but to learn about your addictive personality and take note when you're developing dangerous patterns or perhaps best of all just avoid risking it altogether by steering clear of risky products.
So, even better than showing a degree issued from a prestigious and expensive school is to show your previous work.
Fair enough. I suppose as long as there are mainstream high quality non-digital alternatives then we should take those. I agree nothing I have digital rights to is "owned" by me.

It's not like asking "ah don't like coal or nuclear power? Go live in a cave."
Dynamo and Redshift have much different use cases than any of the RDS services.
I'm not sure this is the same case here, although I am biased I readily admit. Everyone and their mom uses matlab. Sage on the other hand is mainly used in the mathematics community which I'm pretty sure is much smaller than the community (community?) or engineers, physicists, biologists, data scientists...
And on the day the Apple iBot launched with add on "accessory", not a single soul could be found on reddit or twitch.
You understand that football is a sport, a game, with few long-term consequences outside of the game; sex is usually a deeply emotional experience with many short and long-term effects on body and mind very different from sports.
You need to know what an elastic IP address is. You do not need to know about Redshift, or, for that matter, auto-scaling.
Why I Quit Twitter and Left Behind 35,000 Followers
The size of the final die is very important to your yield from a single wafer.

Imagine you have a 4in by 4in square. If your chips are 1in^2 you can fit sixteen chips but if your chip is 4in^2, you can only fit four. Now imagine you have a thick scratch going diagonally right down the middle. With the bigger chips, you might lose all four to that single error, wiping out your yield. With the smaller chips however, you'll only lose part of your wafer.

Specialized processors like those made for mainframes or RAD hardened ones can be much bigger since the set up costs will vastly outnumber the fabrication cost anyway. Companies like IBM that aren't in as cost competitive a market as Intel make big chips all of the time.
withfries2: Bengio's 2009 survey and Schmidhuber's "conspiracy" blog post contain useful, accurate historical background from the perspective of two leading researchers, with lots of links to additional sources:

http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/papers/ftml.pdf

http://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/deep-learning-conspiracy.htm...

Were I in your shoes, I would NOT have highlighted the Google YouTube experiment as "the" big breakthrough. It was just an interesting worthwhile experiment by one of many groups of talented AI researchers who have made slow progress over decades of hard work. Why single it out?

--

PS. The YouTube experiment did not produce new theory, and from a practical standpoint, it would be unfair to say that it reignited interest in deep learning. Consider that the paper currently has only ~800 citations, according to Google Scholar.[1] For comparison, Krizhevsky et al's paper describing the deep net that won Imagenet (trained on one computer with one GPU) has over 5000 citations.[2] And neither of these experiments deserves to be called "the" big breakthrough.

[1] https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&h...

[2] https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&h...
Our Weed Menu: A Layperson's Guide to Medical Pot
More Ethereum Attacks: Race-To-Empty Is the Real Deal
What was your win that you don't regret the move to AWS? From what you described it sounds very expensive (and requires another full time employee!) with no upside.

Not doubting your decision, just curious for more info.
With a SLA 3d printer you use a filter in the case so UV light is filtered. You can identify those machines because they are colored:
https://www.b9c.com/assets/images/bg/bg-home-header.png

By the way the people at Intel are working with ultra UV, and every material is opaque to them. That is the reason for the use of reflection surfaces instead of lenses for new machines.