skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
What you're looking for is in Figure 3 (admittedly a bit hard to read because I had to squish it into the paper). Each panel in that figure shows the results for test suites of a fixed size. For example, the top left panel shows the results for suites with three test cases for Apache POI. If you draw a horizontal line through the graph, all of the test suites that fall on that line have the same effectiveness score even though they have different coverage levels. I gave a talk about this paper at GTAC this year and Google posts all the videos on YouTube, so if you have time and you're still curious the explanation in the talk might help (and the graphs are much easier to read). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAfROROGujU

The normalization was a point of contention with the peer reviewers as well, so in the end I tried both the normalized and unnormalized metrics and found similar results with both. The other tables and figures are available on my site if you want to look at them.

I'm not sure I understand what you mean when you say suite B is doing more with less, though. In the example, I was trying to say that suite B covers more code, so it will kill more mutants. Maybe suite A kills 20 mutants and suite B kills 25 mutants, just to have some numbers to talk about. But if B covers 50 mutants, and is only killing 25 of them, while A covers 25 mutants and kills 20 of the 25, it seems like suite A is doing a better job of testing the code it covers. Or to put it another way, suite B is broad but shallow while suite A is focused but deep. B isn't necessarily a bad suite, but I wouldn't say it's doing more with less, just that it has a different focus. Maybe I'm misunderstanding your point, though.

Another way of thinking about it is that the raw mutation score measures breadth: B is better than A because 25 > 20. The normalized score measures depth: A is better than B because 80% (20/25) > 50% (25/50).
Why? If poverty is a problem, do not allow immigration of poor people. It's about flipping the default, not about getting rid of all restrictions.
If it's revenue neutral and lowering income taxes, where would the big `victims' be?
I read some of this earlier today via the reddit link. My favorite part was when Milburn decided that he would supervise their coding via video chat

> Gregory suggested it might be more productive if we all got to work, and Milburn agreed, but he insisted that we work while logged into a video chat with him. So we went to our desks and we started working, and all of us (except Hinton) were logged into video chat with Milburn. And Milburn just sort of stared at us through the screen. He wanted to overhear us, and he wanted to watch us as we worked. His attitude was like that of a foreman who was overseeing a crew that had to dig a ditch. It was as if he feared that we would only work while he was looking at us, and the moment he looked away we would goof off.

...

> I said, “It is definitely in the hashmap.”

> Milburn jumped in. “What is this? Hashmaps? Shouldn’t you be sending JSON documents?”

> He had no idea what he was talking about.

...

> Then Gregory said, “Hey, I don’t see where we initialize our Natural Language Processing engine. Are you sure you set this up so it is initialized?”

> Milburn said, “Gregory, are you saying Lawrence forgot to turn the software on? That’s incredible.”

Milburn then continues to drive Gregory to debug "our hero's" code. He's looking for a smoking gun some sort of incontrovertible proof that Lawrence made an error. Any error. All the while over video chat.

This guy is somewhere around 50, a sales guy, no idea hide nor hair about code... but he knows that he really wants to stick it to Lawrence.

What a maroon.
For those so interested:

http://rollioforce.com/
Put and call options are about as basic as it gets in finance.

Though, the more and more I think about the grand-parents comment, the less I understand it:

With debt, you can go into default: so all your assets go to the creditor, instead of you paying. That's like buying a put option, not selling one.
Definitely for me. I work at home, and would love to meet some more people
> I would also say that although I might lose some performance advantages with a functional approach, the improvement to system comprehension means better human optimization of distributed multi-core contexts.

You don't even need to bring in parallelism for functional approaches to gain in performance. Here's an example (in Rust) of how you'd implement collecting an iterator into a vector using the "machine simple" approach:

let mut array = vec![];
for element in some_iterator {
array.push(element);
}

Now for the functional, less "machine simple" approach:

let array = some_iterator.collect();

Which is faster? Without knowing the details of the compiler, you might think the former is faster, because there are fewer function calls and less indirection. But this is wrong, as the compiler will trivially inline "collect" for you and eliminate any indirection.

In fact, it turns out that the second approach is often significantly faster, because the standard library contains the equivalent of:

let mut array = Vec::with_capacity(some_iterator.size_hint());
for element in some_iterator {
array.push(element);
}

That is, it uses the size_hint() method to avoid reallocating during the collection operation, reducing the number of memory allocation and array copy operations to O(1) instead of O(log n).

What are the chances that you'd do this important optimization manually? Not high: it adds noise, it's esoteric, and it's easy to forget. But if you use the functional idiom, you benefit from the optimized approach every time. That is the true benefit of abstraction, which is really the key point here. "Machine simple" and "fast" are frequently in opposition, and too often people think that the former implies the latter.
> Overall, the market might not be as flexible as the labor supply, so we might a reduction in wages over the mid term.

If you allow unlimited immigration, you will be flooded with millions of programmers. There will be a tremendous reduction in wages.

>My wages will go up as I will have a larger team to manage.

Why do you think you'll still have a job, surely in the millions of people who are clamoring to come to your country there will be many who are willing to do your job much cheaper. Managers aren't immune to competition.

>I think western workers are overpaid and third world workers are underpaid, so it seems fair to see a natural adjustment here.

Do you think you are overpaid, or just the people working below you?
this seems to be a really clever way of implementing it.
How software is made (SMBC)
It fulfills a social contract: the service you provide by being born is carrying your parents' genes. There is a three-way transaction between citizen, child, and state. This is a boon; it allows social contracts with long time horizons to be made. Take away preference for native-born citizens over foreigners, and you remove the incentive for citizens to leave a country better than they found it. This is not an absolute---limited naturalization, like we have, has not caused the world to fall down. But there is an effect.
> Complexity is not about additivity, it's about entanglement.

This. And nothing reflects entanglement better than a formal semantics. English (or any other natural language) always lets you sweep it under the rug. The only objective measure of simplicity is the size of a formal semantics.

I expand on this here: https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/3sstis/for_bet...
The big difference is that startups generally can't get bank loans on the scale they need, because the risk is so high that it's bad for the lender. If I could replace an investor with a 10% staake with a bank that I have to pay back at 8% interest, I'd take it in a heartbeat.
Sadly, they (Baidu) are not, which is why the script content was easily modified.

To clear it up, I said that GFW "can" do (but has not yet done) these. But it tried to MITM some https traffic earlier with a non-trusted certificate as an experiment.
PHP Developers who I've met at conferences and user groups talk about what they're building. Rarely do they seem to care that much about the language. I think many would be happy in many languages, its about being able to build something quickly. If its not elegant, nobody cares.

There are a lot of frameworks (too many frankly) and tooling that enable quick building of custom sites.
European Union citizens who are habitually resident in another EU country are entitled to receive welfare benefits. (The current UK government wants to renegotiate this arrangement.)
You mean “ease of use”, not “simplicity”. Simplicity is the lack of (Kolmogorov) complexity.
Not that I disagree (in fact I strongly agree), but is Musk really the person we should be taking this from? It's a bit like taking investment advice from your bank, meseems. Not necessarily a bad idea, but you might want to hear with people who don't have an active interest in the placement of your money first.
Rcon: a lightweight resource virtualization tool for Linux processes
Roll Call Votes of CityCouncil. Compiling Understandable/easytoread Table/Chart?
How might the Roll Call Votes of Boston City Council be compiled in an easy to read/understandable table/chart ?... from data at
http://www.cityofboston.gov/cityclerk/rollcall/
...and on top of that, users who relish being rated and pre-judged by people looking at their photo.
> We have no way of knowing what impact completely open borders would have on global GDP

The impact on developed countries from the enlargement of the EU is probably the best "open borders" experiment we can look at:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_Europe...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Un...
I don't get this. The list comprehension is much clearer for me. Do you have a mathematical background ? If you can easily think about sets I would expect the list comprehension to be far clearer.

List comprehensions are much easier to read just because they're so much shorter : there's less to remember while reading it.

This is an issue one always hits when you try to implement stuff that's more complex. List comprehensions help because they let you talk directly about more complex sets. They raise the level of abstraction. It's hard to get comfortable with but it really helps.
Odd. Works for me on Firefox 41 on Linux and IE 11 on Windows 7.
Config.cgi information to change FlashAir configurations
Electricity producing plants that burn cheap fossil fuels such as coal :)
People/companies that use more fossil fuels.
As usual, probably the poor & lower middle class unless the income tax reduction were explicitly directed to the lowest tax brackets to limit impact on working poor.

Those below the poverty line would see an increase in their energy costs at the pump and and home electric bills as energy producers raise rates to compensate (and the impoverished are the least able to convert their use, so will be the longest affected by the transition).
How about Summer Interns?
The big victims are the owners of fossil fuel deposits and infrastructure. Have a guess who is funding all the FUD about global warming.

Personally I think we should just buy the fossil fuel owners out at current market prices and shut them down as soon as possible. FUD in this area is just too effective to counter with logic or science so lets pay them off. If we wanted to be really clever we could do a 1 for 1 swap - Exxon we are buying your oil field and here is a wind farm in return.
thanks so much for sharing this information, I had no idea the situation had improved so much.
As I recall that was announced as coming before the EOY 2015.

I wonder if anyone from AWS can confirm.
It's a good document. I know list comprehensions already but still I found it entertaining to read - I think it'll enlighten a lot of people on this topic.
I feel the same but in a bit other way. They tied up everything very closely to google services and they tell me "we really care about your privacy so use our app that requires google play frameworks on your android device". Those are two completely different things, use gapps or opensystem apps? It's 100% no-go for me and the whole idea seems to be a bit sarcastic for me. It hurt me when they removed content encryption from TextSecure because "NSA cares about metadata not content", yea, but European agencies like GCHQ care about content not meta-data.
San Francisco cops kill black man armed with a knife with a volley of fire
Fossil fuel producers and power plant operators.

A few states, and therefore a motivated group of Senators, would be hit disproportionately hard. Places like Wyoming and West Virginia drive a considerable part of their economy from coal, and fracking has led to natural gas windfalls in states like North Dakota.

You would imagine that some large carbon-intensive companies, like Koch or ExxonMobil, would also be impacted significantly.

EDIT: The counterpoint is that a gas tax in particular is quite regressive. The poor pay a larger portion of their income toward necessities like fuel to drive to work. They also are less likely to be able to afford that Tesla. Entry-level service workers can't work from home. They might be commuting large distances from cheaper outlying areas. There are many reasons why (if not managed properly) a carbon tax could hurt the wrong people.

It still seems like the right idea to me, though! We need to avoid calling it a 'tax' though, to avoid the Grover Norquist influence...
They're all European countries, which is not exactly a random selection of countries.

edit:

European union countries share similar populations both culturally and biologically.

If you moved the populations of Catalan, Cameroon, Kuwait, Cambodia, Korea and Kiribati to the same geographic area, that would be a different experiment.
That's why I said large set. I haven't thought about garbage collection enough to have any insight on it.
>>Not necessarily a bad idea, but you might want to hear with people who don't have an active interest in the placement of your money first.

Those people do in fact agree with Musk. Here's James Henson, one of the world's foremost climate scientists:

http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/11/prominent-climate-sci...

"The only way to meaningfully address carbon emissions is to put a tax on carbon-based fuels, and to refund the entire amount as a dividend to consumers."
In Western Australia they are doing even better - back to 90% of the pre-whaling number [1].

1. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/28/humpback-...
Every huge porn site is banned in Kazakhstan. I believe that porn is forbidden here.

The worst thing — they just ban sites without any explanation. Site just stopped to work and you don't know why. Even w3.org was banned for some time (probably because its validator could be used as web proxy).
A better question than what could Apple do better (everything [1]), is WHY would Apple enter the market?

Answer: The automobile is the ultimate mobile platform.

What can I do with the ultimate mobile platform? Keep my users connected. Keep my users entertained. Keep my users happy. Remove inconvenient interactions with the outside world (tolls, drive throughs, parking, driving...).

How can I extract value from the ultimate mobile platform? Sell (or lease) the platform. Sell advertisements. Collect a percent of each interaction with the outside world. YOU DON'T HAVE TO PICK JUST ONE! You can mix and match depending on the application.

---

Manufacturing ONE car is not particularly difficult. Designing ONE car is a little complicated. Selling ONE car is pretty easy.

Manufacturing vehicles at scale is hideously complicated[2]. A small example using product volume alone: a MacBook Pro is 1770.6 cm3; the Frunk of a Tesla is 150079 cm3 - you can fit almost 85 Macbooks into one of the smaller storage areas on the vehicle.

85 MacBooks cost in the same ballpark as one Tesla.

You can compare almost any other stats and get the same picture.

---

1. What's the biggest room in the Universe? The room for improvement.

2. I used to work in IT for Automotive Manufacturing. "We have all the problems of a major theme park and a major zoo", and we have to make cars too!
The answer used to be "aluminum smelters" (aluminum, aka "frozen electricity").

Interestingly, the aluminum smelters in the mountains behind Portland closed down when the datacenters moved in and bought all the cheap hydro electricity they used to use.

My guess is that a tax increase on electricity will hit the Google/Facebook/Amazon/Apple/Microsoft and other "cloud businesses" pretty hard...
It's interesting to see that, while philosophy has been sitting in the post-Hume doldrums for the last hundred years, physics has gone all the way around and started tackling metaphysics again!
The poor and lower middle class who effectively pay no income taxes already.
Well, your barber is an expert on hair.
I'm 100% sure that keys are in hardware device and couldn't be leaked. Kazakhstan has certificate infrastructure for years to issue digital certificates for their citizens. Nothing was leaked yet.
Not just a carbon tax, but a system of well thought out taxes that cover the negative externalities of every part of pollution so that the market can efficiently allocate investments. For example, most people don't know that coal causes more radiation damage to humans than nuclear. Why is this? Because coal gets released right into the atmosphere, while spent fuel rods get stored away from human contact.

I know that there are political realities that prevent all of the taxes that should be in effect from coming into effect, but those political realities can change once the issue is reframed. Every dollar of pollution tax could, for example, be directed at lowering the income tax rate. This can make the proposal much more tenable to voters and the more right wing side of the intelligentsia that pushes for changes in government policy.
I've seen a lot of weird talk regarding using Service Workers to do things that don't make any sense to me.

In this case, what good is all this code? The service worker only controls the page on subsequent visits, after the user already has a warm cache that includes the 3rd party script. And even if that weren't true, can your site really degrade if angular times out and fails to load?
Mad at the Haoles again are we Hawaii?

Hawaii's indigenous culture has a interesting mix where racism against non-native races and prejudice against modern practices (like science) is the norm.

Would be good material for a traditionalist/modernist study.

The culture is uniquely xenophobic among American states, it's rather interesting really.
It would help Tesla and SolarCity, but hurt SpaceX.
Chrome is not any better at all. Speedwise they're about the same, but Chrome has better separation between tabs. However it allocates ram like there is an infinite supply of it, and it absolutely kills the battery on my computer. This is with the same extensions installed in both browsers, uBlock Origin, Privacy Badger, No Script, Last Pass, and Wunderlist.
Obviously, the prevailing view is that it is not a right for anyone to move or work anywhere.
> "This approach already occurs, Musk said, citing how taxes are higher on cigarettes and alcohol than fruits and vegetables"

This is a good point, but generally discouraging the use of cigarettes or alcohol through taxation only effects people who consume those products. If you raise the tax on carbon, that cost could be passed on by businesses in unexpected ways. If the cost of me shipping vegetables across the country goes up by 2%, I'm just going to increase what I charge for shipping by at least 2% and the cost could well be passed on directly to consumers. Eventually I might be outcompeted by someone who has a fleet of electric trucks. Maybe, at some point. But until that happens, people could end up paying slightly more than they do now for essentials.

Maybe this effect is covered in the policy details or by the term "revenue neutral". Either way a carbon tax is probably a good idea, but the chain of cause and effect isn't so clear.
Short-sighted tribalism.
I'll repost the comment I made over there:

Have you guys heard about the entire field of study that is aerospace medicine? I’m taking a course on it this semester (I’m a masters student in aerospace engineering)–let me summarize some of the problems that your body goes through during space travel.

Humans spend about 70% of their time either standing or sitting. That means the human body is optimized for a hydrostatic pressure gradient like the one illustrated here (http://wiki.sdstate.edu/@api/deki/files/999/=1-BP_Change.png). Blood pressure is much higher at your feet than at your head. In space, however, there is no gravity to produce this gradient, so the cardiovascular system equalizes its pressure. That’s why astronauts suffer from “puffy face” (higher-than-usual fluid pressures in head) and “chicken legs” (lower-than-usual fluid pressures in legs). In their first couple days in space, astronauts lose about 1L of leg volume from each leg.

The CV system relies on internal pressure sensors to figure out how to operate, and the new pressure distribution confuses it. Astronauts lose a lot of blood plasma–it sort of ends up absorbed into the surrounding tissues. This increases the relative concentration of red blood cells, which triggers the body to slow down production of new ones. Also, the heart atrophies because it doesn’t need to pump as hard to move liquid around the body.

When you come back from space, your body needs to rapidly readapt from microgravity to one gee. It is not very good at doing that. That’s why 63% of astronauts are unable to stand for ten minutes straight just after their return from short-duration space missions (see video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPDST7EePXQ).

There are other problems: the cells that are constantly building and destroying your bones fall out of alignment when you’re in microgravity, causing astronauts’ bones to change structure in a way that looks a lot like accelerated aging. Why? Not clear, but possibly related to the lack of repeated loading, as happens when you stand/walk in normal gravity. Astronauts end up with huge concentrations of calcium in their blood, which causes kidney stones. Astronauts in space average around 4 hours of sleep per night, and very few of them eat enough calories to maintain their body weight, so they lose muscle mass.

Aerospace medicine is about half medical studies of astronauts and half studies of people on earth. It turns out that you can make most of these body changes happen by having people lie on their backs with the bed tilted down six degrees (head downward). Fascinating field. If you want to know more, I recommend the textbook “Space Physiology” by Jay Buckey (amazon link here: http://smile.amazon.com/Space-Physiology-Jay-C-Buckey/dp/019...).
I'm quite sure the experimentalists hedged heavily in the paper. Sensasionalistic headline boiled away caution.
>>The mountain, however, is also a state-designated conservation district. Opponents of the project have contended that the planned telescope, which at 18 stories high would be the biggest building on the Big Island, represents industrial development and would violate the rules for such zones.

Since when does a research and education institution qualify as "industrial"? All over the US we have schools and universities smack in the middle of residential zones.
Aren't there significant carbon emissions released during the production of a Tesla car and its components?
Correct, though I would go with "ignorant of the state of the art", though "incompetent" means the same thing.
Oh cool, a billionaire pushing a tax that will hurt the poor while he gets to make money helping millionaires avoid it.
The number one bank runs FORTRAN. What is the point you are trying to make?
New research exploits extraordinary properties of graphene