skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Yes, I recognize that the definition you gave is far and away the most common one, even among policy wonks. The original definition seems still to have currency mostly among economists.

But the definition I gave is indeed the original one, and it is not a generalization. A tax may be progressive in your sense but not in the original sense: a luxury tax on yachts, for instance, is progressive in your sense, but not in the original sense if it is assessed at a fixed rate [0].

The OED's first noted usage is way off, by the way; it is easy to verify that the term progressive in the context of taxation pre-dates the Progressive Era by at least a century. For instance, Thomas Paine proposed progressive taxes on estates (using the term numerous times) in his Rights of Man (1791). (He even drew up tables of suggested taxes, the rates of which rose with the value of the estate.) There are more commonplace examples from the first half of the nineteenth century that you can find on Google Books, including several that disambiguate the two senses in favor of the original definition I provided [1].

A great many of the early mentions of progressive taxes, including of those before the Progressive Era, do come in the course of discussing how to make taxation fairer (in the author's view) or how to disperse inherited wealth. Since the rich own more wealth, buy more goods, and have greater incomes than the poor, progressive rates of taxation—in the original sense—tend to result in progressive taxes—in the other sense. I suppose the shift in meaning was to be expected.

0. Unless perhaps yacht is defined as an expensive boat. But the point stands: so long as there exist goods that the rich spend a higher proportion of their income on than do the poor, then a tax assessed at a fixed rate on those goods is progressive in your sense but not in the other.

1. There are also some examples, mostly in tables of import duties, where the terms progressive and not progressive are used in a sense that appears to distinguish duties that are assessed ad valorem versus those that are assessed as a flat fee; so it seems that progressive sometimes also meant merely that the amount of tax collected increased with the value subject to taxation, which is further distinct from our debate over progressive rates.
Well, if you want to draw partisan lines on content, all of those are seemingly big-government actions (which is natural, for things that government would want to propagandize): governmental policies to influence the market to behave in certain ways, intervention in foreign wars, and centralized, taxpayer-funded healthcare that was controversial within the Republican ranks.

This is metapolitics, designed to poison the well about all government actions and support conservative/libertarian positions in general. It's fine and useful to appear to be independent of partisan politics.
I suspect the answer to many of your parts sourcing questions is that this is a very British project, and there's a requisite desire to source everything from "British" companies first to show off British engineering and manufacturing prowess.

I'm not a Brit, but I think it's cool, pushing the envelope kind of thing. The competition is the previous car, which broke the sound barrier [1].

Phase 1 beats that car and Phase 2 is designed to cement it in. Achieving Phase 1 is "good enough" if sponsorship runs out immediately after.

It is a money pit, but in the sense of being a national marketing effort is a money pit.

1 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThrustSSC
Linux didn't take over Windows: it took over much of the server space and a specific form of it dominated mobile. Windows still dominates the desktop space as the commenter clearly meant. Further, a single company and product line has been holding its own against Android with profits that made Microsoft and IBM look poor.

In the end, all the volunteers and paid programmers combined working on Linux couldn't displace Windows as king. And all kinds of companies working together got Android to 80% of the market with Apple getting 50% of market's profit. I wouldn't be bragging in either of those two niches. Cloud, on the other hand? Slam dunk.
I thought that too, but then

> that an endpoint that is not moving any traffic cannot use the lack of errors as information in its feedback loop.

I think the bug is that it was counting something when it should have not been, which would have violated both the design and intent even at the time it was written.

But I agree that code is only a bug if it does not do what was originally intended, if the original design was bad, and the code correctly implemented that bad design, there is no bug.
They have tens of thousands of engineers and work with vast amounts of open source software. Only a few other companies are of comparable scale in terms of sheer software engineering. I think it's inevitable that they'd have a very large footprint across the industry.
Why? They didn't consume a bunch of resources or anything. They just relinquished their claim on said lots of resources to be the only guy in the world who gets to have a certain bit of dirty old fabric.

It sounds like a net win for everyone. Rich guy provides (what ostensibly is) 100's of $k worth of value to society and all he asks in return is dirty old jeans?! Fantastic.
How can yesterday's wealthy overwhelm new generations? Yesterday's wealthy don't have anything I need besides maybe land, which we could solve separately if we wanted to. They have money, but if they overwhelm new generations with money, we'll turn their money off.

Most of society lives in a hamster wheel already. It's what we call having to work for a living. Valuing recent work over older work just puts the wealthy back on the hamster wheel with us, and it will make society more wealthy since everyone has to keep contributing to our total wealth.

Transactional privacy is undeserved. When you spend money, you're putting the rest of society on the hook for the goods or services you just bought. We want to know who you are so we can decide whether we want to honor your debt. If you don't want to tell us, you're free to barter.
What if the tools support the money train to generate 100x more money?
Google's an exception to almost every rule. And that exception started with their patented Page Rank algorithm. Patents on important stuff forcing users to pony up isn't exceptional, though. So, they can't be used as an example except for what brains + patents + critical tech can earn you.
Paid-for adblockers also cutting “whitelist” deals with publishers
There is no UN Human Rights Commission. That was disbanded back in 2006. There is a UN human rights council. The current president of the UN human rights council is a German named Joachim Rücker.
At my workplace (going on two years at a startup) we were saddled with bad I.T. (every service was accessed by its IP address, no DNS lookup), hosted TeamSite/Sharepoint for engineering document management (with absolutely no imposed organization or hierarchy (though P.M. kept their stuff together well there) most things ended up being thrown around in email), Bugzilla, and Subversion.

After some organization changes -- long time coming -- we switched to hosted Confluence, JIRA, BitBucket/git. The transition has taken some time but communication is going so much more smoothly since.

Confluence especially has been great. Designs/how-tos/best-practices are so easy to write. Permanent records of discussions and decisions are so easy to track. I made sure to collaborate with a few others to establish the skeleton of our Confluence -- without a good skeleton it would devolve to chaos. But Confluence is so much better than Word docs floating around ... and I haven't seen any other Wiki tool that is so rich in authoring ... Confluence has:

* great search capabilities
* easy to organize
* easy to create links to other relevant content
* great text styling
* great tables
* plugins/macros for displaying PDF / Word / Excel inline
* linking with JIRA
* great diagramming tool Gliffy
* easy cut-and-paste-of-images -- capturing screenshots is fast
* (unfortunately to get GraphViz diagrams you need your own server, hosted version doesn't allow for that)
* good export
* and plugins for almost anything you'd need

We're finding all kinds of great ways to use Confluence. I'd been pushing Confluence for my whole time at the company because we had no institutional memory. Confluence is helping us build that. I haven't seen any other tool for the price that comes close, but I admit limited exposure. That's my experience.
$200K = $20K / yr over 10 years. An $800K mortgage, depending on interest rates, can easily cost $4000/month, or almost $50K / yr.

If you can't afford to save, you can't afford the mortgage.
Higher viscosity filler fluid and/or a ferro-binding compound to dampen the "springy" vibrations and ferro "spikes"?

Btw: Comes off a labor of love and insanely-awesome attention to design and detail. Outstanding. Kickstarter/indiegogo/lockitron selfstarter page yet? :)
Full Reddit Submission Corpus now available (2006 thru August 2015)
Is this robotic dog creepy or cute?
Man newsletters are making a comeback, but the only one I am subscribed to is Warren Ellis' Oribital Operations. If more newsletters were this well-written, I'd subscribe to them.
New Neuroscience Reveals 4 Rituals That Will Make You Happy
From the last time this was posted: http://i.imgur.com/FECDNDc.png
Nate Silver has made similar observations about the previous two elections. Essentially, that you can choose which news that you want to see, and it may not be the reflective aggregate of reality.

Although, I don't think he's ever tied this behavior to a particular event. It is interesting to think that news polarization has evolved over time, and hasn't always necessarily been the way that it is now.
It might not be a bad idea to stop trading with them and publicly condemn certain things about their society, especially their treatment of women. I assume this will happen as soon as we're no longer dependent on the region for fuel and not before.
After this sentence:

"This blog post is likely to take perhaps 5000 bytes of storage, and could compress down to maybe 2000; by comparison the following 20-pixel-square image of the silhouette of a tweeting bird takes 4000 bytes:"

in my browser I see a little broken image icon which represents a missing picture. How apt.
> * "Drug possession is punishable by death"

The same is true in the US by law, but it isn't used in practice.

http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/04/ec...
Reading this makes me afraid of writing C code all over again.

Undefined behavior is almost impossible for a programmer to 100% of the time detect (not that this particular regehr post is on UB).
It would increase supply of ivory, and therefore drive down the price, making it less profitable to hunt wild elephants.
At least in the case of the Linux kernel, Google is actually around the 9th or 10th largest corporate contributor. [1] I'm not sure if they deserve to be particularly specially exalted, given the vast body of kernel work unrelated to them.

[1] http://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/linux-foundation...
The standard argument for patents is that patents require that the method be disclosed. Otherwise discoveries are kept as trade secrets rather than being published for anyone to use after the patent expires.
Transcript: http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?story...

This is fascinating for me because I just shopped at Costco for the first time yesterday.

It was completely overwhelming. I was lost in a huge store with no signage. The large packages of merchandise meant my usual heuristics for whether something was a good price went out the window. Everything was utilitarian, streamlined, and huge.

Now I understand that it was deliberately designed this way.
Quick exercise: What country worse represents human rights than Saudi Arabia? Their "Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice" is seriously 1984-esque.

It really seems like you can be executed for literally anything, and if the government doesn't want to get you, some vigilante could do it with impunity.
> But I agree that code is only a bug if it does not do what was originally intended, if the original design was bad, and the code correctly implemented that bad design, there is no bug.

The frame of reference for determining if something is a bug or not is the requirement specification, not design. If the design incorrectly or inadequately addresses the requirement, that is a bug as well. There isn't much point in rejoicing over the code that correctly implements an incorrect design!
White LEDs are just blue LEDs with a yellow phosphor, so the spectrum usually has a blue hump, and a red-green hump:

http://www.soundandvision.com/content/led-vs-cfl-bulbs-color...
The Rich Jerk Review – The Rich Jerk Details – The Rich Jerk Should You Buy It?
We’ve Got This Whole Unicorn Thing All Wrong
I'd be interested if anyone can build an IPv6 version of the countertrace[1] tool used to make this happen.

1: https://twitter.com/jrenken/status/647249489921576960
This travel guide can be summed up with a simple word: "Don't".
Why the down votes? This is an honest question.

It is a classical critism of context menus that they are hidden and their presence needs to be learned. This problem obviously gets worse here as the context menu is only present in the latest hardware.

From a business perspective it makes sense: You are selling a package and the extra software feature is given to those pay for the update. But whether it is good design - that is another question.

And as a curiosity: Context menus are used much less in Mac OS than Windows. There is only a single button on an Apple laptop and Apple went on for decades with the one-button mouse for their desktop computers, only to introduce a multi-button mouse very late.
Let's look at some numbers. If you own a property for 10 years, during which time it doubles in value -- let's say it does that at the steady rate of 7.2% per year -- and your property tax rate is 1%, and the increase in your payments is capped at 2% per year, the amount of unpaid tax due when you sell the property is about 3% of your gain on the property. If you held it for 20 years, during which it continued to appreciate at the same rate, the unpaid tax due would be a little under 6% of your gain. If you held it for 30 years, during which it doubled in value again, the unpaid tax due would be about 8% of your gain.

Consider that the standard commission paid to the listing agent when you sell a property is 6% of the sale price, and you'll see that these amounts are not significant disincentives to selling.
That's like an extreme simplification of the situation.

a.) Less profitable does not mean non-profitable. Currently, the poachers are being paid couple hundreds of dollars for a pair of tusks which are worth like $350K on the black market. There is no way that legalization would drive price low enough for poaching to be non-profitable.

b.) Price of ivory for poachers is $0. Price of ivory for ranchers is $0+. How do you solve this?
Same reason unix systems typically did the same with theirs (albeit on port 111)

Its not very useful if other machines can't talk to it.

Keep in mind, the decision to do this in Windows happened back when home computers were on dialup. (Even RFC 1918 and NAT were young at the time) The real question is why didn't Windows have a firewall that blocked it by default and the answer is that it has.... since XP SP2 was released in 2004.
I've searched around for other videos and this appears to be the only one out there so far. I'd want to see this repeated (several) times and get a visual confirmation on the water damage indicators Apple has included in each of its iPhone models since generation 1.

I'd also want to see if those phones worked a week or two after the test to ensure that their insides didn't corrode after their submersion and subsequent exposure to air.

If this is indeed waterproof, I'd also want to know about how deep it can go.
Thanks. Edit made
A great open-source spectrometer built the same way is available from PublicLab here: http://store.publiclab.org/products/desktop-spectrometry-kit... (or you can just build it yourself using their designs on the Wiki). PublicLab also has a repository for spectra so you can calibrate and compare with others.
From over here in the antipodes, I've been wondering what's so special about the Bloodhound, and it's interesting to read your take. All the hype would make more sense if it were a lower-budget task, but it's getting so much sponsorship and exposure that it really doesn't make sense. Given that it's a glorified rocket sled, I mean.
People are noting counterexamples where pictures are more efficient, such as warning symbols which are resilient to cultural translation. However, I would argue that such cases are actually forms of text. By 'text', the author really means collections of symbols. In that sense, ancient hieroglyphics are texts and perhaps emojis are too.
From what I understand, the Broad patents are free to license for academic community and not free for industry.

https://www.broadinstitute.org/partnerships/office-strategic...

"Broad Institute, MIT, and Harvard University partners have made CRISPR-Cas9 technology broadly available to the research community. Broad Institute is working with AddGene, a non-profit plasmid repository, to offer Zhang lab CRISPR plasmids and reagents ... in addition we have non-exclusively licensed many industry partners for development of research tools and reagents and will continue to do so."

The reagent/CRISPR toolkit link here (can anyone just sign up and order the reagents?): https://www.addgene.org/CRISPR/

I'm curious, for peeps in industry who have licensed the original CRISPR/Cas9 patent from the Broad, what is the fee structure that the Broad is charging(?)

Or alternatively do people choose to license patents from the companies established by the three major PI's who claim discovery for different parts of CRISPR (Zhang, Doudna et al?)

Lastly, I'm curious why two 501(c) academic institutions are even fighting for this patent. Both UC Berkeley molecular biology dept. and Broad Institute are funded significantly via federal research grants that are awarded to individual labs within the organizations. If it seems like the status quo is that CRISPR is free to license for the academic community, does it matter which place owns the patent?
Sometimes(read: most of the times) the tech debt and other code issues arise from the last min requirements although as dev. we try make sure the code is robust enough to absorb these changes seldom this happens.

What I have seen is effective for me is to sit down with pen and paper and describe the problem at hand and then think about the solution write up.
> It is not even a car. Originally land speed records had the power delivered at the wheels. Strapping a second hand jet engine and some Norwegian rocket to some glorified hand-cart is cheating.

Yeah, this is a major thing that dampens the interest in the record for me. At this extreme the land speed record seems rather arbitrary, because it's (huge blundering oversimplification) a cart with wheels driving across a desert plain powered by a rocket - that doesn't really relate to anything I can imagine being useful in cars in the real world.

When it comes down to it, I don't really care whether the wheels are on the ground or not when the top speed is reached, because the fact that they are doesn't seem to be meaningful in terms of what that means for improvements we'll see in everyday car tech.

I'm probably wrong, knowing nothing about the engineering behind this, and there's probably a ton of spin-off tech advancements for cars that are pushed forward by projects like this, aerodynamics for one.

Or maybe it's just one of those 'why did you climb the mountain? because it's there' type projects where the end is the most important thing and some people will be excited by accomplishing the challenge, and others not so interested.
The control against companies staying undervalued for too long is acquisitions. Plus of course, it's possible to buy stocks and hold them long-term without worrying about margin calls forcing you out.
The price is not zero, it's the risk of getting caught and doing ten years in African prison.
Upsource is good for browsing. We're still in the process of finding a "good" tool for code review (using a bunch of in-house stuff at the moment which is great for review, but bad for branch management). It uses the same authentication stuff, Hub, as YouTrack does.

Currently we're looking very hard at Critic (https://critic-review.org/ is a demo site, code's on github) because it looks to offer the closest workflow to what we use.

We're specifically looking for something sorta similar to Gerrit as far as how reviews work, but while actually supporting a feature-branch-heavy workflow where we tend to review branches rather than individual commits, and frequently rebuild/rebase feature branches.

Obviously, if your workflow is different then your needs for a review tool may differ wildly.
Another one of the many horrifying things I saw in the article was the concept of an "Exit Visa" which I hadn't heard of before. I just read up on it a little here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_(document)#Exit_visas

So foreign workers need their employers consent to allow them to to go home. Easy recipe for slavery.
They could go with Lisp :)

Ada or ATS-Lang would be good for such mission-critical applications with various modules needing to keep it safe. The DoD and aerospace already use Ada for such purposes. Just please don't use C! (Maybe BitC, but too immature).
Then run Erlang (Elixir or LFE - Lisp Flavored Erlang) on top of the OS for distributed computing, robustness, hot-swapping, and all else where Erlang excels.
I think the frame of reference is the programmer intent. If he/she intended to check for equality but wrote:

if (x = 42) {

Then that is most certainly a bug.

If a bit of text was supposed to be blue but came out green, maybe because the person writing the requirements doc got it wrong, it is hardly a bug in the code. The code is doing what the programmer intended, even if that is not what the user wanted. That's why the world has moved on from "bug trackers" to "issue trackers".

> There isn't much point in rejoicing over the code that correctly implements an incorrect design!

And there isn't much point blaming a coder for correctly implementing an incorrect design, especially if the design document is all they have to go on.
Apple did advertise universal apps AND games, but all the devices have different control interfaces.
This is my opinion, and it may be a personal one, but from an engineering standpoint, I think you should learn both. I think learning multiple languages can only benefit you (if Python 2 vs 3 can even be considered different languages).

When I first started learning to program, I thought of every problem in terms of C++ (the first language I learned).

It wasn't until I learned other languages, and really other paradigms (functional vs imperative vs constraint etc), when I really saw that a problem can be framed in so many different ways, entirely based on the language, and some of them are more elegant, more efficient, simpler, or offer some other benefit.

I think if you learn python 2, and really get to grips with it's pitfalls and other nuances, and then learn python 3, you'll get a better understanding into the changes between the two languages, and I think that will give you a better overall understanding. And IMHO, more knowledge is always better.
Clarity is microconsulting and allows users to tap advice by paying for it, by the minute.

Officehours is more of a community. If you need a hand with something, you can ask someone—no charge. And when someone needs your help, you can return the favor.

So, similar in function, but philosophically quite different.