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Like most Americans, I have been counting the days until we have a new President; one who by all indications, knows how to sit up straight and utter complete sentences. And like many, I have been following the President Elect’s every move with a starry-eyed fanatical guilt (“Why can’t the press give that poor family a little privacy?… Oh look how cute Sasha’s little school outfit is!!!)
So many millions of people are planning to travel to Washington for the inauguration that hotels and guest rooms are booked up for miles around. The President who does NOT know how to sit up straight has declared a state of emergency to release federal funds to help maintain order. I will be celebrating from a safe distance of several thousand miles, but I have a request for all the party-goers in D.C.
Please pick up your trash.
I don’t mean find a trash can already overflowing with crap and balance your newly Obama-ized can of Pepsi on top of the heap. THAT WILL NOT HELP. There are not enough trash cans in Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware to take care of all that detritus. I mean take it with you. Behave as you would if you were on a hike in the wilderness and pack it out. Thanks. | 268 | [
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What do your Neanderthal genes do?
“One pill makes you larger, and one pill makes you small,” sang Grace Slick in Jefferson Airplane’s classic White Rabbit, conjuring images of Alice in Wonderland in Lewis Carroll’s 1865 novel. But Alice also nibbled a mushroom to grow taller or smaller, following the advice of a hookah-smoking caterpillar perched atop the fungus.
Alice might have munched one of the 200 species of mushroom that produce psilocybin, a hallucinogen. A recent article in Evolution Letters, from Jason Slot, an assistant professor of fungal evolutionary genomics at The Ohio State University and co-workers, reports the sequencing of the genomes of three species of psychedelic mushrooms: Psilocybe cyanescens, Gymnopilus dilepis, and Panaeolus cyanescens.
Their research reveals how the hallucinogen that could make Alice think she was growing or shrinking and that hippies loved in the 1960s is actually a fungal defense mechanism, and the product of a set of genes that flit from one species of fungus to another. The biochemical shields the mushrooms from the bugs that share the rotting-log and dung-heap habitats.
Fungi have long played an important role in the pharmaceutical industry. They lie behind the famous penicillin story from 1941, and provide the natural products that inspired such varied drugs as cephalosporin antibiotics, statins and immune suppressants.
The ergot alkaloids were early migraine drugs. The most famous is LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide. It comes from a fungus of genus Claviceps that grows on certain grains, such as rye.
Of course drugs require a specific dose. But bread made from Claviceps-infected grain can cause the uncontrollable movements and terrifying visions of ergotism. People high on contaminated bread would imagine they were being chased by snakes or possessed by the devil. Ergotism may have been one impetus for burning women at the stake in colonial New England for being witches. Also called St. Anthony’s Fire, ergotism killed thousands in Europe in the Middle Ages.
Albert Hofmann, a chemist at Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland, first synthesized LSD in 1938, in search of a migraine treatment. In a notebook entry after he went home early because he was dizzy, Hofmann wrote that he felt “a not unpleasant delirium which was marked by an extreme degree of fantasy … visions of extraordinary vividness accompanied by a kaleidoscopic play of intense coloration continuously swirled around me.” After he calmed down, Hofmann wondered if he’d unintentionally eaten crystals of LSD left at his work area.
To find out, he ate some more.
After 40 minutes, Hofmann wrote, he experienced “mild dizziness, restlessness, inability to concentrate, visual disturbance, and uncontrollable laughter.” Someone helped him home, where he began running around, although he thought he was still. Terrifying faces loomed, he had a metallic taste in his mouth, and thought he was looking down at himself from afar. “Multihued metamorphizing fantastic images overwhelmed me,” he wrote.
From Hofmann’s discovery until the mid-1960s, Sandoz labs tried to develop drugs to treat mental illnesses from LSD. But then Harvard psychology professor Timothy Leary’s promoting of LSD as a recreational drug led to a halt of research. In 1966, Sandoz turned over its LSD stash to the National Institute of Mental Health for research.
Progress on developing fungal psychedelics languished until 1999, when Roland Griffiths of Johns Hopkins began studying the effects on behavior of drugs of abuse. One of his first subjects: psilocybin. Dr. Hofmann described and synthesized it in 1958. Psilocybin is activated in the body, and may have been what Alice took when she sampled the mushroom.
Today ClinicalTrials.gov lists 23 studies on psilocybin, including some at highly respected institutions such as Johns Hopkins’ Heffter Research Institute. The eclectic applications include obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, smoking cessation, spiritual practice, “depression, grief, and distress in long-term AIDS survivors,” “experience associated with classical mystical experiences,” effect on religious professionals, alcohol and cocaine dependence, and anxiety from having cancer. And, of course, migraines.
Understanding how mushrooms make psilocybin might provide clues to developing new pharmaceuticals. That’s what Dr. Slot’s team investigates.
To a gilled mushroom, a chomping insect poses as much of a threat as a stomping human hiker, and the compound the fungus produces to preserve its niche affects insects and us.
A phenomenon called horizontal gene transfer — HGT — explains why 200 species of mushrooms that don’t have much in common nevertheless produce the same psychoactive compound, psilocybin.
Jumping genes were discovered in corn, where they cause color spots on kernels. They also lie behind the “magic” of magic mushrooms.
Vertical gene transfer is familiar — grandparent to parent to child. Horizontal gene transfer moves a bunch of genes from one species to another. Barbara McClintock discovered these “jumping genes” in 1951 as spotting white or yellow corn kernels. Her discovery was years before researchers identified similar “transposons” in bacteria.
Jumping genes can cause genetic disease in people when they plop into important genes, disrupting their functions. They are also responsible for the transfer of sets of antibiotic resistance genes from one type of bacterium to another, which explains how multiple drug resistances spread easily in hospitals.
Dr. Slot and his co-workers suspected horizontal gene transfer behind psilocybin production because it takes five biochemical steps to get from the amino acid tryptophan to psilocybin, which is a “prodrug.” A digestive enzyme in the animal that eats the mushroom removes a phosphate from psilocybin, releasing the active drug psilocin. It binds to a subset of receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin, which affects the behavior of various species of flies, beetles, ants, termites, and other arthropods. Perhaps they hallucinate, as Alice did.
(We may not live on dung heaps or in rotting logs, but we have serotonin and serotonin receptors. Many drugs, both therapeutic and recreational, interact with the serotonin pathway, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors – SSRIs).
“The psilocybin probably doesn’t just poison predators or taste bad. These mushrooms are altering the insects’ ‘mind’ — if they have minds — to meet their own needs,” Dr. Slot said in a news release, which is not quite how evolution works. (News releases tend to oversimplify.) Natural selection isn’t purposeful.
Over time, mushrooms containing biochemical that discourages predators were more likely to survive to reproduce, passing on their ability. And that talent could move to other fungal species thanks to horizontal gene transfer.
Imagining nauseated ants tottering off mushrooms, I asked Dr. Slot if the reaction is like a person taking syrup of ipecac to induce vomiting after swallowing poison. It doesn’t appear to be that straightforward. “I’m taking a bigger picture of behavior modification. The substance changes the rate of feeding. Specific activity on neurotransmitter receptors might indicate direct manipulation of the neurological controllers of behavior,” he hypothesizes.
Mushroom mind control? It happens. Other fungi that manipulate neurotransmitters include those of the genus Ophiocordyceps that enslave zombie ants and the effects of psilocybin on spinning spider webs.
Genome sequencing of mushrooms is part of the field of neurochemical ecology, and the current research “provides a methodological roadmap for the future discovery of novel fungal pharmaceuticals, with both social and medical applications,” Dr. Slot said.
Ricki Lewis is the GLP’s senior contributing writer focusing on gene therapy and gene editing. She has a PhD in genetics and is a genetic counselor, science writer and author of The Forever Fix: Gene Therapy and the Boy Who Saved It, the only popular book about gene therapy. BIO. Follow her at her website or Twitter @rickilewis. | 1,777 | [
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How to Connect Sentences with Coordinate Conjunctions
Say you are studying for your English grammar final and you have to join two related sentences together. One way to do that is by using coordinating conjunctions. You’re familiar with these common words: for, but, yet, so, nor, and, and or. (And is the most popular, for those of you keeping track.)
These little powerhouses eat their spinach and lift weights every day. Their healthful habits make them strong enough to join complete sentences. They may also unite all sorts of equal grammatical elements. Here they are in action, joining complete sentences:
The rain pelted Abner’s gray hair, and his green velvet shoes were completely ruined.
The CEO told Tanya to text the address of the restaurant to everyone, but Tanya had no idea where the restaurant was.
You can take a hike, or you can jump off a cliff.
Ben did not know how to shoe a horse, nor did he understand equine psychology.
The townspeople lined the streets, for they had heard a rumor about Lady Godiva.
The coordinate conjunctions give equal emphasis to the elements they join. In the preceding sentences, the ideas on one side of the conjunction have no more importance than the ideas on the other side of the conjunction.
When the conjunctions and, but, or, nor, and for unite two complete sentences, a comma precedes the conjunction.
Some words appear to be strong enough to join sentences, but in reality they’re just a bunch of 98-pound weaklings. Think of these words as guys who stuff socks in their sleeves, creating biceps without the hassle of going to the gym. These fellows may look good, but the minute you need them to pick up a truck or something, they’re history.
False joiners include however, consequently, therefore, moreover, also, and furthermore. Use these words to add meaning to your sentences but not to glue the sentences together. When you see these words on a standardized exam, be careful! A favorite test-maker trick is to plop these words into a run-on. Take a look at these examples:
Run-on: Levon gobbled the birdseed, consequently, Robbie had nothing to eat.
Corrected version 1: Levon gobbled the birdseed; consequently, Robbie had nothing to eat.
Corrected version 2: Levon gobbled the birdseed. Consequently, Robbie had nothing to eat.
Notice the semicolon in the first corrected sentence? Semicolons are equivalent to coordinate conjunctions. According to the Official Grammarian's Rule Book (which doesn't exist), semicolons can join two complete sentences under certain conditions.
With your sharp eyes, you probably spotted a comma after consequently in each of the preceding examples. Grammarians argue about whether you must place a comma after a false joiner. (For the record, false joiners are conjunctive adverbs. No one in the entire universe needs to know that term.) Some grammarians say that the comma is necessary. Others see the comma as optional — a question of personal style. This is the sort of argument that makes grammarians ideal candidates for Nerds Anonymous. | 676 | [
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] |
RCW 19.09.305: Service on secretary when registrant not found—Procedure—Fee—Costs.
When an entity registered under this chapter, or its president, treasurer, or comparable officers, cannot be found after reasonably diligent effort, the secretary of state must be an agent of such entity upon whom process may be served. Service on the secretary must be made by delivering to the secretary or the secretary's designee duplicate copies of such process, and a filing fee to be established by rule of the secretary. Thereupon, the secretary must immediately cause one of the copies to be forwarded to the registrant at the most current address shown in the secretary's files. Any service on the secretary must be returnable in not less than thirty days.
Any fee under this section may be taxable as costs in the action.
The secretary must maintain a record of all process served on the secretary under this section, and must record the date of service and the secretary's action.
Nothing in this section limits or affects the right to serve process required or permitted to be served on a registrant in any other manner now or hereafter permitted by law. | 236 | [
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] |
Spacious Family Home with separate living area.
Please note, in the best interests of both the landlord and the tenants, we assess the rental affordability for each applicant by calculating the rent as a percentage of weekly income. If the industry-accepted threshold of 33% is exceeded, we will not proceed with an application. To avoid disappointment, we suggest you calculate your capacity to afford this property by applying this formula: rent ÷ your total weekly income x 100. If the answer is greater than 33, living in this property may place you in the situation of rent stress.
For those moving to Beaudesert, the township is an hour's drive from the center of Brisbane and the Gold Coast. Residents of the town can access a wide range of medical, financial and other professional services. If you have school aged children, you will have a choice of public and private schools. There is also a diverse range of sporting and recreation facilities.
Picture yourself living at 35 Hugo Drive, Beaudesert. You could soon call this great place home and enjoy all the inclusions: fully fenced and air-conditioning. | 229 | [
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All my favorites are still alive. :3 I'm not sure if Ser Pounce is still alive, actually. And I've got high hopes because several of my favorites are mentioned in the "survive to the end" part of Martin's original trilogy pitch to the publisher or editor or whoever. Lots of things have changed between that pitch and the actual series (for instance, no love triangle between Jon Snow, Arya, and Tyrion... although there's still two books left...), but I have high hopes! Wouldn't put my money on any of them, though. | 117 | [
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The patella, or kneecap, is a sesamoid, a floating bone incorporated into a tendon. Along with the tibia and femur, the patella helps to make up the knee joint. Each of these bones is covered with cartilage where the surface contacts with another surface. Common injuries to the kneecap involve weakness of the patellar tendon and damage to the cartilage. Exercises to alleviate pain strengthen the muscles of the knee joint.
Front Step Up
The front step up can be used to help build strengthen in the patellar tendon. To perform a front step up, place a 4-inch inch high surface in front of you and stand 12 to 16 inches behind. Step onto the raised surface with your left foot first, using your hamstring to raise you, then bring up your right foot. Step back down with your left foot first and repeat the exercise starting with your right foot. Alternate between feet, performing one to three sets of 10 to 20 repetitions.
STEP UPS onto bench/chair Start facing the bench. Step up onto the bench with your right foot. Step up with your left foot. Step down with your right foot and then down with your left.
The standing lunge is an exercise that helps to strengthen the vastus medialis obliques muscle on the inside of the thigh near the knee and the gluteus medius muscle on the outside of the hip. These muscles aid in the tracking of the kneecap in the correct path and the spreading out of the forces throughout the joint. Stand with the injured knee in front of the other. Step forward and bend the knee until you feel your inner thigh muscle stretch and slowly return to the starting position. Keep the knee forward while performing this exercises and do two sets of 10 repetitions.
Sitting Knee Extension
Sitting knee extensions versus a resistance band will help to strengthen the quadriceps muscle as well as the patellar tendon. Tie a resistance band to the lower leg of a chair. Sit in the chair with your injured knee bent and tie the other end of the resistance band around your ankle. While keeping your back straight, tighten your quadriceps muscle and slowly raise your leg up, pause for three seconds and slowly lower the leg to the starting position. Perform this exercise in three sets of 10 repetitions.
Hamstring Curl Vs. Resistance Band
Symptoms of patellar pain sometimes manifest as the result of muscular imbalance, in this case between the hamstring and the quadriceps muscles. Tie a resistance band to an anchor point and tie the other end to the ankle of your injured leg. Lie on your stomach with the lower part of your injured leg at a 90-degree angle to the upper part. Slowly pull the leg toward your buttocks while tightening your hamstring muscle. Perform this exercise in three sets of 10 repetitions. | 589 | [
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One of the biggest problems in medicine, and one which has potential to become a worldwide health crisis, is bacterial resistance to antibiotics. When our antibiotics cease to be effective, treating something as simple as a wound could be all but impossible, at least with drugs.
When a wound gets infected and antibiotics are not effective, the patient has to deal with pain and inflammation; however, if the bacteria get into the blood stream it can lead to sepsis and death. Even when antibiotics are used not all bacteria will be killed, which can hamper the healing process.
Oftentimes slow wound healing is due to bacteria forming a biofilm over the wound. Biofilms are created when bacteria signal to each other and clump together and form a protective coating over the wound. The biofilm prevents antibiotics from working and hampers the body’s immune response.
Researchers at Ohio State University may have come up with one such solution that can be used to treat wounds, which helps to prevent the formation of a biofilm over the wound. The new technique does not involve any antibiotics. The treatment involves the use of a special wireless electroceutical dressing: electric bandages.
The electric bandages are fabric based, and are coated with silver and zinc dots. When the dressing becomes moist from sweat or fluids oozing from the wound, the dressing becomes electrically active. The electric bandages do not need an external power supply, as they generate their own electric field.
That electric field is sufficient to disrupt the ability of the bacteria to communicate with each other, and by doing so, the electric bandages prevent the formation of a biofilm. In tests on pigs, the dressing was found to prevent the formation of biofilm, while pigs receiving a placebo dressing had a biofilm form over their wound.
The wound dressings are manufactured by Vomaris, which was a partner in the research. The dressings have been scheduled for a clinical trial on human burn victims, and the dressings have already received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of bed sores, surgical wounds and diabetic ulcers.
The study – Electric Field Based Dressing Disrupts Mixed-Species Bacterial Biofilm Infection and Restores Functional Wound Healing – has recently been published in the journal Annals of Surgery. | 477 | [
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This document describes the supported deployment scenarios for the Application Test Suite (ATS).
1 Introduction
Every customer situation is different. We want to make sure there’s a convenient deployment option for ATS in all scenarios. The main determinant is where your app is running — either in the cloud or on-premises. The second determinant is the Selenium component, which either can run in the cloud or be hosted on-premises by the customer. For each scenario, we need to ensure secure and reliable communication between the components.
All in all, there are four different supported deployment scenarios. This document describes and compares them.
Please be aware that not every option supports the full set of features. Take a look at 4 Comparing the Options to understand the differences.
2 Components
Every ATS deployment consists of four components: the ATS application, the Mendix Portal is provided as a cloud service by Mendix. It hosts your projects, user stories, and other related data that is also used by the ATS application.
2.3 Selenium Runner
The Selenium Runner is used to execute your tests. Once you trigger a test run from ATS, ATS will connect to your Selenium Service provider to start the test. The Selenium Runner then starts the browser and executes the commands that it receives from ATS.
2.4 Application Under Test (AUT)
The AUT is the deployed Mendix application that you want to test.
3 Deployment Options
There is one standard deployment option in addition to three alternative options. The standard option is recommended, since it is optimized in terms of setup, ease of use, maintenance, and features.
3.1 Standard
The standard option is highly recommended for all customers. It supports all current and future features, is easy to set up, is maintenance-free, and gets the best support.
3.2
This option is meant for customers who run their app on premises and who don’t want to open their firewall for the Selenium Runner. In order to enable communication between the Selenium Runner and your local application, you have to deploy a Selenium Saas Agent in your local network. This agent will establish a VPN tunnel to your Selenium Service Provider and route all traffic between the Selenium Runner and your application.
3 Comparing the Options
Before you pick your option, you need to be aware of the differences. The following two sections will help you to make your choice.
4.1 Features
1 Only if supported by ATS.
2 Feature not available yet.
3 Additional setup for every browser required.
4 ATS will integrate with several APIs from the Mendix Cloud to improve the testing experience. Since some of these APIs are only available for apps that run in the Mendix Cloud, certain features cannot be offered for on-premises apps.
5 Future features may depend on the functionality offered by the Mendix Cloud or the Selenium service providers. They may not be available if you run your app on-premises or host your own Selenium server.
4.2 Setup and Maintenance
The following matrix compares the efforts for setup and maintenance of the different options.
1 A Selenium SaaS Agent with VPN is used to surpass the company network firewall.
2 Selenium is an open-source third-party component that is not maintained/supported by Mendix.
3 Provided by your Selenium SaaS provider.
4 Not required in this option.](../howtos/ht-version-2/upload-file-using-ats-2]..8.1. If ATS upgrades to a newer Selenium version, the customer is obligated to upgrade its Selenium Runner to the new version as well.
Before you start, make sure that your server has internet access to download the container images.
- Install Docker on your server, as described in Install Docker Engine.
- Install Docker Compose, as described in Install Docker Compose.
- Create a folder called selenium in the user’s home directory.
Change to the folder and create a file called docker-compose.yml with this content:
seleniumhub: image: selenium/hub:3.8.1 ports: - 4444:4444 firefoxnode: image: selenium/node-firefox-debug:3.8.1 ports: - 5900 links: - seleniumhub:hub environment: - SCREEN_HEIGHT=1080 - SCREEN_WIDTH=1920 - SCREEN_DEPTH=24 chromenode: image: selenium/node-chrome-debug:3.8.1 ports: - 5900 links: - seleniumhub:hub environment: - SCREEN_HEIGHT=1080 - SCREEN_WIDTH=1920 - SCREEN_DEPTH=24
Start up the Selenium grid with this command:
docker-compose up -d
You now have a grid running on. Attached to this grid are two nodes: one for Chrome and one for Firefox. You can easiliy scale by starting new nodes with a simple command. This example will start up a second node for both Firefox and Chrome:
docker-compose scale firefoxnode=2 chromenode=2
6.4.2 Firewall Configuration
The firewall should accept TCP connections from the internet on port 4444 (the standard port for Selenium Server). This port should forward to your Selenium Server. | 1,151 | [
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] |
Photography composition is an art form that requires skill, creativity, and practice. One of the most important elements of composition is the use of leading lines and curves. From geometric shapes to subtle curves and diagonals, these elements can be used to draw the eye into a photograph and create a sense of movement and emotion. Leading lines and curves are a powerful tool for photographers to use to create dynamic images that are visually stimulating. They can be used to create balance and harmony, lead the viewer's eye around the frame, and convey a sense of depth and perspective.
In this article, we'll explore how to use leading lines and curves in photography composition, as well as some tips for creating dynamic compositions.
Leading lines and curvesare an important part of photography composition that can help create powerful and compelling images. First, let's talk about what leading lines and curves are. Leading lines are elements in a scene that draw the eye into the image by creating a visual path for viewers to follow. They can be anything from roads, rivers, or paths, to fences, buildings, or even shadows.
Curves, on the other hand, are used to create a sense of movement or tension within an image. They can be subtle or dramatic depending on the context. Next, let's discuss how to use leading lines and curves in your photography. To create compelling images, think about what elements of the scene will create a visual path for viewers to follow. This could be anything from roads, rivers, or paths to fences, buildings, or shadows.
When composing your shot, try to incorporate these elements into the frame as much as possible. Additionally, try incorporating curves into your composition to create a sense of movement or tension in your image. This could be anything from curving roads to spiraling staircases. Finally, here are some tips for making the most of leading lines and curves in your photography:
- Look for patterns in the scene that you can use to create leading lines or curves.
- Pay attention to the light in the scene and how it interacts with the elements you are using for leading lines or curves.
- Use a shallow depth of field to blur out distractions and focus attention on the leading lines or curves in your composition.
- Vary your compositions by experimenting with different angles and perspectives.
- Try including foreground elements to add depth to your compositions.
ConclusionIn conclusion, leading lines and curves can be an effective way to create powerful compositions when taking photographs. By looking for patterns in the scene and paying attention to lighting, you can create compelling images that draw viewers into the frame.
Additionally, by experimenting with different angles and perspectives, you can add variety and depth to your images. Overall, leading lines and curves can be a powerful tool for improving composition and creating memorable images. Leading lines and curves are an effective compositional technique that can help create powerful and impactful photographs. By looking for patterns in the scene and incorporating them into your composition, you can create compelling images that draw viewers into the frame. Additionally, by paying attention to lighting and experimenting with different angles and perspectives, you can add variety and depth to your images.
With some practice, you can master the art of using leading lines and curves in your photography to create stunning visuals. | 665 | [
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What Are Aircraft Accumulators?
When utilizing the aircraft hydraulic system for many flight pertinent operations, it is critical that there is something in place to ensure that sufficient power is provided for actuation and surges in pressure are mitigated. With aircraft accumulators, the aircraft hydraulic system can operate safely and efficiently, accommodating for varying needs. The main functions of an aircraft accumulator include mitigating pressure surges within the hydraulic system, storing power for when pumps fail to operate, compensation for internal or external leaking, as well as power pump aid for extra force. Across aircraft that have hydraulic systems, there are often also multiple accumulators present in the main system, as well as within varying subsystems.
Aircraft accumulators themselves are steel spheres that have two chambers separated by a synthetic rubber diaphragm. Within the upper chamber of the accumulator, fluid is kept and is held at system pressure. The lower chamber, meanwhile, is charged with either air or nitrogen. Across types, the two most commonly used aircraft accumulators are the spherical and cylindrical type.
In regards to the spherical type accumulator, two halves are attached together through welding or are fastened and threaded. A top port on the accumulator allows for the pressurized hydraulic system to be connected. Meanwhile, a bottom valve permits the attachment of a gas servicing valve. To create the two separate chambers, a synthetic rubber diaphragm is placed. To ensure that the diaphragm can not protrude through the port when there is no hydraulic pressure, a screen at the fluid pressure port is installed.
For cylindrical aircraft accumulators, a cylinder and piston assembly is present with end caps installed on each end of the cylinder. Similar to the diaphragm of the spherical type accumulator, an aircraft piston within the cylindrical type is what is used to separate the fluid and air/nitrogen chamber. With the end caps and various gaskets sealing the piston, external leakage between the chambers is prevented. To attach the hydraulic system and filler valve to the cylindrical accumulator, fittings are utilized and attached to the end caps.
To begin operation, aircraft accumulators charge the compressed air chamber to a specific amount that is below that of the system operating pressure; a process which is usually referred to as the accumulator preload. At this time, the hydraulic system pressure is zero, causing the piston to shift towards the opposite end. To create actuation of the piston, the hydraulic piston pump will increase pressure to surpass that of the compressed air chamber. Once the hydraulic system reaches a pressure equal to that of the system operating pressure, the piston returns to its standard operating position while air is compressed. At this point, when hydraulic actuators lower the system pressure, the compressed air begins to emit force against the piston, causing fluid to leave the accumulator, actuating a command. With this stored energy, components may also be actuated in the case of a piston pump failure.
When it comes time to begin sourcing the aircraft accumulators, aircraft hydraulic system components, and other aerospace parts that you need for your operations, Parts Needed Yesterday has you covered with everything you are searching for. Parts Needed Yesterday is owned and operated by ASAP Semiconductor, and we can help you find the aviation, NSN, and electronic parts that you are searching for, new or obsolete. As a premier supplier of parts for the aerospace, civil aviation, and defense industries, we're always available and ready to help you find all the parts and equipment you need, 24/7x365. ASAP Semiconductor is an FAA 0056B accredited and AS9120B, ISO 9001:2015 certified enterprise. For a quick and competitive quote, email us at firstname.lastname@example.org or call us at +1-434-321-4470. | 785 | [
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] |
VLSI is one of the most widely used technologies in the design of microchip processors, integrated circuits (ICs), and components. VLSI Technology, Inc. is an American company that designs and manufactures custom and partially custom integrated circuits (ICs).
The concept of VLSI technology dates back to the late 1970s when advanced processor microchips (computers) were also under development. The two most common VLSI devices are the microprocessor and the microcontroller.
Keeping this in mind, here at Coursesity, we have curated some of the Best Online VLSI Tutorials with certification. Hope that you will find the best course for you to learn how to refer to products or technologies that subjectively have more equipment than typical products in the category.
Learn Core Design principles for VLSI, Soc, Processor, and FPGA. VHDL alternative.
Initially, you will learn about Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) design flow and its related fundamentals. The course will teach you more than enough to start designing real-life circuits using HDL.
Next, you will have a clear understanding of how to and how not to write a piece of HDL code. You will also understand the close relationship between hardware and code.
Plus, you will learn from basics to key principles for design engineers and receive a detailed discussion on every bit of code and hardware.
You can take Verilog HDL: VLSI Hardware Design Comprehensive Masterclass certificate course on Udemy.
Offered by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
With this VLSI course, you will be introduced to advanced Boolean algebra math concepts that make it possible to take a "computational" approach to Boolean algebra. You will learn two powerful and important representation techniques that allow us to do serious computational Boolean algebra, on industrial-scale designs.
Then, you will move from "representing" things to "synthesizing" things. In this case, synthesis means "optimization", or maybe the word "minimization" is more familiar from hand work with Kamps or Boolean algebra.
You can take VLSI CAD Part I: Logic certification course on Coursera.
Learn VLSI step by step.
With this VLSI course, you will receive a well-established solid knowledge basis for Static Timing Analysis. The course will teach you everything you need to know about STA interview questions.
You can take ASIC Bootcamp for VLSI Engineer: STA Basic Concepts certificate course on Udemy.
Understand the key logical and geometric representations that make it possible to map from logic to layout.
Learn how to place, route, and evaluate the timing of large logic networks.
This VLSI course will talk about geometry and it begins with an overview of the ASIC layout process, and discuss the role of technology libraries, tech mapping, and placement and routing.
Plus, the course will focus on Maze Routing, which is a classical and powerful technique with the virtue that one can "add" much-sophisticated functionality on top of a rather simple core algorithm.
You can take VLSI CAD Part II: Layout certification course on Coursera.
Learn VLSI from scratch.
Learning to bridge the gap between understanding and application of knowledge, leads to innovation.
This course is about the basic concepts of VLSI System Design. You will learn how to polish your industrial skills in VLSI World. This course will cover end-to-end descriptions from basic Device Physics to Chip Design.
The introductory video series of this course focuses on the basic elemental physics and electrical characteristics of the MOS Transistor.
You can take VLSI - Essential concepts and detailed interview guide certificate course on Udemy.
Hey! We hope you have found these VLSI Tutorials with the certification list helpful and intriguing. Since you've made it this far then certainly you are willing to learn more and here at Coursesity, it is our duty to enlighten people with knowledge on topics they are willing to learn.
| 845 | [
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``` | 140 | [
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My Country the New Age - ending was rock solid perfect but I'd love to see Hui-Jae negotiating Bang-won's new nation in the aftermath. I think that would make for a powerful plot in a second season
A Korean Odyssey - that ending was not an ending. It was the absolutely perfect set up for a sequel.
Wok of Love - Gimme that threesome! Lots of romantic growth and mafia/business shenanigans possible too
Healer - solid ending already, but there are so many great future adventures they could have....a second season would be awesome | 124 | [
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)…
‘.’
Now there’s an understatement for you… to suggest that doubling the world’s energy use in the next two years is unsustainable… how dare they?
But wait, as usual it seems the issue is much more complicated than that. According to this article from Mashable…
‘.’
The article goes on the state that… ‘Bitcoin isn’t exactly doing its job the way its creator, Satoshi Nakamoto, had intended. Due to its price rise, not many owners actually use their bitcoins to purchase goods; instead, everyone is either hoarding it or speculating with it.
According to this article, Bitcoin will have to adapt or die as other cryptocurrencies are developed that don’t require so much energy to process transactions… ‘Ethereum, the second largest cryptocurrency right now… uses roughly three times less energy than Bitcoin; and yet there are twice as many transactions per day on Ethereum’s network.’
Another of our readers, Nick, posted the following comment… ‘Don’t confuse the mining of bitcoins with the transactions of them. Mining a bit coin is computationally expensive because it creates a new bitcoin (i.e. like making gold with a computer program) but the transactions are simple and cheap – if you think about it, no one would spend millions of dollars on a ten thousand dollar transaction’. So Nick, I guess I am confusing the two because, as I understand it, Bitcoin ‘miners’ receive Bitcoin as payment for using their vast computing power to process Bitcoin transactions, so it seems to me that the two are inseparable in terms of the energy they require. Perhaps you can explain it to me if that is incorrect.
Nevertheless, as I’m writing this I see that Bitcoin today passed US$20,000 per ‘coin’. Is it just me or does this strike anyone else as completely INSANE! Bitcoin has no use and no yield. It can’t be used to buy anything and it doesn’t pay any interest or rent or dividend. The only way to make a return on your investment is to buy it and hope that the price goes up when more people buy it. That seems like the classic definition of a Ponzi scheme to me where… ‘the operator generates returns for older investors through revenue paid by new investors, rather than from legitimate business activities’.
The fact is that, currently there isn’t much you can do with a Bitcoin. According to this article from The Telegraph…‘Bitcoin has proven itself to be a completely useless currency’. Bitcoin propoennts counter this by saying that the mainstream press, governments and big financial institutions are opposed to cryptocurrencies because of their power to disrupt the status quo. Personally I think these advocates are living in la-la land. They claim that the great benefit of ‘cryptos’ is that governments can’t control them and you can make your financial transactions in private without requiring a big bank to process them. If they seriously think banks and governments the world over are going to allow that situation to continue then they need their heads examined. Instead I predict that, as soon as the technology is developed to the point of being actually useful, the banks and bureaucrats will take it over and ban any transactions outside of a system that they control.
Meanwhile people the world over are investing huge sums of money and vast amounts of energy into something that is almost completely useless (a bit like our state government proposing to spend billions of taxpayer dollars on new sports stadia… click here if you would like to sign a petition opposing this). I suppose, in that sense, Bitcoin is the perfect sign of the times.
Image source: zerohedge.com
When you have an hour to spare I strongly encourage you to watch the following video presented by Stanford University Futurist, Tony Seba, about the impending disruption of the transport and energy sectors. Here are just some of the information it presents:
I have no idea if Tony Seba will be proven right but he makes a very compelling (and entertaining) argument that is based entirely on economics… not politics or environmentalism or climate change or anything other than economic rationalism. Whether his predictions prove accurate or not, it’s worth watching just to start thinking about how quickly things might be changing. Have a look and leave a comment to let us know what you think about the future he is predicting.
Bitcoin is a MASSIVE energy consumer (source BTC Manager)
Speaking of disruptions, I expect you’re all aware of Bitcoin by now. It has gone from under US$1000 at the start of the year to over US$10,000 a few days ago. This has created a huge amount of hype over cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology.
What you may not have read is this article from Yahoo Finance which claims that Bitcoin ‘Mining’ (the business of processing all the data required for Bitcoin transactions) uses more power than 159 countries. Or this article from The Guardian that says Bitcoin transactions consumed ‘more electricity in a year than the whole of Ireland’. In other words ‘each individual bitcoin transaction uses almost 300KWh of electricity’. That’s enough electricity to power the Greeny Flat for about two months from one, single Bitcoin transaction.
These are shocking statistics, especially because Bitcoin is still very new and can’t actually be used for anything yet. Plus it is just one of thousands of so-called ‘Cryptocurrencies’ and thousands more ‘Blockchain Technologies’ that are being developed around the world. I haven’t seen any figures on what the total energy consumption for all this number-crunching amounts to but you can rest assured (or more likely lie awake in fear) that whatever it is now will be nothing compared to what it’s going to be in the future.
I wonder if Tony Seba’s prediction of 100% solar energy by 2030 will hold true if global electricity consumption doubles simply due to processing blockchain calculations?
I also wonder (and I’ve mentioned this before) what sort of mess we’ll be in if we do go 100% solar and then suffer a massive volcanic eruption that blankets the world in ash for a year or two… ahhh! More sleepless nights!
According to this article from Energy Matters…‘The Australian Government and industry partners will contribute $8.26 million to a project trialing the use of blockchain-powered renewable energy and water systems in the City of Fremantle.’
The ‘Blockchain’ part of this trial is from an Australian startup called Power Ledger which is a peer-to-peer, blockchain-based energy trading platform, where renewable energy can be sold between buyers and sellers without a middleman.
This article from Huffington Post gives a more detailed explanation of how it all works. Let’s just hope that it encourages more renewable energy development than it requires to process its own transactions.
In last week’s Newsletter I gave a scathing review of the Suncrowd Solar Bulk Buy program along with an apology for my part in helping persuade people to join it. I requested that anyone else who had problems with either Suncrowd or Sunny Afternoons leave a comment so that all know how many others are in the same boat.
Well I did receive one comment from a customer in Berrima who had a nasty experience and one email from a friend on the coast. So it seems that, for most Suncrowd customers (at least the ones who read this Newsletter), the lengthy delays and lame excuses are not too much of a concern. If that’s true then I’m gad that most people are satisfied. If not, please go to last week’s Newsletter and leave a comment to let me and other readers know how the experience has been for you.
For anyone interested, I just received the latest update from Sunny Afternoons which claims that 71% of the approximately 320 installs have been completed which means there are still 92 systems left to be installed a full year after most people paid their initial deposit. This still looks like a very dismal performance to me but they seem happy with it. Here’s a link to the update in case you haven’t seen but, I’m very sorry to say, has proved to be a bitter disappointment for many people, myself included.
The Suncrowd crew might look happy but many of their customers are not… THUMBS DOWN FOLKS.
A lucky few of the people who signed up to buy rooftop solar systems and/or batteries through the Suncrowd program did actually get what they wanted for a very good price and installed in a timely manner. Unfortunately they seem to be the exception rather than the rule. I’ve heard many more complaints from people who paid their deposit then waited many months without hearing a word from Suncrowd or their contracted installer, Sunny Afternoons. When rare communications were forthcoming they tended to be a list of excuses for why things were going so slowly with much of the blame being put on Tesla for being slow delivering their promised Powerwall 2 battery. Customers were advised not to expect any indication of when their installation might take place and that calling to enquire about it would only slow the process more. Eventually installations did start to trickle through but I’ve heard from a number of people that there were issues with their installation or they didn’t get what they asked for or that what they had been advised to purchase was not appropriate to their situation.
The final straw which prompted me to write this review came about a week ago when I heard from one of my very best friends (who signed up for a Suncrowd system on my recommendation) that, after a YEAR of waiting and getting no indication of when their system would be installed, they finally gave up and asked for their money back. They were told that they could get a refund of their deposit MINUS a 25% cancellation fee. I cannot believe the gall of this mob! To take someone’s money, make them wait a year with no result (or even an indication of when to expect one) then somehow feel like it’s fair to keep a quarter of the deposit…. it leaves me speechless with disgust…. especially because my friend’s system was a simple rooftop solar installation, no battery, no Reposit power, no justification for any of the excuses that were trotted out as to why people were having to wait so long.
Unfortunately my friends are not alone. I’ve heard from a number of other people, both prior to last week and since then, that they are either not happy with the service they received from Suncrowd and Sunny Afternoons or that they simply didn’t receive any service at all.
What we don’t know (because neither Suncrowd nor Sunny Afternoons have given us any useful information) is exactly how many of their customers (victims?) are dissatisfied with the program and we don’t know how many systems are still left to be installed. If you are one of those people please leave a comment at the end of this article. This is an outrage and I think something needs to be done about it. I’m not sure what that is yet but I will start by compiling information from people who feel they have been treated unfairly. I have made enquiries with the Energy Ombudsman who palmed me off onto Fair Trading who palmed me off onto the ACCC (gotta love Australian bureaucracy) so I’m getting the run-around but I will keep trying. Meanwhile please let me (and our readers) know what your experience has been with Suncrowd. I hope it has been better than my friend’s.
To be fair, I and the other people who agreed to help organise our local events, had every reason to believe that this would be a good thing for our community. Suncrowd had completed an apparently very successful community bulk buy campaign in Newcastle when they approached us wanting to do the same here. Unfortunately our campaign hasn’t turned out so successfully for a number of the participants. Once again I sincerely apologise for my part in this mess and will endeavour to do what I can to rectify it.
Cintia and I in front of the Tesla Tiny house while Matt Simms from Simmark enthrals the crowd (except, apparently, the guy in the yellow shirt).
As mentioned in last week’s Newsletter, we had a visit from the Tesla Tiny House which is currently touring the country stirring up interest in solar, batteries and electric cars. Two events were organised for our region, one at Silos Estate Winery in Berry and one at the Bradman Oval in Bowral. These were organised and promoted by Simmark (a local solar, electrical, heating/cooling and security contractor) who kindly invited me to be there to answer people’s questions about Energy Positive Homes and Passive Solar Design. Hundreds of people came to both venues including school groups, families, home owners and retirees interested in learning more about small houses and renewable energy systems. For me it was like being a pig in mud so thanks to Simmark for asking me to be involved. It was encouraging to see so much interest in the things I’ve been banging on about for so long.
One of those things I’ve been banging on about for years is that, rather than going off-grid, we’re all better off if we stay connected to the electricity grid so that we can all share our renewable energy. So it’s nice to see this article from ABC News that says the exactly same thing and gives detailed reasons for it.
If you’re interested in the potential of electric vehicles you’ll want to watch the video below (if you haven’t seen it already) showing Elon Musk launching Tesla’s new Semi Truck and Roadster. He’s talking about a huge truck with a better aerodynamic drag coefficient than a Bugatti sports car, 800km range and a promised 1 Million Mile Warranty PLUS a car that can go 0-100km/h in 1.9 seconds (making it the fastest production car ever made) AND with room for four people, luggage and a range of 1000 kilometres.
Neither of these EV’s is in production yet and, given Tesla’s track record for under-delivering on it’s promises, might not be available for quite some time but they seem to signal the death knell for the Infernal Combustion Engine (ICE). It’s going to be very interesting to see whether Tesla can crawl out from under the mountain of debt they have accumulated and go on to transform the world as promised or if they go broke in the attempt. Someone told me yesterday that Tesla lost $10,000 a MINUTE last year. I wish them the best of luck staying in front of the Chinese EV manufacturers and, hopefully staying in business.
By the way, if you’re interested in EV’s there’s an excellent Australian-based source of information called myelectriccar.com.au.
I signed up for their monthly Newsletter which is full of the latest news about electric cars from around the world. Their last edition included an article which confirms that, even if charged from the dirtiest coal-powered electricity grid, EV’s produce about 25% less greenhouse gas emissions that petrol cars. But PLEASE do me a favour, if you ever hear anyone describe an EV as ‘Zero Emissions’, stop them and ask them where the power comes from to charge it. If it’s not charged with renewable energy it’s nowhere near ‘zero emissions’. And remember that, even if it is charged with 100% renewable energy (like mine usually is) there are emissions involved in the making of the car, it’s battery and the renewable energy system that is charging it. So no vehicle is ever going to be truly ‘zero emissions’ but EV’s are definitely a whole lot better than ICE vehicles.
According to another article from ABC News, scientists at ANU have obtained a 26% efficiency record for lower-cost solar cells that use Perovskite combined with silicon.
‘Until now efficiencies of this kind have only been achieved using high cost materials normally used on satellites,’ said Mr Duong, a PhD student. ‘We are now a step closer to a low cost alternative.’
Silicon solar cell technology is about 90 per cent of the solar market, but scientists around the world are working to find a way to make them more efficient, affordable, stable and reliable.
It seems we can expect to see the price of solar (and batteries) continue to get more and more affordable for the foreseeable future. Strange that our government seems unable to see it but I think this revolution is going to continue just fine with the COALition party’s support.
That’s all for this week. Thanks for reading. Cintia and I are off to Bong Bong Picnic Races and it’s shaping up to be a beautiful day! to take advantage of Passive Solar Design and most had loads of room for improvement which makes my job very rewarding.
Every building I inspect has different issues and a unique ‘personality’ and I enjoy getting to know each one and what its strong points and needs are. I hope to have time over the coming weeks to write case studies of some of these Energy Assessments. In the meantime, if you’re interested, you can find one recent report I did for a house down the south coast by clicking here.
The Tesla Tiny House is coming to Berry and Bowral, towed by a Model X electric car.
As we’ve mentioned previously, the Tesla Tiny House is coming to our area thanks to the efforts of local solar and energy efficiency company, Simmark.
I have been invited to attend the two events next week in order to speak to some school groups about the benefits of small, Passive Solar, energy positive and affordable homes like the Greeny Flat and to be on hand to answer people’s questions. There will also be a local builder at the events for those who want to go down that path.
Here are the locations, dates and times that the event will be open to the public.
You can find more detailed information including maps to the sites on the Simmark website here.
I hope to see you there and we’re all hoping the weather cooperates.
(p.s. Just to set realistic expectations, the Tesla Tiny House is not a fully functioning dwelling. It is more of a display space for showcasing Tesla’s solar, battery and EV technology. If you want to see a fully-functioning small (but not tiny) house you can come and visit the Greeny Flat on one of our open days.) I left. There’s still plenty for him to do but for now the house is much nicer, healthier, safer, more comfortable and significantly more energy efficient than it was when we started. So I feel like the trip was worth the time, effort, expense and carbon emissions it took to get there and back.
While I was there in Missoula I had the chance to catch up with an old friend, Kevin, who has built a wonderful little energy efficient mountain cabin for himself and his wife, Tina.
Kevin outside his off-grid eco tiny house next to the yurt he and Tina lived in for a number of years while they built the house
This was a particularly great pleasure for me because I first met Kevin when he enrolled in a ‘Green Building’ class I was teaching at the University of Montana. For his main project for the semester Kevin designed a little off-grid, self-sufficient cabin that he hoped to build for himself one day in the mountains somewhere near Missoula. At the time he didn’t have land but he certainly had the dream.
A couple of years later he had bought his little piece of the forest and came to me for advice on the design and energy efficiency details of the cabin you see in the photo above. Then he and Tina bought the yurt which they erected on top of an insulated SIPS panel floor structure to serve as a place to live while they built the house.
Inside Kevin and Tina’s lovely yurt
I love yurts… they are such beautiful, minimalist structures. The criss-crossed slats you see in the photo above are the entire wall framing and are attached to a wire ‘ring’ around the top of the wall which supports the roof rafters.
The entire structure of a yurt is made up of small pieces of wood cleverly attached with steel fasteners and wire
The rafters, in turn, support a circular skylight in the centre of the roof which bathes the whole interior in beautiful light and provides a view of the sky.
It’s a gorgeous space to be in… for a while. But Tina and Kevin lived in this through three or four Montana winters when temperatures would get down below minus 20deg. Thankfully their yurt is somewhat insulated and can be kept very warm with a wood stove. But they didn’t have running water, their kitchen was a gas stove on a trolley and their toilet was a hole in the ground. (Tina said it wasn’t as bad as when she lived in Alaska and had to take a heated cushion with her to the outhouse to prevent her bum from freezing to the seat).
These are some tough people but still, I’m sure you can imagine how happy they are to have finally moved in to their cozy little cabin.
Tina’s new bathroom complete with hot and cold running water, shower, sink, gas water heater and composting toilet
The cabin could be described (very fashionably) as an Off-Grid Eco Tiny House. It has a footprint of 240sf (about 24sqm… which makes our 57sqm Greeny Flat seem like a palace) with a loft/bedroom over half of the ground floor. The floor and roof are built with SIPS panels (8 inches of foam with OSB glued to both sides) while the walls are timber framed, six inches thick and with an additional four inches of rockwool insulation wrapped around the entire outside. In retrospect Kevin says he should have used SIPS panels for the walls as well. They’re expensive to buy but would have saved him a lot of trouble and time for an equivalent level of insulation. The windows are UPVC frames and I can’t remember if they were double or triple glazed.
In general this tiny house is super insulated and very well air sealed which means they have to be careful to ventilate it correctly in the winter time. The cost for materials was about $60,000 (plus a LOT of hard work) and they’re very happy with how it turned out.
It’s hard to photograph such a small space but the series of photos that follow give a pretty good idea of what it’s like inside. I’m very grateful to Kevin and Tina for inviting me up to see the finished product. It’s very much their baby and I feel like I’ve been involved since the conception in my Green Building class. But if this is Kevin and Tina’s baby which they’ve raised from the ground up, it’s now fully mature and ready to take care of its parents (as children tend to do).
The cabin is primarily heated by this tiny wood stove in the full-height living room
The kitchen isn’t quite finished yet but Tina wasn’t keen to spend another winter in the yurt while Kevin completes the cabinetry so they moved in anyway
A loft above the kitchen and bathroom serves as the bedroom
There’s a nice view of the forest from the bedroom window
A 1.5kW solar and battery system supplies all of their electrical needs including pumping water up to a holding tank at the top of the hill. They use propane (LPG) for heating water, cooking and keeping the house from freezing when they’re not home
In Montana water tanks have to be buried or they freeze solid and the water line (which gravity feeds from here down to the house) has to be at least six feet below ground
The ultimate luxury is their ‘Cowboy Hot Tub’ consisting of a horse trough, wrapped in insulation and heated by a tiny little wood chip heater
Congratulations Kevin and Tina for pursuing your dream and creating a little mountain paradise of your very own. Next time I visit I look forward to staying in the yurt and lying (or squatting) in the hot tub with Cintia and a glass of Pinot Noir while gazing at the stars through the trees…. I can hardly wait. only recording a total of 41mm over the last four months. So we were thrilled to hear rain on the roof all night last night and to wake this morning to find over 35mm in the rain gauge. That’s on top of the 20mm we had yesterday so we’ve had over 55mm in the last two days, our tanks are full again and all our plants are breathing a big sigh of relief.
I also had time this morning to check our monitoring equipment to see how the Greeny Flat has been performing while I was away. I was particularly interested to see what difference the solar air heater (circled in blue above) made to our indoor temperature and humidity while we were gone.
Long-time readers will recall that I have written about our experiments with making a DIY solar air heater a number of times. In this Newsletter from May 2015 I described the thinking behind our Solar Air Heater prototype and in this Newsletter I showed some early results from trials of the system. Fast-forward two years and, just before we left on our trip to states, we decided to make the prototype into a permanent part of the Greeny Flat. This meant cutting holes in walls to allow us to duct the incoming heated fresh air across to the back bedroom on the south side of the house (this bedroom doesn’t get any sun and it’s been nice to have the added warmth in there in winter).
The quiet fan is mounted inside an insulated box placed on top of our bedroom closet.
We also added a new, quiet fan which we mounted inside an insulated box (for sound proofing), wired it into the house power and connected it to a thermostat controller.
The thermostat controller measures the temperature inside the solar air heating panel on the north wall of the house and switches on the fan when the temperature reaches the set point.
As you can see from the photo above, this new and improved system was delivering 57.1degC on a day when it was only 16.3degC outside. In other words, the Solar Air Heater was adding 40.8degC to the incoming fresh air.
This photo of our weather monitor was taken at the same time. The outside air temperature is circled.
Needless to say I was very happy with this addition to the energy efficiency, comfort and indoor air quality of the Greeny Flat while we were here in the home. But I was also interested to see what effect it would have while we were away in winter.
One of the few drawbacks of our Passive Solar house is that it works best when we are here to operate the windows and blinds correctly… as the saying goes, ‘Passive House, Active Owner’. In winter this means opening our insulating blinds during the day to let the low winter sun stream in and warm the floor slab then closing them at night to help keep the warmth inside. It’s also up to us to run our ventilation fans as much as needed in order to keep the indoor humidity down to a reasonable level (around 50%), to reduce condensation potential and maintain good indoor air quality. But when we’re not here to open the blinds during the day or run the vent fans the temperature will go down and the humidity will go up.
This was proven true two years ago when we were away for the whole month of August. According to our weather monitoring system, the outdoor temperature for that month averaged 8.5degC and the outdoor humidity averaged 67.7%. Meanwhile the indoor temperature averaged 14.4degC and the humidity 56.7%… that was without the solar air heater operating.
As it happened, we were away again for the whole month of August on our latest trip. But this time we were able to leave the solar air heater turned on. Because it is set up on a thermostat, whenever the temperature inside the heater panel gets above 40degC the fan automatically switches on and blows warm air into the house. So, even though we weren’t there to operate the blinds or the vent fans, the house was still getting some added heat and fresh air.
The results speak for themselves. During this most recent August while we were away, the outdoor temperature averaged 8.7degC and the humidity 70.8% (almost identical to August 2015) however the indoor temperature averaged 16.2degC and the indoor humidity 47.4%. This means that the Solar Air Heater by itself raised our indoor air temperature by an average of about 2degC and reduced our indoor humidity level by about 10%.
Personally I think that’s a fantastic result.
In last week’s Newsletter from the ranch in Montana I attempted to address a reader named Leon’s concerns about the harm that animal agriculture is doing to the global environment. During the last week I have received a number of responses including the following from Leon…
Hi Andy,
Thanks for taking it on-board, appreciated! My partner and I are both vegan, climate is only one part; cruelty, exploitation and our health are another part too. Here are some links:
Best wishes,
Leon
Also this from a reader named Doug
Hi Andy,
Thanks for another interesting Newsletter.
You’ve raised what can become a very heated debate by those who see domestic grazing animals as a huge cause of green house gases and those who defend the practice. A recent very thoughtful book on this issue by an Australian farmer and academic, Charles Massy, called “The Call of the Reed Warbler” is worth reading before rushing to make too many judgements on this issue.
The experience and work of another author, Allan Savory, is also worth investigating. His work is also discussed in Charles Massy’s book.
Always look forward to reading your words and hope you get as much enjoyment setting your thoughts to paper as we readers do reading them.
All the best,
Doug
And this from Chris out here to do some cattle work and I received the following response from a reader named Leon.
‘Thanks for the on-going newsletters. Your mention of cattle got me thinking. Animal agriculture is responsible for about 15% of greenhouse gas emissions around the world, possibly more. Yet most “green” movements and environmental information makes no or very little mention of this. Why is it being ignored?’
This is a very good question and I can’t speak to the issue of why it is being ignored. However I do have some thoughts on the subject which I would like the share this week (interspersed with some photos from the ranch which I promised last week).
Most of our cattle work is still done on horse back, just like the old days.
I can’t vouch for Leon’s assertion that animal agriculture is responsible for 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions but it wouldn’t surprise me. What I would like to know (and don’t have time to research right now) is how are those emissions produced? How much is due to burning fossil fuels to produce the food that the animals are fed? How much is due to transportation of either the live animals or the meat, eggs, milk, etc that they produce? And how much is due to emissions from the animals themselves?
Without putting too fine a point on it, cattle produce a lot of methane (through burping and farting) but I recently read an article suggesting that feeding cattle a certain type of seaweed can dramatically reduce the amount of methane created. For those who don’t know, methane is a powerful greenhouse gas with something like nine times the potency of carbon dioxide, so reducing methane emissions is very important for reducing greenhouse gases.
A little snow started to fall as we began to gather the cattle.
I can’t prove this but my gut feeling is that the majority of greenhouse gas emissions created by animal agriculture comes from intensive, factory style ‘farming’ such as cattle feedlots, pig farms and chicken sheds. Not only do these super-intensive ‘farming’ situations create horrible conditions for the animals to live in, they also require massive inputs of processed food, chemicals, medications and energy.
By contrast, this ranch in Eastern Montana requires very little of those things. In fact, this part of the world has always had ruminant animals grazing and fertilising the grass. Before the invasion of white settlers the West was covered with huge herds of bison (which are closely related to beef cattle) and the environment has adapted to their presence. The photos above were taken on part of the Custer National Forest that the ranch leases for summer pasture. For decades the National Forest Service has conducted field studies on the effect of cattle on the health of the ecosystem and they have found that, when cattle are kept off the land, the ecosystem suffers and biodiversity declines.
Cutting out a pair of the neighbour’s cattle.
Unfortunately the bison were wiped out by the likes of Buffalo Bill Cody as part of the the government’s efforts to subdue the Native American tribes that used to belong on this land. This is a region of very low rainfall and hilly, rocky terrain. Most of this land cannot be used for growing crops or other forms of irrigated agriculture. It does however produce wonderful grass and beef cattle are a great way to harvest grass and turn it into high-grade food for humans.
So, on balance, I think raising cattle here is a good thing for the economy, the environment and for people.
The cattle safely delivered to the 3X Bar property (which, I just learned this week, was homesteaded by Buffalo Bill Cody)
Here at the ranch we eat local, grass-fed, natural beef that tastes delicious and does minimal harm to the environment. I think the problems associated with animal agriculture happen when beef cattle are taken away from grass land, crammed into feedlots and stuffed full of corn-based food and antibiotics. Unfortunately that is how the majority of beef in the US is raised and I agree with Leon, that this is a serious environmental problem. Not to mention the suffering that it causes to the animals themselves. And I think the situation is probably worse in the huge barns where pigs and chickens are fattened in the most in-humane conditions.
The last time I checked (which was a few years ago) most of Australia’s beef was raised in the country and fattened on grass which is a good thing. But cattle and sheep are not native to Australia and create other environmental concerns because the ecosystem has not evolved to cope with these types of animals. On the other hand there are plagues of every kind of imported animal right across Australia from rabbits to deer, horses, donkeys, camels, goats, pigs, water buffalo, foxes and cats. In fact the last two are probably the most serious problem. I just read an article last week that estimated that cats and foxes kill a million native birds and animals every night in Australia.
Back at the (100 year-old) barn at the end of another long day.
It seems to me that the best thing we could do in Oz would be to start eating deer, horses, donkeys, camels, goats, pigs and water buffalo. All of these are eaten in other parts of the world and some are considered absolute delicacies. There are millions of these feral animals infesting the outback as well as our national parks and forests. Why not eat them and reduce both the pressure they put on our natural ecosystems and our demand for beef, pork, chicken and lamb which all carry varying degrees of carbon footprint and environmental problems?
Until those kinds of meat become available I can only suggest that the best thing you can do (if you plan to eat meat like I do) is to know where your meat (or eggs or milk) comes from. If it is locally raised and the animals are treated fairly then it is likely to be much better for you and for the planet.
Bon appetit and here are a few more photos from ranch.
Log barn at the 3X Bar
Driving across Montana is always spectacular
Corrals at the 3X Bar
Logs and Grass
Sunset at the ranch
Thanks for reading. By next Newsletter I’ll be back home at the Greeny Flat. news (for those who live near the Greeny Flat) is, thanks to local solar-storage company Simmark, the Tiny House is coming to Bowral’s Bradman Oval on November 22nd.
I wrote about Simmark (and their admirable philosophy of understanding their customer’s energy requirements in order to find ways to conserve energy before installing solar on their roof) in our Newsletter on May 4th, 2017. I applaud their initiative in bringing the Tiny House to our area and I’m particularly happy to know it’s coming after I return from Montana so I’ll be able to attend. I hope to see you there. Here’s a bit more information about the tour (sorry some of it is a bit out of date) from a Gizmodo article dated August 14.
Beginning.
For readers not from the Southern Highlands of NSW the following are some of the other stops on the tour and you can visit the Tesla Tiny House Website for the latest locations or to request that it comes to your community..
In last week’s Newsletter I suggested that anyone considering installing a solar system on their home who is primarily motivated by environmental concerns should think seriously about what they do with the STC ‘rebate’ they get off the price of the system. These STC’s are sold to big polluters to allow them to ‘offset’ their GHG emissions. So, if you’re installing solar to reduce your own emissions, you might not want to sell the rights to those emissions to a big industrial polluter.
In order to get a second opinion about this I emailed Mark Horsfall, co-owner of Simmark, to see what he thought. The following is his response.
Not sure I am 100% with you on that one mate. The system is a reality. Boycotting it is unlikely to hurt the polluters or accelerate their demise. Take it to the extreme. Let’s say almost everybody refused to sell their STCs. All that would do is reduce supply and drive up the price, rewarding the few who do monetise. The polluters are just going to pass on the higher cost to the grid so they don’t really care. Furthermore, if a stigma or distaste associated with selling your STCs develops, that is likely to slow down solar adoption as the STC component is still 20-30% of a system’s gross value, making the subsidy an integral part of the investment decision for most people. I think STCs and the 15 year phase out are a rare example of good environmental public policy. I actually think the Federal government should do much more to reward home efficiency. I also think there should be a program to support/backstop the financing of solar/storage investment at the residential level for homeowners of limited means, much like HECS debt for tertiary education. Too often, solar and especially batteries are a wealthy person’s luxury and that’s wrong.
So, as you can see, Mark approves of the STC system which, as he points out, is due to be phased out in stages over the next 15 years. I guess my point was not to boycott the system on a large scale. Most people installing solar are not motivated purely by environmental altruism but, if you are one of those few, I still suggest you give thought to the STC’s and what they mean for your hopes of reducing your own carbon emissions.
If you want to discuss any of this with me or with Mark, we’ll both be at Bradman Oval on the 22nd of November for the Tesla Tiny House event.
Whether you already have a solar system or are thinking about installing one, another factor to consider is the coming revolution in electric vehicles. You may well want to make sure that you have enough solar (or at least enough roof space for it) to be able to charge one or two EV’s.
Our PHEV outside the Greeny Flat and charging from the solar system on our garage.
We have 3kW of solar on our garage roof which is enough to run our house and to charge our PHEV for most of my local driving. But if you want more detailed information, here is a link to a very thorough article from Solar Quotes on how much solar it takes to charge an EV. In short, depending on where you are in the country and how much you drive, you will probably need about 2kW of solar for each back out to Sam’s family ranch in Eastern Montana to help with bringing the cattle down from the Custer National Forest and shipping the calves. I’m looking forward to lots of riding and beautiful fall weather. Montana can be truly spectacular at this time of year.
While I’m over here I’m also trying to stay in touch with what’s happening in Australia. A few days ago I read this Energy Matters article about how the recent drop in the price of STC’s (Small-scale Technology Credits) might lead to higher prices for home solar systems. STC’s are the ‘rebate’ your installer gets when they install a solar system on your roof which effectively reduces the cost of the solar system for you. According to the article, there was so much rooftop solar installed in the first half of 2017 it caused an oversupply of STC’s which, in turn, led to a 25% drop in the price of STC. This means that your installer gets less of a ‘rebate’ and will, most likely, have to pass on the extra cost to you, the homeowner. While this is probably not welcome news, there is a bigger issue with STC’s that I think we should all be aware of.
Under Australia’s ‘Renewable Energy Target’ there are two schemes for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. One is called the Large-scale Renewable Energy Target and the other is the Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme.
Under the Renewable Energy Target a variety of individuals, businesses and industry groups interact with the schemes, including:
The key point to note here is the last sentence, industry groups (i.e. big polluters) are required by law to surrender both LGC’s and STC’s to offset the generation of emissions intensive energy. This means that if you as a homeowner installing a small solar system, sell the STC’s (or give them to your installer in return for a cheaper price which is usually the case) you are basically selling the emissions reductions that your system creates.
So, if you are installing solar for environmental reasons, the responsible thing to do is to pay the extra cost for your solar system, keep the STC’s and surrender them to the Clean Energy Regulator. Otherwise you cannot claim to be reducing your carbon footprint. This would be double-dipping because, if you gave away your STC’s, someone big polluter somewhere will be using them to claim a greenhouse gas emission reduction.
And let me be the first to say that I am guilty of this myself because I didn’t fully understand the system. When we installed the solar system on the Greeny Flat, we allowed the installer to keep the STC’s which he no doubt sold to some big polluter. Until recently it didn’t occur to me that I was giving away any claim to the emissions reductions.
If you’re reasons for installing solar are purely financial or you’re just wanting more independence from the electricity retailers then, by all means, use the STC’s to reduce the cost of your system. But if your motivation is primarily environmental then I suggest you give serious thought to how you deal with the STC issue. | 9,386 | [
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57629,
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11,
2643,
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616,
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311,
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304,
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13,
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757,
13985,
430,
28298,
5675,
400,
605,
11,
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264,
17116,
11701,
1566,
1060,
13,
358,
6562,
1124,
279,
1888,
315,
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19994,
304,
4156,
315,
279,
8620,
15238,
17032,
323,
11,
23127,
19994,
304,
2626,
627,
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279,
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11,
422,
499,
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856,
64465,
7063,
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31877,
627,
40,
8667,
709,
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902,
374,
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279,
1917,
13,
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459,
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902,
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11,
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505,
279,
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13744,
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11,
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753,
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220,
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4,
2753,
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6962,
20748,
430,
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13,
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656,
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264,
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11,
422,
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459,
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439,
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279,
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311,
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433,
13,
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433,
753,
539,
11684,
449,
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433,
753,
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11,
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13,
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311,
387,
9615,
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11731,
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11,
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52,
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264,
220,
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635,
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449,
51692,
627,
14336,
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420,
3169,
617,
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1027,
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647,
11,
264,
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527,
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14639,
198,
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1965,
13238,
2849,
5557,
374,
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220,
1954,
824,
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315,
279,
13238,
3157,
11,
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2212,
279,
1917,
527,
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311,
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311,
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11297,
11,
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11,
15528,
323,
15062,
627,
2181,
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649,
1755,
311,
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369,
279,
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311,
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433,
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420,
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374,
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311,
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7060,
449,
279,
7432,
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684,
4717,
753,
1862,
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420,
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13,
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426,
647,
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11851,
98200,
323,
433,
753,
46620,
709,
311,
387,
264,
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1938,
0,
311,
1935,
9610,
315,
72689,
25450,
7127,
323,
1455,
1047,
21577,
315,
3130,
369,
16048,
902,
3727,
856,
2683,
1633,
42093,
627,
11769,
4857,
358,
25052,
706,
2204,
4819,
323,
264,
5016,
3451,
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2786,
529,
323,
358,
4774,
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311,
1440,
1855,
832,
323,
1148,
1202,
3831,
3585,
323,
3966,
527,
13,
358,
3987,
311,
617,
892,
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279,
5108,
5672,
311,
3350,
1162,
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315,
1063,
315,
1521,
12634,
82935,
1392,
13,
763,
279,
33953,
11,
422,
499,
3207,
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11,
499,
649,
1505,
832,
3293,
1934,
358,
1550,
369,
264,
3838,
1523,
279,
10007,
13962,
555,
18965,
1618,
627,
791,
28298,
49074,
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374,
5108,
311,
44685,
323,
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11,
16190,
291,
555,
264,
5008,
1630,
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1841,
627,
2170,
584,
4070,
9932,
8767,
11,
279,
28298,
49074,
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374,
5108,
311,
1057,
3158,
9523,
311,
279,
9045,
315,
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13238,
323,
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15374,
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11,
4567,
4075,
627,
40,
617,
1027,
18719,
311,
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279,
1403,
4455,
1828,
2046,
304,
2015,
311,
6604,
311,
1063,
2978,
5315,
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279,
7720,
315,
2678,
11,
72689,
25450,
11,
4907,
6928,
323,
17049,
10632,
1093,
279,
7997,
88,
24492,
323,
311,
387,
389,
1450,
311,
4320,
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753,
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13,
2684,
690,
1101,
387,
264,
2254,
7514,
520,
279,
4455,
369,
1884,
889,
1390,
311,
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1853,
627,
8586,
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279,
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11,
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323,
3115,
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279,
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387,
1825,
311,
279,
586,
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279,
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279,
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40,
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323,
584,
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279,
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22415,
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11,
279,
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13,
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374,
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315,
264,
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13,
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499,
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311,
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320,
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13,
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311,
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11,
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323,
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433,
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13,
2100,
358,
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1093,
279,
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279,
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11,
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11,
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323,
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311,
636,
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574,
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304,
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283,
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311,
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449,
459,
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11,
16768,
11,
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706,
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264,
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5678,
323,
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11,
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627,
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311,
279,
120545,
568,
323,
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12439,
304,
369,
264,
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315,
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814,
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279,
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198,
2028,
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264,
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369,
757,
1606,
358,
1176,
2322,
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568,
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304,
264,
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538,
358,
574,
12917,
520,
279,
3907,
315,
37105,
13,
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813,
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369,
279,
34253,
16768,
6319,
264,
2697,
1022,
29183,
11,
659,
1355,
27781,
13691,
430,
568,
26253,
311,
1977,
369,
5678,
832,
1938,
304,
279,
24405,
15038,
3221,
9083,
283,
4355,
13,
2468,
279,
892,
568,
3287,
1431,
617,
4363,
719,
568,
7995,
1047,
279,
8063,
627,
32,
5743,
315,
1667,
3010,
568,
1047,
11021,
813,
2697,
6710,
315,
279,
13952,
323,
3782,
311,
757,
369,
9650,
389,
279,
2955,
323,
4907,
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3649,
315,
279,
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499,
1518,
304,
279,
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3485,
13,
5112,
568,
323,
64787,
11021,
279,
120545,
902,
814,
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1948,
315,
459,
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328,
27034,
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6558,
6070,
311,
8854,
439,
264,
2035,
311,
3974,
1418,
814,
5918,
279,
3838,
627,
25488,
16768,
323,
64787,
753,
17104,
120545,
198,
40,
3021,
379,
324,
2641,
1981,
814,
527,
1778,
6366,
11,
72770,
14726,
13,
578,
1589,
1056,
77529,
291,
1776,
1900,
499,
1518,
304,
279,
6685,
3485,
527,
279,
4553,
7147,
59049,
323,
527,
12673,
311,
264,
9244,
3451,
12928,
529,
2212,
279,
1948,
315,
279,
7147,
902,
11815,
279,
15485,
53555,
388,
627,
791,
4553,
6070,
315,
264,
120545,
374,
1903,
709,
315,
2678,
9863,
315,
7732,
28799,
398,
12673,
449,
9699,
5043,
18724,
323,
9244,
198,
791,
53555,
388,
11,
304,
2543,
11,
1862,
264,
28029,
1940,
4010,
492,
304,
279,
12541,
315,
279,
15485,
902,
9061,
288,
279,
4459,
15135,
304,
6366,
3177,
323,
5825,
264,
1684,
315,
279,
13180,
627,
2181,
753,
264,
24415,
3634,
311,
387,
304,
1981,
369,
264,
1418,
13,
2030,
64787,
323,
16768,
12439,
304,
420,
1555,
2380,
477,
3116,
37105,
86082,
994,
20472,
1053,
636,
1523,
3770,
28382,
220,
508,
16915,
13,
63554,
872,
120545,
374,
14738,
79379,
323,
649,
387,
8774,
1633,
8369,
449,
264,
7732,
45115,
13,
2030,
814,
3287,
1431,
617,
4401,
3090,
11,
872,
9979,
574,
264,
6962,
45115,
389,
264,
259,
75143,
323,
872,
27306,
574,
264,
14512,
304,
279,
5015,
13,
320,
51,
2259,
1071,
433,
5828,
1431,
439,
3958,
439,
994,
1364,
12439,
304,
28366,
323,
1047,
311,
1935,
264,
32813,
45738,
449,
1077,
311,
279,
220,
2969,
1559,
311,
5471,
1077,
73974,
505,
43318,
311,
279,
10954,
4390,
9673,
527,
1063,
11292,
1274,
719,
2103,
11,
358,
4344,
2771,
499,
649,
13085,
1268,
6380,
814,
527,
311,
617,
5616,
7882,
304,
311,
872,
43535,
2697,
13691,
627,
51,
2259,
753,
502,
15197,
4686,
449,
4106,
323,
9439,
4401,
3090,
11,
17639,
11,
19868,
11,
6962,
3090,
43338,
323,
57823,
287,
27306,
198,
791,
13691,
1436,
387,
7633,
320,
1225,
11401,
2915,
8,
439,
459,
4206,
12,
3627,
51951,
49074,
4783,
13,
1102,
706,
264,
43972,
315,
220,
8273,
17692,
320,
9274,
220,
1187,
29443,
76,
1981,
902,
3727,
1057,
220,
3226,
29443,
76,
7997,
88,
24492,
2873,
1093,
264,
44439,
8,
449,
264,
59527,
14,
2788,
3039,
927,
4376,
315,
279,
5015,
6558,
13,
578,
6558,
323,
15485,
527,
5918,
449,
328,
27034,
21988,
320,
23,
15271,
315,
32183,
449,
10293,
33,
79215,
311,
2225,
11314,
8,
1418,
279,
14620,
527,
45888,
47093,
11,
4848,
15271,
12314,
323,
449,
459,
5217,
3116,
15271,
315,
7091,
1146,
337,
49117,
20037,
2212,
279,
4553,
4994,
13,
763,
77653,
16768,
2795,
568,
1288,
617,
1511,
328,
27034,
21988,
369,
279,
14620,
439,
1664,
13,
2435,
3207,
11646,
311,
3780,
719,
1053,
617,
6924,
1461,
264,
2763,
315,
12544,
323,
892,
369,
459,
13890,
2237,
315,
49117,
13,
578,
11276,
527,
12250,
11539,
14418,
323,
358,
649,
1431,
6227,
422,
814,
1051,
2033,
477,
24657,
93286,
627,
644,
4689,
420,
13987,
3838,
374,
2307,
79379,
323,
1633,
1664,
3805,
19584,
902,
3445,
814,
617,
311,
387,
16994,
311,
71702,
349,
433,
12722,
304,
279,
12688,
892,
13,
578,
2853,
369,
7384,
574,
922,
400,
1399,
11,
931,
320,
7284,
264,
54460,
315,
2653,
990,
8,
323,
814,
3207,
1633,
6380,
449,
1268,
433,
6656,
704,
627,
2181,
753,
2653,
311,
10512,
1778,
264,
2678,
3634,
719,
279,
4101,
315,
7397,
430,
1833,
3041,
264,
5128,
1695,
4623,
315,
1148,
433,
753,
1093,
4871,
13,
358,
4344,
1633,
26259,
311,
16768,
323,
64787,
369,
42292,
757,
709,
311,
1518,
279,
8220,
2027,
13,
1102,
753,
1633,
1790,
872,
8945,
323,
358,
2733,
1093,
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Just like in casual conversation, any overtly political or religious subs can be utterly poisonous and really show off the worst things we can do behind the veil of anonymity - several subs have been banned for things like brigading and doxxing. It's better off for your sanity to stay away from things like that. Reddit has gained a bit of a reputation for that seedy side, not entirely unwarranted although of course tarring all Redditors with the same brush is incorrect at best.
To counter that, let me make some recommendations for some subs you should follow! You should find a sub for pretty much any one of your interests, and if they're particularly niche you'll find pretty much all of the positives of Reddit with none of the negatives. One of my favourites is /r/askhistorians. Also finding a sub for your city, state or in some cases country can be a good way to find commonality. | 188 | [
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Skywatchers across the country enjoying outburst of rarely seen 'jaw-dropping' clouds
If you've happened to glance up at the sky about an hour after sunset or an hour before sunrise and noticed wispy, electric blue clouds on the horizon, you've managed to catch a rare sighting of noctilucent clouds, or NLCs.
Over the past few weeks, NLCs, also known as polar mesospheric clouds, have been spotted not just in northern regions, but in areas that have never had reported sightings before, including as far south as California.
"We're seeing more [NLCs] this year than any other time," said James Russell, principal investigator for NASA's Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite that studies NLCs. "In fact, we've seen them at the lowest latitudes on record."
NLCs are the highest clouds in our atmosphere, at an altitude of roughly 80 kilometres.
While NLCs still aren't completely understood, researchers know that three things need to be present in order for them to form: an increase in water vapour, very cold temperatures and particles on which the water vapour can freeze.
The sun must also be at least six degrees below the horizon to illuminate the clouds.
Early this morning I saw from Joshua Tree a rare sight from this latitude, noctilucent clouds floating like pale windblown webs above the twilight. They are the highest of clouds, looming at the edge of space and shining with the blue-white color of unfiltered sunlight. pic.twitter.com/xdbf0HZi3x—@DDAVISSPACEART
The first recorded sighting of NLCs was in 1885, two years after the violent eruption of the Krakatoa volcano in Indonesia. At the time, many scientists believed that the two events were somehow linked. However, NLCs have continued to appear at the poles year after year.
Now scientists believe that perhaps dust from meteroid particles — tiny bits of space dust present in our atmosphere — could be the particles on which ice crystals form once the water vapour freezes.
But why are NLC sightings on the rise?
Scientists believe that what's changed is an increase in water vapour in the upper atmosphere.
"We know there is more water in lower latitudes than ever before in the time period we've been observing, over the last 12 years," Russell said.
While water vapour can act as a blanket, warming the Earth below, up in the higher atmosphere, closer to the coldness of space, the atmosphere radiates heat outward and cools.
And that might account for NLC sightings so far south.
There is also another factor that might be contributing to the phenomenon.
The sun goes through a cycle every 11 years, going from a period of high activity, with more sunspots and flares, for example, to one of lower activity. Even at its maximum, the sun hasn't been quite as active over the past few cycles and, at the moment, we're heading into the peak of lower activity, called a solar minimum.
When the sun isn't as active, it can cause the mesosphere, a region in our upper atmosphere, to cool down even more. Russell said there's a theory that perhaps the cooler temperatures and increased water vapour might be behind the increase in NLC activity.
No matter the reason behind the NLCs, people are enjoying the show.
Mike Noble, who is fortunate to live in Edmonton, where these displays are more easily seen, has been chasing them since 2012. He has spotted NLCs on more than 250 different nights — 50 of those in 2018 alone.
NLCs are typically spotted in the northern hemisphere between late May and August. Noble first spotted them this season on May 25, beating his previous early record of May 28 last year.
"The activity of noctilucent clouds this year has been much more," Noble said.
On some nights, Noble said, the initial presence of NLCs starts with almost a whisper — a slight glow against the evening twilight sky. Whereas other nights, "it can explode and it can get so bright."
Alister Ling, a retired meteorologist who also hails from Edmonton and is an NLC chaser, says he hopes one day to create a model that can forecast when NLCs might occur — something that's never been done successfully.
"Nothing of interest happens that high [in the atmosphere] that affects the day-to-day life for airplanes or people, so weather models don't have the need to go up that high."
For now, he is enjoying the incredible displays.
"One of the things that I love about observing noctilucent clouds with binoculars is a nice display that is jaw-dropping," he said. "The level of detail, the waves."
If you want to see them for yourself, look north about an hour after sunset or an hour before sunrise, and be sure you have a good view of the northern horizon.
While it can't be said for certain how long this particular outburst will last, Noble encourages people to enjoy the night sky.
"I want people to get out of their beds and look up," he said. "There are things to see at night." | 1,111 | [
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] |
Silver brick of 25 gms or 50 or 100 gms, with perfectly straight edges and 90 degree corners (no substitutes for this be used).
A number of Silver Laxmi-Ganesh coins (10 gms or more) and a deity form of Laxmi-Ganesh (or substitute a Laxmi-Ganesh coin for the deities).
11 ‘Dhanteras’ Candles or 11 other available pink and purple candle.
On a red cloth place a new ‘kadhai’/pan or other suitable utensil filled with rice. Place 5 whole ‘suparis’ (betel nuts) and 21 Kamal gattas (lotus seeds) on rice. In a bowl or ‘lota’ fill Ganga Jal and sugar. Place ‘lota’ on the rice, put silver coins for Diwali ‘puja’ in the ‘lota’, then offer flowers or flower garland on the ‘lota’ (not in it). On the right side of the ‘lota’ as you face it, place the silver brick (25 or 50 or 100 gms), and on the left side place Lakshmi ji and Ganesh ji’s deity-form or a Laxmi-Ganesh silver coin. Light the ‘Dhan Teras’ Candle. Light for 2 hours in morning and in the evening on ‘Dhan Teras’ i.e. (one day before Diwali), add honey in the ‘lota’ in which you had put the sugar and Ganga Jal. On Diwali morning add ghee, milk and curd in the ‘lota’. On Diwali evening, take out all the coins and place in a ‘thali’. Do the Diwali coins ‘puja’ offering ‘panch-amrit’ (mix ghee, curd, milk, honey and Ganga Jal), ‘kesar-tilak’, ‘mithai’, flowers, ‘Kamal gattas’ on the coins. Then do Lakshmiji’s puja & ‘aarti’, include lighting the four-wick ‘chaar-mukhi’ oil-‘diya’ lamp. In front of the new utensil or ‘kadhai’/pan, light Laxmi ‘ghee-lamp’ and ‘Dhan Teras’ candles on all 3 days i.e. ‘Dhan Teras’, ‘Chhoti Diwali’ & ‘Diwali’.
Chant special Diwali ‘mantras’ throughout these days and also use them frequently over the year for empowerment and blessings from Ganesh ji & Lakshmi ji.
To invoke the blessings of Lord krishna, Ganesha, Maa Laxmi, Maa Durga, Maa Saraswati and God Kuber, chant the following mantras on the eve of Diwali festival (during night).
Then after Diwali ‘pujan’, leave the ‘ghee lamp’ and ‘chaar-mukhi diya’ lamp lit and allow to burn out as the oil and ‘ghee’ runs out. Next morning after Diwali, put all the coins away in a red cloth pouch/bag after wiping with tissue, in your money place. Do not wash the coins. (The next year before ‘Dhan Teras puja’ you can wash the coins and repeat the procedure as given here.) Place ‘Kamal gattas’ and ‘suparis’ in a separate bag and also keep them at your money-place.
Important Note: Retain some of the rice to cook in the same new ‘kadhai’/pan in which you had kept the rice. Cook it 1 day after Diwali (‘Govardhan puja’ day) and share with your family. This will activate abundance and positive energies for all family members for the year going forward. Keep rice container full by adding new rice for the whole year. In 2015, the day before next, Diwali empty the rice container, clean it and then add the new ‘puja’ rice to your kitchen rice container.
Take a metal bowl, silver or copper or steel bowl. Fill it with water. Then put one silver coin with pictures of Goddess ‘Lakshmi’ and ‘Ganesha’ in this bowl. Place the bowl in the North or East window of the house. See that it receives maximum exposure of the light. If there is no window in these directions then you can place a mirror on North wall and place the bowl near it. After keeping this water bowl in North take three copper coins, wrap them up in red silken cloth or a pouch and stick them next to the water bowl. Keep this bowl with the coin pouch for two weeks from October 20 through November 7, 2014. On November 07, 2014 evening, take silver coin in same red pouch and keep them at your locker until next Diwali and then take next 3 energized copper pennies, mix 4 more pennies and keep it in rice container. This container should never be kept empty. Do not forget to pour the bowl water in any potted plant only inside the house, not outside the house. This will charge up the North Zone Energy and will lead to increase in money inflow. | 1,200 | [
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Diabetes mellitus disease: how to treat?
Diabetes mellitus: types
Type 1. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which the body stops secreting enough insulin. As a result, blood glucose levels rise. A person is constantly thirsty, appetite and urine output increase. The disease is constantly progressing without proper treatment. Violation of the diet or untimely use of drugs can lead to hypo – or hyperglycemic coma. There are two types of diabetes mellitus. The first occurs when cells in the pancreas are destroyed. After all, it is she who is responsible for the secretion of the hormone insulin. This hormone is responsible for the entry of glucose into cells. And although it is in the body in sufficient quantities, it cannot fulfill its function. Human cells can be said to “starve” and are destroyed. Your own immune system facilitates this process, or viruses do it. Even with timely diagnosis of the disease and treatment with drugs, the process cannot be reversed, the destroyed cells are not restored back. In this case, the person receives insulin injections. The occurrence of type 1 diabetes is directly related to heredity. If there are people in the family who have a similar disease, the risk of developing it in children increases significantly. Type 2. Diabetes mellitus type 2 occurs when cells lose their sensitivity to incoming insulin. Its amount is sufficient for the normal functioning of the body, but it cannot fulfill its function. Loss of sensitivity in cells occurs due to the fact that they do not bind insulin to their receptors, since they are damaged. Most often, this disease occurs in obese people who are obese. It is also called “obesity diabetes”. In type 2 diabetes, it happens that the receptors of the cells are not destroyed, but insulin still does not work. This happens because it is initially produced “defective”, with an incorrect structure. This type of diabetes is called “the disease of the thin.” The second type does not progress as sharply as the first. The person will not immediately notice the symptoms that appear and seek help. This disease occurs quite often and the number of those suffering from it reaches 90% of all those suffering from diabetes. In the treatment of type 2 diabetes, insulin is not injected into the body, but drugs are used that increase the sensitivity of cells to this hormone.
The cost of treating diabetes and its complications per year is estimated at $ 215-375 billion. People with low income are most susceptible to this disease. So India, considered a poor country, holds an unenviable leadership in the world. Approximately every fifth diabetic comes from there.
The causes of the disease
Type 1 diabetes mellitus can begin to develop as early as childhood or adolescence. 70,000 cases are reported annually in children under 15 years of age. The most dangerous period is 20-29 years. At this time, external factors are added, which can become a trigger for the development of the disease. These are stress, psychological problems, alcohol and drug use by a person. The risk group also includes people who are obese or endocrine disorders. Heredity is also becoming a common cause of the disease.
Human actions that provoke the onset of the disease
- Irregular eating and frequent overeating. The body immediately notifies with the feeling of hunger that it is time to eat. The appetite begins to wake up the moment food passes from the stomach to the intestines. If you sit down at the table at this time, the feeling of hunger will be satisfied with a small portion of food. If you miss this time and endure hunger, then starting a meal you can lose your sense of proportion and eat too much. It is better to eat fractionally, about 5 times a day in small portions. Get up from the table, not at the moment when you feel full of fullness, but a little earlier. And if you skip a meal and are acutely hungry, eat something sweet first to dull it. After all, ordinary food does not immediately give a feeling of fullness, so there is a risk of eating too much.
- You can’t eat at night. The pancreas must rest in the dark. If you do not follow this rule, you force her to work overtime, thereby reducing the supply of insulin in the body;
- Eating sweets. All kinds of delicacies give pleasure to our receptors, but sugar should not be abused;
- Obesity. Being overweight can make it difficult for insulin to break through the fat to the receptors in the cells. The pancreas tries to fix the problem by producing more and more insulin, thereby quickly depleting its stores;
- Stress. Strongly negative or even positive emotions cause high blood sugar. To neutralize it, the pancreas secretes insulin and brings glucose levels back to normal. If such incidents happen infrequently, then the body tolerates them normally. But when stress is prolonged, then its consequences can be diabetes mellitus and a number of other serious diseases;
- Bad habits. Alcohol raises insulin levels, making cells hungry. Even if the stomach is full, the appetite still appears. If a person abuses alcohol, then over time, the pancreas stops responding and releases less and less insulin.
Diabetes mellitus has a number of symptoms that you should immediately go to the hospital if you feel.
- Frequent urination. When there is too much sugar in the blood, the body tries to excrete it through the urine. This causes discomfort to patients, especially at night;
- Feeling thirsty. The mouth is often dry and the need to constantly drink water or other drinks. If earlier you did not notice this for yourself, then with diabetes this is a pronounced symptom. The body gets rid of glucose through urine and, as a result, loses a lot of fluid;
- Appetite is increased. Constant hunger occurs with type 2 diabetes. The pancreas produces large amounts of insulin that is not used as intended. The person is constantly hungry, even if the stomach is still full;
- Numbness of the limbs. If there is too much sugar in the blood, nerves are damaged. The fingers and toes are the first to go numb. If the disease is not treated, then severe pain and trophic ulcers will appear;
- Deterioration of vision. If type 2 diabetes develops, then in its early stages there is a feeling of a veil on the eyes. When the treatment starts, it goes away. If you start the process, then you can greatly reduce visual acuity or even go blind.
In addition to these pronounced symptoms, there are a number of signs that may indicate a disease. This is itching in the genital area, slow wound healing, loss or sudden weight gain. If you feel that something is wrong with your body, then immediately consult a doctor for an examination. The effectiveness of diabetes treatment directly depends on how much the process is started.
Complication of diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus can cause serious complications in the body. These can be problems with the blood vessels. Patients with diabetes are more likely to develop atherosclerosis, which leads to heart attacks and strokes. Narrowed blood vessels damage the heart, brain, legs, eyes, and kidneys.
- People with this condition often develop skin ulcers and infections . And the wounds that used to heal in a few days now heal for a very long time, and sometimes they do not disappear at all. And this can lead to the appearance of gangrene and, as a result, amputation of the limb.
- Vision problems. With diabetes mellitus, the blood vessels of the eyes are affected, which causes a decrease in visual acuity.
- Disruption of the kidneys. Diabetes mellitus can cause chronic kidney disease, which later leads to the need for dialysis and organ transplants. During illness, the level of albumin protein rises, which indicates kidney damage. With timely treatment of the disease, doctors prescribe angiotensin II receptor blockers and other drugs that stop the progressing process.
- Nerve damage. Diabetes mellitus can disrupt one specific nerve, causing weakness in an arm or leg. If the nerves of the hands and feet are damaged, then there is a burning pain and weakness of the limb. Skin may also be affected. Her nerves will become less sensitive to changes in pressure or temperature, leading to more frequent injury.
Six people die from diabetes every minute. Just think about these scary statistics. Every 20th death is people who were killed by diabetes. It and its complications leave 3.2 million people annually around the world.
Diagnosis of the disease
As with other diseases, the earlier diabetes is diagnosed and treatment is started, the easier the disease will be. The difficulty in diagnosing is that there are too many symptoms and the patient may initially turn to the wrong specialist. If you have increased intense thirst, frequent urination, insomnia, and you have lost a lot of weight without dieting, see your doctor immediately. Further, the symptoms will only worsen, nausea, heart pains, dizziness will appear, and a coma may even develop. Type 2 diabetes is more subtle in its early stages. If you feel constant fatigue, itching, dry mouth, become sick with infectious diseases more often, and observe poor wound healing, then this can become the first symptoms of diabetes. Irritability, sleep disturbances, persistent depression and psycho-emotional instability are also noted. Diagnosis of diabetes in people over 65 is difficult due to the fact that symptoms practically do not appear in 50% of cases. And those complaints that exist often overlap with signs of other diseases. Experts are guided by the indications of the value of blood sugar (glycemia). If the analysis done on an empty stomach shows more than 7 mmol / L in venous blood and 6.1 in capillary blood, then these are clear signs of the development of diabetes mellitus.
About 90% of people with diabetes are of the second type. It most often occurs in middle age. This means that the reason is mostly not in heredity, but in the way of life of people. Sedentary work, lack of exercise and poor nutrition are the cause of many problems.
Diabetes mellitus treatment
Unfortunately, diabetes mellitus occurs quite often in our country. Most of the patients suffer from the second type. When diagnosing this disease, in addition to drugs, a diet is prescribed. It provides for a restriction on alcohol consumption and the need to use a sweetener instead of regular sugar. In addition, a detailed nutritional plan is drawn up and the use of certain foods is minimized or completely eliminated. In combination with proper nutrition, medications and light physical activity are prescribed. The doctor, before prescribing treatment, will refer you to a consultation with an endocrinologist and a nutritionist. Insulin treatment is prescribed together with drugs that lower blood sugar. The use of this method occurs when weight loss or complications appear in patients with the second type of disease. Insulin is not prescribed for women during pregnancy and lactation. Also, the limitation in value is hemorrhagic diseases, precoma and coma. If you have diabetes, the first thing to do is to monitor your blood glucose levels several times a day. Its range is set by the doctor, but there are average numbers that you can focus on. If you performed the analysis on an empty stomach, then they should not exceed 6 mmol / L. After eating, after 2 hours, this indicator should not be more than 8 mmol / l. Treatment of different types of diabetes is specific. If the disease is type 1, then the patient is prescribed insulin therapy throughout his life. At the same time, you need to constantly monitor the level of glucose in the blood and give the body physical activity. In addition, constant monitoring by an endocrinologist is required. To completely get rid of type 1 diabetes, you will have to transplant the pancreas and islet cells. This method of treatment, although effective, is expensive and painful. Anyone with diabetes is assigned a diet. This does not mean at all that you need to give up your favorite food for life. It is worth excluding the intake of hard-to-digest fats. At least 20% of the diet should be proteins, 30% fat and 50% carbohydrates. Alcohol consumption should be limited and the number of calories consumed daily with food should be calculated daily. The treatment process for type 2 diabetes is divided into several levels. A low-carb diet, exercise, medication, and hormone injections are used. Eating restrictions helps to lower blood sugar. The glucose that remains is excreted with the help of physical activity. And if the disease is neglected, drugs and insulin are used. With the disease, you should consume as many vitamins and minerals as possible. Also, it is worth reducing the amount of salt in food. When choosing physical activity, you should pay attention to swimming, walking and cycling. The effect that physical education gives is temporary, so it is worth revising your lifestyle and making physical activity an integral part of it. These are general guidelines that should be followed in case of diabetes mellitus. More specific methods of treatment can only be prescribed by a specialist who will establish at what stage of development the disease is.
Insulin gets its name from the word for acute. Since it is produced by the pancreas and the islets of Langerhans , which are in it.
Prevention of the onset of the disease
If there are people with diabetes in your family, then you should not think that this fate will necessarily befall you, no matter what measures you take. If you lead the right lifestyle, then you can reduce the risk of its occurrence to a minimum. So what should you do?
- Proper nutrition. Cut back on carbohydrates. It is their presence that overloads the pancreas, which produces insulin. You should not abuse food that contains easily digestible carbohydrates and sugar. These products include non-natural juices, cookies, white bread, any confectionery and many others. The best food for your body will be one that includes plant fiber. The diet should look something like this: 60% of foods that contain complex carbohydrates, 20% for fat and 20% for protein. As for the cooking process, fried foods should be replaced with boiled and baked foods.
- Constant physical activity. Spend at least half an hour a day in sports to positively influence metabolic processes and improve the fat composition of the blood. This will keep you in shape and take one more step to avoid a dangerous illness. Exercise, which is taught from childhood in kindergartens, is the minimum physical activity that must be constantly performed. Find something you like to do. This could be dancing, cycling, or just walking.
- Avoid stressful situations and remain calm. Controlling your emotional state is one of the most important factors that will protect you from the occurrence of many diseases, not just diabetes. If the work is constantly associated with stress, then it is better to refuse it. An argument like high wages will become completely irrelevant when you spend most of it on treatment. And the constant spending of time in hospitals will lead to the fact that you still lose your job. Therefore, choose an activity for yourself that will bring not only profit, but also pleasure.
- Get medical checkups regularly, especially if you are at risk. Once every six months, you need to take the necessary tests to fix the moment when the disease is just beginning to develop.
Athlete Harry Hull in 1999 fell ill with diabetes. The doctor strictly forbade him to continue swimming. But he did not listen to him and later won the Olympic award of the highest standard.
Follow the general guidelines and see your doctor immediately if you feel that your body is not working as usual. Early diagnosis of the disease will greatly facilitate the treatment of diabetes and help avoid complications. | 3,271 | [
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Make a sketch of the desired bowl profile as shown in the drawing above. Plan out the number of rings desired and the thickness of each and lay those in the drawing as "A" thru "H" as above. Now you can determine the length and width of the segments in a given ring. There are software programs available to help you determine the length and number of the segments for a specific diameter. One such program can be downloaded here*. I use my own matrix which I developed some time ago to determine my segment configurations. I actually discovered Tony's article just a few days ago and plan on trying it on my next segmented bowl.
I cut segment pieces using a Delta CMS and vary the number of segments in a given ring. The number of segments in a given ring is a variable that needs consideration during the design of the bowl. (like they say in Alabama, ("whatever cranks your tractor"). Segments can also be cut using a table saw with a cut-off sled, adjustable for various angles required for the number of pieces in a given ring. It is absolutely essential to your success to be able to cut the segment pieces very accurately. This is necessary to eliminate gaps between segments and layers.
Apply Titebond II� glue to two (2) segment pieces and press together, hand holding for just a few seconds and set aside. (A flat surface is recommended to accomplish segment glue-ups). The rings must be flat so as to not produce gaps when they are assembled to complete the bowl blank. I use a metal lab table when accomplishing this task. This pretty much eliminates the requirement to run the rings through a drum sander to ensure they are flat prior to assembly although there are times when I find it necessary to do so.
Next take pairs of segments and repeat the process until the ring is completed and a strap clamp can be applied until the glue is cured. This process continues until all the desired rings are assembled.
Next comes the assembly of the rings to form a completed bowl blank, ready for turning. I prefer to assemble the rings in pairs using plenty of clamps to eliminate any gaps—again using Titebond II glue. Set these pairs of rings aside to dry. Although only an hour is required, I usually allow them to cure overnight.
After assembling the bottom 4 rings I rough turned them on the lathe between centers.
The next step is to assemble the groups of rings sequentially to make the completed blank -- again, lots of clamps are a necessity.
The top layer of the blank is a scrap piece of pine which was used to mount the completed blank to a 6" faceplate. The blank was installed on my lathe (Jet 1236) and the outside bowl profile was turned. It should be noted that during most of this turning process the lathe tail stock was used for stability (moved back to take pictures for clarity purposes).
It should be noted at this point—after turning the outside I didn't like the effect of the 4 segment ring of butternut for the bottom of the bowl. However, I did want the effect of the design to be seen on the inside. So with the blank still in the lathe I cut a disc of black figured walnut, glued and clamp to the bottom of the blank while it was still mounted in the lathe (using 3 Bessey clamps) bringing up the tailstock to center the piece to the blank and let sit overnight.
I turned a recess in the walnut bottom to accept a Nova Chuck and then reversed the blank on the lathe mounting with a Mini Nova chuck. I then turned off the scrap pine which was use to mount the blank to the faceplate and started the process of turning the inside of the piece..
After completion of the inside turning process I sanded the inside using the same progressive grits as on the outside. I then applied a liberal coat of Minwax Antique Oil to the entire surface. After a 10 minute wait I buffed the entire blank with a soft cloth and allowed the oil to cure overnight. I repeated this process 3 times. I then applied a coat of Minwax Finishing Wax, buffing with a soft cloth after 10 minutes. I waited about an hour and applied a second coat of wax and buffed. After removing the bowl from the lathe, I drilled a 1 �" recess in the bottom using a forstner bit to accept a custom signature wooden medallion.
Return to SawmillCreek Woodworker's Forums.
Copyright �2003 Ken Salisbury of Ken's Wood Central. All rights reserved.
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] |
I know, in part, how you feel - if not totally your exact situation, at least in part.
Please please please email me if you want to vent, cry, share, get hugged.
| 42 | [
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About Me
I am a 20 year old college dropout (x2). I currently run with the Cleona Fire Company as well as the Neversink Fire Company as a Special Fire Police officer. I’ve have several lackluster business ventures, and will surely have several more.
I’m obsessed with tracking my Federal Reserve notes at the popular currency tracking site, Where’s George?
I’m an anime freak, currently digging Bleach. Other favorites include FLCL, Witch Hunter Robin, Samurai Champloo, Wolf’s Rain, Escaflowne, Spirited Away, and Princess Mononoke.
My favorite quotes include:
- How happy is the blameless Vestal’s lot!
- The world forgetting, by the world forgot;
- Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind!
- Each pray’r accepted, and each wish resign’d.
-
- I thought what I’d do was, I’d pretend I was one of those deaf mutes. Or would I?
-
- It is easy to see, that you are not used to this business of adventures. Those are giants, and if you are afraid, away with you out of here and betake yourself to prayer, while I engage them in fierce and unequal combat.
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No comments yetJump to comment form | comment rss [?] | trackback uri [?] | 301 | [
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- Using the Z table and the answer from test A on question 10 above what percentage of students did the student do better than? (Find the area under the curve to solve.)
- The scores of one student on two different IQ tests are as follows:
- IQ Test A IQ Test B
- X=140 X=120
- Mean=105 Mean=100
- S=20 S=10
Which test did the student do better on test A or test B? | 99 | [
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A couple of months ago, picking up threads from our recent conversations, Mike and I proposed a performance event sustained by the attempt to realise a screenplay live, visibly and with specifically limited resources, within a crowded room. In collaboration with nine post-graduate performance students from Aberystwyth University, we proposed to readdress an unmade screenplay from the Brith Gof archive.
The screenplay, developed by the late Cliff McLucas in 1993, describes a television film narrating the shooting of Llwyd ap Iwan by two outlaws at Nant-y-Pysgod in the foothills of the Andes in 1909, within the context of Welsh emigration to Patagonia from 1865, and drawing on elements from the performance work Patagonia created by Brith Gof in 1992. McLucas’s script combines a complete storyboard of 228 frames, with unfinished texts, soundtrack details, instructions to actors and information on camera movements – and unfolds around the making of a silent film.
The script was never filmed.
On the evening of May 20th 2011, as the culmination of a month long exploration, we made our final attempt to realise the visuals and soundtrack detailed within the script, as faithfully as possible, frame for frame, live and in real time, amongst a crowd of spectators – armed only with four live cameras, an old analogue vision mixer, found and drawn images, printed texts, a selection of objects and models, six live microphones, a loop station guitar peddle, a handful of acoustic instruments, and some fancy dress.
Realised by Holly Dacre-Davis, Melissa Donaldson, Karoline Grushka, Dafydd Hall Williams, Alec Hughes, Lisa Morris, Tilly Phillips, Fraser Stevens and Nik Wakefield; in collaboration with Mike Brookes and Mike Pearson.
| 375 | [
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Protease, peptidase, chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase are few example of enzymes that aid in protein break down.
Once a protein source reaches your stomach, hydrochloric acid and enzymes called proteases break it down into smaller chains of amino acids.
Chemical digestion is the enzyme-mediated, hydrolysis process that breaks down . These enzymes break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then.
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids . Uncatalysed, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds is extremely slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteolysis is typically catalysed by cellular enzymes called proteases, but . In human digestion, proteins in food are broken down into smaller peptide .
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water- soluble food In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide.
Gastric lipase in stomach breaks down some fats (all fats and oils are called Pepsin breaks some of the peptide bonds of some proteins. The pancreatic enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin break proteins into smaller and smaller peptides.
Learn how digestion breaks down carbohydrates, proteins and fats into small Enzymes can break down nutrients into small, soluble molecules that can be.
Enzymes continue to break down polypeptides and peptides into amino acids. Because amino acids are very small, they are able to be.
protein digesting enzyme; it breaks down proteins into single amino acids and polypeptides proteases: enzymes in the small intestine that digest polypeptides. | 385 | [
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Education Men Money Sports
Charles Barkley at the UFC Fight Night event at UFC APEX on November 20, 2021 in Las Vegas. (Photo: Chris Unger/Zuffa LLC)
Hall of Fame NBA basketball player, analyst, and sports personality Charles Barkley is giving back to HBCUs in a grand way.
Last week, AL.com reported that Barkley is donating $1 million each to Bethune-Cookman University and Jackson State University, which marks the seventh and eighth significant donations he has made to HBCUs.
He hadn’t notified the schools at the time of the news announcement.
Barkley’s decision to invest in Jackson State stems from his friendship with Pro Football Hall of Famer Deion Sanders, who left his position as the head football coach for the Jackson State Tigers. As BLACK ENTERPRISE previously reported, the former Dallas Cowboys star recently accepted a position as the head coach for the Colorado Buffaloes before the team announced the news on Twitter on Dec. 3.
“They’re probably gonna take a little hit with him leaving, so I want to show them some love because, man, what he accomplished there was pretty extraordinary,” Barkley said about Sanders.
According to The Clarion-Ledger, Jackson State wasn’t aware of Barkley’s gift until they discovered the news on social media.
“We are very thankful and look forward to working with Mr. Barkley to facilitate this generous gift,” Yolanda Owens, interim vice president for institutional advancement, told the outlet. “We appreciate his acknowledgement of Jackson State University and the great work that goes on at our institution. Because of his generosity, JSU will have an opportunity to support institutional priorities at a greater level and continue the efforts to elevate the university.”
Since 2016, Barkley has poured his generosity and dollars into other HBCUs, including Alabama A&M in Huntsville and Clark Atlanta University, per AL.com. In 2017, he pledged $1 million to Morehouse College in Atlanta. Three years later, he donated $1 million each to Miles College in Birmingham and Tuskegee University. | 447 | [
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According to Gartner, one of the top technologies driving change in the digital workplace isn’t a technology at all. Alongside things like embedded analytics, virtual PAs and ‘personal clouds’ is a 1950s design concept called “Bürolandschaft”. Yes, you read that right. To understand what new relevance this 60 year old idea has, you have to go back to the beginning.
Bürolandschaft (literally, ‘office landscape’) was originated by two brothers, Eberhard and Wolfgang Schnelle, in around 1958 in response to the seismic societal changes happening in post-war West Germany.
People had become suspicious of hierarchies, and the country was suddenly far more equal and egalitarian than ever before. At the same time, West Germany was experiencing rapid economic growth with modern, new, productivity-driven enterprises exporting to the world.
These conditions inspired the brothers to reject the status quo of office design and take a radical new approach. At the time, most European office spaces separated workers behind closed doors. In larger spaces, groups of clerks, typists and other lower-grade admin personnel would sit in rows of desks. These layouts reinforced strict office cultures and protocols.
Bürolandschaft had a revolutionary effect on these spaces, and today represents the dominant approach to planning an office environment. Open-plan offices, pot plants, office cubicles, irregular geometry and informal break areas are all innovations that we continue to see today.
What Gartner is pointing to is a need to update the basic principles of Bürolandschaft for the 21st century. Its original 1950s–1960s manifestation – the ubiquitous ‘office cubicle’ – was still relevant decades later. But there is new evidence to suggest that the benefits of office cubicles have peaked.
At the very least, they may be no longer fulfilling their purpose: increasing interaction between colleagues. A recent study by researchers at the University of Sydney, Australia concluded that the morale and productivity boosting virtues ascribed to open-plan offices “has no basis in the research literature.” That’s a powerful statement when you consider the size of the study: 42,000 respondents from over 300 office buildings.
Compared to open-plan based workers, the study found that workers based in private offices were far more satisfied with their environment. Not so much due to space, yet because of substantially less unwanted noise and overhead chatter from colleagues.
And rather than open-plan workers enjoying a significantly greater ‘ease of interaction’ with colleagues, the study actually found little difference in experience with those based in private offices. Private office workers were more satisfied with how they could interact with peers, compared to workers based in the bullpen.
Smart buildings are those that combine networked sensors and devices with intelligent software and the physical fabric of the building. It’s clear that ‘smart buildings’ will undoubtedly have a major impact on the digital workplaces of the future.
But many organisations may feel they are some years away from achieving the benefits of smart buildings unless they move premises or invest significant sums in retrofitting their environment.
For companies seeking a more evolutionary approach, Bürolandschaft offers some guiding principles to help inform digital workplace design decisions.
This doesn’t mean that people have to be in the same place. Promote the concept of ‘virtual proximity’ by equipping people to work as a team regardless of where they are situated. NFON cloud communications services enable just that, with a host of collaboration capabilities from any device or location.
When workers are in the office, consider creating an activity-based working environment. Instead of giving each employee a dedicated workstation space, set out work zones that are reserved for different kinds of work e.g. collaborating, concentrating or relaxing.
One of the hallmarks of Bürolandschaft is equality – everyone ought to be treated the same, regardless of organisational hierarchy. That means everyone shares the same car parking spaces, cafeterias and restrooms, regardless of seniority. It also means everyone gets the same access to personal space, meeting rooms and other facilities.
You need to make the flow of information as efficient as possible, removing silos and spreading knowledge across the organisation. This has led some businesses to adopt paperless office policies, Wikis and even the idea that nobody has the same fixed desk each day. Find out more about how to communicate most effectively in today’s open workplace.
The world is a stressful place and offices need to be a sanctuary away from that – places where employees love to be, which in turn makes them more productive.
Some employees will often want, or need, to be someplace else. So don’t make them feel removed, whether they’re at home or on the road.
People respond differently to different environments. Some get a buzz from a raucous bullpen, others need a place to think. Different tasks that crop up during the working day (if that concept even exists anymore!) also demand different environments. The creative brainstorm meeting, the confidential interview, the fact-finding mission. Create an environment with variety and let your people find their own way, with the freedom to communicate however they choose.
Bürolandschaft is still the right concept. It just needs rebooting to address the virtual and mobile opportunities of the digital age. It needs technological innovation to achieve its purpose. | 1,129 | [
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] |
Q: Try to set up IMAP (Javamail) Basically i've written up a SMTP server in Java and it works great. I have a website which gets user input (From: , To: , Subject, Body) outputs it into a log file then Java reads that and sends the email. If someone tries replying, i want it to get forwarded to their personal email (gmail, yahoo, hotmail, etc...). Any idea on the best way of doing this?
A: My answer bases on this webpage here: http://www.avolio.com/columns/E-mailheaders.html in conjunction with this wiki entry (Message ID) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message-ID
I suggest that you add an message-id (i.e java.util.UUID)every time an e-mail is sent. This ID you must also store in a database. If you receive an answer, you can look up to whom you should forward it.
The large providers also use these Message-IDs to create the history of the conversation.
Keep me posted if you wish further details.
| 242 | [
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It looks like the week has been dedicated to archaeological discoveries. If yesterday we were writing about the oldest moving pictures in the world, researchers from Britain, Spain and Portugal gave us a similar subject. Based on a new dating technique, the oldest cave painting in Europe goes back 40,800 years.
Researchers continue to be mesmerized by human evolution and the more they find the more excited are to look even further. Cave paintings are one of the scientists’ best ways to take a closer look at human evolution. Thanks to a new technique, dating cave painting just got a bit easier giving scientists a new way to travel back in time and try to understand how Neanderthals saw the world.
The new dating technique has been put at work in Spain cave paintings. Researchers had quite a shock to learn that the cave paintings they tested were in fact thousands of years older than what they originally thought. In fact, thanks to their test, the oldest cave painting in Europe goes back 40,800 years. It is so old researchers believe it was made by Neanderthals.
The findings might not look like much if your history is a bit dusty. However the new dating technique proves that Neanderthals were more complex than first imagined, giving scientists a whole new way to look at these distant cousins of the modern human. For years now it was believed that Neanderthals were one of the human family links that simply disappeared because they were not as intelligent as the Homo sapiens. The cave painting tells a different story.
The team led by Alistair Pike, archaeologist with the University of Bristol in UK used a new dating technique called uranium-thorium dating. Unlike the conventional radiocarbon dating which is limited, the uranium-thorium technique can read data some 1,000,000 years in time.
The team tested 40 Paleolithic paintings in almost a dozen Spanish caves. The technique used allowed them to analyze uranium, thorium and some elements in calcite deposits around the paintings themselves. The radioactive decay is measured to give scientists the exact time the calcite first started to form. | 425 | [
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] |
The report “Grain stocks worth 25,000 cr rotting” (Dec 13) is not based on facts. It is totally wrong that the grain stocks worth Rs 25,000 cr in Punjab godowns, both covered and in the open, are rotting. Actually 156 lakh MT of wheat is still lying in Punjab of which 18.65 lakh MT is held by the FCI. On an average 4.35 lakh MT wheat is being moved monthly out of Punjab. Till date 12.90 lakh MT wheat has been moved on export account and 2.5 lakh MT has since been lifted by private parties under the open sale scheme.
The FCI has now decided to allow the sale of wheat ex-Punjab godowns from the central pool. Private parties from the recipient regions are allowed to lift stocks by rail.
There has not been any adverse reporting about any rotting of foodgrains in the covered godowns. However, some stocks purchased during 1997-98 and 1998-99 under relaxed specifications as per the Government of India decision are awaiting disposal through open sale. Some quantities identified as BRL are also in the process upgradation/replacement through millers, but there has not been any down- gradation of the stocks, reported so far from the covered godowns of the Punjab region in recent months.
The FCI in Punjab is managing covered storage capacity of 85.17 lakh MT and open storage capacity of 50.16 lakh MT which is a record. The FCI has also taken steps to create additional storage space in other states so that foodgrains from Punjab are moved.
There has not been any problem with regard to payment from the FCI to the state agencies for the stocks delivered in the central pool. However, the state agencies are allowed carry-over charges, including the interest element, for the stocks held under their possession.
The FCI, Punjab region, has been feeding both HP and J&K for their requirements of wheat and rice along with some induction from Haryana. However, a particular variety of rice demanded by J&K is only available in UP.
The report “KU resolution to be challenged” (Dec 4) has given a distorted picture with regard to the university decision regarding the selection committee for appointment to the teaching positions in privately managed colleges affiliated with the university.
The decision has actually been taken to safeguard the interests of candidates and stop appointment by manipulation and backdoor entry of non-deserving candidates. Such a situation has led the government and the university to take remedial measures. The amendment was, therefore, necessary to protect the interest of the deserving candidates and the institutions.
The meeting of the Non-Government College Managing Committees Association held at Panipat on 2.12.2001 did not represent even 10 per cent of the institutions. Since no working committee was constituted and no meeting was held in the evening, there was no question of any decision. It would have been better if your correspondent had ascertained the correct position from the university.
The controversy over the replacement of Mrs Maneka Gandhi by Mr Jagmohan as Minister for Culture has not received the attention it deserved. It is the prerogative of the Prime Minister to allocate portfolios and Mr Jagmohan is far more qualified to hold the charge of this ministry.
However, Mrs Maneka Gandhi has raised an important issue that should not be ignored. In an interview given to Rashmi Sehgal, she has made startling revelations about the misuse of huge public funds by the Indira Gandhi Centre for Arts, the Nehru Memorial Library, the Nehru Memorial Trust, the Lalit Kala Academy, the National Galary of Modern Arts and the National Museum.
Based on the report of the National CGA, the IGNCA alone has been charged with misappropriation of Rs 600 crore. Her disclosure that a monthly scholarship of Rs 7,500 has been paid to Harivanshrai Bachchan, the celebrated Hindi poet and father of Amitabh Bachchan, for the last seven years is shocking. It is well known that the senior Bachchan has for a long time been unable to undertake any assignment.
Mr Jagmohan will, hopefully, get these allegations investigated and take appropriate follow-up action. It is all the more desirable to uphold the dignity and honour of these institutes of great national importance and also the high dignitaries connected with them.
Apropos of the news item “PSEB told to ensure 3 pc return: HC order setback to free power policy”, the human rights body “Lawyers Initiative” and the three engineers who had filed a writ petition in the Punjab and Haryana High Court must be complimented for taking the initiative and showing a way to others that judicial pronouncements can be invoked to take the reckless political leadership who evade its responsibility to enforce the statutory provisions while managing public enterprises.
The high court has directed that the PSEB must ensure 3 per cent rate of return on the average capital base. This provision was made mandatory in the Electricity (Supply) Act in 1985 but most of the state governments never enforced it and let the state electricity boards go financially sick.
The beautiful railway station of Panchrukhi lying between Pathankot and Baijnath Paprola (HP) is in dire straits. A major portion of the platform is broken with several potholes. The platform being uneven often leads to injuries to commuters. There is neither a proper place for people to sit nor any shed for commuters to even stand safely. The condition becomes pathetic during rainy and winter seasons. The station and its surroundings are unclean. The only toilet has no facility of water.
All books in India offer 0.5 per cent to 1 per cent higher interest on deposits to the senior citizens. But a different age group criteria is being adopted by the Railways for allowing certain concessions to the senior citizens. The government should therefore adopt a uniform age group criteria of 60 years and above for allowing benefits/concessions to senior citizens by all departments/organisations.
On the night of Dec 1 my mother was seriously ill. At about 2 a.m I had to admit her in Cheema Hospital, Phase 5, Mohali. My brother stayed there and I left for my home. But my car was not starting. Suddenly, a jeep of the police halted there. I was frightened to see the cops. They enquired politely whether I needed any help. Soon my car started and I reachedhome, impressed by the police. Thank you, Punjab Police.
This is in reference to Mr Jagjit Singh Virk's resolution regarding the Haryana Sikhs seeking a separate SGPC. Why does everybody talk of a separate state, a separate region etc? Why not talk of unity and welfare of the people?
In Form No 1 Rule 3 (1), distributed in Haryana for voters, there was a separate column for the Scheduled Castes. When our religion does not permit casteism, what is the requirement of this column in the form?
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] |
Chetana Amar Akashe Batase. 3. Tumi Balo Asbe Prane. 4. Laho Anjali Mor. Sri Chinmoy. 5. Basanar Jal. 6. Naba Jibaner Asha. 9. Amar Lagi Tummi Ano. 10. Asha Bane Ghure Mari.
Premik Russell Tubbs performs an arrangement of ‘Alpa Kathar’ by Sri Chinmoy, backed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra. Premik Russell Tubbs and Mokshagun Clarence Clemons celebrate the first anniversary of Sri Chinmoy’s weightlifting. A CD based on songs composed by Sri Chinmoy about his artwork. A collection of songs about self-transcendence and sport. Recording by Premik on the bamboo flute, playing recordings of Sri Chinmoy.
Shambhu Vineberg songs download, free online mp3 listen. album: Ultra Sonic Sessions. Shambhu Vineberg & Premik Tubbs - Kanu Kanu, Tumi Balo Asbe Prane.
Shambhu Vineberg & Premik Tubbs. Shambhu Vineberg & Premik Tubbs - Asha Bane Ghure Mari 05:12. Shambhu Vineberg & Premik Tubbs - Laho Anjali Mor, Basanar Jal 08:23. Shambhu Vineberg & Premik Tubbs - Nirab Amare 05:47. Shambhu Vineberg & Premik Tubbs - Amar Lagi Tumi Ano 08:23. Shambhu Vineberg & Premik Tubbs - Kanu Kanu, Tumi Balo Asbe Prane 04:35. Midnight Noon - Craig Chaquico.
| 363 | [
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This activity has students sorting speed and acceleration graphs based on the motion of the graphs. This is very successful way to have students analyze the graphs to see that the same lines on a graph mean different things. This lesson really engaged my students as well as address misconceptions about reading graphs. Students recorded their answers on a worksheet that they used as a study guide for their summative.
These can be used as flash cards. | 85 | [
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Preheat the oven to 180°C. Line six 10 cm × 2 cm deep oval pie dishes with pastry, trimming away any excess pastry. Line the pastry cases with baking paper and fill with baking beads (or uncooked rice or dried beans). Blind bake for 10 minutes or until slightly dry. Remove the baking paper and baking beads. Reduce the oven temperature to 160°C.
Put the butter, 150 g of the chocolate and the cocoa powder in a saucepan over low heat, stirring until the chocolate has melted, then remove from the heat.
Whisk together the sunflower oil, sugar, vanilla, eggs and egg yolks, and the peanut butter until smooth. Mix in the flour and salt, then stir in the chocolate mixture and remaining chopped chocolate. Divide between the pie dishes and bake for 20 minutes or until cooked through but still fudgy in the centre. Cool to room temperature before scattering with the crushed peanuts and salt flakes and serving.
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] |
import pytest
from janitor.utils import check_column
@pytest.mark.utils
def test_check_column(dataframe):
"""
check_column should return if column exist
"""
assert check_column(dataframe, ["a"]) is None
@pytest.mark.utils
def test_check_column_single(dataframe):
"""
Check works with a single input
"""
assert check_column(dataframe, "a") is None
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
check_column(dataframe, "b")
# should also work with non-string inputs
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
check_column(dataframe, 2)
dataframe[2] = "asdf"
assert check_column(dataframe, 2) is None
@pytest.mark.utils
def test_check_column_absent_column(dataframe):
"""
check_column should raise an error if the column is absent.
"""
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
check_column(dataframe, ["b"])
@pytest.mark.utils
def test_check_column_excludes(dataframe):
"""
check_column should return if column is absent and present is False
"""
assert check_column(dataframe, ["b"], present=False) is None
@pytest.mark.utils
def test_check_column_absent_column_excludes(dataframe):
"""
check_column should raise an error if the column is absent and present is
False
"""
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
check_column(dataframe, ["a"], present=False)
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] |
/* Copyright 2012 10gen Inc.
* Copyright (C) 2013 Tokutek Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#include "mongo/s/balancer_policy.h"
#include "mongo/s/config.h"
#include "mongo/s/type_chunk.h"
#include "mongo/unittest/unittest.h"
namespace mongo {
// these are all crutch and hopefully will eventually go away
CmdLine cmdLine;
bool inShutdown() { return false; }
DBClientBase *createDirectClient() { return 0; }
void dbexit( ExitCode rc, const char *why ){
log() << "dbexit called? :(" << endl;
::_exit(-1);
}
bool haveLocalShardingInfo( const string& ns ) {
return false;
}
namespace {
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests , SizeMaxedShardTest ) {
ASSERT( ! ShardInfo( 0, 0, false, false ).isSizeMaxed() );
ASSERT( ! ShardInfo( 100LL, 80LL, false, false ).isSizeMaxed() );
ASSERT( ShardInfo( 100LL, 110LL, false, false ).isSizeMaxed() );
}
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests , BalanceNormalTest ) {
// 2 chunks and 0 chunk shards
ShardToChunksMap chunkMap;
vector<BSONObj> chunks;
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << BSON("$minKey"<<1))) <<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << 49))));
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 49)) <<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << BSON("$maxkey"<<1)))));
chunkMap["shard0"] = chunks;
chunks.clear();
chunkMap["shard1"] = chunks;
// no limits
ShardInfoMap info;
info["shard0"] = ShardInfo( 0, 2, false, false );
info["shard1"] = ShardInfo( 0, 0, false, false );
MigrateInfo* c = NULL;
DistributionStatus status( info, chunkMap );
c = BalancerPolicy::balance( "ns", status, 1 );
ASSERT( c );
}
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests , BalanceJumbo ) {
// 2 chunks and 0 chunk shards
ShardToChunksMap chunkMap;
vector<BSONObj> chunks;
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << BSON("$minKey"<<1))) <<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << 10)) <<
ChunkType::jumbo(true)));
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 10)) <<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << 20)) <<
ChunkType::jumbo(true)));
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 20)) <<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << 30))));
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 30)) <<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << 40)) <<
ChunkType::jumbo(true)));
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 40)) <<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << BSON("$maxkey"<<1))) <<
ChunkType::jumbo(true)));
chunkMap["shard0"] = chunks;
chunks.clear();
chunkMap["shard1"] = chunks;
// no limits
ShardInfoMap info;
info["shard0"] = ShardInfo( 0, 2, false, false );
info["shard1"] = ShardInfo( 0, 0, false, false );
MigrateInfo* c = NULL;
DistributionStatus status( info, chunkMap );
c = BalancerPolicy::balance( "ns", status, 1 );
ASSERT( c );
ASSERT_EQUALS( 30, c->chunk.max["x"].numberInt() );
}
TEST( BalanceNormalTests , BalanceDrainingTest ) {
// one normal, one draining
// 2 chunks and 0 chunk shards
ShardToChunksMap chunkMap;
vector<BSONObj> chunks;
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << BSON("$minKey"<<1))) <<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << 49))));
chunkMap["shard0"] = chunks;
chunks.clear();
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 49))<<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << BSON("$maxkey"<<1)))));
chunkMap["shard1"] = chunks;
// shard0 is draining
ShardInfoMap limitsMap;
limitsMap["shard0"] = ShardInfo( 0LL, 2LL, true, false );
limitsMap["shard1"] = ShardInfo( 0LL, 0LL, false, false );
DistributionStatus status( limitsMap, chunkMap );
MigrateInfo* c = BalancerPolicy::balance( "ns", status, 0 );
ASSERT( c );
ASSERT_EQUALS( c->to , "shard1" );
ASSERT_EQUALS( c->from , "shard0" );
ASSERT( ! c->chunk.min.isEmpty() );
}
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests , BalanceEndedDrainingTest ) {
// 2 chunks and 0 chunk (drain completed) shards
ShardToChunksMap chunkMap;
vector<BSONObj> chunks;
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << BSON("$minKey"<<1))) <<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << 49))));
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 49))<<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << BSON("$maxkey"<<1)))));
chunkMap["shard0"] = chunks;
chunks.clear();
chunkMap["shard1"] = chunks;
// no limits
ShardInfoMap limitsMap;
limitsMap["shard0"] = ShardInfo( 0, 2, false, false );
limitsMap["shard1"] = ShardInfo( 0, 0, true, false );
DistributionStatus status( limitsMap, chunkMap );
MigrateInfo* c = BalancerPolicy::balance( "ns", status, 0 );
ASSERT( ! c );
}
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests , BalanceImpasseTest ) {
// one maxed out, one draining
// 2 chunks and 0 chunk shards
ShardToChunksMap chunkMap;
vector<BSONObj> chunks;
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << BSON("$minKey"<<1))) <<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << 49))));
chunkMap["shard0"] = chunks;
chunks.clear();
chunks.push_back(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 49)) <<
ChunkType::max(BSON("x" << BSON("$maxkey"<<1)))));
chunkMap["shard1"] = chunks;
// shard0 is draining, shard1 is maxed out, shard2 has writebacks pending
ShardInfoMap limitsMap;
limitsMap["shard0"] = ShardInfo( 0, 2, true, false );
limitsMap["shard1"] = ShardInfo( 1, 1, false, false );
limitsMap["shard2"] = ShardInfo( 0, 1, true, false );
DistributionStatus status(limitsMap, chunkMap);
MigrateInfo* c = BalancerPolicy::balance( "ns", status, 0 );
ASSERT( ! c );
}
void addShard( ShardToChunksMap& map, unsigned numChunks, bool last ) {
unsigned total = 0;
for ( ShardToChunksMap::const_iterator i = map.begin(); i != map.end(); ++i )
total += i->second.size();
stringstream ss;
ss << "shard" << map.size();
string myName = ss.str();
vector<BSONObj>& chunks = map[myName];
for ( unsigned i=0; i<numChunks; i++ ) {
BSONObj min,max;
if ( i == 0 && total == 0 )
min = BSON( "x" << BSON( "$minKey" << 1 ) );
else
min = BSON( "x" << total + i );
if ( last && i == ( numChunks - 1 ) )
max = BSON( "x" << BSON( "$maxKey" << 1 ) );
else
max = BSON( "x" << 1 + total + i );
chunks.push_back( BSON(ChunkType::min(min) << ChunkType::max(max)));
}
}
void moveChunk( ShardToChunksMap& map, MigrateInfo* m ) {
vector<BSONObj>& chunks = map[m->from];
for ( vector<BSONObj>::iterator i = chunks.begin(); i != chunks.end(); ++i ) {
if (i->getField(ChunkType::min()).Obj() == m->chunk.min) {
map[m->to].push_back( *i );
chunks.erase( i );
return;
}
}
verify(0);
}
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests, MultipleDraining ) {
ShardToChunksMap chunks;
addShard( chunks, 5 , false );
addShard( chunks, 10 , false );
addShard( chunks, 5 , true );
ShardInfoMap shards;
shards["shard0"] = ShardInfo( 0, 5, true, false );
shards["shard1"] = ShardInfo( 0, 5, true, false );
shards["shard2"] = ShardInfo( 0, 5, false, false );
DistributionStatus d( shards, chunks );
MigrateInfo* m = BalancerPolicy::balance( "ns", d, 0 );
ASSERT( m );
ASSERT_EQUALS( "shard2" , m->to );
}
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests, TagsDraining ) {
ShardToChunksMap chunks;
addShard( chunks, 5 , false );
addShard( chunks, 5 , false );
addShard( chunks, 5 , true );
ShardInfoMap shards;
shards["shard0"] = ShardInfo( 0, 5, false, false );
shards["shard1"] = ShardInfo( 0, 5, true, false );
shards["shard2"] = ShardInfo( 0, 5, false, false );
shards["shard0"].addTag( "a" );
shards["shard1"].addTag( "a" );
shards["shard1"].addTag( "b" );
shards["shard2"].addTag( "b" );
while ( true ) {
DistributionStatus d( shards, chunks );
d.addTagRange( TagRange( BSON( "x" << -1 ), BSON( "x" << 7 ) , "a" ) );
d.addTagRange( TagRange( BSON( "x" << 7 ), BSON( "x" << 1000 ) , "b" ) );
MigrateInfo* m = BalancerPolicy::balance( "ns", d, 0 );
if ( ! m )
break;
if ( m->chunk.min["x"].numberInt() < 7 )
ASSERT_EQUALS( "shard0" , m->to );
else
ASSERT_EQUALS( "shard2" , m->to );
moveChunk( chunks, m );
}
ASSERT_EQUALS( 7U , chunks["shard0"].size() );
ASSERT_EQUALS( 0U , chunks["shard1"].size() );
ASSERT_EQUALS( 8U , chunks["shard2"].size() );
}
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests, TagsPolicyChange ) {
ShardToChunksMap chunks;
addShard( chunks, 5 , false );
addShard( chunks, 5 , false );
addShard( chunks, 5 , true );
ShardInfoMap shards;
shards["shard0"] = ShardInfo( 0, 5, false, false );
shards["shard1"] = ShardInfo( 0, 5, false, false );
shards["shard2"] = ShardInfo( 0, 5, false, false );
shards["shard0"].addTag( "a" );
shards["shard1"].addTag( "a" );
while ( true ) {
DistributionStatus d( shards, chunks );
d.addTagRange( TagRange( BSON( "x" << -1 ), BSON( "x" << 1000 ) , "a" ) );
MigrateInfo* m = BalancerPolicy::balance( "ns", d, 0 );
if ( ! m )
break;
moveChunk( chunks, m );
}
ASSERT_EQUALS( 15U , chunks["shard0"].size() + chunks["shard1"].size() );
ASSERT( chunks["shard0"].size() == 7U || chunks["shard0"].size() == 8U );
ASSERT_EQUALS( 0U , chunks["shard2"].size() );
}
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests, TagsSelector ) {
ShardToChunksMap chunks;
ShardInfoMap shards;
DistributionStatus d( shards, chunks );
ASSERT( d.addTagRange( TagRange( BSON( "x" << 1 ), BSON( "x" << 10 ) , "a" ) ) );
ASSERT( d.addTagRange( TagRange( BSON( "x" << 10 ), BSON( "x" << 20 ) , "b" ) ) );
ASSERT( d.addTagRange( TagRange( BSON( "x" << 20 ), BSON( "x" << 30 ) , "c" ) ) );
ASSERT( ! d.addTagRange( TagRange( BSON( "x" << 20 ), BSON( "x" << 30 ) , "c" ) ) );
ASSERT( ! d.addTagRange( TagRange( BSON( "x" << 22 ), BSON( "x" << 28 ) , "c" ) ) );
ASSERT( ! d.addTagRange( TagRange( BSON( "x" << 28 ), BSON( "x" << 33 ) , "c" ) ) );
ASSERT_EQUALS("", d.getTagForChunk(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << -4)))));
ASSERT_EQUALS("", d.getTagForChunk(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 0)))));
ASSERT_EQUALS("a", d.getTagForChunk(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 1)))));
ASSERT_EQUALS("b", d.getTagForChunk(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 10)))));
ASSERT_EQUALS("b", d.getTagForChunk(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 15)))));
ASSERT_EQUALS("c", d.getTagForChunk(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 25)))));
ASSERT_EQUALS("", d.getTagForChunk(BSON(ChunkType::min(BSON("x" << 35)))));
}
/**
* Idea for this test is to set up three shards, one of which is overloaded (too much data).
*
* Even though the overloaded shard has less chunks, we shouldn't move chunks to that shard.
*/
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests, MaxSizeRespect ) {
ShardToChunksMap chunks;
addShard( chunks, 3 , false );
addShard( chunks, 4 , false );
addShard( chunks, 6 , true );
// Note that maxSize of shard0 is 1, and it is therefore overloaded with currSize = 3.
// Other shards have maxSize = 0 = unset.
ShardInfoMap shards;
// ShardInfo(maxSize, currSize, draining, opsQueued)
shards["shard0"] = ShardInfo( 1, 3, false, false );
shards["shard1"] = ShardInfo( 0, 4, false, false );
shards["shard2"] = ShardInfo( 0, 6, false, false );
DistributionStatus d( shards, chunks );
MigrateInfo* m = BalancerPolicy::balance( "ns", d, 0 );
ASSERT( m );
ASSERT_EQUALS( "shard2" , m->from );
ASSERT_EQUALS( "shard1" , m->to );
}
/**
* Here we check that being over the maxSize is *not* equivalent to draining, we don't want
* to empty shards for no other reason than they are over this limit.
*/
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests, MaxSizeNoDrain ) {
ShardToChunksMap chunks;
// Shard0 will be overloaded
addShard( chunks, 4 , false );
addShard( chunks, 4 , false );
addShard( chunks, 4 , true );
// Note that maxSize of shard0 is 1, and it is therefore overloaded with currSize = 4.
// Other shards have maxSize = 0 = unset.
ShardInfoMap shards;
// ShardInfo(maxSize, currSize, draining, opsQueued)
shards["shard0"] = ShardInfo( 1, 4, false, false );
shards["shard1"] = ShardInfo( 0, 4, false, false );
shards["shard2"] = ShardInfo( 0, 4, false, false );
DistributionStatus d( shards, chunks );
MigrateInfo* m = BalancerPolicy::balance( "ns", d, 0 );
ASSERT( !m );
}
// Note: Only in 2.2, 2.4 has utility class
class PseudoRandom {
public:
PseudoRandom(unsigned int seed) {
_seed = seed;
}
int nextInt32( int max = -1 ){
#if !defined(_WIN32)
int r = rand_r( &_seed ) ;
#else
int r = ::rand(); // seed not used in this case
#endif
return max > 0 ? r % max : r;
}
private:
unsigned int _seed;
};
/**
* Idea behind this test is that we set up several shards, the first two of which are
* draining and the second two of which have a data size limit. We also simulate a random
* number of chunks on each shard.
*
* Once the shards are setup, we virtually migrate numChunks times, or until there are no
* more migrations to run. Each chunk is assumed to have a size of 1 unit, and we increment
* our currSize for each shard as the chunks move.
*
* Finally, we ensure that the drained shards are drained, the data-limited shards aren't
* overloaded, and that all shards (including the data limited shard if the baseline isn't
* over the limit are balanced to within 1 unit of some baseline.
*
*/
TEST( BalancerPolicyTests, Simulation ) {
// Hardcode seed here, make test deterministic.
int64_t seed = 1337;
PseudoRandom rng(seed);
// Run test 10 times
for (int test = 0; test < 10; test++) {
//
// Setup our shards as draining, with maxSize, and normal
//
int numShards = 7;
int numChunks = 0;
ShardToChunksMap chunks;
ShardInfoMap shards;
map<string,int> expected;
for (int i = 0; i < numShards; i++) {
int numShardChunks = rng.nextInt32(100);
bool draining = i < 2;
bool maxed = i >= 2 && i < 4;
if (draining) expected[str::stream() << "shard" << i] = 0;
if (maxed) expected[str::stream() << "shard" << i] = numShardChunks + 1;
addShard(chunks, numShardChunks, false);
numChunks += numShardChunks;
shards[str::stream() << "shard" << i] =
ShardInfo(maxed ? numShardChunks + 1 : 0,
numShardChunks, draining, false);
}
for (ShardInfoMap::iterator it = shards.begin(); it != shards.end(); ++it) {
log() << it->first << " : " << it->second.toString() << endl;
}
//
// Perform migrations and increment data size as chunks move
//
for (int i = 0; i < numChunks; i++) {
DistributionStatus d( shards, chunks );
MigrateInfo* m = BalancerPolicy::balance( "ns", d, i != 0 );
if (!m) {
log() << "Finished with test moves." << endl;
break;
}
moveChunk(chunks, m);
{
ShardInfo& info = shards[m->from];
shards[m->from] = ShardInfo(info.getMaxSize(),
info.getCurrSize() - 1,
info.isDraining(),
info.hasOpsQueued());
}
{
ShardInfo& info = shards[m->to];
shards[m->to] = ShardInfo(info.getMaxSize(),
info.getCurrSize() + 1,
info.isDraining(),
info.hasOpsQueued());
}
}
//
// Make sure our balance is correct and our data size is low.
//
// The balanced value is the count on the last shard, since it's not draining or
// limited
int balancedSize = (--shards.end())->second.getCurrSize();
for (ShardInfoMap::iterator it = shards.begin(); it != shards.end(); ++it) {
log() << it->first << " : " << it->second.toString() << endl;
}
for (ShardInfoMap::iterator it = shards.begin(); it != shards.end(); ++it) {
log() << it->first << " : " << it->second.toString() << endl;
map<string,int>::iterator expectedIt = expected.find(it->first);
if (expectedIt == expected.end()) {
bool isInRange = it->second.getCurrSize() >= balancedSize - 1 &&
it->second.getCurrSize() <= balancedSize + 1;
if (!isInRange) {
warning() << "non-limited and non-draining shard had "
<< it->second.getCurrSize() << " chunks, expected near "
<< balancedSize << endl;
}
ASSERT(isInRange);
}
else {
int expectedSize = expectedIt->second;
bool isInRange = it->second.getCurrSize() <= expectedSize;
if (isInRange && expectedSize >= balancedSize) {
isInRange = it->second.getCurrSize() >= balancedSize - 1 &&
it->second.getCurrSize() <= balancedSize + 1;
}
if (!isInRange) {
warning() << "limited or draining shard had "
<< it->second.getCurrSize() << " chunks, expected less than "
<< expectedSize << " and (if less than expected) near "
<< balancedSize << endl;
}
ASSERT(isInRange);
}
}
}
}
}
}
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The artificial merchandise industry is in a boom. I don’t come to know where the artificial stops and the real begins anymore. It has infiltrated not just the materialistic possessions but also the bodily possessions.
Artificial intelligence is replacing the brain in front of our eyes.We are using it in our everyday life.
Siri, Google Now, and Cortana are all intelligent digital personal assistants on various platforms (iOS, Android, and Windows Mobile). In short, they help find useful information when you ask for it using your voice; you can say “Where’s the nearest Chinese restaurant?”, “What’s on my schedule today?”, “Remind me to call Anand at eight o’clock,” and the assistant will respond by finding information, relaying information from your phone, or sending commands to other apps.
Have you ever gotten an email or a letter asking you if you made a specific purchase on your credit card? Many banks send these types of communications if they think there’s a chance that fraud may have been committed on your account, and want to make sure that you approve the purchase before sending money over to another company. Artificial intelligence is often the technology deployed to monitor for this type of fraud.
While they’re rather simple when compared to other AI systems, apps like Spotify, Pandora, and Netflix accomplish a useful task: recommending music and movies based on the interests you’ve expressed and judgments you’ve made in the past. By monitoring the choices you make and inserting them into a learning algorithm, these apps make recommendations that you’re likely to be interested in.
Japanese doctors have for the first time used artificial intelligence (AI) to detect a type of leukaemia, which helped to save a patient’s life as the disease had gone undetected using conventional methods.
Not just for technology, but it has replaced body parts as well like Heart, Yes, you heard it correct, HEART. The artificial heart is a very sophisticated medical device. I confess I don’t know much about it, but the idea of fabricated body organs is both fascinating and scary. It makes me wonder how far can the man go in his quest to replicate nature.
Your smartphone, your car, your bank, and your house all use artificial intelligence on a daily basis; sometimes it’s obvious what it’s’ doing, like when you ask Siri to get you directions to the nearest gas station. Sometimes it’s less obvious, like when you make an abnormal purchase on your credit card and don’t get a fraud alert from your bank. AI is everywhere, and it’s making a huge difference in our lives every day.
Very interesting writing! Thank you for your visit to my blog…I am returning the favor. I live in Wisconsin, in the middle of the USA, immediately below Canada. I have never been to India, but did live in Kenya for a couple of years. I like your positive thoughts! Great blog! Have a beautiful day!
Thank you for the visit and the comment my dear. It often awes me to think that the internet has brought people from afar so close. Nice to know that someone from Wisconsin, USA, read my post, and liked my thoughts. Your blog is awesome and there is so much content to read there, will be paying it more visits. Keep smiling always !
The digital assistants still have flaws which is why most of the commands and voices used to instruct them are recorded for analysis. My English is more formal than the software is designed for and perhaps the designers coded it to capture their biases. I read an article a lot racist robots, and it featured a video that couldn’t detect a darker skin tone. Disturbing if tech copies man.
Very true, it is disturbing is AI copied man. After all, we are nature’s creation and AI is our creation, we can never outdo nature, can never make the prototype better than ourselves, it will always have flaws, come what may. Nice article you shared with me, it sure makes one think if the man can spread hatred to machines too ? Enlightening yet disturbing. Thank You for visiting me and commenting dear. Smile Always !
Thanks for responding. It’s important to have awareness because we can speak out and insist on fair treatment. Have a lovely day.
Interesting post! Thanks for visiting The Glasgow Gallivanter.
Thank you, will keep visiting.
You are clued up on the latest developments, so this is educative to an old codger like me! Brave new world, eh? Let’s hope human well-being is the ultimate aim and outcome. Will follow, thanks for following mine.
New will always be IN my dear, glad I was able to hold your interest. Let us hope that it will all add up to improving life quality for everyone, My fingers are crossed. Thank You for visiting, following, and commenting. Good Day !
EXCELLENT TREATISE ON OUR CHANGING LIVES AND TECHNOLOGY’S INCREASING INTRUSIVENESS!!!
With the growth in AI I can’t help but wonder when the machines will turn against us. I am a Sci-Fi fan so this is never too far off. But until then, I shall keep enjoying the beauties of AI. Great read.
Hey Hope you are having a wonderful day.
I work for a music agency that would help all kinds of artist, no matter what genre, we get their music spread out at a much faster pace.
What we do is help each individual artist by getting hundreds, even thousands of people to check out your music.
You end up coming out with a new fan base and thousands of plays for your tracks. We get this done for every artist at around 250 although, due to the fact that I took a great liking to your music, I can get this down to 10.
and you should see the tag drop.
As soon as that is done, you are set and we’ll take it from there.
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About Comrade Crimson
- RankWorringly Sadistic
Profile Information
- GenderMan
- InterestsCuban Rum, Making a tinpot dictatorship-stronghold of pointy sticks out in the PZ wilderness
Contact Methods
- SkypeComrade.Crimson
Recent Profile Visitors
Digging underground, Caves, Mining and Smelting
Comrade Crimson replied to Comrade Crimson's topic in PZ SuggestionsWell with metalworking at the very least, I think improvised weapons like with grinders and the like isn't too far fetched. I also think that digging basements wouldn't be too far fetched. As for minecraft like comparisons, well in my humble opinion its just a matter of how you implement it. Minecraft is very arcadey about how it goes about, where as this would be intensely realistic. There could be other reasons you may want to mine underground through stuff too, perhaps a sewer collapsed and you want to clear away the rubble and repair it a bit, and use the tunnels as a means to get about more safely than walking on the surface like in old bunkers, keeps and castles. A good amount of Britain for instance has these underground tunnels between important buildings of state and many ye olde castles and hillforts, hillforts being well within the construction levels of the zombie post apocalypse as its mostly just forts upon hills manmade or otherwise made of wood, palisade walls and perhaps a stone keep if were getting real fancy, had small little tunnels built here and there between outside and inside sometimes. But I see your folks point. I still think at the very least the dangers of going underground like toxic gases should be apparent, because sewers with all that filth sitting stagnant would surely produce a lot of methane and I can't imagine the air quality being healthy down there. One would be nauseous at the very least.
Digging underground, Caves, Mining and Smelting
Comrade Crimson posted a topic in PZ SuggestionsWhile I am aware that basements and sewers have been suggested, and that I have suggested trenches and the like in my other topic: What if we had any naturally occurring caves (I am not familiar with Kentucky so I don't know if they would have any) as well as the ability to dig down and perhaps make mines underground whether for simply making a cellar, an underground bunker or to achieve the process of mining ores. There could be various equipment all to do this, each transcending in their rarity in order: Shovels, already ingame. Picks, for hard rock, modestly rare. Jackhammers, rare. Bulldozers for lifting huge amounts of soil, very rare. Dynamite/explosives, incredibly rare. Drillbits for mining, extremely rare/nigh unique. Being able to mine ores with various tools like drillbits and picks and potentially even jackhammers would be interesting, as one could merit ore. Obviously this would make a lot of noise so it'd constantly attract zombies. And digging underground there is the risk of cave ins, where players will have to build wooden supports or other forms of supports in their tunnels and chambers underground, lest the ground collapse on them. A smelter forge could also be built, and such a thing has already been suggested by other people who want to craft armour and melt down metals so the suggestion wouldn't vary much from there. I also think that having toxic gases could be a thing underground where if you open up an area there is a chance you open up a gas pocket, and either require a gas mask/respirator of some sort to survive it or you take damage the longer you spend in it, as well as becoming nauseous.
Varied body types
Comrade Crimson replied to Comrade Crimson's topic in Mod Ideas and RequestsYeah I didn't mean changing walk animation for normal skinny, I'm talking about like malnourished/skeletal. Which is effectively severe starvation. Having all of this tied to the traits and stuff would be cool, the only changes to prevent clipping one would need to do is just change the animations for the morbidly obese one so its more like a waddle and the run is different, as that one would clip with the normal animations.
Varied body types
Comrade Crimson posted a topic in Mod Ideas and RequestsHiya, I'd like to request various body types and requesting potential modellers to make some for the sake of variety amongst humans/zombies in game, and alongside that, to add the "Tall" and "Short" traits. Tall is trait where you move faster and have farther reach and therefore a positive trait. Short is a negative trait, a bit slower speed and less melee reach. And the various body types are dependent upon the perk chosen by the player or NPC entity as follows: Skeletal/malnourished- Chosen if someone is feeble or at an incredibly low weight/fitness level. Character is almost skeletal in appearance, should have a very agonizing/pained looking walk. Thin- Chosen if someone is weak and at a low weight, normal fitness. Character is rather thin of both body and limbs. Lean- Chosen if someone is weak or low weight, but good fitness. Character is a bit muscly looking texture wise but their limbs and body is somewhat thinner. Average- No traits one way or the other, average fitness. Character is basically how they are portrayed ingame vanilla. Muscular- No traits one way or the other, good fitness. Character is rather ripped and muscular, their walking gait is fairly confident and sturdy, occasional flexing. Chubby/Stout- Stout/fat trait/higher weight with good fitness. Character is a bit chubby but has decent muscles for their arms and legs. Fat- Overweight trait with high weight, average fitness. Character is rather portly/rotund, walks relatively normally if with a tad wider gait, somewhat thick limbs. Obese- Obese trait with incredible high weight and/or poor fitness. Character is morbidly obese and very rotund, thick limbs and a large round torso with a large gut+breasts, walking animation is more akin to waddling than proper walking. A tall order for this one, but if it could be tied with nutritional levels that'd be incredible. I think though just having a preset appearance tied to a perk would be good enough though in my honest opinion.
Swimming and drowning
Comrade Crimson posted a topic in PZ SuggestionsI think that swimming should be a skill of its own that characters can select, and perhaps have some benefits associated with it. Perhaps with swimming someone can do harpoon fishing or scavenging in water, sort of like foraging, and people with higher swimming skill can swim across more difficult waters (I.E rapidly flowing rivers) without being swept far downstream, and for those with no swimming skill or people who are too exhausted, as higher swimming skill means you get exhausted slower, will start to drown and flounder in the water. I think that zombies should naturally float as well and bob up and down in the water due to how bloated they can be perhaps, or just simply drag you down- which would mean there should be different depths of water and perhaps a sense of transparency with water to show silhouettes underneath. People who die in water will flounder first and then sink below, and either disappear into the depth or simply rise up after sinking and be face down, arms and legs pointed downward as they float lifelessly in the water. Could also be really terrifying if someone is swimming and one of these "drowned" corpses suddenly wakes and thrashes and bobs towards the hapless player swimming.
Traps,Trenches and Siege equipment etc.
Comrade Crimson posted a topic in PZ SuggestionsRight, so I had the thought where one could make some defensive constructions for one's lil stronghold, and some other nifty traps for animals and trespassers alike. What I was thinking is suggesting the following: Bow mechanism traps, like the one in this video: And defensive trenches, where someone can dig them and zombies will fall in them but can't get out properly, and possibly could have spikes to have them get impaled upon some sharpened wooden poles. From what I understand there is an issue with digging down/making basements in the game so visually perhaps we could just have it where if zombies or people run into the spiked trenches they will play an animation of getting impaled in it, or they could even make a moat by filling said trench with water. Which brings me to my next suggestion. Drawbridges, and buildable ladders and ramps. Say you want to have a mechanism controlling a bridge that you operate via a crank or rope of some kind? Want to secure your fort for the night and close it down? Well with a drawbridge you can, as the bridge would lower and act as a floor to walk across such dangerous things such as spiked trenches or moats. And on that note, what about more variations of doors, or perhaps full on gates? Reinforced doors and gates should be an option for any post apocalyptic frontier stronghold, we are after all surviving in a zombie apocalypse with hordes of ravenous corpses and opportunistic survivors and raiders and their own warbands, seeking to pillage our own crafted or siezed homes for their own prolonged survival. And maybe making doors out of scrap metal wouldn't be a far fetched idea either, as we already have plenty of mods that include forging into the game. And say you got a really tempting fort to siege perhaps? Perhaps that fellow whose got his drawbridge closed up or his sheet rope all tucked away and maybe there is a gap, maybe a ramp you can deploy would be in order to walk across a pit, or a ladder to climb up a wall? We of course in the game right now can make stairs and little siege towers and ramparts to get inside a base but its all very ad hoc and hardly transportable by any means, as you have to lug around several planks of wood and lots of nails just to construct a siege tower, which is hardly efficient when in real life the equipment to besiege a fort on a basic level wasn't terribly complex. Obviously building siege engines in this would be a stretch, so catapults, trebuchets, ballistas and full battering rams are likely a no go, but I then thought as well, what if we had police battering rams in game? And maybe a person could make a basic one man battering ram for themselves, where it takes a lot of exertion to swing it but it can smash through doors specifically with relative ease. Crowbars to some effect should also have an animation to try and wedge doors open, with great exertion of course and would add more use for them ingame. Sort of like these if you will: Which would be able to be found here and there as police, fire departments and military all utilize tools like these for very practical purposes. And maybe some defenses for a perspective stronghold? Perhaps some pitfall traps made for a 2nd story floor or higher with trench spikes below said pitfall or just the sheer drop alone doing the job. A person walks on said floorboard and then it drops, and perhaps the way to avoid it is by perhaps visually looking carefully at the floorboards and then seeing how it doesn't quite look right, and maybe to counter this, safety ropes could be introduced to where you tie yourself to a wall, window or some other object. Such a thing would have uses outside of sieges too, maybe you're constructing a tower to oversee your humble abode or climbing a structure and you risk plummeting to your death, so instead you get some rope or lots of chord or clothe to make a little safety rope tied around yourself, with primitive versions ensuring you don't fall to your death but may hurt you from the sheer amount of constriction applied when you fall and snap back, while more advanced versions are a proper harness that'll prevent you from falling down and stressing your body from the snap back of the safety rope. Once your fall has been stopped, hanging there, you can perhaps climb your way back up or just simply let yourself down.
RELEASED: Build 30.12
Comrade Crimson replied to RobertJohnson's topic in PZ UpdatesWith the whole concern of people levelling up their first aid, I wonder if we'll encounter twisted doctors out in the wastes- like a zombie apocalypse Mendels or somesuch that "experiments on people by sawing off limbs and injecting them with stuff... Now that's a scary thought.
- Does one have to apply at your website to play on server? Mind, I am perfectly aware on how to RP and make a character sheet, just wondering.
Combat re-think for the announced big rebalance [OFLGBKYBYGT]
Comrade Crimson replied to deprav's topic in PZ SuggestionsI also think zombies should be more of an actual object, more solid to speak- I should NOT be able to run through a crowd of them and only being slowed down briefly. I should be bumping into them, getting moshed and then violently mobbed by them, zombies should not be easy to run through if they are clumped together and I think a collision system would fix a lot of the problems of the game being too easy off the bat.
Multiplayer VOIP
Comrade Crimson replied to ColdEvil's topic in PZ SuggestionsMute option would be needed as well. A good point in the support a mute option for specific players.
- On other news, Fort Jane is secured last I checked, with new seeds sown and other stuff. The place just needs a saw...
Blankets, Sleeping bags, Maybe even a Snuggies
Comrade Crimson replied to Vonholtz's topic in PZ SuggestionsOh no, not at all. Mind- I am surprised I haven't heard of that movie given I am a fairly big Charles Heston fan (I have seen I Am Legend though, and read the book. Great book, no denying that.) I remember his role in the old planet of the apes movies and such. He was in Soylent Green too wasn't he? Coulda sworn he was, there was some fairly good actors in that.
- Same issue here. Yeah... if I get banned for this I fully deserve it.. my apologies folks I just really wanted to get rid of that damned horde :C
- I want to apologize if there was serious ping on the server recently- that may have been due to fire traps that my character, Jane Doe made in order to clear the 900 billion zombies outside of Fort Jane (The Self Storage facility in Muldraugh.) Again, sorry for any inconviences this caused, just... there was no other way, even enlisted help for it D:
Nick's PZ Server [Canada] [Soft RP] [PVP/PVE]
Comrade Crimson replied to NickTheStoner's topic in ServersIf the server goes up inform me. I've been going on with my exploits as Jane Doe on the Evile Dead server.. trying to take back Fort Jane. | 3,149 | [
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Detailed Instructions: A text is given in English. Translate it from the English language to the Oriya language. The translation must not omit or add information to the original sentence.
Problem:ଭାରତର ଉପ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଶ୍ରୀ ଏମ ଭେଙ୍କେୟା ନାଇଡୁ 2018 ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର 8ରୁ 9 ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଏକ ଦୁଇ ଦିନିଆ ଯାତ୍ରାରେ ଆଜି ଆମେରିକା ଗସ୍ତ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଏହି ଗସ୍ତ ସମୟରେ ସେ 1893ରେ ବିଶ୍ୱ ଧର୍ମ ସଂସଦରେ ସ୍ୱାମୀ ବିବେକାନନ୍ଦଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଐତିହାସିକ ଘୋଷଣାର 125ତମ ବାର୍ଷିକୀ ଅବସରରେ ଚିକାଗୋରେ ଆୟୋଜିତ କରାଯାଉଥିବା ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱ ହିନ୍ଦୁ କଂଗ୍ରେସକୁ ସମ୍ବୋଧିତ କରିବେ ।
Solution:
He said drones are being increasingly inducted into the Indian security establishment to monitor sensitive and vulnerable areas prone to security risks including thick and dense jungles in Left Wing Extremism (LWE) affected areas in which physical monitoring is extremely difficult. | 932 | [
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] |
Q: Rotating UILabel in iOS8 I have a UILabel which I was able to rotate using the following code in iOS 7,
self.mylabel.text = @"Search customer";
[self.mylabel setTransform:CGAffineTransformMakeRotation(-M_PI / 2)];
with reference from this thread.
However, when I tried to use the similar code in iOS 8, I got a slightly different result, whereby my string look distorted and is separated into a few lines.
In iOS 7, it displays nicely in one line at a 90 degree rotation.
I wonder anyone face the same issue as me, and how can I solve this?
| 150 | [
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<commit_before><?php
/**
* This file is part of the DUKPT package.
*
* Copyright (c) 2016 Tonic Health <<EMAIL>>
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE.md
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
namespace TonicForHealth\DUKPT\Helper\Encryption;
/**
* Class AbstractEncryptionHelper
*
* @author <NAME> <<EMAIL>>
*/
abstract class AbstractEncryptionHelper implements EncryptionHelperInterface
{
const NULL_CHAR = "\0";
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function encrypt($key, $data)
{
return openssl_encrypt($data, $this->getCipherMethod(), $key, OPENSSL_RAW_DATA, $this->getIV());
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function decrypt($key, $data)
{
return rtrim(openssl_decrypt($data, $this->getCipherMethod(), $key, $this->getEncodingStringSettings(), $this->getIV()), self::NULL_CHAR);
}
/**
* Returns the IV belonging to a specific cipher/mode combination
*
* @return string
*/
protected function getIV()
{
return str_repeat(self::NULL_CHAR, openssl_cipher_iv_length($this->getCipherMethod()));
}
/**
* Returns one of the available cipher methods
* @see openssl_get_cipher_methods()
*
* @return string
*/
abstract protected function getCipherMethod();
/**
* @see openssl_decrypt() and openssl_encrypt() parammeters
*
* @return int
*/
abstract protected function getEncodingStringSettings();
}<commit_msg>fix comment<commit_after><?php
/**
* This file is part of the DUKPT package.
*
* Copyright (c) 2016 Tonic Health <<EMAIL>>
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE.md
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
namespace TonicForHealth\DUKPT\Helper\Encryption;
/**
* Class AbstractEncryptionHelper
*
* @author <NAME> <<EMAIL>>
*/
abstract class AbstractEncryptionHelper implements EncryptionHelperInterface
{
const NULL_CHAR = "\0";
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function encrypt($key, $data)
{
return openssl_encrypt($data, $this->getCipherMethod(), $key, OPENSSL_RAW_DATA, $this->getIV());
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function decrypt($key, $data)
{
return rtrim(openssl_decrypt($data, $this->getCipherMethod(), $key, $this->getEncodingStringSettings(), $this->getIV()), self::NULL_CHAR);
}
/**
* Returns the IV belonging to a specific cipher/mode combination
*
* @return string
*/
protected function getIV()
{
return str_repeat(self::NULL_CHAR, openssl_cipher_iv_length($this->getCipherMethod()));
}
/**
* Returns one of the available cipher methods
* @see openssl_get_cipher_methods()
*
* @return string
*/
abstract protected function getCipherMethod();
/**
* @see openssl_decrypt() and openssl_encrypt() parameters
*
* @return int
*/
abstract protected function getEncodingStringSettings();
} | 1,129 | [
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] |
This week on the Bold & The Beautiful (B&B), Maya returns to Los Angeles from Paris just in time for the holidays but she’s not exactly bringing glad tidings with her. Also, romance is in the air for a new couple, and Liam will disagree with Hope and Brooke about Taylor. And even more confrontations are on the horizon this week between Brooke and Taylor and also Hope, Liam and Steffy. Learn more below in the B&B spoilers for the week of December 17, 2018.
This week, Brooke and Hope will make plans to exclude Taylor from the Forrester mansion holiday festivities. This will lead to Hope demanding to Liam and Steffy that Taylor be left out of all holiday celebrations. Hope has been disillusioned with Taylor ever since she found out the doctor was the one who shot Bill. But with her mother Brooke whispering in her ear, poisoning her against Taylor every chance she gets, Hope has increasingly become afraid of Steffy’s mother. And in a preview, Steffy tells Hope, “you can’t just ban my mom from Christmas.” But it’s looking more and more like Hope wants to do exactly that.
Hope will be displeased with her husband this week when he disagrees with her about Taylor being banned from all holiday activities. She will go so far as to ask Liam if he would rather be with Steffy and Kelly instead of with her and their unborn child. She tells him she sees the connection between he and Steffy all the time and challenges the Flip Flopper on who he really wants to be with. The Waffler will likely back down slightly and assure Hope that she is the chosen Sister Wife, while looking longingly at Steffy.
Maya returns to Los Angeles from Paris this week and she’s got some bad news. “Rick and I are over,” she tells Brooke in a preview. This was a couple who fought hard to be together and the news that they have broken up will send shockwaves through Forrester Creations. One person who won’t exactly be upset by this news is Carter. In a heartfelt confession some months ago, he told Maya he still had strong feelings for her. Could Rick and Maya’s breakup lead to another chance for Maya and Carter? Or will a new romance be in the picture for Maya?
Speaking of new romance, it looks like the passion will be heating up between Taylor and Reese this week. The pair will be out on a date together and, in a preview for this week, the couple is shown canoodling and holding hands. But what is Reese’s real motivation in courting Taylor? Zoe is still concerned about her dad being in town and told Xander last week that she’s worried about what he’s up to “by being his jolly, reckless self.” Xander tried to reassure her and suggested that maybe her father just needed a change of pace, but Zoe responded that she was worried about how close he was getting to Taylor. “It was just a little too close to home for my comfort,” Zoe told her boyfriend.
Liam will defend Taylor to a horrified Hope and Brooke this week, reminding Brooke that people do things they regret, and that her past is nowhere near perfect. Liam knows all too well the havoc Brooke is capable of wreaking on those closest to her, as he was part of Katie’s support network after Brooke slept with and stole her husband (and Liam’s father) Bill out from under her.
Taylor understands that Hope is trying to exclude her from the Forrester holiday celebrations and will confront her mother Brooke about it. The doctor feels responsible for the fact that Brooke and Hope are putting too much pressure on Steffy, especially at a time in her life when she should be looking forward to enjoying her first Christmas with her baby daughter Kelly.
Reese will have no problem defending his new lady friend when he witnesses the confrontation between Brooke and Taylor this week. He will break it up and then insist that Brooke apologize to Taylor. The doctor will be touched and grateful to Reese after his defense of her and this will no doubt assist in his plans, as he weasels his way into Taylor’s life even further.
Emma will find out this week that Xander has not had a problem moving on without her. “Xander and I are seeing each other again,” Zoe proudly tells Emma in a preview. It looks like Zoe will enjoy rubbing salt in this particular wound. And even though Emma was the one who ended things with Xander, she will likely pout and then question herself on whether she made the right decision.
Once again, Bill reiterates to Brooke that his changed man status is all due to her influence on his life. In a preview he tells her: “I’m a different man these days because of you.” Brooke will be moved by his words and is amazed at the attitude change in her former husband. Although Brooke says she is committed to Ridge and their marriage, she and Bill seem to be getting closer by the minute. Bill has made his intentions clear that he wants her back, but will her Stallion’s new outlook on life be enough to win Brooke over and lead to a Brill reunion in the near future? | 1,107 | [
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Last week, the U.S. Department of Agriculture was given an additional $1 billion to its program redirecting surplus food from farmers to families in need. The Farmers to Families Food Box program purchases food directly from farmers who typically would be supplying restaurants, most of which are now shut down or operating at reduced capacity. The program delivers the redirected food to millions of Americans struggling to make ends meet as a result of furloughs and joblessness caused by the pandemic. In July, Reuters reported that the government had not delivered its promised amount of food by the end of June as part of the roughly $3 billion program announced in April. The latest infusion of funds helps meet the stated goals of the Agriculture Department, which plans to finish purchasing roughly $2.7 billion of food by the end of August, according to the USDA website. On Monday, the White House said that the program had delivered more than 70 million boxes of food to food banks and nonprofit organizations to date. Even though it is getting closer to meeting its objectives, the program has been criticized by food banks, market analysts, and some U.S. senators, who say that contracts were often given to inexperienced vendors who could not source and deliver the food efficiently. Read more here at Reuters.
Photo Source: ( USDA ) | 262 | [
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With an increasing number of options on the market, it’s becoming harder to sort through the noise and find the best Hammer For Vape that suits your particular needs.
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In this antonym worksheet, students find a total of 32 antonyms for words given at the top of the page; words are hidden in the puzzle in all directions.
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Phonics Teachers Resource Book
Looking to improve your classes literacy program? Then look no further. This comprehensive collection of resources includes worksheets and activities covering everything from r-controlled vowels and consonant digraphs, to the different...
1st - 3rd English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Puzzle Fun with Long /O/ and Long /I/ Words
Search this crossword puzzle for words with long /o/ and /i/ sounds. Some of the clues are challenging, so consider completing the most difficult clues together. As an extension, it is suggested that your learners find the homophones in...
1st - 2nd English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable | 247 | [
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A traumatic brain injury, often called TBI, can happen when you experience a bump, blow or jolt to the head.
The effects of head trauma can be minimal – lasting only a few days – or life-changing. TBI is a major cause of death and disability in the U.S.
The most common causes of TBI include falls, violence (being struck by or against something), car accidents or sports injuries. Concussions are fairly common among athletes.
Symptoms of TBI range from mild to moderate to severe, depending on the level of damage to your brain. Some symptoms occur right after a head injury, but others may not appear for days or even weeks after trauma. It’s important to be aware of the symptoms to watch for and continue to monitor them several days after the injury. Talk to your Mercy doctor, even if you feel fine.
Symptoms of a mild TBI may include:
If you have a moderate to severe TBI, you may experience some of the same symptoms listed above. Other signs may include:
Your doctor will likely assess your head injury with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). It’s a 15-point test that assesses your mental state. The higher the score, the less severe your injury.
You’ll have a physical exam where your doctor looks for signs of trauma such as bruising or swelling. A neurological exam will determine your nerve function by assessing muscle control and strength, eye movement and sensation. Your neurologist may order an X-Ray, CT scan or MRI scan to look for evidence of bleeding and swelling.
Treatment of a brain injury depends on the type and severity and can range from medication to surgery and hospitalization. Even the “mildest” TBIs should be taken seriously and treated promptly by your Mercy physician.
If you have a serious brain injury, you’ll likely need neurological rehabilitation to help restore full brain function.
If your child has a mild concussion, Mercy physicians can identify it, teach you what to watch for and help determine when it’s okay to resume normal activity.
A serious brain injury may cause your child to lose certain muscle movements, and the ability to speak, see, hear or taste – depending on the area of the brain that was impacted. You may also notice a change in your child’s personality. Long term neurological rehabilitation (including physical, occupational and speech therapy) may be necessary.
As a caregiver, your involvement with your child’s Mercy care team is critical to their recovery. Your child may face challenges through recovery and feel discouraged. You can help by focusing on opportunities for your child to maximize their existing skills and positively reinforcing developmental milestones. Mercy specialists will be with you every step of the way, helping guide you through the recovery process.
It’s impossible to predict how long it will take to recover from a brain injury. Many experts say the brain has a limited ability to heal itself over about a two- year time frame, with the fastest recovery occurring in the first six months.
While this might be the case for some, it’s not for everyone. Each journey to recovery is unique.
Neurological rehabilitation will play a significant role in your healing. Often the most successful stories are about people who maintain a positive outlook, are determined to thrive and have a strong support system cheering them on. Let Mercy be part of your support system and help get you back to living life to the fullest. | 722 | [
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My dad recently needed a new phone so my fiance, who is wrist deep in Apple's pussy, said I can give my dad my phone and she'll buy me the new iphone because she's looking to upgrade hers anyway. She's been trying to get me into an iphone forever. I've been strictly LG and Samsung since I first had a phone. She swears the iphone is just amazing and I need to finally have one. So I agreed, gave my dad my old phone and she got me the iphone. And.... it's just a phone. There isn't anything special about it. She keeps checking in with me like this phone is supposed to be doing something that other phones can't do. I keep thinking about how she spent $800 to get me a phone that does everything my free with the plan android phone did. Apple people are weird. | 181 | [
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The Scripps Institution of Oceanography Library contributed about 100,000 volumes to the Google Books online library. They include:
“The Stalk-Eyed Crustacea,”by Walter Faxon, 1895 — Specimens were collected during an expedition to Central and South America and the Galapagos Islands by researchers aboard the Albatross. The ship was built by the U.S. government for marine research and was a precursor to today’s fleet of research vessels.
“The Fishes of the Swedish South Polar Expedition,”by Einar Lonnberg, 1905 — Researchers documented species collected on a famous Antarctic expedition. The outing was a scientific success but the explorers’ ship was crushed by ice, forcing the crew to build and live in a stone hut on an Antarctic island until they were rescued.
“The Medusae,” by Henry Bigelow, 1909 — Bigelow was the founding director of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts, a world leader in ocean science.
“The Land and Sea Mammals of Middle America and the West Indies,”by Daniel Giraud Elliot, 1904 — Elliot was a founder of the American Museum of Natural History in New York and the American Ornithologists’ Union.
Inside the library at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, rows of century-old books that chart the beginnings of modern oceanography are guarded behind a locked gate.
Some chronicle famous treks to the South Pole, while others describe more obscure adventures, such as a “plankton expedition” in the 1880s. All of them are deemed too fragile or valuable to leave in the general stacks.
A pioneering project by Scripps and Google Books has figuratively unlocked the gate and made the institution’s vast resources available online. Over the past 1½ years, they have digitized an estimated 100,000 volumes from the La Jolla library as part of a broader effort to put texts online.
Through word and phrase searching, Google users can identify and review nearly half of Scripps’ books from their computer without setting foot on the lower campus of the University of California San Diego. They have similar access to works housed at universities from Stanford to Oxford.
The collaboration makes the world’s largest collection of oceanographic books more widely accessible than ever but it also raises questions about the future of the library and other temples of academic works.
Peter Brueggeman, director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Library, calls Google Books’ search engine “a game-changer for scholarly research” but not one that will lead to the demise of libraries.
“I don’t feel like we are losing anything except our role as a paper warehouse,” Brueggeman said. “Our core mission hasn’t changed. We are still acquiring information.”
Regardless, library leaders are strategizing about how to maintain their relevance. The international consortium Libraries in the Digital Age held a conference in Croatia last month to address such issues.
“We like to say that Google can give you 5,000 responses (to a query) but it will be the librarian who will help you find the right and most appropriate response to your question,” said Camila Alire, president of the American Library Association. | 699 | [
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] |
Thank you to Representative Josh Cutler for sharing publicly on Facebook this past weekend the statistics for the 10,000 plus individuals served through the Department of Development Services (DDS) residential network.
Legislators have asked the Governor’s COVID-19 Command Center to include more data on these group homes in their regular updates. In addition to the chart we re-posted, Rep. Cutler cited the proactive steps DDS has taken.
the data may have inaccuracies despite being collected centrally, since reports arrive from 2,353 group home settings.
Our thoughts are with the families and staff of those who have been lost to the virus. Please note that these number don’t reflect the status of the tens of thousands living with families or living independently in the Commonwealth.
Currently DDS funds and licenses 189 providers who operate 2,100 group homes which collectively service nearly 8,000 individuals. DDS also oversees 253 state operated group homes that serve 1,066 individuals, Two state facilities that serve 332 individuals, and provides supports to 1,450 individuals living with a provider-sponsored caregiver in a Shared Living environment. In cooperation with Fallon, DDS began a mobile testing program on April 10. Pop-up testing sites are also being made available to state and provider staff working in DDS residential programs.” You can read more about DDS guidance and other steps (scroll down) on the DDS page here. The page includes a link to resources.
The numbers are not good and using the excuse that supplies were not available is a very poor excuse. Changing/rotating staff around and not keeping housing/clients super clean needs to be addressed. We entrust DDS/others to do much more to protect or vulnerable loved ones. | 360 | [
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] |
Author: Daniel Williams
Write: mail@defiance1.com
My posts:
Afghan Hound Temperament and Lifespan
The Afghan Hound is a dog who will love only his owner or family. Do not expect your dog to greet your friends and guests, otherwise they will be offended with his indifferent attitude to their presence. A dog of this breed is not a good watchdog. He will not bark seeing a stranger in your house. The Afghan has an independent thinking which makes it difficult to train him. This dog is usually not motivated by tasty treatments and does not differ with his strong desire to please his owner. However, the Afghans demonstrate wonderful results in the show ring and may impress many professional handlers. But sometimes those dogs may refuse from doing the given commands. Rough handling is not a good way out in such situations, it can make this dog antagonistic. Be gentle, kind and patient with this breed, and you will receive the feedback. The lifespan of these dogs is from 10 to 12 years.
How Much Does an Afghan Hound Cost and Price Range
The dogs of this breed vary in cost significantly. The price usually depends on how much a separate breeder will charge. So, if you want to get an Afghan Hound you will need to find as many breeders as possible and contact them for comparing their offers. A puppy from a good and reputable breeder will not be cheap. However, it does not mean that you have to buy a dog from a backyard breeder because you risk getting a puppy with health or behavioral problems. A good Afghan Hound will cost about $1500 and up.
Afghan Hound Colors, Shedding, Full Size and Average Weight
The Afghan coat is very beautiful if properly groomed. It has fine, thick and silky texture. On the head you can see a long, silky topknot. The dog's body is abundantly haired, except for the back. Mature dogs have smoother coat, usually of solid colors which are allowed by the American Kennel Club breed standard. You can meet dogs with different color combinations as well.
Grooming is very important for the Afghan because the coat of this dog breed has a tendency to tangle. It is required to brush and comb it regularly every day. You may need to bathe your dog frequently. Many owners prefer to hire a professional groomer because grooming the Afghan is a difficult and time-consuming process. It is not a task for beginners either. Speaking about the size of Afghan Hound, it's necessary to say that males are somewhat bigger than females. The first are 27 inches tall and weigh about 60 pounds, while latter are 25 inches tall and weigh about 50 pounds.
Afghan Hound Breed Characteristics, Information and Facts
The Afghan Hound was initially used for hunting in deserts and mountains of Afghanistan, where large prey was used due to the abundant coat. The dogs of this breed were highly appreciated for their fast running at long distances and ability to hold dangerous animals, including leopards. Probably, this hunting instinct makes it difficult for the Afghans to live under the same roof with cats. There are reports when Afghans killed cats. They are also clever and independent. A mature Afghan Hound will not share his family' attention with any other pet. | 663 | [
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] |
This Give Me the Seven Digits lesson plan also includes:
- Join to access all included materials
Sixth graders practice locating specific information by using the telephone book and othe common reference sources. After a lecture/demo, student groups utilize a worksheet which allows them to practice finding information.
3 Views 1 Download
- This resource is only available on an unencrypted HTTP website. It should be fine for general use, but don’t use it to share any personally identifiable information | 102 | [
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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies in Vaccinated Pregnant Women and Neonates by Using a Lateral Flow Immunoassay Coupled with a Spectrum-Based Reader
The focus of this study was to investigate the detection of neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) in maternal serum and cord blood as the targeted samples by employing a lateral flow immunoassay combined with a spectrum reader (LFI-SR) and the correlation of Nab protection against different types of SARS-CoV-2. We enrolled 20 pregnant women who were vaccinated with the Moderna (mRNA-1273) vaccine during pregnancy and collected 40 samples during delivery. We used an LFI-SR for the level of spike protein receptor binding domain antibody (SRBD IgG) as Nabs and examined the correlation of the SRBD IgG concentration and Nab inhibition rates (NabIR) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The LFI-SR had high confidence for the SRBD IgG level (p < 0.0001). Better NabIR were found in wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (WT) compared to Delta-type (DT) and Omicron-type (OT). Women with two-dose vaccinations demonstrated greater NabIR than those with a single dose. The cut-off value of the SRBD IgG level by the LFI-SR for NabIR to DT (≥30%; ≥70%) was 60.15 and 150.21 ng/mL for mothers (both p = 0.005), and 156.31 (p = 0.011) and 230.20 ng/mL (p = 0.006) for babies, respectively. An additional vaccine booster may be considered for those mothers with SRBD IgG levels < 60.15 ng/mL, and close protection should be given for those neonates with SRBD IgG levels < 150.21 ng/mL, since there is no available vaccine for them.
Introduction
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. SARS-CoV-2 has a high transmission rate which led to the rapid spreading of the disease and increasing numbers of infected people [2]. The advent of vaccines for COVID-19 has been a solution to the spread of the disease [3,4]. The vaccine can also prevent severe illness and may be considered especially useful for at-risk populations, which include not only those who may be vulnerable due to existing physical conditions, but those with vulnerable cohorts, such as pregnant women and healthcare providers [5,6]. Pregnant women may be at higher risk of developing severe illness while infected with COVID-19 [7,8]. A systemic review by Pettirosso et al., reported that 18% of pregnant women experienced severe illness and 5% experienced critical disease states. These rates were higher than those found in the general population, i.e., 14% with severe morbidity and 5% with critical illness [9]. Another large study examining pregnancy-associated conditions included a total of 342,080 women, 3527 of whom had confirmed cases of COVID-19 at the time of birth. The associated risks for pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 included preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, and emergency Cesarean delivery [10]. Additionally, neonatal COVID-19 infection may increase rates of fetal death, neonatal adverse outcomes, and prolonged neonatal hospitalization after birth [10,11]. Previous reports examining pregnant women receiving vaccines, such as an influenza vaccine, meningococcal vaccine, and Tetanus toxoid vaccine, have shown that the mother can produce maternal antibodies and provide them to the fetus through intrauterine, transplacental transfer without harm to the mother or the fetus [12]. Additionally, previous studies have indicated that the fetus can acquire antibodies from infected mothers via the transplacental route [13]. In our previous research, we found that the transplacental transmission of maternal neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) to SARS-CoV-2 could also be detected and could provide acquired protection and innate immunity for both the fetus and neonate [14]. However, variants of SARS-CoV-2 may decrease the efficacy of vaccines and lead to breakthrough COVID-19 infections [15]. The measurement of Nab concentration or Nab inhibition rates for SARS-CoV-2 may be used to determine potential vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, antibodies to the spike 1 protein receptor binding domain (S1RBD IgG) demonstrated the ability to neutralize virus-to-host cell attachment, thus, SRBD IgG detection may be construed as Nab detection [16,17]. Our previous research also demonstrated that those receiving only one dose of the vaccine had poor Nab protection compared to those with full, two-dose vaccination, and the studied vaccine, Moderna (mRNA-1273), provides lower Nab inhibition rates to Delta variants compared to wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 infection [14].
It is important to provide rapid detection of the Nab level or SRBD IgG concentration in order to determine whether vaccine protection is still sufficient. Lateral flow immunoassays have been developed after the evolution of radio-immunoassays, enzyme immunoassays, and lateral flow technology since the 1960s [18]. Using lateral flow immunoassays for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as a rapid test in pregnancy has been used for years [19]. Nowadays, lateral flow immunoassays have been used for the detection of hormones, biomarkers, toxins, and even antibodies against different viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 [20][21][22]. Since lateral flow immunoassays have the advantages of simple use by providing rapid results, they have been widely used as rapid test tools for point-ofcare detection [23,24], but they were hampered by the fact that it was difficult to make quantitative evaluations of the colorimetric results with the naked eye. Our previous research used lateral flow immunoassays in combination with a portable spectrum reader to detect the reflectance spectrum of the colorimetric change on lateral flow strips for quantifying the serum Nab (SRBD IgG) level in COVID-19-infected patients [17].
The aim of this current study was to examine women and their delivered neonates, and compare the serum SRBD IgG level results provided via the use of a lateral flow immunoassay in combination with a spectrum reader to the results provided via a traditional Nab inhibition rate evaluation using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The focus of this effort was to then determine the relative performance of a rapid test strip technique for detecting the effectiveness of vaccines against different types of SARS-CoV-2 among these vulnerable cohorts.
Patient Selection
This prospective study was performed at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital. All participants were enrolled during admission before delivery, and all were confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection-negative via a nasopharyngeal swab polymerase chain reaction test at the time. Patients with preterm labor were not enrolled in our study. Furthermore, all enrolled participants had singleton pregnancies, 17 of them received the second dose of the Moderna (mRNA-1273) vaccine between the 27th and 38th weeks of gestation, and all were confirmed to not have any COVID-19-related symptoms during pregnancy. Vaccinations were performed during pregnancy, and all participants were ≥20 years of age with no medical history of disease requiring immunosuppressant treatment.
We collected peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood as maternal and fetal blood samples, respectively. Both blood samples were obtained on the day of birth, and the fetal blood samples were collected from the umbilical cord after cord clamping. Furthermore, all associated clinical data, including enrolled age, body mass index (BMI), weeks of vaccination, delivery weeks, and other available information, were obtained from the electronic medical record system. This prospective study was conducted with the approval of an institutional review board (IRB) (IRB number: KMUHIRB-SV(II)-20210087).
Rapid Test Strip by Lateral Flow Immunoassays
We used a SARS-CoV-2 rapid test strip to detect spike protein receptor binding domain (SRBD) IgG in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood. Here, we tested the SRBD complex instead of S1RBD IgG, since the S1RBD IgG amount in the sample may not be enough to demonstrate significantly visible results. Additionally, S1RBD IgG was used in the Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) mentioned in a later section for precise assessments. The commercialized rapid test strip (AllBio Science, Taichung, Taiwan) employs a lateral flow immunochromatographic methodology with a strip containing spike protein receptor binding domain (SRBD) antigen-coated gold particles. The size of the colloidal gold used to make our lateral flow immunoassay was about 40 nm, and is commercially available from BBI Solution (Cat. No.: EM.GC40). The targeted neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) in serum were detected by a double-antigen sandwich lateral flow immunoassay. As demonstrated in Figure 1A, a rapid test strip primarily comprised a sample well, a conjugated pad, a T line (test line), and a C line (control line).
The serum sample of approximately 25 µL and one drop of buffer (about 40 µL) was dropped into the sample well sequentially, where it was allowed to migrate along the strip via capillary movement. Recombinant viral SARS-CoV-2 protein (SRBD) conjugated with gold colloids was precoated on the conjugated pad to provide a colorimetric presentation. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 protein (SRBD) was precoated at the test line. If there were Nabs in the serum sample, it conjugated with the SRBD-gold particles that were then captured and formed a complex with the SRBD at the test line, where a visible red line was generated. If, however, there were no Nabs in the serum sample, the SRBD-gold particles were not carried by Nabs, and no red line appeared at the test line region. We also placed the rapid test strip results into the spectrum analyzer to demonstrate the results shown in Figure 1B. The higher the Nab concentration within the serum sample, the greater the color intensity as read by the spectrum analyzer, which provided a quantitative measurement value. Quality control antibody was coated upon the strip at the control line, which provided a resulting red line after sample exposure in order to confirm whether the sample volume was of quality. Regardless of the test line results, there was always a red line at the control line region. In other words, no matter what the test line result is, there should always be a red line found at the control line region to confirm the suitability of the sample and the test strip.
Reflectance Spectral Analysis
As shown in Figure 1C, reflectance spectral analysis was performed with a spectrum analyzer (Taiwan SpectroChip Inc.; Hsinchu, Taiwan FDA: MD (I)-008090 and US FDA: 3017810861) equipped with a rapid test strip cassette for lateral flow immunoassays, and a corresponding spectrum reader was used to detect the spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 Nabs in the serum sample. During examination, a continuous spectrum could be generated from the analyzer, and an optical module of the analyzer was capable of capturing the high-resolution reflectance spectrum of the test line region on the test strip. Further analysis of the optical signal was done by the spectrum reader.
As shown in Figure 1D, the spectrum reader offered high-resolution results up to 3-5 nm across a spectral range as wide as 300-1100 nm. Furthermore, the reader primarily detected the primary reflectance wavelengths as 430 and 600 nm, with a main reference wavelength of 650 nm. The spectrum detection applied white light for scanning. While the red line (test line) was scanned, the light with a spectrum between 430 nm and 600 nm was absorbed by colloidal gold, so the reflected light was the remaining light that was not absorbed. The ratio of the minimum reflectance to the spectrum at the reference wavelength can be defined as the α value: α = Reflectance (650 nm)/Reflectance (the minimum value in the range of 430-600 nm) Since the spectrum at 650 nm was not absorbed by colloidal gold, the reflectance value of the red line for 650 nm was about 1. From this formula, if the sample had a higher
Reflectance Spectral Analysis
As shown in Figure 1C, reflectance spectral analysis was performed with a spectrum analyzer (Taiwan SpectroChip Inc.; Hsinchu, Taiwan FDA: MD (I)-008090 and US FDA: 3017810861) equipped with a rapid test strip cassette for lateral flow immunoassays, and a corresponding spectrum reader was used to detect the spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 Nabs in the serum sample. During examination, a continuous spectrum could be generated from the analyzer, and an optical module of the analyzer was capable of capturing the high-resolution reflectance spectrum of the test line region on the test strip. Further analysis of the optical signal was done by the spectrum reader.
As shown in Figure 1D, the spectrum reader offered high-resolution results up to 3-5 nm across a spectral range as wide as 300-1100 nm. Furthermore, the reader primarily detected the primary reflectance wavelengths as 430 and 600 nm, with a main reference wavelength of 650 nm. The spectrum detection applied white light for scanning. While the red line (test line) was scanned, the light with a spectrum between 430 nm and 600 nm was absorbed by colloidal gold, so the reflected light was the remaining light that was not absorbed. The ratio of the minimum reflectance to the spectrum at the reference wavelength can be defined as the α value: α = Reflectance (650 nm)/Reflectance (the minimum value in the range of 430-600 nm) Since the spectrum at 650 nm was not absorbed by colloidal gold, the reflectance value of the red line for 650 nm was about 1. From this formula, if the sample had a higher SRBD IgG concentration, there would be a more obvious red color line in the test line region, and the reflectance value of the red line with a spectrum at 430-600 nm would be lower, and we would obtain a higher α value. Therefore, by the same principle, if there is a lower SRBD IgG concentration in the sample, the reflectance value at 430-600 nm will be higher, and the detected α value will be lower. In other words, the higher the α value, the stronger color intensity of the test line in the strip that indicated higher SRBD IgG concentration.
2.4. S1 Receptor Binding Domain IgG Antibody Detection by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) We used sandwich ELISA to detect S1RBD IgG antibody to validate the rapid test strip performance. The ELISA-based detection of S1RBD IgG antibody was performed using a commercialized human IgG ELISA kit (RayBiotech, Peachtree Corners, GA, USA; Cat.: IEQ-CoVS1RBD-IgG-1) under the manufacturer's instructions. The samples and positive control were added to a 96-well plate coated with S1RBD protein after dilution. After 1 h of incubation at room temperature, the wells were washed and biotinylated anti-human IgG antibody was added. After 30 min of incubation, the wells were washed again and HRP-conjugated streptavidin was added. The wells were washed again after another 30 min of incubation, and TMB substrate solution, as well as stop solution, were subsequently added in the dark to see whether or not there was a colorimetric change from blue to yellow. Color intensity was measured at 450 nm via an OD reader (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA).
Linear regression was also used to determine the performance of the lateral flow immunoassay test strip/spectrum analyzer using a standard concentration gradient to determine the rapid test strip SRBD IgG value. The linear regression was used to validate the performance of the test strip and obtain a trend line equation. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated using the standard deviation. The LOD and LOQ were considered references of sensitivity and efficacy for the lateral flow immunoassay test strip/spectrum analyzer. These calculations were performed using the following formula:
Neutralizing Antibody Inhibition Test of Wild-Type, Delta-Type, and Omicron-Type SARS-CoV-2
The ELISA-based neutralizing antibody inhibition test can be used to detect neutralizing antibodies specific to different types of SARS-CoV-2 in serum. Here, we used a commercially available test kit for wild-type (SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Kit, GenScript, Piscataway, NJ, USA), Delta-type (AdipoGen Life Sciences, UK; Cat.: AG-48B-0007-KI01), and Omicron-type (Anti-SARS-CoV-2, B.1.1.529, Neutralizing Antibody Titer Serologic Assay Kit, AcroBiosystem, US; Cat.: RAS-N056) viruses and performed the protocol based on the manufacturer's instructions. All of the above kits had high precision as Intra batch CV% (coefficient of variation) < 15% and Inter batch CV% < 15% with nearly 100% high specificity. The 96-well plates were precoated with recombinant protein ACE2 for wild-type SARS-CoV-2 Nab detection and spike proteins (receptor binding domain, specific to B.1.617.2 variant) for Delta-type and Omicron-type SARS-CoV-2 Nab detection, respectively. The samples and controls were diluted with wash buffer and added to the wells of the 96-well plates, followed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated receptor binding domain solution, and a 30-min incubation time at room temperature.
For wild-type Nab detection, only 15 min of incubation at room temperature was required, and supernatant removal with well washing was performed as per the provided protocol. For Delta-type and Omicron-type Nab detection, an hour of incubation at room temperature was required, and wells were subsequently washed five times, followed by the addition of ACE2-HRP solution, an additional hour of incubation, and a repeat of the washing steps. Finally, tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) substrate solution was added to all wells in the dark and the plates were incubated for 15 min before stop solution was added. The subsequent colorimetric change in each well was detected based on the O.D. value absorbance at 450 nm as read by a microtiter plate reader (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA). The Nab inhibition percentage was then calculated with the O.D value results based on the following formula:
Statistics
To verify the rapid test strip performance, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was determined to analyze the correlation between the results from conventional ELISA and the results from the lateral flow immunoassay/spectrum analyzer for the maternal and fetal cord blood samples. An analysis was also performed to examine the differences in Nab values for wild-type or Delta-types of SARS-CoV-2 as determined by ELISA and by lateral flow immunoassay. The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism, and the result of p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Participant Characteristics
A total of 20 pregnant women and 20 corresponding, pending newborns were enrolled in our study. All enrolled pregnant women were confirmed negative for COVID-19 infection during admission for delivery. The participants' characteristics are provided in Table S1. All enrolled women had previously received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine (Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine). A total of 17 of the women enrolled had previously received two doses, and three of the women enrolled had received just one dose. The mean maternal age was 34 years (interquartile range, IQR 33-36), the mean gestational age of delivery was at 38. Table 1 indicates the Nab inhibition rates for wild-type and Delta-type SARS-CoV-2 from maternal peripheral blood and neonatal cord blood. Enrolled subjects that completed two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine before delivery had higher Nab inhibition rates for wild-type SARS-CoV-2 than those with only one dose of the vaccine for both maternal and neonatal serum taken during delivery (mothers: 97.45% vs. 40.32%, p = 0.062; neonates: 97.11% vs. 43.33%, p = 0.024). The Nab inhibition rates for Delta-type SARS-CoV-2 were quite low in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood for those with only one dose of the vaccine (mothers: 4.01%; neonates: 1.44%), and less than the cut-off value of 30% for the presence of Nabs [25]. However, the rates were elevated for samples from enrolled subjects receiving two vaccine doses (mothers: 77.82% vs. 4.01%, p < 0.001; neonates: 64.21% vs. 1.44%, p < 0.001). For wild-type SARS-CoV-2, no obvious difference in Nab inhibition rates for maternal serum or neonatal cord blood was detected during the interval between the second vaccine dose and delivery (0-2 weeks: approximately 95.99% and 95.78%; 4-8 weeks: approximately 97.48% and 97.56% for mothers and neonates, respectively), but for Delta-type, there was a trend toward higher Nab inhibition rates when the interval was longer (0-2 weeks: about 49.46% and 41.86%; 4-8 weeks: about 80.24% and 68.79% for mothers and neonates, respectively). Generally, Nab inhibition rates were significantly lower for Delta-type SARS-CoV-2 than wild-type in both maternal serum and neonatal cord blood (mothers: 64.88% vs. 97.34%, p < 0.001; neonates: 57.48% vs. 97.06%, p < 0.001). The results are shown in Table S2. Figure 1A illustrates the mechanism of our rapid test strip based on a lateral flow immunoassay for the detection of SRBD IgG in human serum. Serum samples containing SRBD IgG produced two red lines (a test line and a control line) on the test strip. Additionally, higher SRBD IgG concentrations produced a more visible test line as indicated in Figure 1B. As shown in Figure 1C, and in a previous description, we used a spectrum analyzer equipped with a rapid test strip cassette for lateral flow immunoassays, and a quantitative measurement of color intensity by a spectrum reader was performed. As shown in Figure 1D, the reflectance spectra of SRBD IgG at approximately 540 nm was detected with significant differences between the test line and control line region. The standard curve of the spectrum analyzer with the lateral flow strip is provided in Figure 1E. The trend line equation was "y = 0.0002x + 0.9974, R 2 = 0.9771". The LOD and LOQ were 105.89 ng/mL and 248.41 ng/mL, respectively. The calculation followed our previous publication [24], and the details are described in the supporting information. Figure 2 shows the correlation between the S1RBD IgG concentration in maternal and neonatal serum as determined by ELISA, and the SRBD IgG results as determined by the spectrum reflectance using our lateral flow immunoassay/spectrum analyzer. Among those subjects that received two vaccine doses, the median SRBD level was 143.26 ng/mL (IQR 103.84-233.87) and 178.3 ng/mL (IQR 119.44-248.82) for mothers and neonates, respectively. Furthermore, a significantly lower SRBD IgG level was detected in the subjects that had only received one dose of the vaccine (mothers: 8.58 ng/mL, p = 0.010; neonates: 9.28 ng/mL, p = 0.007). Similar results were found via ELISA for both mothers (2 doses: 72.11 pg/mL, 1 dose: 4.45 pg/mL), and neonates (2 doses: 67.65 pg/mL; 1 dose: 4.29 pg/mL). The correlation between the two detection methods was highly relevant with significance in both maternal serum (Rho = 0.8597, p value < 0.0001) and neonatal cord blood (Rho = 0.8131, p value < 0.0001). All results are provided in Table S3. 72.11 pg/mL, 1 dose: 4.45 pg/mL), and neonates (2 doses: 67.65 pg/mL; 1 dose: 4. The correlation between the two detection methods was highly relevant with s in both maternal serum (Rho = 0.8597, p value < 0.0001) and neonatal cord blo 0.8131, p value < 0.0001). All results are provided in Table S3. Table S3 was case 17 and was censored in the correlation li being an outlier. SRBD, spike protein receptor binding domain; ELISA, enzyme-linke sorbent assay. *** p < 0.001. Figure 3 illustrates the correlation between the Nab inhibition percentage o serum ( Figure 3A) and neonatal cord blood ( Figure 3B) for wild-type SARSthe SRBD IgG result based on the spectrum reflectance using our lateral flow i say/spectrum analyzer. The complete results are listed in Table S4. Only the th pants with only one dose of the vaccine had Nab inhibition rates less than 9 maternal/neonatal blood (mothers: 10.24%, 40.32%, and 63.15%; neonates: 14.28 and 44.14%), and notably lower SRBD IgG concentration was also detected 25.73, 0, and 0 ng/mL by strip, 10.19, 4.07, and 4.45 pg/mL by ELISA; neonate and 0 ng/mL by strip, 7.22, 4.29, and 2.25 pg/mL by ELISA). The rho was 0.8277 in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood with significance (both p value < spectively, which both showed positive relevancy. Table S3 was case 17 and was censored in the correlation line due to it being an outlier. SRBD, spike protein receptor binding domain; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. *** p < 0.001.
Nab Inhibition
Rates of Wild-, Delta-, and Omicron-Type SARS-CoV-2 with SRBD IgG Level Figure 3 illustrates the correlation between the Nab inhibition percentage of maternal serum ( Figure 3A) and neonatal cord blood ( Figure 3B) for wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the SRBD IgG result based on the spectrum reflectance using our lateral flow immunoassay/spectrum analyzer. The complete results are listed in Table S4. Only the three participants with only one dose of the vaccine had Nab inhibition rates less than 90% in both maternal/neonatal blood (mothers: 10.24%, 40.32%, and 63.15%; neonates: 14.28%, 43.33%, and 44.14%), and notably lower SRBD IgG concentration was also detected (mothers: 25.73, 0, and 0 ng/mL by strip, 10.19, 4.07, and 4.45 pg/mL by ELISA; neonates: 27.84, 0, and 0 ng/mL by strip, 7.22, 4.29, and 2.25 pg/mL by ELISA). The rho was 0.8277 and 0.7845 in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood with significance (both p value < 0.001), respectively, which both showed positive relevancy. Figure 4 illustrates the correlation between the Nab inhibition percentage for Deltatype SARS-CoV-2 and the SRBD IgG result as determined by the lateral flow immunoassay strip for maternal serum ( Figure 4A) and neonatal cord blood ( Figure 4B). The data are provided in Table S5. The Nab inhibition rates were diverse and had positive relevancy for SRBD IgG concentration. The median Nab inhibition rates for Delta-type in maternal and neonatal blood were 64.88% and 57.48%; this was lower than the inhibition rates found for wild-type, which were 97.34% (p < 0.001) and 97.06% (p < 0.001), respectively. Samples from the three subjects that had only received one dose of the vaccine demonstrated significantly poorer Nab inhibition rates than the subjects that received two full doses of the vaccine (mothers: 77.82% vs. 4.01%, p < 0.001; neonates: 64.21% vs. 1.44%, p < 0.001). Among the subjects that received two vaccine doses, 88.2% and 82.3% of mothers and neonates, respectively, had Nab inhibition rates over 30%. As shown in Table S6, the cut-off value of SRBD IgG for Nab inhibition rates to Delta-type over 30% (as measured by the lateral flow immunoassay) was 60.15 ng/mL (area under curve, AUC: 0.933, p = 0.005) ( Figure A1A) and 156.31 ng/mL (AUC: 0.869, p = 0.011) ( Figure A1B) for mothers and babies, respectively. Additionally, the cut-off value of SRBD IgG for Nab inhibition rates to Delta-type over 70% can be detected as 150.21 ng/mL (area under curve, AUC: 0.870, p = 0.005) ( Figure A1C) and 230.20 ng/mL (area under curve, AUC: 0.920, p = 0.006) ( Figure A1D) for mothers and babies, respectively. The rho results were 0.8111 and 0.8394 in maternal and neonatal blood, respectively, and both were with significance (p < 0.0001). Table S7 demonstrated the Nab inhibition rates for Omicron-type, and both the median values in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood were only 0, which were much lower than in wild/delta-type SARS-CoV-2. The lower correlation between Nab inhibition rates of maternal serum ( Figure A2A) and neonatal cord blood ( Figure A2B) for Omicron-type SARS-CoV-2 and the SRBD IgG detected by the lateral flow test also found that the rho was −0.03388 and 0.1127 in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood (both p value no significance), respectively. Figure 4 illustrates the correlation between the Nab inhibition percentage type SARS-CoV-2 and the SRBD IgG result as determined by the lateral flow i say strip for maternal serum ( Figure 4A) and neonatal cord blood ( Figure 4B are provided in Table S5. The Nab inhibition rates were diverse and had po vancy for SRBD IgG concentration. The median Nab inhibition rates for Delta-t ternal and neonatal blood were 64.88% and 57.48%; this was lower than the Figure 5 illustrates the correlation between the Nab concentration for wi SARS-CoV-2 by ELISA and the S1RBD IgG concentration by the lateral flow immun strip in maternal serum ( Figure 5A) and neonatal cord blood ( Figure 5B). The co data are listed in Table S8. The median Nab concentration was 2292.03 U/m 1706.50-2338.98) and 2239.63 U/mL (IQR 1879.58-2330.41) in maternal and n blood, respectively. Among the participants, 65% of the mothers and 80% of the had serum Nab concentrations over 2000 U/mL. Furthermore, the three single-vac jected subjects also had much lower serum Nab concentrations (maternal: 2.21 149.98 U/mL; neonatal: 3.05, 30.89, 32.97 U/mL, respectively). In total, 92.4% of those ers with SRBD IgG concentrations over 100 ng/mL, as determined by the lateral fl munoassay, had serum Nab concentrations over 2000 U/mL, but one case with a m serum SRBD IgG of 127.55 ng/mL only had a serum Nab concentration of 1761.85 In total, 86.7% of those babies with an SRBD IgG concentration over 100 ng/mL had Nab concentrations over 2000 U/mL, but two babies with a SRBD IgG concentra 107.25 and 154.12 ng/mL had only 1606.50 and 1838.23 U/mL of serum Nab con tions, respectively. The rho of correlations was 0.8266 and 0.7850 in maternal and concentrations, respectively, and both showed positive relevancy with significan 0.001). Figure 5 illustrates the correlation between the Nab concentration for wild-type SARS-CoV-2 by ELISA and the S1RBD IgG concentration by the lateral flow immunoassay strip in maternal serum ( Figure 5A) and neonatal cord blood ( Figure 5B). The complete data are listed in Table S8. The median Nab concentration was 2292.03 U/mL (IQR 1706.50-2338.98) and 2239.63 U/mL (IQR 1879.58-2330.41) in maternal and neonatal blood, respectively. Among the participants, 65% of the mothers and 80% of the babies had serum Nab concentrations over 2000 U/mL. Furthermore, the three single-vaccine injected subjects also had much lower serum Nab concentrations (maternal: 2.21, 24.30, 149.98 U/mL; neonatal: 3.05, 30.89, 32.97 U/mL, respectively). In total, 92.4% of those mothers with SRBD IgG concentrations over 100 ng/mL, as determined by the lateral flow immunoassay, had serum Nab concentrations over 2000 U/mL, but one case with a maternal serum SRBD IgG of 127.55 ng/mL only had a serum Nab concentration of 1761.85 U/mL. In total, 86.7% of those babies with an SRBD IgG concentration over 100 ng/mL had serum Nab concentrations over 2000 U/mL, but two babies with a SRBD IgG concentration of 107.25 and 154.12 ng/mL had only 1606.50 and 1838.23 U/mL of serum Nab concentrations, respectively. The rho of correlations was 0.8266 and 0.7850 in maternal and serum concentrations, respectively, and both showed positive relevancy with significance (p < 0.001).
Discussion
The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a massive influence and impact on the nomic and daily life of people, societies, and countries worldwide. As of January over 300 million people have become infected and five million people have succumb the disease [26]. The development of vaccines and wide promotion of vaccination ca fectively produce and upregulate virus antibody in the human body to generate pr tion against SARS-CoV-2, which is especially impactful for physically at-risk individ and those with vulnerable cohorts, such as healthcare workers and pregnant women 29]. However, the potentially endless emergence of variant types of SARS-CoV-2, su Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1 variants, reduces vaccine efficacy, and numerous breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infec after vaccination have been reported. Vaccine protection evaluation can be determine analyzing neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) concentration or inhibition rates to virus pr [30]. The antibody for the spike protein receptor binding domain (SRBD IgG) to S CoV-2 is a well-established marker that can be used to assess Nab detection [16,31]. F the literature, the antibody tests (IgG/IgM) showed low sensitivity (less than 30.1%) i first week of the onset of symptoms, but increased up to 72.2%, 91.4%, and 96% du the second week, third week, and fourth-to-fifth weeks, respectively [21]. Addition the overall sensitivity was around 70 to 80% by chemiluminescence immunoassay ELISA with IgG or IgM. The lateral flow immunoassay showed sensitivity as 78%, and 82% with IgG, IgM, and IgM/IgG [32], respectively. In our previous research, th
Discussion
The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a massive influence and impact on the economic and daily life of people, societies, and countries worldwide. As of January 2022, over 300 million people have become infected and five million people have succumbed to the disease [26]. The development of vaccines and wide promotion of vaccination can effectively produce and upregulate virus antibody in the human body to generate protection against SARS-CoV-2, which is especially impactful for physically at-risk individuals and those with vulnerable cohorts, such as healthcare workers and pregnant women [27][28][29]. However, the potentially endless emergence of variant types of SARS-CoV-2, such as Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants, reduces vaccine efficacy, and numerous breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections after vaccination have been reported. Vaccine protection evaluation can be determined by analyzing neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) concentration or inhibition rates to virus protein [30]. The antibody for the spike protein receptor binding domain (SRBD IgG) to SARS-CoV-2 is a well-established marker that can be used to assess Nab detection [16,31]. From the literature, the antibody tests (IgG/IgM) showed low sensitivity (less than 30.1%) in the first week of the onset of symptoms, but increased up to 72.2%, 91.4%, and 96% during the second week, third week, and fourth-to-fifth weeks, respectively [21]. Additionally, the overall sensitivity was around 70 to 80% by chemiluminescence immunoassay and ELISA with IgG or IgM. The lateral flow immunoassay showed sensitivity as 78%, 47%, and 82% with IgG, IgM, and IgM/IgG [32], respectively. In our previous research, the use of a lateral flow immunoassay in combination with a spectrum analyzer has been shown to effectively detect IgG in serum [17].
The examined cohorts were different between the present study and our previous study [33]. In the present study, we have focused on vulnerable cohorts, i.e., pregnant women and their neonates, which have not been extensively discussed in academic articles. In addition, in our previous study, we derived a mathematical formula for describing the color intensity (recorded via our spectrum-based reader) between the control line region and test line region of the lateral flow immunoassay. The reflectance spectra (of our spectrum-based reader) were used to acquire a value for constructing a neutralizing antibody concentration, which was equivalent to the percentage of inhibition (not the neutralizing antibody amount) [33]. Our current study has attempted to use a lateral flow immunoassay (coupled with our spectrum-based reader) to quantify the amount of neutralizing antibodies, which is the main difference from our previous study. We have further taken this technology advantage to conclude that an additional vaccine booster may be considered for those mothers with the specific neutralizing antibody level.
As with previous research [17], our study demonstrated the suitability for a lateral flow immunoassay to be used in combination with a spectrum analyzer to detect the SRBD IgG level in pregnant women's serum and neonatal cord blood as noted in Figure 2 (mothers: Rho = 0.8602, p < 0.0001; neonates: Rho = 0.8135, p < 0.0001). Beharier et al., reported that SRBD IgG transfer across the placental barrier can be triggered by the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine within 15 days after administration of the first vaccine dose [34]. Matsui et al., reported that neonates can also obtain SARS-CoV-2 Nabs from their vaccinated mothers, and the transfer ratio (cord Nab level/maternal Nab level) was greatest when vaccination was completed in the second trimester (1.7-fold higher, p < 0.0001) [35]. Our previous study also showed considerable levels of Nab inhibition rates can be detected in both maternal serum and neonatal cord blood from fully vaccinated pregnant women, and both levels were higher than in those who had only received a single vaccine dose (maternal: 97.46% vs. 4.01%; neonatal: 97.37% vs. 1.44%) [14]. A high correlation in Nab inhibition rates with positive relevancy between maternal and cord blood has been detected (Rho = 0.7669, p < 0.0001) [14]. Here, we found that median Nab inhibition rates for wild-type SARS-CoV-2 were 97.34% (IQR 93.65-97.60) and 97.06% (IQR 94.85-97.55) in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood, respectively, which were both higher than the results for Delta-type (mothers: 64.88%, p < 0.001; neonatal: 57.48%, p < 0.001) and Omicron-type SARS-CoV-2 (both 0 in mothers and neonates, p < 0.001) with significance. The cord-to-maternal ratio was approximately 1.30 (IQR 0.78-2.23) and 0.71 (IQR 0.51-1.06) for the subjects that received two vaccine doses and those that received one dose, respectively. These data provide additional support for providing two vaccine doses for pregnant women and note that the Nab protection provided can be transferred to newborns. We found that this Nab protection was greatest when the interval between receiving the second vaccine dose and delivery was four-to eight-weeks, which is a finding supported by other articles as well [36][37][38].
As shown in Figure 3, the subjects enrolled in our study received the Moderna (mRNA-1273) vaccine and demonstrated excellent immunity to wild-type SARS-CoV-2 with median Nab inhibition rates of 97.34% and 97.06% for mothers and babies, respectively. Those receiving only one dose of the vaccine had relatively lower Nab protection, as low as 40.32% and 43.33% for mothers and neonates, respectively. However, all subjects that received two vaccine doses demonstrated Nab inhibition rates of at least 90% and Nab concentrations of at least 1400 U/mL in both mothers and neonates. Additionally, the values were similar in regard to protection for Delta-type SARS-CoV-2. Those subjects that received two vaccine doses demonstrated Nab protection that was 77.82% and 64.21% higher than those that received only one vaccine dose (4.01% and 1.44% for mothers and neonates, respectively). As shown in Figure A1, the SRBD IgG cut-off value for Nab inhibition rates of at least 30% for Delta variants was 60.15 and 156.31 ng/mL in mothers and babies, respectively. This means that mothers or neonates may need additional vaccine doses. These results may help guide vaccine strategy for possible booster vaccinations. For the neonates with lower SRBD IgG, close protection with special care may be needed since there is no available vaccine for this cohort. The cut-off value of SRBD IgG for Nab inhibition rates of at least 70% for Delta variants was 150.21 and 230.20 ng/mL for mothers and babies, respectively. The Nab inhibition rates which ranged within 30 to 70% can indicate moderate vaccine protection. Thus, the results of SRBD IgG from a lateral flow strip with a spectrum analyzer may give us an immediate message that the vaccine protection is sufficient for some variants of SARS-CoV-2. Examining the SRBD IgG level with a rapid lateral flow immunoassay test may provide a much-needed and integral tool for point-of-care testing and vaccine guidance.
From the previously published literature, the reduction and loss of vaccine protection may be related to weakened self-immunity or health status for antibody generation, different variants of SARS-CoV-2 that breach established immunity, diminished vaccine efficacy over time, and unimplemented physical barriers against virus infection. Additionally, the literature has shown that protection provided by a COVID-19 vaccine may be weakened six months after vaccination, and a breakthrough infection with a drop in antibody amount may be observed. COVID-19 booster vaccines have been found to enhance protection against SARS-CoV-2 and reduce the likelihood of subsequent severe illness [39][40][41][42]. Because of the limited sample size in this study, no significant differences in the SRBD IgG level or Nab inhibition rates could be detected among our cohorts for different parameters or variates of clinical data, including age of delivery, gestational age of delivery, BMI status, neonatal body weight, or neonatal gender. Those subjects that received two vaccine doses demonstrated greater protection than those that received only one dose, and those with an interval between the second dose and delivery of at least two weeks demonstrated better immunity than those with an interval of less than two weeks. Considering the variants of SARS-CoV2 and breakthrough infections following complete vaccination [43,44], it is important to evaluate the SRBD IgG level as a measure of immunity against COVID-19, and the lateral flow immunoassay strip test is a preferred tool for rapid, simplified testing that can guide decisions regarding booster vaccination needs. In our current study, the working duration for our lateral flow immunoassay was about 7-10 min, and the analysis duration for our spectrum-based optical analyzer was about 3-5 min.
There were some limitations in our study. Because only 20 participants and 40 samples were used, the range and breadth of results in terms of clinical differences were limited. Additionally, because vaccine coverage is expanding in the population at large, it was difficult to find high numbers of pregnant women that were vaccinated after the onset of pregnancy, and the quality of the samples and lateral flow strip may affect both the examination and the calculation of the LOD. Other limitations included the fact that we only enrolled subjects that had received a particular vaccine, Moderna (mRNA-1273), and we only tested for protection against wild-type and Delta-type SARS-CoV-2. Additional variants may be studied in the future.
Conclusions
In this study, we found that COVID-19 vaccine protection in pregnant women and neonates was better for wild-type virus compared to Delta-type and Omicron-type SARS-CoV-2 virus. Additionally, enrolled subjects that received two vaccine doses demonstrated better protection than those that received only one dose. We further found that a lateral flow immunoassay/spectrum analyzer approach could be used to detect the S1RBD IgG level cut-off value in maternal and neonatal serum, which was 60.15 and 156.31 ng/mL for Nab inhibition rates of at least 30% against Delta-type SARS-CoV-2. For those mothers with an S1RBD IgG level less than 60.15 ng/mL, an additional vaccine booster may be considered to augment low immunity/protection. For those neonates with an S1RBD IgG level less than 156.31 ng/mL, close protection with special care may be needed since there is no available vaccine for them. More cases may be needed in a future study for further clinical validation.
Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www. mdpi.com/article/10.3390/bios12100891/s1, Supportive information. The calculation of LOD and LOQ; Table S1. Characteristics of Maternal and neonatal status; Table S2. Median neutralizing antibody inhibition rates to wild or Delta-type SARS-CoV-2 in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood; Table S3. SRBD IgG level by lateral flow immunoassay and ELISA in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood; Table S4. SRBD IgG level by lateral flow immunoassay and neutralizing antibody inhibition rates against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood; Table S5. SRBD IgG level by lateral flow immunoassay and neutralizing antibody inhibition rates against Delta-type SARS-CoV-2 in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood; Table S6. The ROC curve result and cut-off value of SRBD IgG for neutralizing antibody inhibition rates over 30% by lateral flow immunoassay/spectrum analyzer in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood; Table S7. SRBD IgG level by lateral flow immunoassay and neutralizing antibody inhibition rates against Omicron-type SARS-CoV-2 in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood; Table S8. SRBD IgG level by lateral flow immunoassay and neutralizing antibody concentration against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 by ELISA in maternal serum and neonatal cord blood. Figure A1. (A) ROC curve of S1RBD in maternal serum by the immunoassay/spectrum Nab inhibition rate ≧ 30% for Delta-type SARS-CoV-2. (B) ROC curve of S1RBD in n blood by the immunoassay/spectrum analyzer for Nab inhibition rate ≧ 30% for Delt CoV-2. (C) ROC curve of S1RBD in maternal serum by the immunoassay/spectrum ana inhibition rate ≧ 70% for Delta-type SARS-CoV-2. (D) ROC curve of S1RBD in neonat by the immunoassay/spectrum analyzer for Nab inhibition rate ≧ 70% for Delta-type ROC curve, receiver operating characteristic curve; SRBD, spike protein receptor bind AUC, area under curve. ROC curve of S1RBD in maternal serum by the immunoassay/spectrum analyzer for Nab inhibition rate 30% for Delta-type SARS-CoV-2. (B) ROC curve of S1RBD in neonatal cord blood by the immunoassay/spectrum analyzer for Nab inhibition rate 30% for Delta-type SARS-CoV-2. (C) ROC curve of S1RBD in maternal serum by the immunoassay/spectrum analyzer for Nab inhibition rate 70% for Delta-type SARS-CoV-2. (D) ROC curve of S1RBD in neonatal cord blood by the immunoassay/spectrum analyzer for Nab inhibition rate 70% for Delta-type SARS-CoV-2. ROC curve, receiver operating characteristic curve; SRBD, spike protein receptor binding domain; AUC, area under curve. Figure A1. (A) ROC curve of S1RBD in maternal serum by the immunoassay/spectrum analyzer Nab inhibition rate ≧ 30% for Delta-type SARS-CoV-2. (B) ROC curve of S1RBD in neonatal c blood by the immunoassay/spectrum analyzer for Nab inhibition rate ≧ 30% for Delta-type SA CoV-2. (C) ROC curve of S1RBD in maternal serum by the immunoassay/spectrum analyzer for N inhibition rate ≧ 70% for Delta-type SARS-CoV-2. (D) ROC curve of S1RBD in neonatal cord bl by the immunoassay/spectrum analyzer for Nab inhibition rate ≧ 70% for Delta-type SARS-CoV ROC curve, receiver operating characteristic curve; SRBD, spike protein receptor binding dom AUC, area under curve. | 11,392 | [
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] |
The Westminster Model is the term used to characterize the British constitutional system. This model makes the claim that it accurately captures the constitution and functioning of the UK government. The key feature of the model is a separation of powers which refers to the division of duties and authority into three distinct branches that are the legislative branch, also known as the Parliament, which is in charge of passing laws; the executive branch, known as the government, is in charge of enforcing laws and providing government services; and the judicial branch, known as the courts, interprets how laws should be applied. Such separation of power helps to divide the power and make a more transparent system. Other features of the model are the presence of parliamentary opposition parties and a ceremonial head of state, which is distinct from the head of government. These features allow the representation of minorities in the Parliament, as such they can participate in the construction of laws and regulations.
The Westminster Parliament has a number of ways, including the House of Lords, to bring the executive to account. The Lords, the upper chamber of a bicameral legislature, serves as a constitutional check and balance on executive power, fulfilling a key democratic requirement despite its non-election. A democratically elected lower house is a component of the Westminster system of governance. The prime minister is the second-in-command of the government after the executive members. The opposition, which is led by the leader of the party or parties with the second-highest number of seats in the lower house, is the next system to take effect. The prime minister and the cabinets are, therefore, totally in charge of Parliament under the British system. As the steering committee of Parliament, they are responsible for preparing and passing the majority of legislation as well as the budget.
The fundamental tenet of direct democracy is that voters will be more likely to approve new legislation if they have a direct say in their creation and substance. The Westminster paradigm, which is based on the idea that people’s representatives make the best laws rather than the people themselves. In the United Kingdom, several direct democratic techniques have been employed, such as the usage of referendums. Despite the fact that the administration is supposed to answer to Parliament, the House of Commons is under its control. The government introduces measures for Parliament to vote on, which almost invariably pass, and sets the agenda and timeline for advancing a bill through Parliament.
The delicate balance between the administration and Parliament that is the foundation of the United Kingdom constitution, which is largely founded on traditions, has been put under stress by Brexit. It has resulted in an ongoing conflict between Westminster and the minority Conservative administration of Theresa May, which depends on a supply and confidence deal with the Democratic Unionist Party. This has pushed the adversarial aspect of British parliamentary life to its breaking point. It has also posed an unprecedented challenge to the practices and procedures of Parliament, which were famously established by Erskine May in the nineteenth century. Some people believe that the outcome of the June 2016 referendum to leave the EU has strengthened the Westminster model (The Economist, 2016). Since the European label and pressure will be eliminated and Parliament will be allowed to act autonomously, this will have a significant impact on the Supremacy of Parliament.
The Economist. (2016). Shifting sands. The Economist. | 668 | [
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Have you ever watched sharks swimming in the oceans, if so, then you might have noticed that they only swim in the forward direction. Why don’t they swim in the backward tract?
Like all other marine and aquatic animals, sharks also have streamlined bodies which help them to swim at a faster speed throughout the ocean water. Sharks use different body parts while swimming to keep them in balance such as tails which allow them to dive deep in the water and rely on fins to keep their body in equilibrium. Actually, the shape of their body determines the pace with which they travel. Despite having such exceptional and unique patterns of swimming – why can’t they swim in the backward direction?
We will help you out to clear your puzzling thoughts. Let’s drool into the details with us to find the mystery behind the shark’s unique swimming pattern!
Can Sharks Swim in the Backward Direction?
No! Sharks cannot swim in the backward direction. The reason is that the shape of their body is designed to swim only in the forward direction but not in the opposite way. Furthermore, the shape of their fins makes it difficult to swim in the backward direction.
Why Can’t Sharks Swim Backward?
Sharks always move in the forward direction to breathe.
Sharks are the only group of fishes that are not capable of swimming in the backward direction. Unlike bony fishes, the pectoral fins of sharks cannot bend upward to move backward. If they wish to tilt back then due to gravity they may fall behind. Similarly, any backward movement made by sharks lets the water enter the gills, affecting the respiratory system which may lead to the death of sharks.
What Happens If a Shark Swims in the Backward Direction?
Swimming in the backward direction is unsafe for sharks. Sharks can swim only in the forward direction to keep the flow of water over their mouth and gills in balance. Unfortunately, if they try to move backward, the water enters into the gills rather than flowing out, which causes suffocation and leads them to sink towards the bottom of the ocean.
Is There Any Way That Sharks Can Move in the Reverse Direction?
Yes! Sharks can move backward but there is an exception to this rule.
Have you ever heard about “Walking sharks”?
You guessed it right – we are talking about Epaulette sharks.
Not all the sharks are capable of reversing their direction except Epaulette sharks. The land sharks are capable of walking on the ocean floor, reefs, or on land as well. The pelvic and pectoral fins help them to move on the land as well as tilt backward. Despite all this, one thing you must remember is that Epaulette sharks like other sharks cannot reverse their direction while swimming, instead, they are only able to walk in the reverse direction.
Sharks always swim in the forward direction to breathe, reversing their direction will put them at risk due to disturbance in the breathing processes. The water instead of flowing over enters the gills, inhibiting the gaseous exchange – thus causing suffocation and ultimately leading to the death of sharks by drowning. With few exceptions, only Epaulette sharks have the ability to walk and tilt in the reverse direction. | 669 | [
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The 2019 South Dakota Legislature, which convenes Jan. 8 in Pierre, will have a member-friendly schedule. Legislators will take Monday or Friday off most weeks, and work four-day weeks.
Travel factors probably were a big consideration in building the schedule for the 40-day session. The 105 members of the House and Senate – like many of the people who come to the Capitol to monitor or influence lawmakers’ work – come from all over the state, and they like to get home for weekends. Can’t blame them for that.
Even incoming Gov. Kristi Noem has indicated that she plans to travel a lot between Pierre and her family’s home in rural Castlewood.
Improved communication systems are a big factor that helps make nontraditional schedules and remote work easier, even in government. Colleagues can readily communicate by means such as phone calls, texting, email, and conferencing services.
South Dakota telecommunications companies have developed a first-rate network, and it’s being relied upon with increasing frequency.
Even residents of rural South Dakota generally enjoy better broadband services than their peers in the United States. That claim was documented earlier this year in “Connecting South Dakota’s Future: A Report on the Deployment & Impact of Rural Broadband.” South Dakota Dashboard, an online community information service, compiled the report for the South Dakota Telecommunications Association (SDTA) and SDN Communications.
The report noted, for example, that during 2017 SDTA member companies served more than 65 percent of their customers with fiber to their homes or businesses. In contrast, a 2016 national survey found rural companies were serving just more than 40 percent of their customers with fiber-to-the-premises.
More than half of all South Dakotans live in non-metropolitan areas served by companies that belong to the SDTA. Members’ combined service area covers more than 76 percent of the state’s geography.
Several legislators from the Sioux Falls area recently attended a pre-session lunch that SDN and SDTA hosted. Lawmakers got a quick review of the state’s infrastructure and had the opportunity to ask questions about it.
South Dakota’s broadband network isn’t expected to be a big focus of debate during the 2019 session. It could be a background factor in some discussions, however.
For example, legislators who are looking for ways to improve the delivery of mental health services have talked about making greater use of communications services such as telehealth and telemedicine. Meanwhile, some counties are expanding their 211 telephone information services and seeking state support.
In areas where the service is available, calls to 211 can provide more than routine information. They can help prevent suicide and help victims of domestic abuse. Such services fill a critical niche and are worthy of public support.
Communities and the state also should be supportive of the continued improvement of telecommunications infrastructure across South Dakota, especially for emergency communications, but also for routine business and residential uses. Some areas remain underserved.
One visible sign of continuing development is the slowly increasing number of small cell poles being put up around the state. Small cell poles are a precursor to 5G, the next generation of wireless technology. The poles help improve wireless services in areas in which big towers might be clogged with electronic traffic.
A widespread misperception among South Dakotans is that wireless phone and computer services don’t depend on wired networks. In fact, wireless communications are 100 percent dependent on fiber lines and other wired networks.
Calls from a cell phone don’t just bounce from one tower to the next. Typically, calls go from the nearest tower underground to a switching station, then back underground to the tower closest to the recipient of the call.
Wireless calls, like nearly all forms of electronic communications, require good infrastructure. Creating and maintaining that good infrastructure comes from investments from the telecommunications companies and public support at the local, state and federal levels. Public support can come in the form of reasonable local regulation, for example, or federal subsidy programs.
In the coming weeks, we might address any telecommunications of significance that come before the Legislature. Regardless, we wish legislators a good, productive session.
Wednesday, March 13, is tentatively scheduled to be the last day of the main run of the session. Lawmakers will then take two weeks off and return to Pierre for a final day on March 29. The last day is earmarked as veto day, meaning that’s when legislators will consider overriding any vetoes issued by the governor during the two-week break.
For more information about the Legislature or to monitor bills being considered by lawmakers, visit the South Dakota Legislative Research Council's website.
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(June 2, 2008) In a May 23, 2008, ruling of the International Court of Justice, Singapore has been accorded sovereignty over an island in the Straits of Singapore. The island, often called Pedra Branca but known in Malaysia as Pulau Batu Puteh, has a lighthouse and was the subject of a dispute between Singapore and Malaysia. In the same decision, Malaysia was given control over a series of uninhabited, above-water rocks. The 12 to 4 decision of the justices stated that the island had been Singapore's territory since at least 1980. The vote on giving control over the “Middle Rocks” to Malaysia was 15 to 1. The Court, which sits in The Hague, is also known as the World Court; its decisions are binding and there is no appeal. (UN Court Rules in Maritime Dispute Between Singapore and Malaysia, UN NEWS, May 23, 2008; AP, World Court Gives Lighthouse Island to Singapore (last visited May 27, 2008). | 205 | [
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#!/usr/bin/tcsh
# Change process name in Matthias' config files
foreach file (`ls HLT_*_cfi.py`)
# echo sed 's/'\"'$1'\"'/'\"'$2'\"'/g' ${file} > ${file}new
sed s/'\"'$1'\"'/'\"'$2'\"'/g ${file} > ${file}new
mv ${file}new ${file}
end
echo Process name changed from $1 to $2 in all files
| 135 | [
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] |
Table of Contents Hide
Volleyball and netball are both team sports that involve passing a ball over a net, but the rules and gameplay are different. In volleyball, players can use any part of their body to hit the ball over the net, while in netball, players are restricted to using only their hands and have designated positions on the court.
Volleyball is a team sport that is played on a court with a net in the center. The objective is to hit a ball over the net and make it land on the opponent’s side of the court, while preventing the opposing team from doing the same. Points are scored when the ball lands on the opponent’s side of the court or if the opposing team commits a fault.
Netball is a team sport that is played on a rectangular court with two goals at each end. The objective is to score goals by shooting the ball through the opposing team’s goal ring, which is positioned 3.05 meters above the ground. Players are designated to specific positions on the court and are restricted to using only their hands to pass and shoot the ball.
Volleyball Vs. Netball – Key differences
The main differences between volleyball and netball are:
The net: Volleyball has a higher net that separates the two teams, while netball has no net and is played with two goal posts at each end of the court.
Movement: Volleyball involves a lot of jumping, diving, and quick movements around the court, while netball players are restricted to specific positions on the court and cannot move with the ball.
Scoring: In volleyball, points are scored when the ball lands on the opponent’s side of the court, while in netball, points are scored by shooting the ball through the goal ring.
Contact: Volleyball allows more physical contact between players, while netball has strict rules against physical contact.
While both sports involve passing a ball over a net, the rules and gameplay of volleyball and netball are significantly different.
How to play volleyball?
Volleyball is a sport that can be played indoors or outdoors. It is a team sport that involves two teams of six players each. Volleyball is played on a court that is divided by a net. The object of the game is to score points by grounding the ball on the other team’s court, or by forcing the other team to commit errors.
The game of volleyball is played with six players on each side of the net. Three players are in front of the net and three players are behind the net. Each team tries to score points by hitting the ball over the net and into the other team’s court. The game starts with one player from each team serving the ball from behind the back line. The server must serve the ball over the net so that it lands within the other team’s court bounds. The opposing team must then return the ball before it hits the ground within their own court bounds. If they are successful, they get a point and become the serving team; if not, their opponents score a point and retain possession of service. A set is won when one team has reached 25 points with a minimum lead of 2 points, or whichever score first determined before play began. In order to win a match, teams must win three sets out of five sets played total.
How to play Netball?
Netball is a sport that is similar to basketball, but played on a smaller court with fewer players. The game is played with seven players on each team, and the objective is to score goals by shooting the ball through a hoop. Netball can be played indoors or outdoors, but most games are played outdoors on a grass court.
The basic rules of netball are simple. The game is divided into four quarters, and each team tries to score as many goals as possible in each quarter. The team with the most goals at the end of the game wins. To score a goal, the player must shoot the ball through the hoop from inside the shooting circle. The shot must be taken within three seconds of receiving the ball, and the player must not take more than one step while holding the ball.
If a player breaks any of these rules, it is called a foul and the other team is awarded a free throw or penalty shot. When playing netball, it is important to know all of the rules so that you can avoid committing fouls and giving your opponents an opportunity to score easy points.
Equipment needed for volleyball
Volleyball and netball are both popular sports played by girls of all ages. Both sports require a certain amount of equipment in order to play. For volleyball, you will need a ball, a net, and a court. For netball, you will need a ball, two nets, and two goal posts.
Equipment needed for Netball
To play netball, you will need a few pieces of equipment. You will need a netball, of course, which is a slightly different size and weight than a volleyball. You will also need comfortable shoes and clothing that you can move around in easily. Finally, you will need something to keep your hair out of your face, like a headband or ponytail holder.
Is netball a male or female sport?
Netball is most commonly played by women and girls, although there are male teams in some countries. The sport evolved from an early form of basketball and was originally called “ladies’ basketball”. Netball is played on a rectangular court with goalposts at each end. The aim of the game is to score goals by shooting the ball through the opponents’ goal ring. Players are not allowed to run with the ball, but must pass it between team-mates using only their hands.
What country is netball most popular in?
Netball is a popular sport in many countries, but it is most popular in Australia, where it originated. In Australia, netball is played by over 1 million people, making it one of the most popular sports in the country. Netball is also popular in New Zealand, South Africa, and England.
What is beach volleyball?
Volleyball is a sport that has two teams of six players. Netball is a sport that has two teams of seven players. Both sports are played on a court with a net in the middle. The object of both volleyball and netball is to score points by getting the ball into the other team’s court.
The main difference between volleyball and netball is the number of players on each team. Volleyball has six players on each team, while netball has seven players on each team. Netball also has different rules regarding how the ball can be moved around the court. For example, in netball, players are not allowed to run with the ball, but in volleyball, players can run with the ball. | 1,422 | [
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128001
] |
A home using the Council rubbish bags puts out 0.13kg of green waste a week, compared to a small wheelie bin which on average has 3.41kg, and a large wheelie bin with 7.42kg. Crazy considering there’s better uses for it, eh?
Simple tips to reduce your garden waste
- Mulch your lawn clippings and woody waste
- Leave your lawn clippings on the lawn after mowing
- Stop cutting your grass so low. The best lawn care advocates for only removing the top third of your lawn. This is great for lawn health and can stop it drying out
- Do you need that much lawn? Why not plant some extra garden beds instead?
- Mulch your gardens – this slows down weed growth
- Pop your food waste or garden scraps in a compost bin or worm farm
- Opt for slow growing plants that don’t need much maintenance
Over the years Palmy woman Helen Lehndorf has turned much of what used to be lawn into a lush and productive garden, where flowers, herbs and vegetables are planted companionably alongside each other. Check out those mulched beds!
Bring your green waste to us
We love garden waste! We turn it into compost for the city’s parks, and to sell it to Palmy homes. Instead of putting it in the bin, throw it on your trailer or bale it up in a fadge and bring it to us to compost. | 306 | [
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#ifndef OPENTRACING_TRACER_FACTORY_H
#define OPENTRACING_TRACER_FACTORY_H
#include <opentracing/tracer.h>
#include <opentracing/version.h>
namespace opentracing {
BEGIN_OPENTRACING_ABI_NAMESPACE
// Returns the std::error_category class used for tracer factory errors.
//
// See
// http://blog.think-async.com/2010/04/system-error-support-in-c0x-part-1.html
// https://ned14.github.io/boost.outcome/md_doc_md_03-tutorial_b.html
const std::error_category& tracer_factory_error_category();
// `configuration_parse_error` occurs when the configuration string used to
// construct a tracer does not adhere to the expected format.
const std::error_code configuration_parse_error(
1, tracer_factory_error_category());
// `invalid_configuration_error` occurs if the requested configuration for a
// tracer has invalid values.
const std::error_code invalid_configuration_error(
2, tracer_factory_error_category());
// TracerFactory constructs tracers from configuration strings.
class TracerFactory {
public:
virtual ~TracerFactory() = default;
// Creates a tracer with the requested `configuration`.
//
// Example,
// const char* configuration = R"(
// "collector": "localhost:123",
// "max_buffered_spans": 500
// )";
// std:string error_message;
// auto tracer_maybe = tracer_factory->MakeTracer(configuration,
// error_message);
// if (tracer_mabye) {
// // success
// std::shared_ptr<opentracing::Tracer> tracer = *tracer_maybe;
// } else {
// // failure
// std::error_code error = tracer_maybe.error();
// // `error_message` may also contain a more descriptive message
// }
virtual expected<std::shared_ptr<Tracer>> MakeTracer(
const char* configuration, std::string& error_message) const noexcept = 0;
};
END_OPENTRACING_ABI_NAMESPACE
} // namespace opentracing
#endif // OPENTRACING_TRACER_FACTORY_H
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] |
Affidavit has to be notarized and sent Certified Mail/Return Receipt.
ARTICLE 1. That all government of right originates from the People, is founded in compact only, and instituted solely for the good of the whole, and they have, at all times, the inalienable right to alter, reform or abolish their Form of Government in such manner as they many deem expedient."
Article 1 of the Constitution of Maryland states "That all Government of right originates from the People" and with that "right" [they] "have, at all times, the inalienable right to alter, reform or abolish their Form of Government in such manner as they deem expedient."
In line with that overarching theme, the Constitution of Maryland grants every elector qualified to vote in Maryland. as a citizen of the United States, who has attained the lawful requirements, to demand a FULL (not partial) FORENSIC AUDIT of the statewide election of 2020, by right, and in a matter that is self-executing.
This is a notice and demand for the FULL forensic audit process to be started and completed without delay by an independent firm following those guidelines established by the Maricopa County, Arizona audit of 2021.
Articles 4, 7, 10, 12, 13 each separately and together address "the right of the People" the sole and exclusive right of regulating the internal government, to participate in the Legislature being "the best security of liberty", for the purpose of "free and frequent" elections and the "right of suffrage"; "freedom of speech" and debate; "redress of grievances" AND "That every man hath the right to petition the Legislature for redress of grievances in a peaceable and orderly manner".
Article 19 guarantees "That every man, for any injury done to him in his person or property, ought to have a remedy by the course of the Law of the Land, and ought to have justice and right, freely without sale, fully without any denial, and speedily without delay......".
THEREFORE, by those powers declared to the people in the above constitutional provisions, I, Affiant, demand, require and order a complete forensic audit of the 2020 statewide election results along with all votes, machines, routers and software. As noted all rights set forth in the above sections are self-executing, and since you are being given notice that this forensic audit is demanded, start the audit process and please respond to me at the given address with all information on the results.
Any attempt to trample the rights retained by "the people" of the State of Maryland after this notice will be considered a trespass by you with full knowledge and intent.
Any man or women who denies these claims are true must rebut them under the penalty of perjury in the form of a sworn affidavit.
Any man or woman who engages in the suppression of this affidavit agrees to pay $30,000 and any disputes by any public official (or private actor) who are bound by oath or contract to the Maryland Constitution agrees to have these matters heard before an Arbitrator of my choice and to be bound thereby.
Any man or woman denying these claims are true must rebut each claim point by point within (3) days (72 hours). Failure to respond means that by acquiescence you agree that all claims are true.
I HEREBY declare, certify and state, pursuant to the penalties of perjury under the Laws of the United States of America, and by provisions of 28 USC 1746 that all of the foregoing representations are true and correct to the best of my knowledge, information and belief.
On ___________________________2021, before me, a Notary Public in and for the County appeared ____________________________, who being by me duly sworn, signed the document and acknowledged signature to be his/her free act and deed. | 788 | [
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] |
To help students identify letters
of the alphabet.
Student will be able to identify
letters in the alphabet and pronounce them phonetically correct.
Alphabet cards, ABC by Dr. Seuss,
Read an alphabet book that gives
examples of the things that start with each letter (work on one or two
only). Suggest to children that they can
come up with their own words for each letter.
- Have the children sit in a circle of
chairs and pass a container of alphabet cards around.
Let each child draw a card. After
handing out the cards, have each child identify their letter and give a
word that starts with that letter.
- Next have the students stand up and
place their card on their chair. Play some
music and have the children march around the circle while music plays. When the teacher stops music, student takes
the card on whatever chair is in front of them, sits down, and repeats
While children are playing game,
take notes of children who are pronouncing letters correctly, who is
trouble pronouncing the letter, and who is having problems coming up
As you are collecting the cards, be
compliment children and ask them what their favorites were for each
By Christopher Faulkner
to return to Explorations. | 270 | [
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128001
] |
Maxim Wealth Management Limited with offices in Glasgow and London is about helping real people plan to achieve the financial goals that matter most to them.
We specialise in Occupational Pension Transfer Advice.
Investment advice for new investors wishing to create an investment portfolio or existing investors looking to restructure their investment portfolio.
Pension Advice for those saving for retirement and Pensions Retirement Advice for individuals aged 55 plus who would like to access their Occupational Company Scheme, Personal Pensions, Final Salary Schemes, Company Pensions and Private Pension Schemes. By setting up Flexi-access Drawdown to take advantage of the new pension freedom rules.
Equity Release Advice for those aged 55 plus who's pension and savings may not be enough to fund the lifestyle they dream of in retirement. Releasing equity from your home allows you to make the most of that asset, without having to sell it. A Lifetime Mortgage is a type of equity release product that allows you to borrow an agreed percentage of the value of your property either as a tax-free lump sum, or a series of smaller amounts, the interest charged is rolled up and compound interest is charged to the original loan.
Transferring Occupational Defined Benefit Pension Schemes and Personal Pension Schemes to provide more flexibility in retirement.
Before transferring your Pension Scheme we carry out a full analysis of your circumstances and the benefits provided by your current scheme. Explain the advantages and disadvantages in moving your fund to a flexible pension, what guaranteed benefits, if any, that may be lost on transfer to take control of your pension funds.
You will be asked to complete a risk questionnaire to determine the investment risk you are prepared to take.
We provide our services at a fair and competitive cost.
| 357 | [
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] |
OOD and UML
Object-oriented programming techniques are not new, but they are becoming necessary as programmers tackle more complex projects. Object-oriented design helps simplify the development of elaborate programs by breaking them down into Use Cases. Designing software to satisfy previously specified Use Cases uses Objects that manage their own behavior and hide internal complexities. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) standardizes the notation used to document complex systems. Furthermore, Design Patterns allow the software engineer to catalog and apply previously engineered solutions to similar problems (patterns). This provides for re-use at the design level.
Object-Oriented Design with UML Course
(detailed course outline)
Designed for those individuals who wish to enrich their software design skills through object-oriented design methodologies. This course is language independent. Starting with an overview of object-oriented analysis and design fundamentals, the course moves to Use Case Models, Object Modeling, and Class Diagrams. Dynamic Modeling includes State Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams, and Collaboration Diagrams. All diagrams are presented using UML, a third-generation object-oriented modeling language. (The Object Management Group has adopted UML as the official industry standard for software design notations.) Design patterns are also explored. The hands-on workshops allow participants to experiment with design features and UML notation using a Windows-based design tool. Finally, the course explores methodology and process approach using a case study. | 298 | [
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Field Trip to the National Building Museum
Students tour the National Building Museum and have already prepared a list of questions to ask. A planned activity is performed at the museum as well.
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Equal opportunity is a powerful idea with broad appeal. Yet the most attractive existing conceptions of equal opportunity cannot be achieved. As long as families are free to raise their children differently, no two people's opportunities will be equal; nor is it possible to disentangle someone's abilities or talents from her background advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, different people need different opportunities, confounding most ways of defining “equal.” This book proposes an entirely new way of thinking about the project of equal opportunity. Instead of focusing on the chimera of literal equalization, it argues for broadening the range of opportunities open to people at every stage in life, in part by loosening bottlenecks in the opportunity structure—the narrow places through which people must pass in order to pursue many life paths that open out on the other side. A bottleneck might be a test like the SAT, a credential requirement like a college degree, or a skill like speaking English. It might be membership in a favored caste or racial group. Reducing the severity of such bottlenecks is one piece of what this book calls opportunity pluralism: building a more open and pluralistic opportunity structure in which people have more of a chance, throughout their lives, to pursue paths they choose for themselves, rather than those dictated by limited opportunities. The book then applies this approach to contemporary egalitarian policy problems: class and access to education, workplace flexibility and work/family conflict, and antidiscrimination law. | 296 | [
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Q: Very slow updating in eclipse Every time I start eclipse (Whether my computers been on for 2 hours or 1 minute) the update speed is significantly slower than normal. What I mean by that is if I have something such as a paint method, the updates are very slow and painting things onto the screen at a much slower rate.
This usually stops after a short period of time, but can sometimes last for an hour or more. Iv'e searched the net for this, but can't seem to find anything. I've had this problem with both my desktop and laptop.
Does anyone else experience this problem? I was thinking it might have something to do with plugins but I'm not entirely sure. Any suggestions on a fix or possibly an explanation?
A: You need to see which processes are running at the same time and note their cpu and memory use.
on windows this is cnlt-alt-delete
on unix it is ps -au and variants
also note network usage.
you may have a background process, wanted or unwanted that is hogging resources.
A: Try cleaning your eclipse installation, with the command line eclipsec.exe -clean:
The easiest way to fix up a dusty workspace is using the -clean command line argument to the eclipse.exe executable.
http://www.eclipsezone.com/eclipse/forums/t61566.html
| 294 | [
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According to NASA, time travel is possible, just not in the way you might expect. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity says time and motion are relative to each other, and nothing can go faster than the speed of light, which is 186,000 miles per second. Time travel happens through what’s called “time dilation.”
Will it be possible to travel back in time?
How likely is it that time travel is possible?
Does the past still exist?
In short, space-time would contain the entire history of reality, with each past, present or future event occupying a clearly determined place in it, from the very beginning and for ever. The past would therefore still exist, just as the future already exists, but somewhere other than where we are now present.
Do wormholes exist?
Wormholes are shortcuts in spacetime, popular with science fiction authors and movie directors. They’ve never been seen, but according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, they might exist.
How many dimensions exist?
The world as we know it has three dimensions of space—length, width and depth—and one dimension of time. But there’s the mind-bending possibility that many more dimensions exist out there. According to string theory, one of the leading physics model of the last half century, the universe operates with 10 dimensions.
Can humans go back in time?
The Short Answer: Although humans can’t hop into a time machine and go back in time, we do know that clocks on airplanes and satellites travel at a different speed than those on Earth. We all travel in time!
Can we ever go back in time?
Time travel is possible based on the laws of physics, according to researchers. But time-travelers wouldn’t be able to alter the past in a measurable way, they say. And the future would essentially stay the same, according to the reseachers.
Does the multiverse exist?
Even though certain features of the universe seem to require the existence of a multiverse, nothing has been directly observed that suggests it actually exists. So far, the evidence supporting the idea of a multiverse is purely theoretical, and in some cases, philosophical.
What is the 1st dimension?
The first dimension, as already noted, is that which gives it length (aka. the x-axis). A good description of a one-dimensional object is a straight line, which exists only in terms of length and has no other discernible qualities.
How long could we live in the past?
When Pyrkov and his colleagues in Moscow and Buffalo, N.Y., used this predictable pace of decline to determine when resilience would disappear entirely, leading to death, they found a range of 120 to 150 years. (In 1997 Jeanne Calment, the oldest person on record to have ever lived, died in France at the age of 122.)
How far back does human life go?
Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from their most likely recent common ancestor, Homo erectus, which means ‘upright man’ in Latin. Homo erectus is an extinct species of human that lived between 1.9 million and 135,000 years ago.
How long will universe last?
22 billion years in the future is the earliest possible end of the Universe in the Big Rip scenario, assuming a model of dark energy with w = −1.5. False vacuum decay may occur in 20 to 30 billion years if the Higgs field is metastable.
What is bigger than universe?
No, the universe contains all solar systems, and galaxies. Our Sun is just one star among the hundreds of billions of stars in our Milky Way Galaxy, and the universe is made up of all the galaxies – billions of them.
Does the universe ever end?
It never ends, but it’s also constantly expanding. Scientists don’t think there is a true edge of the universe. But there’s an end to what humans can see of the universe. This is called the edge of the observable universe.
Do humans see in 4d?
Unfortunately, no. You can, however, get a glimpse of the fourth dimension through an optical illusion called the Necker cube (labeled A in the figure below). There are two ways to interpret this shape: as a box oriented slightly left and down (B), or as its mirror image (C).
What is the 27th dimension?
The 27th Dimension features the works of digital and video-based artists exploring physical and material relationships in digital art through sculpture, video and performance.
How long will humans live in 2050?
By 2050, we could all be living to 120, but how? As hard as it is to believe, just 150 years ago the average lifespan was 40 years. Yes, what we’d consider mid-life today was a full innings for our great-great-grandparents.
What color was the first human?
From about 1.2 million years ago to less than 100,000 years ago, archaic humans, including archaic Homo sapiens, were dark-skinned.
Who was the first person to ever be born?
ADAM1 was the first man. There are two stories of his creation. The first tells that God created man in his image, male and female together (Genesis 1: 27), and Adam is not named in this version.
Will time ever go backwards?
both in systems on Earth and for the Universe as a whole, and as far as we can tell, time continues to always march forward at the same rate it always does: one second per second.
Can we travel back in time?
The Short Answer: Although humans can’t hop into a time machine and go back in time, we do know that clocks on airplanes and satellites travel at a different speed than those on Earth. We all travel in time! We travel one year in time between birthdays, for example.
How will the universe end?
Eventually, the entire contents of the universe will be crushed together into an impossibly tiny space – a singularity, like a reverse Big Bang. Different scientists give different estimates of when this contraction phase might begin. It could be billions of years away yet.
What was there before the universe?
In the beginning, there was an infinitely dense, tiny ball of matter. Then, it all went bang, giving rise to the atoms, molecules, stars and galaxies we see today. Or at least, that’s what we’ve been told by physicists for the past several decades. | 1,373 | [
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You are going to feel so good about having gone to your appointment. During the pandemic, what i like to do when going to the doctor's is waiting outside the waiting room, so i don't have to sit with everybody. Also the masks we wear have a secret fuction😉 i found they totally prevent me from hyperventilating because they regulate my O2 and CO2 levels. It's like constantly breathing in a bag!! Like i think oh boy this is it i'm about to panic but the physical symptoms never cone because mask!! You can do this. Just think about it, what is it a half hour maximum? YOU CAN DO THIS. The anticipation anxiety you feel about this is going to be worse than the actual appointment. Come back and update us about how it went❤️ | 164 | [
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Creating blog content that drives revenues for your business requires a specific skillset. You need writers, a graphic designer, and an editor. As you might not need a full-time editor, hiring a freelancer could be the best solution. Here’s how to hire a freelance editor for your business’s blog.
If you haven’t hired an editor before, you might not fully understand what they do and why they are essential to growing your content marketing efforts.
Unlike hiring a freelance writer, an editor requires a different skillset; and one that can be hard to find.
What to pay them.
Why does your blog need an editor?
An editor is the glue that holds all of the moving parts of your blog together. They are responsible for setting the direction, hiring (and sometimes firing), ensuring there’s an editorial calendar that the team sticks to, and maintaining a consistent tone across every article.
Hiring an editor might seem like an unnecessary expense if your business only has a small team, yet one will ensure you publish new blog posts regularly, have the right processes in place, and allow you to focus on running your business.
You probably don’t need a full-time editor, just someone different from whoever writes articles for your website.
What’s the role of an editor?
What confuses many people when I suggest hiring an editor is a lack of understanding. Before you can learn how to hire a freelance editor, you need to know what they do and how they help you reach your content marketing goals.
An editor’s role is to set the tone and the overall direction of the business’s blog using the goals and KPIs set by the business owner.
They are responsible for creating a house style guide that ensures a consistent tone regardless of the writer. Also, they are in charge of the editorial calendar for the year. It’s down to the editor to deliver on the marketing goals set at the start of the year.
As a leader, the editor has a budget that’s tied to an estimate of the cost of running the blog. It’s up to them to ensure they maximize the budget by hiring smart and managing costs.
Running a business blog involves more than just writers. You probably need a graphic designer to find and edit photos and create illustrations. Also, you’ll need someone responsible for uploading and formatting posts to the blog.
SEO is another resource worth investing in, whether you hire a consultant or add a team member. Spending on SEO also involves buying tools such as SEO Powersuite.
Finally, the editor also can fire non-performers. If you’re working with freelance writers from Upwork, it could mean you don’t order from them again. However, it could mean sacking an employee.
By far, the editor’s biggest role is ensuring a consistent tone across the entire blog and correcting any mistakes, including spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Anyone can check their writing using Grammarly, but a great editor will bring your words to life.
How does the editor work with the team?
The editor is there to lead the team. They are there to set tasks, solve problems, and ensure deadlines are met. It’s also their job to encourage team members in their professional and personal development. On top of this, they’ll continue to write some articles, usually on the trickier topics.
Is it easy to find a good editor?
As with other creative roles, finding the right editor for you can be difficult. Due to the mix of skills needed, you typically can’t ask any old writer to step up into the editorship.
It’s worth looking for a writer who has a deep understanding of the English language and appreciates the intricacies present in English. They should be able to spot and fix mistakes and suggest changes.
They should understand how to build a keywords strategy that enables the website to rank for the business’s key topics. It’s also worth them understanding the basics of WordPress or whatever CMS the website uses.
As a manager, you need someone who can work with creative people who need a gentler approach.
The ideal editor exists and has a good mix of skills, most of which have been honed over many years. They continue to develop their skills and are happy to mentor their team to improve performance.
Should you hire an editor or a writer first?
Which came first; chicken or egg? We still don’t know! It’s the same when considering who to hire first.
There is a simple solution. You might want to start as the blog’s editor and hire writers. In this situation, you would remain in charge of building the keyword plan, polishing articles, and ensuring you exceed your content marketing goals.
However, if you’re already busy running your business and have the budget, you might want to outsource the entire process to an editor who can create the right structure and hire a team to work with them. Of course, this will be more expensive but allows you more freedom.
A third option is to start as the editor, build out processes and hire the team members while looking for or training someone to take over the role in 6 months. By the time you’re ready to hand it over, you’ll be up and running, and have a better idea of who to hire for the role.
I recommend this option to the majority of my client as it allows them to start a blog in the right way, yet have a time frame to hand it off to someone else while refining the job role. When they hire an editor, the role and responsibilities are clearer.
How much should I pay a freelance editor?
Unlike a freelance writer who might have a set price per article, an editor is a more fluid role that’s harder to pin down. So you’ll need to think about paying differently.
I’d encourage you to hire them for at least a half-day per week on a generous amount. Doing so will ensure they have plenty of time to manage the team, build and maintain the editorial calendar, and take care of the admin tasks.
If you pay your editor per hour, they are likely to undercharge as it can be difficult to calculate the exact number of hours they spend or rush through tasks as they attempt to minimize their cost to the business.
Of course, your editor is working with a budget. So there is a need to manage costs. However, how you treat managers does trickle down, so it’s worth being fair and paying them accordingly.
Even if you end up paying your editor 50% more per hour than your highest-paid writer, the investment will be worth it as they will be under more pressure to deliver a good return on the cash.
Unlike working with freelance writers, it can be tricky to know how to hire a freelance editor for your business’s blog. A good editor has a wide skillset that includes people management, creative writing, SEO, and formatting. They are more than a writer!
As with hiring a new staff member, it’s worth starting with a 3 or 6-month trial. Before hiring anyone, consider spending a few months doing the role yourself and building out the process and template needed. So when you hire an editor, they can hit the ground running. | 1,547 | [
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The Fairfax County murder case against John Allen Muhammad formally ended yesterday when a judge rejected the prosecution's request to reconsider his ruling last week dismissing the case.
Muhammad's attorneys successfully argued that prosecutors had violated Muhammad's right to a speedy trial by issuing a "detainer" for him in January of this year in the Prince William County jail but not bringing him to trial in Fairfax until October. on Friday cited the 1993 ruling as precedent in issuing his order to dismiss all Fairfax charges against Muhammad. Fairfax prosecutors quickly filed a motion asking Keith to reconsider, but yesterday he declined.
Keith's ruling cannot be appealed. Virginia prosecutors may appeal only rulings on constitutional questions and suppressions of statements. And though the right to a speedy trial is found in the U.S. Constitution, Keith based his decision on Virginia law, which says that a jailed defendant who isn't tried within five months "shall be forever discharged from prosecution for such offense."
Fairfax Commonwealth's Attorney Robert F. Horan Jr. did not return a call yesterday seeking comment. He previously argued that a detainer was no more than a request for notification when a prisoner was to be released, and he noted that Fairfax specifically had instructed the Prince William jail not to arrest Muhammad.
Peter D. Greenspun, one of Muhammad's court-appointed attorneys, said the prosecution's arguments for reconsideration of the dismissal "were exactly the same as they previously made, so we hoped for and expected the exact same result."
Fairfax had charged Muhammad, 43, with the Oct. 14, 2002, slaying of FBI analyst Linda Franklin in Seven Corners. Co-defendant Lee Boyd Malvo was convicted of the same killing last fall and sentenced to life in prison.
The ruling does not affect charges in any other jurisdiction against Muhammad in the 10 sniper slayings committed in the Washington region in October 2002, or killings in Alabama and Louisiana committed in September 2002. It also does not affect Muhammad's first set of convictions, in Prince William, for which a jury last fall sentenced him to death. The appeal of that case, before the Virginia Supreme Court, is expected to be argued next month.
But the only other Virginia murder case pending against Muhammad may also be in jeopardy. Muhammad is accused in the Oct. 11, 2002, slaying of Kenneth H. Bridges in Spotsylvania County. Authorities there also filed a detainer for Muhammad in Prince William, meaning the same legal argument could be made for dismissal of the case. Greenspun said yesterday he did not know if he or Jonathan Shapiro, who both represented Muhammad in his first two trials, would be appointed in Spotsylvania. | 538 | [
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Studies show that guests tend to choose items allocated in certain positions. Thus, knowing where to allocate the items that provide you with the highest profit margin will drastically increase your revenue.. | 271 | [
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- What is an appositive and appositive phrase?
- What do appositive phrases start with?
- What is phrase in apposition?
- What is the appositive phrase in this sentence?
- What’s a positive phrase?
- What is a simple appositive?
- What are the two types of Appositives?
- What is an appositive phrase example?
- What is a phrase and examples?
- What is gerund phrase example?
- How do you use apposition in a sentence?
- What is a Diazeugma?
- What is a synonym for apposition?
- What are infinitive phrases?
- What are Participial phrases?
- What are absolute phrases?
- What is apposition in Latin?
- What is verbal phrase examples?
What is an appositive and appositive phrase?
An appositive is a noun or pronoun that renames or identifies another noun or pronoun in some way.
An appositive phrase consists of an appositive and its modifiers.
In contrast, a nonessential appositive phrase provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence whose meaning is already clear..
What do appositive phrases start with?
Sometimes, appositives and appositive phrases begin with that is, in other words, such as, and for example. Appositives may be considered essential or nonessential depending on the context. Richard, my brother, is taking me to the airport Friday afternoon.
What is phrase in apposition?
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side so that one element identifies the other in a different way; the two elements are said to be in apposition.
What is the appositive phrase in this sentence?
An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Read these appositive examples, all of which rename intruder: The intruder, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
What’s a positive phrase?
An appositive is a noun or pronoun — often with modifiers — set beside another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it. … An appositive phrase usually follows the word it explains or identifies, but it may also precede it. A bold innovator, Wassily Kandinsky is known for his colorful abstract paintings.
What is a simple appositive?
An appositive is a noun that immediately follows and renames another noun in order to clarify or classify it. Appositives are used to reduce wordiness, add detail, and add syntactic variety to a sentence. For example, you can combine two simple sentences to create one sentence that contains an appositive.
What are the two types of Appositives?
There are two types of appositives (nonessential and essential), and it’s important to know the difference because they are punctuated differently. Most are nonessential. (These are also called nonrestrictive.)
What is an appositive phrase example?
Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that follow or come before a noun, and give more information about it. For example, … “a golden retriever” is an appositive to “The puppy.” The word appositive is derived from the Latin phrases ad and positio meaning “near” and “placement.”
What is a phrase and examples?
A phrase is a group of words that express a concept and is used as a unit within a sentence. Eight common types of phrases are: noun, verb, gerund, infinitive, appositive, participial, prepositional, and absolute. Take a look at our selection of phrase examples below. happy family camping by a river. Advertisement.
What is gerund phrase example?
Gerund phrases, which always function as nouns, will be subjects, subject complements, or objects in the sentence. Read these examples: Eating ice cream on a windy day can be a messy experience if you have long, untamed hair. Eating ice cream on a windy day = subject of the linking verb can be.
How do you use apposition in a sentence?
Examples of apposition in a Sentence In “my friend the doctor,” the word “doctor” is in apposition to “my friend.”
What is a Diazeugma?
Diazeugma definitions A zeugma where a single subject governs multiple verbs. noun.
What is a synonym for apposition?
noun. The act of positioning close together (or side by side). Synonyms. collocation tessellation juxtaposition placement location emplacement locating positioning position.
What are infinitive phrases?
Infinitive phrases include infinitives. … Examples include, “to walk,” “to read,” or “to eat.” Infinitives can act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. As a noun, they might act as the subject of the sentence. For example, “To travel is the only thing on her mind.” As an adjective, they’ll modify a noun.
What are Participial phrases?
A participial phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the participle, such as: Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river.
What are absolute phrases?
An absolute phrase (nominative absolute) is generally made up of a noun or pronoun with a participial phrase. It modifies the whole sentence, not a single noun, which makes it different from a participial phrase. Absolute phrases: Its branches covered in icicles, the tall oak stood in our yard.
What is apposition in Latin?
The word “apposition” comes from the Latin words ad + pono (posit-), and literally means “that which has been put next to” something else.
What is verbal phrase examples?
Verbal phrases can act like adverbs or adjectives. The phrase would include the verbal (participle, gerund or infinitive) and any modifiers, complements or objects. Examples of verb phrases versus verbal phrases include: The man was texting on his phone. | 1,410 | [
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When you are creating an innovative product, the terms product design (PD) and industrial design (ID) may get confusing. Some people use the two terms interchangeably. However, there is a significant difference between the two.
Some people claim that product design is a part of the industrial design process, while others say that industrial design is part of the overall product design. This article explores the concepts on a deeper level.
Product Design: It involves the development of the concept of a new product. It is the initial phase of the whole product development cycle where entrepreneurs will come up with new ideas or products that will help people solve a problem. Product design is intended to answer why a product should be developed.
Industrial Design: On the other hand, industrial design is the process of coming up with ways to create a working prototype of the product and develop the product into mass production. In short, developing a product will first enter the PD stage in which the concept of a product is being developed. Once all the product ideas have been established, these ideas are then passed on to industrial designers who will develop these ideas into a physical model.
Other definitions: PD and ID may mean different things to different industries. For IT specialists, PD refers to creating software or applications designed to improve different processes for consumers. PD will then mean the development of digital products; on the other hand, industrial design is limited to creating a physical product.
PD is mainly about the development of concepts or ideas aimed to solve a problem while the industrial design is about taking these concepts to be manufactured into a working product to be distributed to the end-users. With this definition, product design will be an initial phase of industrial design.
Roles of Industrial Designers
Industrial designers are tasked with the development of the solutions to be manufactured as products that can be used by the end-users. Industrial designers have specific duties that may involve the following:
- Industrial designers are often in constant communication with their clients to determine the requirements for the PD. Research different ways for a particular product to be used and the different target markets for the product.
- Create 3D renditions of what the product might look like post-production.
- Use different software to develop virtual models of the product.
- Research the different materials that may be used to create the product.
- Determine the costs to produce the product.
- Evaluate product safety and functionality.
- Present the different designs and prototypes to clients for their approval.
Industrial designers may focus on a particular product category. For example, industrial designers may focus on designing products for the medical industry, while other designers may specialise in the electronic gadget industry. In the software industry, industrial designers are usually called as user interface designers and may focus on the usability of software that is being developed.
Industrial designers must be able to imagine how a product might look and must be adept with 3D rendering software such as CAD to create virtual models of the product that is being developed.
To sum it all up, both PD and ID are important phases needed to create a marketable product from an idea. | 638 | [
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Wow that's really pretty low. Ghosting in any form should not be tolerated or accepted unless the guy was in literally in a coma. I don't think it's right to say that people aren't obligated to owe you an explanation for their disappearance just because it was casual. Just because a relationship is casual does not mean that the respect is just as casual. Anyone who was raised right should know that basic respect should be given to everyone regardless of the situation.
Honestly, he doesn't seem worthy of your time anymore. Give it a couple weeks, THEY ALWAYS COME BACK. But once he does, don't give him any more of your time or attention, esp considering the fact that you attempted many times to get a hold of him. People like him just aren't worth your time anymore. | 165 | [
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US, WASHINGTON (ORDO NEWS) — Using a high-speed camera, scientists were able to capture the movement of the fastest force in the universe – light.
A camera was created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2015), which can take one trillion frames per second, which is almost 42 billion times faster than a conventional movie camera with a speed of 24 frames per second.
The video shows an experimental survey of the motion of photons in water at a speed of 966 million km / h. In real time, it lasted a nanosecond. For comparison: the nanosecond is related to the second as well as the second to 31.7 years. The human eye can not notice the movement of the object at this speed, so the camera slowed down the shooting to 20 seconds. “If a bullet’s flight was filmed in the same way, the resulting video would have lasted three years,” explains John Markoff of the New York Times.
In 2014, scientists from the University of Tokyo and Keio University created a camera that works at a speed of 4.4 trillion frames per second.
Contact us: [email protected] | 239 | [
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CrossMark is a multi-publisher initiative to provide a standard way for readers to locate the current version of a piece of content. By applying the CrossMark logo, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences is committing to maintaining the content it publishes and to alerting readers to changes if and when they occur.
All journal articles published by Tabriz University of Medical Sciences will have the CrossMark logo, which is limited to current or future content.
All articles will have a ‘first published online’ date that will remain with the record forever. This date refers to the first-time online publication of any article, either ‘ahead of print’ or in an issue of a journal.
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences is committed to uphold the integrity of the literature and publishes Errata, Expressions of Concerns or Retraction Notices dependent on the situation and in accordance with its journals’ editorial polices and the COPE Retraction Guidelines. In all cases, these notices are linked to the original article, and the record will have an ‘updated’ date corresponding to the date of article status update. | 229 | [
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This Oregon Scientific Diamond Weather Station is all jazzed up in sparkling Swarovski Crystals. What do crystals have to do with weather reporting? We’ll never know but based on past experience here in the wonderfully wide world of gadgetry, if a gadget can be covered in Swarovski crystals, then it eventually will be.
Ignoring the why, let’s get to the what- the crystals form the shapes of the most common weather elements such as a red sun for a sunny day, blue clouds for an overcast weather report an green (?!?) droplets for rain. If you have green rain where you live, I’d recommend moving (*disclaimer: I’m not a scientist, maybe green rain is normal in some parts of the world).
The other side of the weather station has an atomic clock for accurate timekeeping. It’s a sleek display that will give you the weather in dazzling style. It doesn’t appear to give you any indication of the wind but to paraphrase Bob Dylan “don’t need a Swarovski crystal weather station to know which way the wind blows” or something like that.
| 244 | [
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Enriched with stylish touches throughout, every element of this beautiful and expansive three storey family home has been thoughtfully designed. With its colonial style exterior, from the front you're blessed with an abundance of character and charm. Double fronted with off road parking and smart iron railings, this is a home you will be proud to come home to.
Inside you'll find a cohesive flow of sleek and spacious rooms, each embellished with beautifully appointed fixtures and fittings. Stepping into the large entrance hall, you'll find the living room to your left. We love the bespoke fitted bookcase, feature fireplace and vaulted skylight. From here, pull the large bifold doors back and let the sun shine through. Across the hall your polished kitchen awaits. Full of sleek fitted units and integrated appliances, you're all set to simply unpack. We love the size of this room, with its separate utility keeping laundry goods neatly tidied away, and plenty of space for a dining table or sofa area - creating the perfect open-plan family room. Completing the ground floor you'll find the WC.
Heading upstairs, on the first floor you'll find two superbly spacious bedrooms each with their own en-suites and access on to a balcony. The master of the two is a bedroom of dreams with walk-in wardrobes and en-suite bathroom with shower and soak worthy tub. Up on the third floor a further four bedrooms await. The largest of the four provides another en-suite shower room - blessed with so much choice, there wont be any room selection squabbling here! Completing the top floor is the family bathroom.
Outside, the south/westerly facing garden is a beautifully private oasis with low maintenance landscaping, lawn and patio areas. Think summer garden parties with all the family - this home is made for this! What's more, from here you have access to the garage - perhaps an ideal man-cave, home office, or simply just for storage, it's a great space.
Offering a slice of peace within the desirable locale of Epping, this is a neighbourhood that has it all. With fantastic local walks including Lower Swaines and Epping Forest; close proximity to Epping Primary and St Johns Schools; along with the historic High Street less than 10 minutes walk away and offering a variety of shops including Church's Butchers, an M&S Food Hall, Tesco and Gails Bakery to name a few. With the London Underground Central Line being only 0.7 miles away and whisking you into the city within twenty minutes, this is a place you will never want to leave.
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R is for robot! Think of two more objects beginning with the letter R then draw and label them. Gain more practice with R by writing it in uppercase and lowercase form.
For more alphabet practice, click here.
Tuition-free online school for Washington students. | 58 | [
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If you sit in near-freezing water long enough to have mild hypothermia, and repeat this 40 or 50 times in the name of science, people will start calling you Professor Popsicle. We interviewed him for our seasonal series, the Science of Winter.
Meet Gordon Giesbrecht, physiologist and University of Manitoba professor, a guy who knows all your cherished beliefs about the cold and loves to tear them down.
He does much of his work in a tank of ice water, with monitors stuck to his body. Students also volunteer for dips.
That old saying that you lose most of your body heat through your head? Nonsense, Professor Popsicle says — even when most of your body is wrapped in boots and a parka and your head is bare. Your ears will hurt, but that’s all.
But he has more important myths to bust, dealing with life-threatening situations such as falling into icy water or being stranded in the middle of nowhere after your car breaks down.
“People do stupid things based on what they know” when what they know is wrong, he said.
An example: People fall into frigid water when they are ice fishing, snowmobiling, walking the dog, or taking the boat out in early spring. Then they react badly.
“Everybody knows that you are going to become hypothermic in minutes if you fall into ice water — which is not the case. Especially if you have winter clothing on it’s going to take at least half an hour to an hour,” he said.
But this fear of freezing in only a couple of minutes makes people panic, “and panic very seldom improves your decision-making. People start flapping around and flailing around and then they drown.”
The biggest danger is that the shock of hitting icy water makes people gasp and hyperventilate, he said. If your head goes under in that first half-minute you’re going to inhale a lungful of water.
“The first five to 10 seconds is really, really bad. It sucks, there’s no doubt about it, and you feel like you’re going to die.
“Most people who die in cold water die either immediately or very shortly after. But they are not hypothermic,” meaning their body’s core temperature has not dropped dangerously low.
“They’re flailing around and drown because they can’t keep their head above water.”
He looks at three phases: In the first minute it is crucial to keep your head above water and control your breathing to prevent hyperventilating. Focus on taking long, deep breaths. Then you have about 10 minutes when you can do “meaningful movement” to make yourself safe, before nerves and muscles stop responding. Finally you have about an hour before hypothermia, and of course you still have a chance if you are wearing a lifejacket.
But what if you don’t go near the water?
Another winter danger is a lonely back road where your car breaks down or slides into a ditch at night. “Everybody knows you can’t survive all night in a car so you have to get out and go for help,” he said.
But everybody’s knowledge is wrong, and dangerous.
“The reality is it’s almost impossible to freeze to death in a car overnight.” The car is shelter from wind and it’s always colder outside than in. (It’s miserable, though, so Giesbrecht keeps a sleeping bag and old winter clothes in the trunk.)
“The reality is that 95 per cent of search-and-rescues are over in the first 24 hours,” and a car beside a road is probably easy to spot in daylight.
“People think they can’t survive inside the car. They think that nobody is going to find them. They think that safety is closer than it is and they think that can walk farther than they can.”
So they start walking, and that is when they freeze. Searchers soon find an empty car, and later they find a body in a farm field.
What about people who take polar bear dips on New Year’s Day?
That should be safe unless you have a heart condition, he said. “I advise against doing a dive or a cannonball where your head goes (immediately) under the water. After 10 or 20 seconds when the shock has worn off, then you can put your head under.”
He has another winter hint: “Never accept numbness.” It’s a danger signal. Go and warm up.
And we had to ask him which feels worse — is dry prairie cold nicer than mild but damp Ontario cold?
“Absolutely. The joke is ‘but it’s a dry cold.’ That is for real. Because water vapour in the air just makes things colder.”
There’s a good interview with Professor Popsicle on the Rick Mercer Report, preserved on YouTube. You can watch Mercer get dumped into ice water. | 1,094 | [
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This one time I was waiting at the park for my friend and started to make conversation with a girl I went to high school with while I waited. We were suddenly interrupted by some dude who looked old enough to be my dad. He said I was cute and asked if I could take a picture with him. I told him no and he asked again. I told him to leave me alone and he walked away.
This happened when I was like 18 and it still freaks me out bc I had no idea who this man was, why he wanted that picture, or what he was gonna do with at picture. | 126 | [
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By Keqiao Cheng, EDITOR
Chongqing – On January 29, The Cultural Exhibition for the Spring Festival: Auspicious Pigs kicked off in Chongqing Three Gorges Museum. This exhibition will last for more than a month to accompany the museum enthusiasts to celebrate the Spring Festival.
According to the staff of Three Gorges Museum, the exhibition starts from the domestication of hogs. Meanwhile, with over 200 exhibits, it will display China’s time-honored pig breeding history and derivative culture.
At the exhibition venue, a pig-shaped ceramic that is 29 cm long and 13 cm wide is of fine resemblance. Moreover, even the bristles on its body are clearly defined. The staff said that people unearthed this pig-shaped ceramic at the Wushan Starch Factory in Chongqing.
Also, in the tombs of the Han Dynasty, there are often ceramics with images of livestock such as chickens, dogs and pigs. Besides, they are in different shapes and absolutely lifelike, vividly restoring the farm scene at the time.
So how mature is the pig industry in the Han Dynasty? Experts said that it was definitely a pillar industry at that time.
First, the Han Dynasty has a revolutionary breakthrough in pig raising. In the past, pigs grew in the wild like cattle and sheep rather than in pens. Until the Han Dynasty, as the pig industry was rapidly developing, the state strongly encouraged in raising pigs. Later, a more scientific and systematic way of raising pigs gradually appeared. Thus, people began to notice the importance of keeping pigs in captivity and breeding pigs based on local environment.
More interestingly, the Han Dynasty people even invented a technique called Xiangchushu (in Chinese: 相畜术), i.e. Livestock Assessment Technique, to raise pigs better.
Moreover, pig-shaped objects also became popular burial objects. In the Han Dynasty, the pig-shaped ceramics were mandatory for the burial custom. It originated from the wish that the deceased enjoy the pork as well in the nether world. The rich would put piglet-shaped jade carvings into the hands of the dead, commonly known as “grasping piglets”.
In ancient times, the charmingly naive pig was one of the most popular images on our ancestors’ amusement articles. In this exhibition, such images frequently appear at the venue. But they mostly present the images of boars rather than hogs.
This “boar”, a typical Tang tri-color glazed ceramic, is 12 cm long and 5 cm wide. Most of the glaze of this white-based lying boar with yellow and green glaze has fallen off. With a long mouth and a raised ridge, it presents the image of a resting boar. According to the literature, the scale of pig breeding in the Tang Dynasty was very large. The number of pigs in an official family could reach 3,000.
Besides, there is a “boar” from the Qing Dynasty at the exhibition. This three-dimensional boar-shaped jade carving is only 9.5 cm long, 5.2 cm wide and 6.3 cm high. It has long bristles carved on its forehead, with a rope tied to its body. There was also a blanket with Ruyi pattern (a traditional Chinese pattern symbolizes good fortune) covered on its back. Although the appearance is mellow, adorable and charmingly naive, it shows the image of a boar. | 735 | [
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] |
Floyd Mayweather Jr. holds court at the post-fight media conference. Photo: Reuters
LAS VEGAS: Already annoyed that the discourse after his latest victory had veered toward a controversy about his opponent's gloves, Floyd Mayweather Jr. shot a stiff glare at a man who shouted at him during his post-fight news conference on Saturday night.
The man responded with an emphatic "yeah" toward Mayweather after a reporter challenged Mayweather's position on the gloves. Marcos Maidana, Mayweather's opponent, was told he could not wear the gloves he originally intended to wear. But it was the unexpected yell, not the question, directed at him that had Mayweather's full attention.
He made the man identify himself, and when the man said he belonged to Maidana's camp, Mayweather laid in, "Ain't never fought a day in his life, and if he did fight, he'll never get to this level."
Toe to toe: Marcos Maidana and Mayweather Jr. exchange blows. Photo: Getty Images
The legion of Mayweather fans filling the ballroom began to cheer, and the welterweight champion seized on the moment, realising that his congregation was getting fired up.
If Maidana had won, Mayweather continued, "We wouldn't be talking about the gloves."
The crowd erupted. Mayweather, realising his sermon had reached its peak, launched into his signature call and response.
Mayweather Jr. lands a right punch on Maidana. Photo: Getty Images
"Hard work!" he yelled. "Dedication!" they responded.
"Hard work!""Dedication!"
"Hard work!""Dedication!"
Mayweather Jr. is unbeaten in 46 fights. Photo: Reuters
It is no longer enough for Mayweather, 37, who improved his record to 46-0 with a tough, majority decision, to simply control what he does in the ring. Given that there seem to be few, if any, boxers who could provide him a compelling challenge, he has taken to orchestrating seemingly every detail of his growing brand.
From the way his fights play out to the hoopla surrounding once mundane routines like weigh-ins to sessions with the news media, Mayweather has become the man pulling every lever.
During Saturday night's news conference, he commanded the centre of a wide, three-row-deep dais packed mostly with members of his team. He did most of the talking, told Maidana when to step to the microphone and speak, and called up Maidana's trainer when he needed an interpreter. He interrupted when he wanted to change the direction of the conversation and verbally swatted away hecklers.
Crowded affair: Mayweather Jr. (L) and Maidana at the weigh-in Photo: AFP
He was by turns charming: "Congratulations on the new baby; she's beautiful," he told Maidana.
And sarcastic: "I thought that I was a boxer and he was a WWE wrestler."
And angry: "Put the ring back up," he said, adding that he would give Maidana a rematch right then.
The area where Mayweather did most of his manipulation on Saturday night, though, might have been in the ring. Few expected the Argentine Maidana (35-4) to give Mayweather much of a challenge.
But from the opening bell, Maidana, 30, charged at Mayweather, pushing him against the ropes and rough housing him throughout the fight with holds, head butts, wayward blows and looping shots. Mayweather did not dance around the ring nearly as much as usual, instead electing to stand toe-to-toe with Maidana and exchange shots.
Even though Mayweather said before the fight that he would challenge Maidana at close range, it was jarring not to see him with the usual finesse and dominance in the ring. But it was electrifying. And it seemed to be exactly what he was going for, perhaps to give fans a reason to continue watching him.
"I could have made this fight absolutely easy, but it would have been boring," Mayweather said. "And I didn't want to do that for the fans."
Mayweather said he was in a catch-22.
If he forced a competitive fight, he said, "It's like, 'Well, what's going on with Floyd.' Then, if I just beat a guy and not let him win any rounds, then they're like, 'It was a boring fight.' I think tonight we gave everybody excitement. That's what they wanted to see."
Maidana already was calling for a rematch, believing he got the better of Mayweather.
"He never hurt me with a punch," Maidana said. "He wasn't even that tough."
Mayweather seemed happy to oblige a rematch, but that could have just been postfight emotions talking. Mayweather has three fights left on his contract with Showtime, the first in September, but finding that many fitting opponents may not be so simple.
Amir Khan, a speedy British welterweight, scored a convincing unanimous decision over Luis Collazo in the undercard on Saturday night, and many have tabbed him as a good match-up for Mayweather. But Khan is Muslim, and he said he would not be able to fight Mayweather in September because it would fall right after Ramadan.
If he fought Maidana again in September, Mayweather said, it would be a different fight. He would make that one much easier, Mayweather said.
Asked if the fight against Maidana was the toughest of his career, Mayweather joked, "Toughest wrestling match."
"Miguel Cotto's a tougher fighter and he hit harder," said Mayweather, who defeated Cotto in 2012. He added that his previous opponent, Saul Alvarez, known as Canelo, also was a harder puncher.
Maidana supporters at the news conference took exception. One Buenos Aires native began shouting at Mayweather.
"Anybody who's from a different place than you is wrong and you are always right," the man said to Mayweather.
"Sir, I never said that," Mayweather said. "I never said I'm right. Sir, my hands do the talking."
The New York Times | 1,277 | [
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While the nuances of the definition can vary slightly from state to state, most, Pennsylvania included, define a wrongful death as a death resulting from the wrongful act or negligence or another. In addition to being a real tragedy and a palpable loss for a family and loved ones, a victim in a wrongful death action can leave behind a deep sense of emotional loss as well as have a profound impact on the finances of a family. This is particularly true when the victim was the breadwinner or primary earner in a family. The law provides a way for those who have suffered as a result of the victim’s death by allowing them to bring a wrongful death claim.
The first thing to talk about when discussing how to file a wrongful death claim in Pennsylvania is who is actually authorized to file a wrongful death claim in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania law requires the personal representative of the decedent’s estate to file a wrongful death lawsuit. The personal representative of the estate is most often named in the will of the decedent. In the event, however, that the decedent died without a will, otherwise referred to as dying “intestate,” the court is authorized to appoint a personal representative if no one volunteers to take over the responsibility. Should the personal representative of the decedent’s estate fail to file a wrongful death suit within six months of the decedent’s death, any beneficiary of the decedent’s estate is permitted to file the wrongful death suit on behalf of all of the estate beneficiaries.
Pennsylvania has a statute of limitations in place that establishes a time limit allowed for filing a wrongful death lawsuit. It is two years. This means that a wrongful death claim must be filed within two years of the date of the person’s death. Failure to file a wrongful death claim within the two-year time frame means that a court is likely to deny hearing the case at all.
A wrongful death claim may also pursue compensation for loss of comfort and companionship. These kinds of damages, however, are intended to compensate surviving family members for loss related to the wrongful death. Because of this, damages for loss of comfort and companionship are only available if the decedent has a surviving spouse, children, or parents.
Have you lost a loved one due to the wrongful act or negligence of another? You can trust the team at Cooper, Schall & Levy to work tirelessly to pursue a wrongful death claim that can provide you with critical financial support in the wake of losing a loved one. Contact us today.
Under Pennsylvania law, a wrongful death is said to occur when a death is caused by the “wrongful act or neglect or unlawful violence or negligence of another.” Essentially, a wrongful death claim can arise in any event where a personal injury claim may have been brought had the deceased survived the incident. In fact, a wrongful death claim operates a lot like a personal injury claim where the victim is not able to bring his or her own claim. In a wrongful death claim, the personal representative of the deceased files the claim on behalf of the beneficiaries of the deceased’s estate.
While the prospect of facing a legal battle after losing a loved one can seem like too much to handle, successful wrongful death claims can provide surviving loved ones with critical compensation for the financial and emotional losses associated with the death of a loved one. In the face of a lifetime without a loved one, compensation received from a wrongful death claim can provide financial stability that can all too easily be lost when we lose a loved one upon whom we depend for support.
As a wrongful death claim is a civil case, the liability of the defendant in the claim is only expressed in terms of monetary damages. In criminal cases, a defendant who has been convicted faces things like imprisonment and other penalties. In civil cases, the defendant’s liability is only encapsulated in terms of monetary damage awards.
There is a range of things that can be compensated for in a wrongful death suit. There are damages that can specifically pertain to the personal representative of the estate. For instance, damages for estate administration expenses may be sought in a wrongful death claim by the personal representative of the deceased’s estate. This is true regardless of whether or not there is a surviving spouse, children, or parents of the deceased. The personal representative may also seek damages to cover the costs of outstanding hospital and medical bills of the deceased, as well as funeral and burial expenses because the estate would otherwise be responsible for covering these expenses.
If you have lost a loved one due to the negligence, recklessness, or intentional act of another, let the trusted team at Cooper Schall & Levy help you and your loved ones through this difficult time. We are committed to taking on the legal burden associated with a wrongful death claim so you can focus on continuing to support each other during this trying time. Contact us today.
Who Can Sue for Wrongful Death in Pennsylvania?
A wrongful death claim can be brought in cases when someone would have been able to bring a personal injury claim but died before being able to do so because they were fatally injured due to negligence or an intentional, harmful act perpetrated by the defendant in the action. For instance, a wrongful death action may be brought when the victim died as a result of car crash injuries or complications caused by medical malpractice. Not just anyone can bring a wrongful death action, however. Pennsylvania has specific laws in place that govern who has the right and ability to bring a wrongful death action on behalf of a deceased victim.
Pennsylvania requires that the personal representative of the victim’s estate bring a wrongful death claim. The personal representative is often assigned according to the terms laid out in the will of the deceased individual. If there is no personal representative provided for in the will, or if there is no will, the court is likely to appoint a personal representative. It is important to understand that while the personal representative brings the wrongful death action, he or she is actually filing the claim on behalf of the beneficiaries of the victim’s estate. Also, if the personal representative does not file the wrongful death claim within six months of the date of the victim’s death, then the beneficiaries have the right to file.
The beneficiaries are referred to as the “real parties in interest.” Pennsylvania considers real parties in interest to be limited to children and parents of the deceased. It does not matter whether the real parties in interest live in Pennsylvania or somewhere else. Pennsylvania limits who can benefit from a wrongful death action to the real parties in interest. This means that siblings, nieces, and nephews, along with more distant familial relations do not have a cause of action under the state’s Wrongful Death Act.
Some of these things are recoverable to compensate for a surviving spouse or children. Others listed are intended to compensate the estate of the deceased. This means that, even if there are no surviving children and no surviving spouse, an estate may still file a wrongful death action in order to recover things such as funeral and burial expenses, medical expenses, and expenses related to the administration of the estate.
The loss of a loved one is devastating. When it is the result of something like medical malpractice or a tragic accident, it can be sudden and shocking. That is why the dedicated wrongful death attorneys at Cooper, Schall & Levy take care of the legal action. We know that families are left to carry heavy emotional and financial burdens after the loss of a loved one. We held by leading the charge to enforce your legal right to compensation for your losses. Contact us today.
If a person dies as the result of someone else’s negligent or intentional action, then that person’s estate or family members may file a wrongful death claim. This is exactly what was done by the parents of Tim Piazza after their son died at a Pennsylvania State University fraternity party back in February of 2017. A settlement was reached with the fraternity, Beta Theta Pi, as well as the university. Now, Piazza’s parents are going after 28 former members of the fraternity.
Tim Piazza was a sophomore engineering student from New Jersey when he died on February 2017. Piazza was at a fraternity pledge party where he consumed large amounts of alcohol as part of a hazing ritual. Later, Piazza fell down a flight of stairs. Surveillance video from the night of Piazza’s death that was revealed in court showed Piazza moving through a drinking gauntlet as they chugged alcohol. The video also showed him in the early hours of the morning falling in the fraternity house and dropping to his knees while clutching an injured head. No one was seen trying to help him, and no one made a call for help for almost 12 hours. Piazza later died.
Piazza’s death resulted in dozens of Beta Theta Pi fraternity members facing criminal charges. Most of the serious charges, such as involuntary manslaughter, were thrown out by the Centre County Court. However, 23 of the fraternity’s former members entered pleas to charges that included hazing and furnishing alcohol to minors.
Piazza’s parents previously reached a settlement with both the University and Beta Theta Pi without filing a lawsuit. The settlement agreements both include several non-monetary terms imposed to help make Penn State safer for other students. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, the university is to encourage fraternities to have a non-member adult living in their houses and also have the fraternities consider the installation of security cameras on their premises. Additionally, the university is to have educational and training opportunities regarding alcohol consumption and hazing.
Earlier this year, Piazza’s parents filed suit against 28 individual members of the fraternity, including the then fraternity president and pledge master, in what their legal counsel explains is an opportunity to hold those individuals accountable for planning and participating in the reckless hazing activities that resulted in Piazza’s death. Additionally, the security company, St. Moritz Security Systems, Inc., previously responsible for monitoring parties for the university’s interfraternity council, was named in the suit. The lawsuit accuses the fraternity members of acting negligently and recklessly when they coerced or encouraged Piazza to consume dangerous amounts of alcohol that directly caused his intoxication resulting in him falling and sustaining injuries leading to his death.
Piazza’s parents are seeking monetary damages from this suit. If successful, the judgments against the defendants would be paid from assets they have now or will have in the future. Their parents’ assets would not be on the hook. However, the homeowner insurance policies for the parents could be made available for some defendants if the policy covers negligence of individuals living in the home.
If you or a loved one has died due to the negligence or reckless actions or inaction of someone else, you may be entitled to monetary compensation. Such a loss is truly devastating. Cooper Schall & Levy are dedicated wrongful death attorneys committed to holding negligent parties responsible for the damage they have caused. Contact us today.
CSL Obtains 1.65 Million Settlement during trial for family tragedy which should have been prevented.
Contact us |||PHONE_NUMBER||| or online www.cooperschallandlevy.com for a free consultation.
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When will the winners be published and where can we find them?
We’ll be posting the winners on our blog within the next week, so stay tuned!
Unfortunately I was unsuccessful to find any of the 5 records I searched for. | 50 | [
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Contributed by- Dr. Dhrity Vats
Blood tests are the most common investigations recommended by doctors for any gender or age. Whether it is a few hours born infant who needs to be diagnosed for jaundice or a senior citizen wanting to know his hemoglobin levels, a blood test is the first and most reliable method of diagnosing diseases. A full understanding of blood test results help in making correct decisions about diet, lifestyle and future course of action. But at times, doctors may not tell much about blood tests results unless you ask. We have lined up a few interpretations of a blood test which will help you understand your test reports better.
1. Results can be different depending on age
A routine blood test or CBC (Complete Blood Count) shall show different ranges and results depending on the age of the individual. Hemoglobin levels would be different for an infant, a growing child, a fertile girl, a pregnant mother and an old lady. Even lifestyle choices matter while interpreting hemoglobin levels. A fit person whose BMI is in the desired range shall have higher hemoglobin.
2. Ranges differ depending on sex
There are differences in the readings of different tests in male and female. For example, calcium will be lower in post menstruation females compared to men ( they generally have higher calcium content). Hemoglobin levels are different for males and females.
3. ‘Negative’ can mean good news
The word negative in blood tests is a word with some good news. A negative result means that the test did not detect what it was looking for, whether a disease marker or a risk factor for a health condition. For example, if you were being tested for a bacterial infection in your blood and the test report says ‘Negative’ it means that bacteria weren’t present in the sample.
4. ‘Positive’ is not always good news
For tests like pregnancy the word positive means good news, but for few diseases positive isn’t always that positive. Where the test is looking in for some specific markers like in the HIV test, the hepatitis C test, breast and ovarian cancer, tumors, typhoid or malaria, sickle cell anemia, results are measured “positive” when the disease is detected. In these cases, a positive test result means you may have the disease or disorder or that you may have had it in the past as some strains still might be present.
5. False negatives are common
Sometimes, a test doesn’t show signs and readings of a disease or condition even though you actually do have it. For example, if you had a blood test for hepatitis C and the results came negative, but you were exposed to the virus in the past few months, you could still have an infection and not realise it. Getting tested again is advised if you think you were recently exposed to this infectious disease.
6. False positive happen too
In some cases, the results of any test can be altered due to the food you ate the previous night or even the way samples are given or collected. For diabetes test your doctors can ask about your food intake as that might impact the readings. For tests like Myeloma and HIV’s the doctors themselves ask for a second screening, as false positives can lead to mental trauma.
7. Abnormal results don’t always indicate an underlying disease
A blood test result that is beyond the normal range could be due to a disease or disorder. But there are other reasons also for abnormal test outcomes. Assuming that you had a blood glucose test then there are conditions that will temporarily have an impact on the results. Like; you ate something before the test or drank alcohol the night before or took a certain medicine, your result could be abnormal.
8. Reports of different labs vary
Your blood test results are compared to a range that is considered normal for a particular laboratory and this reference range is based on test results from many people previously tested in that lab. Hence, result range varies for different labs.
9.Talk to your Doctor
If your blood reports are within the normal range, the laboratory or the doctor concerned might just give away your reports saying all is normal. This definitely gives you peace. But ask your doctor if you need a follow-up. Compare the reports and check if there are any alterations in the readings and understand its impact on your health.
10. To err is human
Investigations of blood are the most important line of treatment for a patient as it helps the doctor to decide the channel of treatment, they are very common and hence mix-ups do not generally happen. But to err is human and mistakes can happen. The mistake can be during giving sample also. Even if the technician shakes the blood sample vigorously, cells can die and the results can be different. For accuracy, trust Healthians.com, our 300 touch point technology for assuring quality collection and testing across our tightly controlled network of labs and hundreds of full-time phlebotomists ensures zero human errors.
Never panic or be overconfident! Your blood holds answers to many mysteries of your body, but it is all dependant on the interpretation. So, talk to your doctor freely or ask for second opinions.
This post has already been read 5671 times! | 1,083 | [
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Chagos dispute between Mauritus and UK continues to simmer
On February 14th a team from Mauritius visited the Chagos islands, a group of atolls located 1,680 km north-east of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, and raised the country's flag there, in a gesture of reclamation of Mauritius's rights over the UK-controlled archipelago. The UK responded by reaffirming sovereignty over the island, reinforcing our belief that a settlement remains a long way off.
Why does it matter?
The long-standing territorial dispute has spanned two decades. Mauritius has won three international judgements against the UK, including at the UN International Court of Justice, backing its claim of sovereignty over Chagos. However, owing to the non‑binding nature of these rulings, the UK will remain unrelenting in its territorial claim over the archipelago, a position that it has maintained since 1814. The dispute stems from the UK government's separation of Chagos from Mauritius in 1965, three years prior to Mauritius's independence, and a gradual eviction of the archipelago's inhabitants to Mauritius and the Seychelles during 1965‑73. The UK imposed legal obstacles preventing the return of Chagossians to the archipelago and leased the island to the US. The US subsequently constructed a military base on Diego Garcia, one of the islands, making the site geostrategically critical for both Western countries and ensuring the US's enduring support for the UK's sovereignty over Chagos.
The flag-raising incident has returned the dispute to the international spotlight, but prospects of a resolution remain dim. The flag was raised by a group of exiled Chagossians, Mauritian officials and the UN ambassador to Mauritius, who were part of a delegation that was visiting the island as part of a scientific expedition. The UK permitted the scientific expedition, but swiftly rebuked the group's symbolic gesture of reclaiming sovereignty. In response to mounting international support for Mauritius' claim, the UK government has previously said that it would relinquish its rights over Chagos only in the absence of defense considerations. With no plans by the US to disband the military base in the foreseeable future, periodic disagreements over Chagos will continue to dominate UK-Mauritius ties, as they have done for decades. However, relations will not turn hostile. Economic ties are not expected to strengthen markedly, but will continue to be safely underpinned by existing bilateral trade agreements (including an Economic Partnership Agreement) promoting steady flows of trade and investment.
The latest visit is likely one of many trips that Mauritius will make in pursuit of its sovereignty over the Chagos archipelago, but such manoeuvres will not cause a break in bilateral relations with the UK. We expect economic ties between Mauritius and the UK to remain largely unaffected by this diplomatic stalemate. | 582 | [
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April 13, 2019
YOU MIGHT REMEMBER
a little bit about pH from a science class you took years ago in middle school or high school. Even if you don't, that's okay; it's time for a refresher course because pH plays a major role in our oral health.
The Basics (And Acidics) Of pH
We could go into some really complicated things about hydrogen ions, but the important thing to know is that a pH of 7 is neutral --- neither acidic nor basic. For example, water has a pH of 7.As the numbers get smaller than 7, the substance becomes more acidic,
and as they get larger than 7 (up to 14), it becomes more alkaline or basic. Make sense? Good. Now let's look at what this has to do with our mouths.
Acid Versus Tooth Enamel
Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the human body, so it's pretty tough. It is, however, highly susceptible to acid erosion.All it takes is an environment of pH 5.5 or lower for the enamel to begin dissolving.
There are many ways our teeth can be exposed to acid. The most obvious is when we eat or drink something sour or tart because we can actually taste the acid. When we consume something sugary or starchy,oral bacteria eats the leftovers stuck between our teeth and produces acid as a waste product.
Acid reflux and vomiting also expose our teeth to stomach acid, which is very strong.
Saliva: The First Line Of Defense
The best natural defense our teeth have against acids is saliva, which has a pH slightly above 7. Saliva washes food particles away and helps keep oral bacteria populations in check. This is why dry mouth is such a dangerous problem for oral health.The less saliva we have, the more vulnerable our teeth are.
Sipping soda or snacking throughout the day is also a problem for our teeth,
because saliva needs time to neutralize our mouths afterward, and constantly introducing more acid makes that much harder.
A More Alkaline Diet Will Help Your Teeth
A great way we can help out our saliva in the fight to protect our teeth, aside from the usual methods of daily brushing and flossing and regular dental appointments, is toeat fewer acidic foods and trade them foralkalineones.
That means adding in more fruits and veggies and leaving off some of the breads, dairy, and meats --- and we should definitely cut back on soda and other sugary treats.
We Can Fight Enamel Erosion Together!
If you'd like more tips for how to protect your tooth enamel, just ask us! We want you to have all the tools you need to keep your teeth healthy and strong so that they will last a lifetime.
Our top priority is our patients' healthy smiles!
The content on this blog is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of qualified health providers with questions you may have regarding medical conditions. | 627 | [
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The evolutionary emergence of each facet of human language can be viewed as a 'transition'. This book explores how different transitions took place, their preconditions, and their consequences. Among the questions it addresses are: what physiological and psychological differences between usand other animals lie at the heart of our superior capacity for language? Was the pre-linguistic period of humankind characterized by words without syntax, syntax without meaning, gesture without speech, or all, or none, of these? Once a community is ready and able to develop language, what internaland external factors trigger its emergence? How are we to interpret the archaeological evidence of early tool-making abilities, relative to the presence, or absence, of language? In what social circumstances could language have avoided being immediately harnessed for deception, so that it became toodangerous and unreliable to be of value? Was the universal form of language determined by pre-existing psychological capabilities, or by natural constraints in communication? Has language finished evolving? If not, how different were linguistic structures used by our early ancestors from those thatwe use today? This investigation into one of the enduring mysteries of humankind brings together original contributions from linguists, archaeologists, anthropologists, psychologists, biologists, primatologists, and researchers in artificial intelligence. They offer the reader up-to-the-minute debates in thefield of language evolution. | 275 | [
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Kolkata : Sunfeast All Rounder, the brand that celebrates the diverse roles of women and their immeasurable contributions in society paid an inimitable tribute to Maa Durga with an 8ft tall figurine of Maa Durga at Chetla Agrani Puja Pandal. The unique installation was created using Sunfeast All Rounder potato biscuits. To create this never-before-seen installation, the brand collaborated with ace artist Ankita Banerjee and her students at Bhoomi Foundation.
The women of today embody all the special attributes of Maa Durga. They are nurturing, protective, strong and agents of empowerment & prosperity for those around them. Sunfeast All Rounder chose to celebrate these qualities with a special tribute to Maa Durga symbolizing the inimitable feminine force. Through its collaboration with woman artisans, the brand offered a tribute of All Rounder by All Rounders.
Through a digital campaign spanning Facebook, Instagram, and Youtube, Sunfeast All Rounder brought the experience of the Sunfeast All Rounder Pujo and the story behind it to homes across Kolkata. The brand augmented the story of these artisans through a short video that offered a behind-the-scenes look at the vision, the motivation and skill that goes into each such creation.
As of 13th Oct, the story of the Maa Durga murti made of All Rounder, by All Rounders has already reached ~1.7 mn people in Kolkata during Durga Puja. | 323 | [
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Actually, this is the case on some russian servers. The russian servers are lightyears ahead of any other server out there, the problem being they're russian. You spawn on Centcomm(It's completely remodeled to not be terribly ugly) in a room, you have to walk about 20 tiles to the shuttle, send the shuttle. And then it takes a few seconds to get to the station, it literally has to fly through space(it's like the escape shuttle space animation) and finally gets to the station. It's actually really cool but seems to be exclusive to the Tau Ceti RU server. | 127 | [
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Jud impressed. Music-wise and from a heavy metal perspective this is gold. Simply gold. As the saying goes, “All hail the metal gods!” Highly recommended!
Tracklist:
01. Judas Rising (03:52)
02. Deal with the Devil (03:54)
03. Revolution (04:42)
04. Worth Fighting for (04:17)
05. Demonizer (04:35)
06. Wheels of Fire (03:41)
07. Angel (04:23)
08. Hellrider (06:06)
09. Eulogy (02:54)
10. Lochness (13:22)
Rating:
8/10
Angel Of Retribution is the best metal album of all time. Go Judas Priest!!!! | 171 | [
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Humanity launched the first satellite in 1957, and since then we’ve put thousands of objects in orbit with little regard for the future. Along with about 3,000 active satellites, we now have 900,000 pieces of space junk larger than 10 centimeters. The results could be catastrophic if even a tiny piece of debris collided with a crewed spacecraft or merely inconvenient if it hit a satellite. In either case, that’s something you want to avoid. Cleaning up space to prevent collisions is a tall order, but the ESA has just funded a giant space claw that could show the way forward.
Most launch operators don’t usually go into a mission intended to clutter up the space around Earth. Nevertheless, defunct satellites, booster engines, and smaller bits of machinery can remain in orbit long after their useful life. Some objects will fall back to Earth naturally as their orbit decays, but the volume of space debris is still moving in the wrong direction, and space is about to get a lot more crowded with megaconstellations from SpaceX and others.
To combat the increase in space junk, the ESA has awarded a €86 million contract to Switzerland-based ClearSpace SA to run the first-ever active debris removal operation. The ESA will provide expertise and money, but ClearSpace SA will do all the engineering and design work. It will also seek additional funding for the mission from commercial investors.
The target of the ESA mission is a Vespa (Vega Secondary Payload Adapter), which was left in a 400-mile-high orbit since 2013 when it helped launch a Vega rocket in 2013. The team chose this object because its orbit and composition are well understood, and it’s about the size of a small satellite.
The mission, known as ClearSpace-1, could launch as soon as 2025. The claw-shaped spacecraft will rendezvous with the Vespa debris and lock onto it with the grapplers. After that, it simply drags the object down into the atmosphere where it and the claw burn up. You would, of course, need a lot of these devices to clear Earth’s orbital traffic jam, but this is just an initial test. If ClearSpace-1 is successful, the company can design more efficient versions of the claw for capturing junk.
Only time will tell if ClearSpace’s approach to removing space junk is viable, but we will need to do something. The more cluttered space becomes, the more dangerous it is. Some scientists even worry that a chain reaction of space collisions know as the Kessler effect could render the space around Earth unusable for years or decades.
NASA Created a Collection of Spooky Space Sounds for Halloween
NASA's latest data release turns signals from beyond Earth into spooky sounds that are sure to send a chill up your spine.
How to Build a Face Mask Detector With a Jetson Nano 2GB and AlwaysAI
Nvidia continues to make AI at the edge more affordable and easier to deploy. So instead of simply running through the benchmarks to review the new Jetson Nano 2GB, I decided to tackle the DIY project of building my own face mask detector.
Sony’s PlayStation 5 Debuts to Strong Reviews
Reviews have come in for Sony's PlayStation 5, and while they're a bit preliminary for the same reason as the Xbox Series X, they're broadly positive about Sony's latest gaming effort.
A Mars-Like Planet Might Be Hiding in the Outer Solar System
Astronomers have been on the hunt for a theorized ninth planet in the extreme outer solar system, and now a study suggests there might be another planet out there. Unlike the massive (and completely hypothetical) Planet Nine, this one is believed to be a small, rocky world like Mars. | 773 | [
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WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -1- SHEETS FORMED FROM POLYESTERS INCLUDING ISOSORBIDE Field of the Disclosure This disclosure relates to a sheet formed from a polyester, methods of making the polyester and articles made from the sheet. More specifically, this disclosure relates to sheets made from a polyester having an isosorbide moiety, terephthaloyl moiety and ethylene glycol moiety, methods of making the same, and articles made therefrom.
Background of the Disclosure Polymeric sheets have a variety of uses, such as in signage, glazings, thermoforming articles, displays and display substrates, for example. For many of these uses, the heat resistance of the sheet is an important factor. Therefore, a higher melting point and glass transition temperature (Tg) are desirable to provide better heat resistance and greater stability. Further, it is desired that sheets have ultraviolet (UV) and scratch resistance, good tensile strength, high optical clarity and a good impact strength, particularly at low temperatures.
Various polymeric compositions have been used in an attempt to meet all of the above criteria. In particular, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -2has been used to form low-cost sheets for many years. However, these PET sheets have poor low temperature impact strength, a low glass transition temperature (Tg) and a high rate of crystallization. Thus, PET sheets cannot be used at low temperatures because of the danger of breakage and they cannot be used at high temperatures because the polymer crystallizes, thereby diminishing optical clarity.
Polycarbonate sheets can be used in applications where a low temperature impact strength is needed, or a high service temperature is required. In this regard, polycarbonate sheets have high impact strengths at low temperatures as well as a high Tg which allows them to be used in high temperature applications. However, polycarbonate has poor solvent resistance, thereby limiting its use in certain applications, and is prone to stress induced cracking. Polycarbonate sheets also provide a greater impact strength than is needed for certain applications, making them costly and inefficient for use.
Thus, a need exists for a sheet material that offers high impact strength at low temperature, a higher service temperature good solvent resistance and a low rate of crystallization.
The diol 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-D-sorbitol, referred to hereinafter as isosorbide, the structure of which is illustrated below, is readily made from renewable resources, such as sugars and starches. For example, isosorbide can be made from D-glucose by hydrogenation followed by acidcatalyzed dehydration.
WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -3- Isosorbide has been incorporated as a monomer into polyesters that also include terephthaloyl moieties. See, for example, R. Storbeck et al, Makromol.Chem., Vol. 194, pp. 53-64 (1993); R. Storbeck et al, Polymer, Vol. 34, p. 5003 (1993). However, it is generally believed that secondary alcohols such as isosorbide have poor reactivity and are sensitive to acidcatalyzed reactions. See, for example, D. Braun et al., J. Prakt. Chem., Vol.
334, pp. 298-310 (1992). As a result of the poor reactivity, polyesters made with an isosorbide monomer and esters of terephthalic acid are expected to have a relatively low molecular weight. Ballauff et al, Polyesters (Derived from Renewable Sources), Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia, Vol. 8, p.
Copolymers containing isosorbide moieties, ethylene glycol moieties, and terephthaloyl moieties have been reported only rarely. A copolymer containing these three moieties, in which the mole ratio of ethylene glycol to isosorbide was about 90:10, was reported in published German Patent Application No. 1,263,981 (1968). The polymer was used as a minor component (about 10%) of a blend with polypropylene to improve the dyeability of polypropylene fiber. It was made by melt polymerization of dimethyl terephthalate, ethylene glycol, and isosorbide, but the conditions, which were described only in general terms in the publication, would not have given a polymer having a high molecular weight.
Copolymers of these same three monomers were described again recently, where it was observed that the glass transition temperature Tg of the copolymer increases with isosorbide monomer content up to about 200 0 C for the isosorbide terephthalate homopolymer. The polymer samples were made by reacting terephthaloyl dichloride in solution with the diol monomers. This method yielded a copolymer with a molecular weight that is apparently higher than was obtained in the German Patent Application described above but still relatively low when compared against other WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -4polyester polymers and copolymers. Further, these polymers were made by solution polymerization and were thus free of diethylene glycol moieties as a product of polymerization. See R. Storbeck, Dissertation, Universitat Karlsruhe (1994); R. Storbeck, et al., J. Appl. Polymer Science, vol. 59, pp.
U.S. Patent 4,418,174 describes a process for the preparation of polyesters useful as raw materials in the production of aqueous stoving lacquers. The polyesters are prepared with an alcohol and an acid. One of the many preferred alcohols is dianhydrosorbitol. However, the average molecular weight of the polyesters is from 1,000 to 10,000, and no polyester actually containing a dianhydrosorbitol moiety was made.
U.S. Patent 5,179,143 describes a process for the preparation of compression molded materials. Also, described therein are hydroxyl containing polyesters. These hydroxyl containing polyesters are listed to include polyhydric alcohols, including 1,4:3,6-dianhydrosorbitol. Again, however, the highest molecular weights reported are relatively low, 400 to 10,000, and no polyester actually containing the 1,4:3,6-dianhydrosorbitol moiety was made.
Published P.C.T. applications WO 97/14739 and WO 96/25449 describe cholesteric and nematic liquid crystalline polyesters that include isosorbide moieties as monomer units. Such polyesters have relatively low molecular weights and are not isotropic.
Summary of the Disclosure Contrary to the teachings and expectations that have been published in the prior art, isotropic, semi-crystalline and amorphous or nonliquid crystalline, copolyesters containing terephthaloyl moieties, ethylene glycol moieties, isosorbide moieties and, optionally, diethylene glycol moieties, are WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 readily synthesized in molecular weights that are suitable for making fabricated products, such as sheets, on an industrial basis.
The process conditions for producing the polyester sheet, particularly the amounts of monomers used in the polyester, are desirably chosen so that the final polymeric product used for manufacturing the sheet contains the desired amounts of the various monomer units, preferably with equimolar amounts of monomer units derived from a diol and a diacid.
Because of the volatility of some of the monomers, including isosorbide, and depending on the method of manufacturing the polyester, some of the monomers are desirably included in excess at the beginning of the polymerization reaction and removed as the reaction proceeds. This is particularly true of ethylene glycol and isosorbide.
The polyester may be formed by any method known in the art.
Preferably, however, the polyester is formed by solvent or melt polymerization. The choice of method may be determined by the desired amount of diethylene glycol in the final product.
In a preferred embodiment, the number of terephthaloyl moieties in the polymer is in the range of about 25% to about 50 mole (mole of the total polymer). The polymer may also include amounts of one or more other aromatic diacid moieties such as, for example, those derived from isophthalic acid, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,7-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, and 4,4'-bibenzoic acid, at combined levels up to about 25 mole (mole of the total polymer).
In a preferred embodiment, ethylene glycol monomer units are present in amounts of about 5 mole to about 49.75 mole The polymer may also contain diethylene glycol moieties. Depending on the method of manufacture, the amount of diethylene glycol moieties is in the range of about 0.0 mole to about 25 mole WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -6- In a preferred embodiment, isosorbide is present in the polymer in amounts in the range of about 0.25 mole to about 40 mole One or more other diol monomer units may also be included in amounts up to a total of about 45 mole The polyester has an inherent viscosity, which is an indicator of molecular weight, of at least about 0.35 dL/g, as measured on a 1% (weight/volume) solution of the polymer in o-chlorophenol at a temperature of 250C. A higher inherent viscosity, such as at least about 0.40 dL/g, preferably at least about 0.50 dL/g, is desired for optimal sheet formation.
Further processing of the polyester may achieve even higher inherent viscosities, such as over 1.0 dL/g.
The polyester sheets of the present invention are made by any method known as the art and are suitable for use in a variety of applications, such as glazings, signs, displays and display substrates. The sheets demonstrate good low temperature impact strength, a high Tg resulting in an increased maximum service temperature and decreased crystallinity, thereby providing higher optical clarity.
In addition, the present invention relates to a method of making a polyester article by thermoforming the above described polyester sheet.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments of the Disclosure The isotropic polyester polymer sheet and a method of manufacturing the same are described in detail below. In particular, a method of manufacturing the polyester comprising terephthaloyl moieties, ethylene glycol moieties and isosorbide moieties is described, as well as the process of forming sheets from such a polymer.
In a preferred embodiment, ethylene glycol monomer units are present in the polymer in amounts of about 33 mole% to about 49.9 mole%, WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -7preferably 37 mole% to about 45 mole%, although higher amounts may be included as necessary to achieve the desired results. The polymer composition may also contain diethylene glycol monomer units. Depending on the method of manufacture, the amount of diethylene glycol monomer units is in the range of from about 0.0 mole% to about 5.0 mole%, preferably 0.25 mole% to about 5.0 mole%, although higher amounts may be included as necessary to achieve the desired results. Diethylene glycol may be produced as a by-product of the polymerization process, or may be added directly to the composition to help accurately regulate the amount of diethylene glycol monomer units that are in the polymer.
In preferred embodiments, isosorbide moieties are present in the polymer in amounts in the range of from about 0.25 mole% to about mole%, preferably about 0.25 mole% to about 20 mole%, more preferably about 0.25 mole% to about 12.0 mole%, and most preferably from about mole% to about 6.0 mole%, although higher amounts may be included as necessary to achieve the desired results. One or more other diol monomer units may optionally be included in amounts up to a total of about mole%, but preferably less than 1.0 mole%. The amount of other diols included may however be higher as necessary to achieve the desired results. Examples of the optional other diol units include aliphatic alkylene glycols having from 3-12 carbon atoms and having the empirical formula HO-CnH 2 n-OH, where n is an integer from 3-12, including branched diols such as 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol; cis or trans-1,4cyclohexanedimethanol and mixtures of the cis and trans isomers; triethylene glycol; 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl] propane; 1,1-bis[4-(2hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-cyclohexane; 9,9-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]fluorene; 1,4:3,6-dianhydromannitol; 1,4:3,6-dianhydroiditol; and 1,4anhydroerythritol.
WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -8- Terephthaloyl moieties in the polyester may range from 25-50 mole%, but are preferably in the range of from about 40-50 mole%, although higher amounts may be included as necessary to achieve the desired results.
Other aromatic diacid moieties in the polymer, if desired, may include, for example, those derived from isophthalic acid, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,7naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, and 4,4'-bibenzoic acid, at combined levels up to about 10 mole%, preferably between 0.01 and 5 mole% of the total polymer, although higher amounts may be included as necessary to achieve the desired results.
It is preferable that equimolar amounts of diacid monomer units and diol monomer units are present in the polymer in order to achieve a high molecular weight and high inherent viscosity, which provide a lower shrinkage rate and higher glass transition temperature (Tg) than, for example, poly(ethylene terephthalate). The polyester formed has an inherent viscosity, which is an indicator of molecular weight, of at least about 0.35 dL/g, as measured on a 1% (weight/volume) solution of the polymer in o-chlorophenol at a temperature of 25°C. Preferably, the inherent viscosity is at least about 0.40 dL/g, and preferably between about 0.5 and about dL/g, most preferably between about 0.7 and about 1.0 dL/g. However, the inherent viscosity may be as high as 2.0 dL/g, or even higher, as needed.
The molecular weight is normally not measured directly. Instead, the inherent viscosity of the polymer in solution or the melt viscosity is used as an indicator of molecular weight. For the present polymers, the inherent viscosity is measured by the method described previously, with a molecular weight corresponding to an inherent viscosity of about 0.35 dL/g or more.
Higher molecular weights corresponding to an inherent viscosity of at least about 0.45 dL/g are preferred, and molecular weights corresponding to inherent viscosities as high as about 1.0 dL/g to 2.0 dLg or even higher may WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -9be obtained if desired. Generally the inherent viscosity/molecular weight relationship can be fitted to the linear equation: log (IV) 0.586 x log (Mw) 2.9672.
The inherent viscosities are a better indicator of molecular weight for comparisons of samples and are used as the indicator of molecular weight herein.
The polyester sheets of the present invention may be amorphous or partially crystalline depending upon the desired properties of the sheet.
Compositions having isosorbide at levels of less than about 10 are semicrystalline if they are cooled slowly after formation or if they are annealed above their glass transition temperatures, but are amorphous if they are cooled rapidly after formation. In general, the semi-crystalline compositions are slower to crystallize than poly(ethylene terephthalate) compositions due to the inclusion of isosorbide. The isosorbide raises the Tg, allowing the articles to remain transparent even when exposed to conditions under which they might normally crystallize. Further, the presence of isosorbide reduces the size of any crystals actually formed, thereby allowing optical clarity to be maintained even at higher degrees of crystallization.
The polyesters used to make the sheets of the invention can be made by any of several methods. The product compositions vary somewhat depending on the method used, particularly in the amount of diethylene glycol residue that is present in the polymer. These methods include the reaction of the diol monomers with the acid chlorides of terephthalic acid and any other acids that may be present. The reaction of terephthaloyl dichloride with isosorbide and ethylene glycol is readily carried out by combining the monomers in a solvent toluene) in the presence of a base, such as pyridine, which neutralizes HCI as it is produced. This procedure is described in R. Storbeck et al., J. Appl. Polymer Science, Vol.
59, pp. 1199 -1202 (1996). Other well-known variations using terephthaloyl WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 dichloride may also be used interfacial polymerization), or the monomers may simply be stirred together while heating.
When the polymer is made using the acid chlorides, the ratio of monomer units in the product polymer is about the same as the ratio of reacting monomers. Therefore, the ratio of monomers charged to the reactor is about the same as the desired ratio in the product. A stoichiometric equivalent of the diol and diacids generally will be used to obtain a high molecular weight polymer, one with an inherent viscosity of at least about 0.35 dL/g, suitable for making sheets.
The polymers can also be made by a melt polymerization process, in which the acid component is either terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate, and also may include the free acid or dimethyl ester of any other aromatic diacids that may be desired in the polyester polymer composition. The diacids or dimethyl esters are heated with the diols (ethylene glycol, isosorbide, optional diols) in the presence of a catalyst to a high enough temperature that the monomers combine to form esters and diesters, then oligomers, and finally polymers. The polymeric product at the end of the polymerization process is a molten polymer. The diol monomers ethylene glycol and isosorbide) are volatile and distill from the reactor as the polymerization proceeds. Therefore, an excess of these diols must be charged to the reaction to obtain a polymer, and the amounts must be adjusted according to the characteristics of the polymerization vessel, such as the efficiency of the distillation column and the efficiency of monomer recovery and recycle. Such modifications in the amounts of monomers and the like in accordance with the characteristics of a reactor are readily made by practitioners in the art. Further, a skilled practioner can readily determine the amount of each component desirably charged to any particular reactor to form the polymer of the invention.
WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -11- The above described melt polymerization process is the preferred method of making the polymer and is described in detail in copending commonly assigned U.S. Application No. 09/064,844 (Attorney Docket No.
032358-001), incorporated herein by reference. The melt polymerization processes using dimethyl terephthalate and terephthalic acid are also summarized below.
Dimethyl Terephthalate Process In this process, which is carried out in two stages, terephthalic acid and the optional diacid monomers, if present, are used as their dimethyl ester derivatives. The diols ethylene glycol and isosorbide) are mixed with the dimethyl ester of the aromatic diacid dimethyl terephthalate) in the presence of an ester interchange catalyst, which causes exchange of the ethylene glycol for the methyl group of the dimethyl esters through a transesterification reaction. This results in the formation of methanol, which distills out of the reaction flask, and bis (2-hydroxyethylterephthalate).
Because of the stoichiometry of this reaction, somewhat more than two moles of ethylene glycol are desirably added as reactants for the ester interchange reaction.
Catalysts that bring about ester interchange include salts (usually acetates) of the following metals: Li, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Pb, and combinations thereof, Ti(OR) 4 where R is an alkyl group having 2 12 carbon atoms, and PbO. The catalyst components are generally included in an amount of about 10 ppm to about 100 ppm. Preferred catalysts for ester interchange include Mn(OAc) 2 Co(OAc) 2 and Zn(OAc) 2 where OAc is the abbreviation for acetate, and combinations thereof. The polycondensation catalyst in the second stage of the reaction, preferably Sb(lll) oxide, may be added initially or at the start of the polycondensation stage. A catalyst that has been used with particularly good success is based on salts of Mn(ll) and Co(ll), at WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -12levels of about 50 to about 100 ppm, each. These were used in the form of Mn(ll) acetate tetrahydrate and Co(ll) acetate tetrahydrate, although other salts of the same metals may also be used.
Ester interchange is desirably brought about by heating and stirring the mixture of reactants under an inert atmosphere nitrogen) at atmospheric pressure from room temperature to a temperature high enough to induce the ester interchange (about 150 0 Methanol is formed as a byproduct and distills out of the reactor. The reaction is gradually heated to about 250°C until methanol evolution stops. The end of methanol evolution can be recognized by a drop in the overhead temperature of the reaction vessel.
A small amount of an additive having a boiling point of 170-240°C may be added to the ester interchange to aid in the heat transfer within the reaction medium and to help retain volatile components in the vessel that may sublime into the packed column. The additive must be inert and not react with alcohols or dimethyl terephthalate at temperatures below 3000C.
Preferably, the additive has a boiling point greater than 170°C, more preferably within the range of 170°C to 240°C, and is used in an amount between about 0.05 and 10 wt%, more preferably between about 0.25 and 1 wt% of reaction mixture. A preferred additive is tetrahydronaphthalene.
Other examples include diphenyl ether, diphenyl sulfone and benzophenone. Other such solvents are described in U.S. Patent No.
4,248,956, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The second stage of the reaction is commenced by adding a polycondensation catalyst and a sequestering agent for the transesterification catalyst. Polyphosphoric acid is an example of a sequestering agent and is normally added in an amount of about 10 to about 100 ppm of phosphorous per gm of dimethyl terephthalate. An WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -13example of a polycondensation catalyst is antimony (Ill) oxide, which may be used at a level of 100 to about 400 ppm.
The polycondensation reaction is typically carried out at a temperature from about 2500C to 285°C. During this time, ethylene glycol distills out of the reaction due to condensation of the bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate to form polymer and by-product ethylene glycol, which is collected as a distillate.
The polycondensation reaction described above is preferably carried out under vacuum, which can be applied while the reactor is being heated to the temperature of the polycondensation reaction after polyphosphoric acid and Sb(lll) oxide have been added. Alternatively, vacuum can be applied after the polycondensation reaction temperature reaches 280°C 285°C. In either case, the reaction is accelerated by the application of vacuum.
Heating under vacuum is continued until the molten polymer reaches the desired molecular weight, usually recognized by an increase in the melt viscosity to a pre-determined level. This is observed as an increase in the torque needed for the stirring motor to maintain stirring at a constant RPM.
An inherent viscosity of at least 0.5 dL/g, and generally up to about 0.65 dL/g or greater, can be achieved by this melt polymerization process without further efforts at raising molecular weight. For certain composition ranges, the molecular weight can be increased further by solid state polymerization, described below.
Terephthalic Acid Process The terephthalic acid process is similar to the dimethyl terephthalate process except that the initial esterification reaction that leads to bis(2hydroxyethylterephthalate) and other low molecular weight esters is carried out at a slightly elevated pressure (autogenous pressure, about 25 to WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -14psig). Instead of a two-fold excess of diols, a smaller excess (about 10% to about 60%) of diols (ethylene glycol, isosorbide and other diols, if any) is used. The intermediate esterification product is a mixture of oligomers, since not enough diol is present to generate a diester of terephthalic acid.
The catalysts are also different. No added catalyst is necessary in the esterification reaction.
A polycondensation catalyst Sb(lll) or Ti(IV) salts) is still desirable to achieve a high molecular weight polymer. The catalyst that is needed to achieve a high molecular weight can be added after the esterification reaction, or it can be conveniently charged with the reactants at the beginning of the reaction. Catalysts that are useful for making a high molecular weight polymer directly from terephthalic acid and the diols include the acetate or other alkanoate salts of Co(ll) and Sb(lll), oxides of Sb(lll) and Ge(IV) and Ti(OR) 4 (where R is an alkyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms). Glycol solubilized oxides of these metal salts may also be used. The use of these and other catalysts in the preparation of polyesters is well known in the art.
The reaction may be carried out in discrete steps, but this is not necessary. In practice on a large scale, it may be carried out in steps as the reactants and intermediate products are pumped from reactor to reactor at increasing temperatures. In a batch process, the reactants and catalyst may be charged to a reactor at room temperature and then gradually heated to about 285°C as polymer forms. The pressure is vented in the range of about 2000C to about 250°C, and a vacuum is then desirably applied.
Esterification to form bis(2-hydroxyethylterephthalate) esters and oligomers takes place at elevated temperatures (between room temperature and about 220°C to 265°C under autogenous pressure), and the polymer is made at temperatures in the range of about 275°C to about 285°C under a WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 high vacuum (less than 10 Torr, preferably less than 1 Torr). The vacuum is needed to remove residual ethylene glycol and water vapor from the reaction to raise the molecular weight.
A polymer having an inherent viscosity of at least 0.5 dL/g, and generally up to about 0.65 dLg ,can be achieved by the direct polymerization process, without subsequent solid state polymerization. The progress of the polymerization can be followed by the melt viscosity, which is easily observed by the torque that is required to maintain stirring of the molten polymer.
Solid State Polymerization Polymers can not be made by the melt condensation process described above having an inherent viscosity of at least about 0.5 dL/g, and often as high as about 0.65 dL/g or greater, without further treatment.
Compositions of ethylene glycol, isosorbide, and terephthalic acid having isosorbide in an amount of about 0.25% to about 10% on a mole basis may have their molecular weight increased further by solid state polymerization.
The product made by melt polymerization, after extruding, cooling and pelletizing, is essentially non-crystalline. The material can be made semicrystalline by heating it to a temperature in the range of about 1150C to about 140'C for an extended period of time (about 2 to about 12 hours).
This induces crystallization so that the product can then be heated to a much higher temperature to raise the molecular weight. The process works best for low levels of isosorbide (about 0.25 mole to about 3 mole because the polyester crystallizes more easily with low levels of isosorbide.
The polymer may also be crystallized prior to solid state polymerization by treatment with a relatively poor solvent for polyesters, such as acetone, which induces crystallization. Solvent induced WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -16crystallization is known for polyesters and is described in U.S. Patent Nos.
5,164,478 and 3,684,766, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The crystallized polymer is subjected to solid state polymerization by placing the pelletized or pulverized polymer into a stream of an inert gas, usually nitrogen, or under a vacuum of 1 Torr, at an elevated temperature, above about 1400C but below the melting temperature of the polymer for a period of about 2 to 16 hours. Solid state polymerization is generally carried out at a temperature in the range of about 1900 to about 2100C for a period of about 2 to about 16 hours. Good results are obtained by heating the polymer to about 1950 to about 1980C for about 10 hours. This solid state polymerization may raise the inherent viscosity to about 0.8 dL/g or higher.
Sheet Formation The polyester polymer of the present invention formed by one of the above methods, or by any other method known in the art, may be formed into sheets directly from the polymerization melt. In the alternative, the polyester may be formed into an easily handled shape (such as pellets) from the melt, which may then be used to form a sheet. The sheet of the present invention can be used for forming signs, glazings (such as in bus stop shelters, sky lights or recreational vehicles), displays, automobile lights and in thermoforming articles, for example.
The difference between a sheet and a film is the thickness, but there is no set industry standard to differentiate a film from a sheet. For purposes of this invention, a sheet is defined as having a thickness greater than about 0.25 mm (10 mils). Preferably, the thickness of the sheets of the present invention are from about 0.25 mm to about 25 mm, more preferably from about 2mm to about 15 mm, and even more preferably from about 3 mm to WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -17about 10 mm. In a preferred embodiment, the sheets of the present invention have a thickness sufficient to cause the sheet to be rigid, which generally occurs at about 0.50 mm and greater. However, sheets thicker than 25 mm, and thinner than 0.25 mm may be formed.
Sheets may be formed by any process known in the art, such as extrusion, solution casting or injection molding. The parameters for each of these processes can be easily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art depending upon the viscosity characteristics of the polyester and the desired thickness of the sheet.
The sheet of the invention is preferably formed by either solution casting or extrusion. Extrusion is particularly preferred for formation of "endless" products, such as films and sheets, which emerge as a continuous length. For example, see Published P.C.T. applications WO 96/38282 and WO 97/00284, which describe the formation of crystallizable thermoplastic sheets by melt extrusion.
In extrusion, the polymeric material, whether provided as a molten polymer or as plastic pellets or granules, is fluidized and homogenized. This mixture is then forced through a suitably shaped die to produce the desired cross-sectional sheet shape. The extruding force may be exerted by a piston or ram (ram extrusion), or by a rotating screw (screw extrusion), which operates within a cylinder in which the material is heated and plasticized and from which it is then extruded through the die in a continuous flow. Single screw, twin screw and multi-screw extruders may be used as known in the art. Different kinds of die are used to produce different products, such as sheets and strips (slot dies) and hollow and solid sections (circular dies). In this manner, sheets of different widths and thickness may be produced. After extrusion, the polymeric sheet is taken up WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -18by rollers, cooled and taken off by means of suitable devices which are designed to prevent any subsequent deformation of the sheet.
Using extruders as known in the art, a sheet can be produced by extruding a layer of polymer over chilled rollers and then further drawing down the sheet to size (>0.25 mm) by tension rolls. Preferably, the finished sheet is >0.25 mm thick.
For manufacturing large quantities of sheets, a sheeting calendar is employed. The rough sheet is fed into the gap of the calender, a machine comprising a number of heatable parallel cylindrical rollers which rotate in opposite directions and spread out the polymer and stretch it to the required thickness. The last roller smooths the sheet thus produced. If the sheet is required to have a textured surface, the final roller is provided with an appropriate embossing pattern. Alternatively, the sheet may be reheated and then passed through an embossing calendar. The calender is followed by one or more cooling drums. Finally, the finished sheet is reeled up.
The above extrusion process can be combined with a variety of postextruding operations for expanded versatility. Such post-forming operations include altering round to oval shapes, stretching the sheet to different dimensions, machining and punching and the like, as known to those skilled in the art.
The polymeric sheet of the invention may be combined with other polymeric materials during extrusion and/or finishing to form laminates or multilayer sheets with improved characteristics, such as water vapor resistance. In particular, the polymeric sheet of the invention may be combined with one or more of the following: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), aramid, polyethylene sulfide (PES), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyimide polyethylene imine (PEI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polysulfone polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyolefins, polyethylene, WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -19poly(cyclic olefins) and poly(cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate), for example. Other polymers which may be used in combination with the polyester polymer of the invention are those listed in co-pending application Serial Nos. 09/064,826 (Attorney Docket No. 032358-005) and 09/064,720 (Attorney Dockeet No. 032358-008). A multilayer or laminate sheet may be made by any method known in the art, and may have as many as five or more separate layers joined together by heat, adhesive and/or a tie layer, as known in the art.
A sheet may also be formed by solution casting, which produces more consistently uniform gauge sheeting than that made by melt extrusion.
Solution casting comprises dissolving polymeric granules, powder or the like in a suitable solvent with any desired formulant, such as a plasticizer or colorant. The solution is filtered to remove dirt or large particles and cast from a slot die onto a moving belt, preferably of stainless steel, whereon the sheet cools. The sheet is then removed from the belt onto a windup roll.
The extrudate thickness is five to ten times that of the finished sheet. The sheet may then be finished in a like manner to extruded sheeting.
Further, sheets and sheet-like articles, such as discs, may be formed by injection molding by any method known in the art.
One of ordinary skill in the art will be able to identify appropriate process parameters based on the polymeric composition and process used for sheet formation.
Regardless of how the sheet is formed, it may be subjected to biaxial orientation by stretching in both the machine and transverse direction after formation. The machine direction stretch is initiated in forming the sheet simply by rolling out and taking up the sheet. This inherently stretches the sheet in the direction of takeup, orienting some of the fibers. Although this strengthens the sheet in the machine direction, it allows the sheet to tear WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 easily in the direction at right angles to the machine direction because all of the fibers are oriented in one direction.
Therefore, biaxially stretched sheets are preferred for certain uses where uniform sheeting is desired. Biaxial stretching orients the fibers parallel to the plane of the sheet, but leaves the fibers randomly oriented within the plane of the sheet. This provides superior tensile strength, flexibility, toughness and shrinkability, for example, in comparison to nonoriented sheets. It is desirable to stretch the sheet along two axes at right angles to each other. This increases tensile strength and elastic modulus in the directions of stretch. It is most desirable for the amount of stretch in each direction to be roughly equivalent, thereby providing similar properties or behavior within the sheet when tested from any direction.
The biaxial orientation may be obtained by any process known in the art. However, tentering is preferred, wherein the material is stretched while heating in the transverse direction simultaneously with, or subsequent to, stretching in the machine direction.
Shrinkage can be controlled by holding the sheet in a stretched position and heating for a few seconds before quenching. This heat stabilizes the oriented sheet, which then may be forced to shrink only at temperatures above the heat stabilization temperature.
The above process conditions and parameters for sheet making by any method known in the art are easily determined by a skilled artisan for any given polymeric composition and desired application.
The properties exhibited by a sheet will depend on several factors indicated above, including the polymeric composition, the method of forming the polymer, the method of forming the sheet, and whether the sheet was treated for stretch or biaxially oriented. These factors affect many properties of the sheet, such as the shrinkage, tensile strength, elongation at break, WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -21impact strength, dielectric strength and constant, tensile modulus, chemical resistance, melting point, and the like.
The sheet of the present invention may contain additives typically used in the plastic sheet art such as lubricants, antioxidants, plasticizers, optically active additives, colorants, pigments, fillers and fibers as known in the art. Ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers may also be added as needed, however, the sheet of the invention has inherent UV resistance.
The characteristics of the isotropic polyester polymer of the invention may also be improved by blending the polymer with core-shell elastomers or thermoplastic copolymers having refractive indices equal to that of the polyester polymer. This will increase the toughness of the polyester polymer at ambient and cold temperatures while maintaining the optical transparency. Suitable polymers for blending with the polyester polymer of the invention will be known to those skilled in the art, but may preferably include such polymers as the core-sheet polymers disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,321,056 and 5,409,967, incorporated herein by reference.
The characteristics of the isotropic polyester polymers of the invention may also be improved by blending the polymer with one or more other polymers, forming a copolymer which may be formed into a sheet as described herein. For example, a polyester polymer of the invention may be blended with polyethylene to improve its use as a water vapor barrier. Other polymers may be added to change such characteristics as air permeability, optical clarity, strength and/or elasticity.
The sheet of the invention may also be made with the polyesters described in copending application 09/064,720 [Attorney Docket No.
032358-008] and the polyester blends described in copending application 09/064,826 [Attorney Docket Number 032358-005], the contents of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -22- The sheets of the present invention as described above may be thermoformed by any known method into any desirable shape, such as covers, skylights, shaped greenhouse glazings, and displays. The thermoforming is accomplished by heating the sheet to a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient time to soften the polyester so that the sheet can be easily molded into the desired shape. In this regard, one of ordinary skill in the art can easily determine the optimal thermoforming parameters depending upon the viscosity characteristics of the polyester sheet.
This invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
Examples Synthesis of polymers used for sheet applications The polymer molecular weights are estimated based upon inherent viscosity which is measured for a 1% solution (wt./volume) of polymer in o-chlorophenol at a temperature of 25 0 C. The levels of catalyst components are expressed as ppm, based on a comparison of the weight of the metal with the weight of either the dimethyl terephthalate or terephthalic acid, depending on which monomer is used.
Example 1 The polymerization reactor employed for this reactor is a 50 gal.
maximum capacity, Hastalloy B reactor fitted with a 6" radius, Hastalloy B, water cooled reflux column packed with stainless steel rings, a stainless steel helix agitator stirrer, a water-cooled condenser and by-pass. The following reactants are added to the polymerization reactor: 78.02 Kg dimethyl terephthalate, 15.42 Kg isosorbide, and 49.90 Kg ethylene glycol (which corresponds to a mole ratio of 1: 0.26: 2.00, respectively). In WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -23addition, the catalyst is charged to the reactor and consisted of Mn(ll) acetate tetrahydrate (29.57g), Co(ll) acetate tetrahydrate (21.43g), and Sb(lll) oxide (35.02g). This corresponds to 85 ppm manganese (weight of metal as a fraction of the weight of dimethyl terephthalate), 90 ppm cobalt, and 375 ppm antimony in the reaction mixture.
The stirred reactor (50 rpm) is purged with a stream of nitrogen while the temperature is raised to 250 0 C over a period of four hours. The reactor is jacketed and temperature controlled. A hot oil loop system is used as a heating medium. Methanol is continuously collected as the reaction is heated above approximately 1500C. By noting when the temperature drops at the top of the packed reflux column it is possible to determine the end of methanol evolution. The end of methanol evolution indicates the finish of the first step of the reaction, which is the transesterification of the diols and dimethyl terephthalate.
After the temperature drop indicating the end of methanol evolution, 77 ppm of phosphorous is added in the form of a polyphosporic acid solution in ethylene glycol. In the present example, 153 ml of the solution having a concentration of 10.91 g phosphorous per 100 g of polyphosphoric acid solution is used. Also at this time, the nitrogen purge is stopped (but heating is continued). The reaction is heated to 2850C over a period of about 2 hours. A vacuum is then gradually applied using a multi-vane vacuum pump with 20 horse-power blower. Attaining a full vacuum (less than 1 Torr) takes approximately 1 hour. During this time, ethylene glycol distills off, and a low molecular weight polymer forms. The molten polymer is heated under vacuum at 2850C for about 2 hours, until the polymer achieves sufficient melt viscosity, as determined by an increase in torque of the stirrer.
When sufficient viscosity is achieved, the polymerization is stopped, and the reactor is emptied through a heated die at the bottom. The molten WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -24polymer emerges as a strand that when cooled through immersion in a cold water trough is chopped into pellets. The polymer pellets are dried overnight in a rotating drum heated to 1200C.
The cooled polymer is removed from the flask and ground. The solution inherent viscosity of the material is 0.64 dL/g. The monomer unit composition of the polymer, determined by proton NMR, is about 6% isosorbide, 42% ethylene glycol, 2% diethylene glycol, and terephthalic acid, all expressed as a mole of the polymer.
It is noteworthy that the amount of isosorbide in the polymer is approximately half of the amount that is charged, when compared with the amount of terephthalic acid. Unreacted isosorbide is found in the distillates, especially in the ethylene glycol. Thus, the amount of isosorbide in the polymer by this process is very dependent on the efficiency of the distillation and/or the separation methods that are used in the process. A skilled practitioner can readily establish specific process details according to the characteristics of the reactor, distillation columns, and the like.
Example 2 The second example is prepared in a manner similar to Example 1, however a smaller reactor (5 gal. maximum capacity) is employed. The reagent equivalent ratios are also changed in order to prepare a polymer with a greater content of isosorbide. Thus, 10,680 g dimethyl terephthalate, 5,787 g isosorbide, and 4,881 g ethylene glycol, (which corresponds to a mole ratio of 1:0.72:1.43, respectively) are charged to the reactor as in Example 1 along with the catalyst which consisted of Mn(ll) acetate tetrahydrate (4.76g), and Ge(IV) oxide (4.66g). This corresponds to 100 ppm manganese (weight of metal as a fraction of the weight of dimethyl terephthalate) and 300 ppm germanium. The germanium oxide is added in the form of a solution in ethylene glycol (0.100 Normal GeO 2 in ethylene WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 glycol). A solution of polyphosphoric acid in ethylene glycol is added as in Example 1. However, in this case, 9.6 ml, phosphoric acid solution (having a concentration of phosphorous of 3.45 g phosphorous per 100 ml) is used.
The remaining variables are carried out as in Example 1.
The resultant polymer has a solution I.V. of 0.42 dL/g. The monomer unit composition of the polymer, determined by proton NMR, is about 13% isosorbide, 34% ethylene glycol, 3% diethylene glycol, and terephthalic acid, all expressed as a mole of the polymer. The extent of isosorbide incorporation is somewhat lower in this case than previously observed but this reflects the efficiency of the differing reactors rather than the polymer made.
Example 3 The third example is prepared in a manner similar to Example 1, except that a larger reactor (100 gal) equipped with a stainless steel anchortype stirrer is used. The monomers charged are added to result in an isosorbide content in the finished polymer of 1 mole assuming that some of the input isosorbide would distill off during polymerization. As such, 197 kg dimethyl terephthalate, 5.12 kg isosorbide, 135 kg ethylene glycol, 72.1 g Mn(ll) acetate tetrahydrate, 54.1 g Co(ll) acetate tetrahydrate and 88.5 g Sb(lll) oxide are used. The catalyst additions correspond to 82 ppm manganese, 65 ppm Co, and 375 ppm Sb, calculated as in Example 1. The transesterification process is carried in a manner analogous to Example 1.
A polyphosphoric acid solution in ethylene glycol is added such that 80 ppm of phosphorous is used to sequester the transition metals after the transesterification step and before the polycondensation as outlined in Example 1. The polycondensation is also similar to Example 1. Polymer is extruded and pelletized to give clear, colorless resin.
WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -26- Unlike the previous examples, the resin produced with lower isosorbide content can be solid-state polymerized. The pelletized polymer was loaded into a tumble dryer and was heated under a stream of nitrogen to 115 0 C over 4 hours and then held at that temperature for another 6 hours.
This allows the polymer to partially crystallize. After this treatment, a vacuum is applied to the tumble dryer ultimately achieving a vacuum less than 1 mm of Hg. The heating is continued and reached a maximum temperature of 213°C. The polymer is then held at this elevated temperature for a total of approximately 15 hours. This effects a solid-state polymerization and raises the molecular weight of the polymer. In this regard, the solution I.V. of the material increases from about 0.5 dL/g to about 0.7 dL/g during the solid state polymerization.
Example 4 This polymer is prepared in a similar manner to the polymer produced in Example 3 except that the amounts of diols are changed in order to result in a resin with a somewhat increased isosorbide content. Thus, the only alterations are in the amount of isosorbide charged, 17.8 kg, and the amount of Mn(ll) acetate tetrahydrate catalyst used, 79.2 g (corresponding to 90ppm Mn(ll) calculated on the same basis as in the above examples).
The transesterification and polycondensation are repeated as in Example 3.
The finished polymer is pelletized, crystallized, and solid-state polymerized as in Example 3. The resultant polymer contains approximately 3 mole isosorbide.
Example The materials described in Examples 1-4 are injection molded into discs (thickness diameter to measure their multi-axial mechanical impact strength. In addition tensile bars are molded to measure their WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -27- Notched Izod Impact strength and tensile properties. A Boy 30M (Boy Gmbh, Fernthalr, Germany) was used to injection mold the parts. The conditions used are as follows: barrel temperature: 300°C mold temperature: screw speed: 210 rpm injection speed: 100% injection pressure: 13 bar hold pressure: 12 bar back pressure: 3 bar injection time: 2 seconds cooling time: 25 seconds.
The mechanical characteristics of the resultant sheets are shown in Table 1. In addition, the results for discs (thickness 1/8 in., approx. 3.3 mm; diameter 4 in.) made from standard PET material are reported. The PET sheet material is obtained from Hostaglas TM (Hoechst AG, Frankfurt, Germany). The multi-axial impact strength is measured by a dropping plunger instrument (Dynatup 8250 made by Instron, Canton, Mass.). The results of the multi-axial impact strength are summarized below in Table 1.
WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -28- Table 1 Property Standard Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 1 Ex. 2 PET Isosorbide content 1 3 6 13 0 (mol%) I.V. (dL/g) 0.7 n.a. 0.64 0.42 n.a.
Notched Izod N o t c h e d lzo d D256 1.08 1.15 0.75 0.42 1 at 20 "C (ft-lb/in) Tensile Modulus (Mpsi) D638 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.29 Tensile Elong. D638 262 n.a. 300 74 200 Break Tensile Stress at Yield Tensile Stress at Yield D638 8.5 8.4 n.a. 8.1 8.2 (Ksi) HDT D648 65 67 n.a. 80 at 264 psi Multi-axial Load (Ib) at 03763 964 951 1002 537 877 Max Load (20 *C) Multi-axial Load (Ib) at D3763 1386 1400 874 492 275 Max.Load (-20 *C) Multi-axial Load (Ib) at D3763 292 356 373 366 200 Max. Load (-40 "C) n.a. not available Example 6 This example illustrates thermoforming and biaxial stretching the polymer made in Example 1. The polymer in Example 1 is used to produce a 14 mil thick sheet by extrusion using a film/sheet pilot line made by Egan Machinery (Somerville, NJ). The conditions for extrusion are as follows: WO 99/54129 PCT/US99/06534 -29extruder barrel (zone 245°C zone 2: 245°C zone 3: 245°C zone 4: 245°C zone 5: 265°C zone 6: 265°C Melt line temp.: Die temp.: 260°C Roller 1: Roller 2: Roller 3: 19°C A. Thermoforming The sheet is trimmed to wide and approximately 11" long. After heating in a rectangular retaining bracket at 165°C in a convection oven until softening takes place, the sheet is vacuum thermoformed into 1 and 2" deep room temperature molds to demonstrate ability to thermoform. The obtained containers are optically clear and mechanically robust.
B. Film Stretching The extruded film is stretched uniaxially and biaxially using a modified Bruckner Stretching Frame (Bruckner, Siegsdorf, Germany). The sample is inserted with the machine direction (MD) on the Y axis of the machine.
Draw speed is 1.50 in./sec. Table 2 describes the draw ratios, machine temperatures, and conditions of the stretching, as well as the mechanical properties measured according to ASTM 882.
*2 !.draw ratio I 1 3 206 0O.29i 3 preheat 115 j120 4 239 0O.
24 5 6.2] 4 draw ratioi 2 11 97 !0.254~ 7 draw ratio_ 3 49 0.25. 6.2 .6 Tdraw ratio 1.41 Ill 0.22 6.3 7 draw ratio 1.67.1.67 158 0.216__ 4.72 10 8 1draw ratio .2 12 294 10.24816.05 .9 da ato1 2.24 j2.24 80.8 0.194.3.86: It is to be understood that the above described embodiments are illustrative only and that modification throughout may occur to one skilled in the art. Accordingly, this invention is not to be regarded as limited to the 15 embodiments disclosed herein.
so:. *Where the terms "comprise", "comprises", "comprised" or "comprising" are used in this specification; they are to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or components referred to, but not to preclude the presence or addition of one or more other feature, integer, step, component or group thereof.
1. A sheet comprising a polyester, wherein said polyester comprises terephthaloyl moieties, optionally, one or more other aromatic diacid moieties; ethylene glycol moieties; isosorbide moieties; and optionally, one or more other diol moieties, wherein said polyester has an inherent viscosity of at least about 0.35 dL/g when measured as a 1 (weight/volume) solution of said polyester in o-chlorophenol at a temperature of 25 0 C.
2. The sheet according to claim 1, wherein the sheet has a thickness of greater than about 0.25 mm.
3. The sheet according to claim 1, wherein the sheet has a thickness of greater than 0.25 mm to about 25 mm.
4. The sheet according to claim 1, wherein the sheet is thermoformable.
5. The sheet according to claim 1, wherein the sheet is biaxially oriented.
6. The sheet according to claim 1, wherein said polyester has an inherent viscosity of at least about 0.5 dL/g.
7. The sheet according to claim 6, wherein said polyester has an inherent viscosity of about 0.7 to about 1.0 dL/g.
9. The sheet according to claim 1, wherein said terephathaloyl moieties are present in an amount of from about 40 to about 50 mole of said polyester, said one or more aromatic diacid moieties are present in an amount up to about 10.0 mole of the polyester, said ethylene glycol moieties are present in an amount of from about 33 to about 49.9 mole of said polyester, said isosorbide moieties are present in an amount of from about 0.25 to about 20.0 mole of said polyester, and said one or more other diol moieties are present in an amount of up to about 2.0 mole of said polyester.
10. The sheet according to Claim 9, wherein said one or more other diol moieties is a diethylene glycol moiety which is present in an amount up to about 5.0 mole of said polyester.
12. The sheet according to Claim 1, wherein said terephthaloyl moieties are derived from terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate.
14. The sheet according to claim 13, wherein said one or more other diol moieties are derived from cis-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, trans- 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, or mixtures thereof.
The sheet according to Claim 1, wherein said one or more other aromatic diacid moieties are derived from isophthalic acid, furandicarboxylic acid, 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6- naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,7-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, or 4,4'- bibenzoic acid.
16. The sheet according to claim 15, wherein said one or more other aromatic diacid moieties are derived from isophthalic acid, 2,6- naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-bibenzoic acid, or mixtures thereof.
17. An article comprising the sheet of Claim 1.
18 The article of claim 17 selected from the group consisting of signage, glazing, a display substrate and a disc.
19. The article of claim 17, wherein said article is thermoformed or injection molded.
21. The method according to Claim 20, wherein producing the sheet comprises extruding, solution casting or injection molding the polyester.
22. The method according to Claim 20, wherein the sheet has a thickness of greater than about 0.25 mm.
23. The method according to Claim 22, wherein the sheet has a thickness of greater than 0.25 mm to about 25 mm.
24. The method according to Claim 20, further comprising thermoforming said sheet into a desired shape.
The method according to Claim 20, wherein said sheet has an inherent viscosity of at least about 0.5 dL/g.
26. The method according to Claim 25, wherein said sheet has an inherent viscosity of from about 0.7 to about 1.0 dLg.
28. The method according to Claim 20, wherein said terephthaloyl moieties are present in an amount of about 40 to about 50 mole of said polyester, said one or more other aromatic diacid moieties are present in an amount of up to about 10 mole of said polyester, said ethylene glycol moieties are present in an amount of about 33 to about 49.9 mole% of the polyester, said isosorbide moieties are present in an amount of about 0.25 to about 20.0 mole of said polyester, and said one or more other diol moieties are present in an amount of up to about 2.0 mole of said polyester.
29. The method according to Claim 28, wherein said terephthaloyl moieties are derived from terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate.
The method according to Claim 28, wherein said one or more other diol moieties are derived from aliphatic alkylene glycols or branched aliphatic glycols having from 3-12 carbon atoms and having the empirical formula HO-CnH 2 n-OH, where n is an integer from 3-12; cis or trans-1,4- cyclohexanedimethanol or mixtures thereof; triethylene glycol; 2,2-bis[4-(2- hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]propane; 1,1-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]- cyclohexane; 9,9-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-fluorene; 1,4:3,6- dianhydromannitol; 1,4:3,6-dianhydroiditol; or 1,4-anhydroerythritol.
33. The method according to Claim 28, wherein said one or more other diol moieties comprise an ethylene glycol moiety in an amount of up to about 5.0 mole of said polyester.
34. The method according to claim 28, wherein the sheet has a thickness greater than 0.25 mm.
The method according to claim 28, wherein the sheet is biaxially oriented.
37. The method according to claim 36, further comprising increasing the molecular weight of said polyester by solid state polymerization.
38. The method according to claim 37, wherein said solid state polymerization comprises: crystallizing said polyester by heating said polyester at a temperature in the range of about 1150C to about 1400C; and heating said polyester under vacuum or in a stream of inert gas at an elevated temperature above 140 0 C but below the melting temperature of said polyester to yield a polyester having an increased inherent viscosity.
39. The method according to claim 38, wherein said heating step is carried out at a temperature of about 1950 to 1980C for about hours.
40. The method according to claim 38, wherein said increased inherent viscosity is at least about 0.65 dLIg.
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BE1006297A3 (en) * 1992-10-26 1994-07-12 Axxis Nv Plastic sheet, process for the production thereof and shape parts containing the plate.
BE1008335A3 (en) * 1994-04-18 1996-04-02 Axxis Nv Synthetic resin sheet which contains a copolyester, a method for the manufacture of the plastic sheet, and molded articles made of the plastic plate.
DE19519578A1 (en) * 1995-05-29 1996-12-05 Hoechst Ag Transparent coloured amorphous sheet with good optical properties etc.
DE19519577A1 (en) * 1995-05-29 1996-12-05 Hoechst Ag Pigmented amorphous sheet with good optical properties etc.
MX9709427A (en) * 1995-05-29 1998-03-29 Hoechst Ag Amorphous transparently dyed plate of a crystallisable thermoplastic, process for its production and its use. | 14,269 | [
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539,
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67,
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3276,
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320,
52815,
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1958,
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13,
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13,
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11,
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11,
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11,
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11,
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11,
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6847,
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12974,
6211,
13,
763,
420,
5363,
11,
832,
315,
19664,
10151,
304,
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6847,
8417,
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23669,
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11911,
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17910,
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Holocaust Commemoration Display Materials
Scope and Contents
Posters, mounted on foam boards, used in exhibits for annual Holocaust commemorations. These were accompanied by a video presentation by UNC Charlotte Professor, Susan Cernyak-Spatz, a survivor of the Holocaust. There is also a biographical book by Cernyak-Spatz in the collection. The book and DVDs are cataloged separately.
- 1977 - 2003
Conditions Governing Access
Original audiovisual materials are closed to patron use. Please contact Special Collections to request the creation of use copies for particular items; requests will be accommodated when possible. The remaining materials are open for research.
Conditions Governing Use
Holocaust Commemoration Display Materials are the physical property of J. Murrey Atkins Library Special Collections. Some material may be copyrighted or restricted. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright or other case restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in the collections.
Biographical / Historical
Susan Eckstein Cernyak-Spatz was born in Vienna on July 27, 1922. In the following twenty-three years she experienced many of the terrors of her fellow European Jews. She life revolved around the early Nazi oppression in Berlin, post- "Anschluss" Vienna, Nazi occupied Prague, and deportation to Theresienstadt in 1942. But the true horrors of the Nazi "Final Solution" awaited her in Birkenau, the woman's camp in Auschwitz where she survived her internment, beginning in January, 1943, for two years. She worked in "Canada," the Nazi name for the area within the Auschwitz Concentration Camp where victims' stolen belongings were sorted and stored. These months of hell were followed by a "Death March" and incarceration in Ravensbruck from which she and a group of fellow inmates walked away to freedom. Cernyak-Spatz retired as professor emerita of German. She has written and lectured frequently in schools, colleges, and civic groups throughout the U.S. and Europe about the Holocaust and how to teach it. Her memoir of her experiences during that period is "Protective Custody: Prisoner 34042" (Atkins Library, RARE D804.5.A935 C38 2005). The Holocaust is the popular term used for the mass murder of some 6 million European Jews (as well as members of some other persecuted groups, such as Gypsies and homosexuals) by the German Nazi regime during the Second World War. To the anti-Semitic Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler, Jews were an inferior race, an alien threat to German racial purity and community. After years of Nazi rule in Germany, during which Jews were consistently persecuted, Hitler’s “final solution” came to fruition under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps of occupied Poland. Susan Cernyak-Spatz died in Charlotte on November 17, 2019.
1.12 Linear Feet (30 posters, 6 DVDs and 1 volume)
Collection of materials, majority of which are posters on foam core, used in displays for Holocaust commemorations at Atkins Library, UNC Charlotte. Also includes a 6 disc set of DVDs and a book by UNC Charlotte Professor Emeritus, Susan Cernyak-Spatz.
The following materials were separated from the collection and cataloged individually: Escape from the Holocaust: A survivor's tale, the story of Susan Cernyak-Spatz (RARE DVD D804.5.A935 C37 1990, episodes 1-6) ; "Protective Custody: Prisoner 34042" (RARE D804.5.A935 C38 2005)
- Auschwitz (Concentration camp)
- Biographies (documents)
- Birkenau (Concentration camp)
- Cernyak-Spatz, Susan E., 1922-
- Holocaust survivors
- Holocaust survivors -- United States -- Interviews
- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Personal narratives
- Narratives (document genres)
- Ravensbrück (Concentration camp)
- Simon Wiesenthal Foundation
- Theresienstadt (Concentration camp)
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte -- Media Services
- Wood, Sauni, 1933-
- World War, 1939-1945 -- Atrocities
- World War, 1939-1945 -- Concentration camps -- Europe
- Holocaust Commemoration Display Materials
- M. Perez, J. Henry
- Description rules
- Describing Archives: A Content Standard
- Language of description
- Script of description
- Code for undetermined script
- Language of description note | 984 | [
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With the increasing COVID-19 vaccination rate, many individuals around the globe were prepared to restore their normal lifestyle, particularly those who were fully vaccinated or received the third booster shot (Gowrisankar et al., 2022). However, the end of 2021 reported a new highly contagious variant, later named omicron by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Kannan et al., 2021). International reports warned that this variant is a new severe form of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and it has a higher risk of transmissibility, posing serious repercussions on the global population’s health, and the economy’s recovery from the third year of the pandemic (Singhal, 2022). The omicron variant was categorized as a variant of concern due to its high number of mutations on its spike protein (Ghosh et al., 2022; Miller et al., 2022). The latter raised global concerns about viral transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion (Meo et al., 2021). On the other hand, the presumed has brought up some speculations, whether the current COVID-19 vaccines could effectively resist this new strain, and if more robust protection may be achieved by a third or even a fourth dose of vaccine (Chen et al., 2022; Garcia-Beltran et al., 2022). This constant SARS-CoV-2 virus change through mutations has created doubts and uncertainty on the public’s willingness to receive the vaccine for the unvaccinated, or take the booster shot for vaccinated individuals (Kannan et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2021). A recent Chinese study explored the public acceptance of the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Although the majority of the study participants (93.7%) showed a high willingness to receive the third dose of COVID-19 vaccines, older participants and those who had a low educational level, low monthly income, low perception of the benefit of COVID-19 vaccine, high level of barriers, and less knowledge regarding COVID-19 were less likely to accept a third dose of COVID-19 vaccine (Wang et al., 2021). On the other hand, an American study reported that around 38% of the participants enrolled in the study were hesitant toward receiving a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Being unvaccinated and lack of trust in COVID-19 vaccines were among the factors that were associated with hesitancy to the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose (Yadete et al., 2021).
The omicron variant has fueled the exponential rise in COVID-19 cases in the Middle Eastern region (Reuters, 2022). Despite a 13% decrease in COVID-19-related deaths, cases in the region surged by 89% in the first week of January (Middle East Monitor, 2022). In Jordan, omicron accounts for 90% of the daily COVID-19 cases (Jordan Times, 2022). While in Lebanon, the Ministry of Public Health registered the highest number of COVID-19 cases since the beginning of the pandemic; however, still COVID-19 vaccination remains a personal choice (Al Jazeera, 2022). Nonetheless, in Kuwait, given the rising number of cases, the COVID-19 vaccine booster was made compulsory for all citizens and travelers to the country (Times of India Travel, 2021).
To date, limited studies are available in the literature to address the public’s perceptions and willingness to take or continue COVID-19 vaccination after the surge of this new variant. Given the scant data of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness on the omicron variant, the main aim of the study is to identify the Middle Eastern public’s willingness to take or continue COVID-19 vaccination with the emerging omicron variant. Highlighting this important aspect is essential in directing international health agencies and the local Ministry of Health in identifying what types of endorsements and awareness messages are necessary to convince unvaccinated individuals to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, and vaccinated ones to take the booster shot.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A web-based survey, using a cross-sectional design, was conducted during the omicron wave of the COVID-19 pandemic for 3 weeks, during December 2021. A bilingual structured questionnaire was set up using Google Forms and the generated link was shared through various social networking platforms (i.e., Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, and Instagram), targeting the general population (age >18 years) residing in the Middle Eastern Arabic-speaking countries, including Lebanon, Jordan, and Kuwait.
The sample size was calculated using the following formula for cross-sectional studies developed by Daniel and Cross (2013). Since the prevalence rate of the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in some Arab countries varied between 20% and 62.4% (Abu-Farha et al., 2021; Kaadan et al., 2021). We assumed that the expected acceptance rate in the recruited countries would be around 50%, where n is the sample size, Z is the Z-value for 95% confidence limits (which is 1.96 when α = 0.05), P is the estimated prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance (which is 50%), and d is the desired precision (which is 4% in this study). The required sample size was 600 and increased by 20% for possible dropout and incomplete responses. Thus, the estimated sample size was 720.
A questionnaire was designed by the study’s principal investigator after reviewing relevant studies (Abu-Farha et al., 2021; Zhou et al., 2021). Two experts in public health and pharmacy practice, other than the research team, revised the questionnaire for its comprehensiveness, relevance, ease of completion, and its face and content validity. Afterward, the questionnaire was translated to colloquial Arabic (the participants’ native language) by one author, and back-translated by another author, for validation.
The questionnaire consisted of 15 close-ended questions with predefined options, divided into four sections preceded by the study introduction. The introduction outlined the study’s nature, purpose, anonymity, and estimated time for completion, followed by an informed consent statement. The first section was dedicated to retrieve participants’ sociodemographic data, including age, gender, country of residence, as well as educational and employment status. The second section recorded the participants’ general health status, previous infection with COVID-19, intake of the COVID-19 vaccine, and the number of vaccine doses being received. While the third section was concerned with the participants’ perception of the new variant of the COVID-19 (omicron) that would influence the population’s readiness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The fourth section investigated the participants’ willingness to receive the next dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (for those who did not receive any dose yet or took less than three doses). Moreover, participants were inquired about their acceptance to take any newly developed vaccine that tackles the new COVID-19 variant.
A pilot test was carried out among 20 volunteers from the general population in Jordan and Lebanon, using a convenience sampling approach. Ten participants completed the English version and the other 10 completed the Arabic version. The participants were requested to evaluate the questionnaire structure, clarity, cultural acceptability, and to give heir overall impression. Then, some questions were adjusted based on their feedback. Two days later, the questionnaire was retested on the same participants to ensure its reliability and reproducibility. The data obtained from the pilot test were discarded and not included in the final data analysis.
The study design and conduction followed the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki guidance. In addition, the study’s protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of King Abdullah University Hospital, University of Science & Technology, Jordan (Ref: 20210608). Participation in the study was voluntary, and the purpose of the study was explained before accessing the questionnaire. Electronic informed consent of the participants was obtained, and participants had the right to defer from submitting their responses at any time.
Study data were entered into IBM statistical package for social sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics, version 22.0, Chicago, Illinois) for data analysis. Descriptive analyses were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and frequency for continuous variables and categorical variables, respectively.
In this cross-sectional study, 812 individuals were recruited. The mean age of the study sample was 28.52 ± 12.31, and females represent three-quarters of them (n = 599). Around two-thirds of the sample have a diploma or bachelor degree (n = 574, 70.7%), and they were recruited from three different countries: Lebanon (n = 427, 52.6%), Jordan (n = 279, 34.4%), and Kuwait (n = 106, 13.1%). Almost 28% of the sample have a medical-related degree (n = 231, 28.4%), and only12.9% of them have chronic medical conditions. Regarding COVID-19 infection, 32.1% of the participants (n = 261) reported that they have been infected with COVID-19 before taking the vaccine, while 3.8% of them (n = 31) have been infected after taking the vaccine. For more details about the sociodemographic and medical characteristics, refer to Table 1.
Participants were asked about the number of doses they received from COVID-19 vaccines, and 88.7% of the participants reported that they have received at least one dose of the vaccine as follow: 30 participants received only one dose (3.7%), 628 received two doses (77.3%), and 64 participants received three doses (7.9%). On the other hand, 90 participants did not receive any COVID-19 vaccine. All participants were asked about their willingness to get the vaccine or take an additional dose after the new omicron variant. Results showed that 22.2% (20/90) of those who did not receive the vaccine at all were willing to take the vaccine, while a higher percentage of 66.7% of those who have received one dose were willing to take the second dose. Regarding participants who took two doses, 49.2% of them (n = 309) were willing to take the third dose. Finally, 596 participants (73.4%) reported willingness to take any newly developed vaccine that will target the new COVID-19 variant (omicron). Further details are present in Table 2.
In spite of the fact that enormous efforts are rendered in the development of effective vaccines against the COVID-19 virus, the vaccination coverage rate among the population is an important factor that decides the success of the immunization process (Feleszko et al., 2021). Vaccinations that were developed before the COVID-19 pandemic took years of thoughtful clinical trials that ensured the safety and efficacy of these vaccines to be ready to be distributed globally. However, the COVID-19 vaccine was developed in such a short period, which may have raised doubts among the public about the safety of the vaccine, leading to hesitancy toward receiving COVID-19 vaccines (Feleszko et al., 2021). Furthermore, after the emergence of the omicron variant, the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against this variant is reduced (Accorsi et al., 2022), which could have increased public suspicion regarding the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the willingness of the Middle East population to take or continue with COVID-19 vaccination after the emergence of the omicron variant.
At the time of this survey, the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Lebanon, Jordan, and Kuwait were over 20,029 cases (population was ~6.8 million) with 109 deaths (World Health Organization, 2022a), 12,856 cases (population was ~10.3 million) with 240 deaths (World Health Organization, 2022b), and 2,812 cases (population was ~4.2 million) and 2 deaths (World Health Organization, 2022c), respectively. The current study revealed that 77% of the Middle Eastern participants received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. When comparing with other countries similar vaccination rates of two doses were reported in Canada (77.1%) (Government of Canada, 2022). While in Emirates, Portugal, and United Kingdom, estimates were much higher accounting for 93.7%, 92%, and 84%, respectively. However, relatively lower estimates of two COVID-19 vaccine doses were reported in some other countries such as Russia (52%), India (47%), and Pakistan (34.6%) (Our World in Data, 2022). What is catastrophic, there are some countries where less than 10% of the population is vaccinated such as Syria (4.5%), Yemen (1.2%), Nigeria (2.2%), and Afghanistan (9.6%) (Our World in Data, 2022). This gap could be explained due to inequity in vaccine supply distribution, which remains a main global concern, but also there are other reasons in nations with conflict zones where the COVID-19 pandemic is not a priority (Singhal, 2022). Many of these countries have had a deteriorated healthcare system even before the pandemic, and some of them have electricity shortages to be able to store certain mRNA vaccines at extremely low temperatures in the refrigerators (Aziz et al., 2020).
|Table 1. Sociodemographic and medical characteristics of the study sample (N = 812).|
[Click here to view]
|Table 2. Public willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine after the emergence of the new omicron variant (N = 812).|
[Click here to view]
As for the proportion of individuals who received the booster shot (third dose), it is represented by only 7.9%. This finding reflects a low rate of COVID-19 vaccine boosters received by the participants. A significantly higher proportion of boosted doses received were reported in the United Kingdom (63.4%), Bahrain (53.9%), Emirates (42%), Portugal (39.7%), France (39.2%), USA (38.7%), and Canada (34.5%) (Government of Canada, 2022; Our World in Data, 2022; Wang et al., 2021). A recent laboratory study indicated that three doses of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine increased neutralizing antibodies titers by 25 times more than compared to two doses against the omicron variant. As such, it indicated that two doses may not be sufficient to prevent the omicron variant infection (Garcia-Beltran et al., 2022). Furthermore, a recent study conducted in Brazil and Scotland demonstrated that the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine declines in protecting severe COVID-19, and improving survival were only observed a few months following two vaccine doses (Our World in Data, 2022).
The mentioned countries having a higher vaccination rate are imposing government banning policies and movement restrictions from traveling, shopping, and restaurant visits on the unvaccinated (Wu et al., 2022). Recently in Canada, in Quebec province, they were planning to sweep a health contribution tax to all unvaccinated adults, since 10% of the remaining unvaccinated account for about 50% of those in intensive care units (Government of Canada, 2022), in addition to the financial burden implied on the government and on vaccinated individuals (Government of Canada, 2022). It is also worth mentioning that in this study the surge of the omicron variant slightly increased the willingness of unvaccinated individuals to take the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine by 22.4%. Among the vaccinated, they reported that the omicron variant makes them more likely to continue taking any developed COVID-19 vaccine targeting this new variant. Our findings have important implications on the COVID-19 vaccination decision. As the pandemic changes, the public’s opinions with the surge of different variants are fluctuating. Therefore, there is an urgent need to raise awareness about the omicron severity, and that the rapidly spreading strain puts the unvaccinated particularly at risk. Vaccine campaigns should elevate the voices of influencing messengers such as healthcare providers caring for severe COVID-19 cases.
Finally, although this study was proactive in investigating the Middle Eastern’s acceptance to receive the COVID-19 vaccine during the omicron pandemic, some limitations must be pointed out. First, this study was limited by its relatively small scale, since it was conducted only in three Middle Eastern Arab countries, where the findings may not be generalizable to the Arab world due to diversity in their economic status and political directions, although they share a prevailing culture. Second, we recruited a convenience sample of participants via social media, which may have introduced selection bias, limiting the generalizability of results to the general population. Third, we also did not retrieve the predictors that might influence participants’ acceptance to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Nonetheless, this study was only interested in investigating the acceptance rate to receive the COVID-19 vaccine during the omicron outbreak and did not intend to distinguish the causality of the participants’ responses.
This study has generally reflected a low rate in unvaccinated individuals’ willingness in favor of taking the COVID-19 vaccine in response to the new omicron variant, but higher acceptability of vaccinated individuals to continue COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, our findings highlight the need to consider expanding this type of research to other countries. This would provide a clearer picture of the perception of COVID-19 vaccination decisions in the era of new variants. Moreover, conducting qualitative research may help understand the predictors that hinder their acceptance in taking the COVID-19 vaccine and whether the emergence of new variants would change their minds.
All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All the authors are eligible to be an author as per the international committee of medical journal editors (ICMJE) requirements/guidelines.
There is no funding to report.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors report no financial or any other conflicts of interest in this work.
The study design and conduction followed the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki guidance. the study’s protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of King Abdullah University Hospital, University of Science & Technology, Jordan (Ref: 20210608). Participation in the study was voluntary, and the purpose of the study was explained before accessing the questionnaire. Electronic informed consent of the participants was obtained, and participants had the right to defer from submitting their responses at any time.
All data generated and analyzed are included within this research article.
This journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation.
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Moon Observer's Guide
A night-by-night guide to studying the moon.
The moon is usually the first celestial body that captures a stargazer's attention and imagination. Throughout history, the moon has endured as a universal subject of myth, poems, entertainment and intense scientific endeavor.
In clear language and with full color photographs and illustrations throughout, Moon Observer's Guide offers practical guidance to amateur astronomers viewing Earth's only natural satellite. There is valuable advice for observing the Moon with the naked eye, binoculars and telescopes. Central to this book is a detailed 28-day guide to lunar features. Lunar geology and the various causes of physical features, such as craters and volcanoes, are described.
Also included are:
This book is an ideal reference for the growing numbers of beginning astronomers.
What people are saying - Write a review
Moon Observer's Guide | Science News | Find Articles at BNET.com
Moon Observers Guide from Science News in Reference provided free by Find Articles
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RASC Members Discover "fmos" in 2005* Moon Observer's Guide ...
achieving this position, a book is as good as read. The Moon Observer's Guide by Peter Grego (Firefly Books 2004) is a great companion to anyone interested ...
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Philip's Moon Observer's Guide. My new book, published mid-Nov 2003 ... Philip's Moon Observer's Guide. A practical introduction to Moonwatching ...
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【楽天市場】Moon Observer's Guide：楽天ブックス
Moon Observer's Guide（Moon Observer's Guide）. 楽天ブックス · 今すぐ2000ポイント！ ... タイトル：Moon Observer's Guide：MOON OBSERVERS GD ...
item.rakuten.co.jp/ book/ 4704502/
ASP: Books of Note Archives
Peter Grego Moon Observer's Guide In Association with Amazon.com ... These include: Moon Observer's Guide ; highly detailed map of the Moon's near side and ...
www.astrosociety.org/ books/ archive4.html | 829 | [
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] |
The Soyuz programme is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok and Voskhod programmes.
The International Space Station programme is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the sixteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilization, and responsibilities for crew rotation and resupply of the International Space Station. It was conceived in 1984 by President Ronald Reagan, during the Space Station Freedom project as it was originally called. | 146 | [
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] |
Whether it's a good idea or not aside, what you probably want to play with are [ANSI escape codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code). These let you do things like move the cursor around on the terminal, or ask the terminal to stop printing out user input (so you can control it). (I'm assuming you want a text based roguelike?)
If you want something graphical, you really want some level of abstraction, just because there are so many tedious details that are mostly irrelevant to the project of making a *game*. For instance, instead of writing all the code to get a window on the screen for each of Wayland, X11, OSX, and Windows, you should just use SDL. Maybe you want to learn OpenGL to do your own drawing, but be warned: that will add months, if not years, onto the time you spend just learning about things. | 194 | [
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] |
Translate to French:
Regarding enlargement of the European Union, the following countries will become full members as of May 1, 2004:
En ce qui a trait à l'élargissement de l'Union européenne, les pays suivants deviendront membres à part entière de l'UE au 1er mai 2004 : | 85 | [
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