Search query: Atwater et. al., MRS Bulletin 30, No.5(2005)

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abstract: 418 MRS BULLETIN VOLUME 30 JUNE 2005 Organic Photodiodes Deposited on Newspaper Organic semiconductors have received significant interest recently and are under serious consideration for use in flexible electronics on a wide variety of substrates. In particular, organic photodiodes have seen rapid improvements in properties and performance. In a recent study, B. Lamprecht and co workers at Gunther Leising's Institute of Nanostructured Material and Photonics in Weiz, Austria, a division of Joanneum Research, have demonstrated the fabrication and characterization of organic photodiodes deposited on ordinary newspaper sheets. They reported their results in the April issue of Physica Status Solidi A (p. R50; DOI: 10.1002/pssa.200510010) The paper samples, taken from the German newspaper Die Zeit, were mounted on glass substrates during the fabrication process. The newspaper substrates were coated with a parylene C barrier layer (5 10 mm thick) which is an effective chemical and moisture barrier. Since the newspaper surface is rough, and the parylene coating does not provide a smoothing effect, an ORMOCER coating, which is a new class of silicate based inorganic organic hybrid polymer materials, was applied. The ORMOCER coating, ~100 mm thick, provided surface planarization and was inert to subsequent depositions of metal and organic layers. The rms surface roughness at this point was less than 3 nm. The organic charge generating layers were then deposited, sandwiched between a 55 nm thick gold bottom electrode and a 25 nm thick semitransparent silver top electrode. The fabricated organic photodiode, similar to the well understood Tang type pn heterojunction device, consisted of a p type conducting copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and an n type perylene tetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole. The organic and metal layers were deposited using room temperature, high vacuum sublimation. The fabricated devices were removed from the glass substrates prior to characterization. The current voltage characteristics of the devices were measured in the dark and under illumination using a halogen lamp, with white light passing through the semitransparent Ag electrode. In the dark, the devices showed a well pronounced rectification ratio of about 104 at 1 V. On illumination, the devices yielded a photocurrent exceeding the dark current by about six orders of magnitude when operated near a zero bias condition. No hysteresis effect was observed. The photodiodes yielded very good diode behavior. Also, in order to determine the spectral response of the device, measurements of spectrally resolved external quantum efficiency were carried out using a tungsten halogen lamp and a monochromator. The devices yielded a spectral response covering the complete ultraviolet and visible light range. The researchers said that although newspaper was used as an example, from a wider perspective, this study demonstrated that organic photodiode devices may likely be fabricated on almost any user defined substrate. GOPAL RAO
author_names: Amanda L Giermann
title: Al Based Tunnel Junctions Form Solid State Refrigerator Suitable for Sub Kelvin Applications
year: 2005

abstract: With the advent of SCUBA, the reef fish fauna has been substantially studied around the world, but the great majority of in situ studies have focused exclusively on a limited portion of this fauna, to depths of 30 m. The present study represents the first SCUBAbased survey of the deep reef fishes off the Brazilian coast between 35 and 70 m. A species list was compiled based on visual observations, collections, video recording, and fishes obtained from commercial fishing boats. A total of 158 fish species belonging to 49 families was recorded. Thirty two species were formally recorded for the first time from the study area, four of which [Apogon robbyi Gilbert, 1997; Coryphopterus eidolon Bohlke Robins, 1960; Psilotris batrachodes Bohlke, 1963; and Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus, 1758) represent new records for the western South Atlantic. Fifty seven species had their depth range extended to depths 40 m. The most species rich families were Carangidae (14 species) Gobiidae (12) Lutjanidae (11) Labridae (11) Serranidae (10) Haemulidae (8) and Scaridae (7) The presence of several species previously considered to have disjunct, or anti equatorial distribution, indicates that the deep reefs may function as a faunal corridor between habitats in southeastern Brazil and the Caribbean. With the advent of SCUBA, the coral reef ichthyofauna has been substantially studied around the world (see review by Sale, 1991) Even though ichthyologists have taken advantage of SCUBA technology for exploring and collecting specimens from coral reef habitats, the great majority of in situ studies have dealt exclusively with a limited portion of the reef fish fauna, to depths of 30 m (Thresher and Colin, 1986; Itzikowitz et al. 1991; Pyle, 2000) Direct observations of deep reef fishes using conventional SCUBA are sparse (e.g. Lukens, 1981; Rocha et al. 1998) and limited both by the working depth (down to about 60 m) and the restricted bottom time (because of the limited quantities of breathing gas carried and decompression problems) (Pyle, 1996a, 1998, 2000) The difficulties of working with direct observations on deep reefs have been overcome, in part, through the use of small research submersibles (e.g. Colin, 1974, 1976; Colin et al. 1986; Thresher and Colin, 1986; Pearcy et al. 1989; Itzikowitz et al. 1991; Stein et al. 1992) However, submersibles are extremely expensive to construct and operate, and require extensive logistical support. Moreover, submersibles cannot effectively approach organisms that inhabit cracks, crevices, caves, or overhanging ledges, being greatly limited in their ability to collect specimens of cryptic species, and thus are only adequate for broad observations of conspicuous organisms (Pyle, 2000) Only recently have the deep reef environments between 60 and 150 m (the "twilight zone" begun to be examined through diving, using an "open" and subsequently "closed" circuit mixed gas breathing apparatus (see Pyle, 1998 for a review) The closed circuit underwater apparatus, or "rebreather" is now considered the ideal tool for twilight zone exploration, providing as much as 10 12 hrs of underwater autonomy (Pyle, 1996a, 2000) however, rebreathers are extremely expensive, and their use requires extensive training. BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 76, NO. 3, 2005 726 The Brazilian reef fish fauna has remained poorly known for a long time. Only after the mid 1990s, with the growing use of SCUBA by Brazilian ichthyologists, has a significant increase in sampling effort occurred (Moura, 1995; Rocha et al. 1998; Floeter and Gasparini, 2000; Floeter et al. 2001; Rocha and Rosa, 2001; Feitoza et al. 2003) Nevertheless, the Brazilian reef fish community beyond 30 m remains broadly unknown, with the exception of a few commercial species briefly treated by Rocha et al. (1998) who mentioned the necessity of detailed studies on the deep reef fish fauna. Consequently, there is a realm of unexplored reef habitat at depths between about 40 and 150 m. It is expected that this transition zone, from the highly complex and diverse coral reef environments that are fuelled by sunlight, to the relatively barren and perpetually dark abyssal depths where no photosynthesis can occur (Pyle, 1996b) hides a greater number of endemic species than the shallower or deeper regions (Pyle, 1998) Deep reefs off the eastern coast of northeast Brazil (or the "hump" of Brazil) are important areas for local fisheries and are being increasingly fished. A 7 yr unpublished study on the Brazilian northeast coast carried out by the authors and other Brazilian ichthyologists has revealed that the deep reefs are one of the last refuges for large commercially exploited reef fishes, such as snappers (Lutjanidae) and groupers (Serranidae) where even globally threatened species such as Lutjanus analis, Lutjanus cyanopterus, and Epinephelus itajara are captured; see Hilton Taylor, 2000. The present study is the first attempt to survey the deep reef ichthyofauna off the Brazilian coast between 35 and 70 m utilizing SCUBA. Despite the limitations of conventional SCUBA at depths beyond 30 m, it was possible to provide a baseline assessment of the deep reef ichthyofauna, including cryptic species, by describing and comparing its fish community with those of other western Atlantic reef sites. MATERIAL AND METHODS STUDY AREA. The study area is located off the eastern coast of northeast Brazil between the States of Rio Grande do Norte (4o59'S) and Pernambuco (7o51'S) (Fig. 1) This is a transition zone where the South Equatorial Current branches to become the northwestward flowing North Brazil Current and the southward flowing Brazil Current (Stramma et al. 1990; Silveira et al. 1994; Leao and Dominguez, 2000) The continental shelf in this area is very narrow (from 22 to 48 km wide according to the hydrographic charts) and shallow, reaching the escarpment between depths of 40 and 80 m (Chaves et al. 1979; Franca, 1979; Knoppers et al. 1999) Deep reef outcrops occur along most of the outer shelf edge, almost always coinciding with the beginning of the shelf break zone (see Kempf et al. 1967; Lana et al. 1996) Fourteen deep reefs were investigated, six of which are over shelf deep reefs and eight shelfedge deep reefs. The water temperature ranged from 23 to 29.5 oC and visibility from 20 to 50 m. Because there are no systematic surveys of the corals, sponges, or algae for the study sites, superficial habitat descriptions are given here to provide only a general idea of the deep reef habitats of the area. The two northernmost over shelf deep reefs surveyed are located about 12 km from the outer shelf edge ranging from 36 to 39 m in depth (Fig. 1B,C) These reefs consist of elongated sandstone outcrops reaching about 3 m from the sandy bottom, forming crevices and small caves. Living corals were present [Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus, 1767) Siderastrea stellata Verrill, 1868, Meandrina braziliensis Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848] along with tubular (Aplysina spp. massive, and encrusting sponges. Algae (mainly brown and green) were abundant. The four southernmost over shelf deep reefs are located at about 4 km from the outer shelf edge ranging from 35 to 41 m depth (Fig. 1D,E,I,K) They consist largely of a flat FEITOZA ET AL. BRAZILIAN DEEP REEF FISHES 727 calcareous bottom with gentle inclination and small crevices, surrounded by patches of sand and deposits of algal nodules. Algae (mainly brown and green) and sponges (mainly tubular Aplysina spp. covered most of bottom, with sparse coral growth (Stephanocoenia michelini Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848, Porites branneri Rathbun, 1887, M. braziliensis, S. stellata) Sharp thermoclines were not encountered at the six over shelf sites. The eight shelf edge deep reefs surveyed are distributed along the outer shelf (Fig. 1A,F H,J and L N) at depths of 45 70 m. Two distinct zones were observed at the shelf edge deep reefs: (1) an upper flat zone, with gentle inclination; and (2) a deeper steep zone, composed of carbonatic rock outcrops (Fig. 2) The upper flat zone was similar to the four southernmost over shelf reefs described above. The deeper steep zone was located at the beginning of the escarpment (shelf break) and was marked by an abrupt change on the sea floor relief, from a gently sloping bottom of the upper flat zone to a steeply sloping nearly vertical face, with large rocks and caves. Algae and sponges (tubular, candle, and massive forms) covered most rocky surfaces. Living corals were common along rock ledges, with small colonies of Agaricia fragilis Dana, 1846, P. branneri, and S. stellata, sparse growth of M. braziliensis and Scolymia wellsii Laborel, 1967, and a few small heads of M. cavernosa. Long antipatharians (black corals) were also attached to the rocks. The reef at this depth is very similar to spur and grove formations of outer reefs in Caribbean islands, and probably consists of a drowned coral reef Figure 1. A) Map showing the location of the study area and other South Atlantic sites; B) Dive sites along the study area (letters a n) and the general location of the main shallow reefs. State abbreviations: PE Pernambuco; PB Paraiba; RN Rio Grande do Norte; BA Bahia; ES Espirito Santo; RJ Rio de Janeiro; SP Sao Paulo. BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 76, NO. 3, 2005 728 Figure 2. Spatial distribution of the shelf edge deep reef fishes in water column: Note that figure is not drawn to scale. (U) upper flat zone; (D) deeper steep zone; (S) Surface dwellers; (P) Pelagic species; (B) Bottom dwellers. (1) Clupeidae, Exocoetidae, Belonidae; (2) Scombridae, Coryphaenidae; (3) Carangidae, Sphyrnidae, Balistidae (Canthidermis) Sphyraenidae, Scombridae; (4) Pomacanthidae, Scaridae, Holocentridae, Labridae, Lutjanidae, Serranidae, (Cephalopholis) Balistidae, Acanthuridae, Chaetodontidae, Haemulidae, Malacanthidae; (5) Gobiidae, Congridae, Pomacentrida
author_names: Bertran M Feitoza

Ricardo de Souza Rosa

Luiz A Rocha
title: Ecology and Zoogeography of Deepreef Fishes in Northeastern Brazil
year: 2005

abstract: There is increasing evidence that some California oil platforms form important habitats for a number of economically important fishes. We asked to what extent might platforms be important as producers of larvae of several overfished species (bocaccio, Sebastes paucispinis Ayres, 1854 and cowcod, Sebastes levis Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889) on a local or regional basis. We compared adult densities and potential larval production of these species at platforms and natural outcrops in California. Densities of mature bocaccio and cowcod were highly variable among survey sites, but were generally very low at both natural reefs and platforms. However, the mean densities for both species were higher around platforms than at natural reefs. Two of the three platforms (Gail and Hidalgo) that harbored mature bocaccio had larger mature individuals than did any natural reef. Platform Gail had by far the highest densities of both mature bocaccio and cowcod of any natural or human made habitat and the potential larval production of both species at Platform Gail was much higher than at any other site surveyed. We estimated the removal of Platform Gail would be the equivalent of removing 12.57 ha of average producing natural habitat in southern California for cowcod or 29.24 ha of average producing natural habitat for bocaccio. These results may have implications for the platform decommissioning process. There are 27 oil and gas platforms off the coast of southern and central California. Located in both state and federal waters, these structures are situated in bottom depths ranging from 11 to 363 m and can have footprints as large as 10,606 m2 (Love et al. 2003) While all of these platforms are currently either pumping oil or gas, or are being used as transfer stations for these products, platforms have a finite economic life span. Once an industrial decision is made to cease oil and gas production, managers must decide what to do with the structure, a process known as decommissioning. Decommissioning is a complex process, involving state and federal agencies, corporate entities, and such stakeholders as recreational and commercial fishermen, and non consumptive users (Schroeder and Love, 2004) Ultimately, a decommissioned platform could be left in place, removed to some point below the sea surface, toppled to lie on the sea floor, or totally removed (Schroeder and Love, 2004) One issue in the decommissioning process is the role that platforms may play as fish habitat. There is increasing evidence that some California platforms form important habitats for many economically important fishes. This is particularly true of the rockfishes (genus Sebastes) that often comprise over 90% of all fishes observed around platforms in southern and central California waters (Love et al. 2003) Platform habitat may serve at least two functions for these fishes. First, the midwaters of many platforms serve as nursery habitat for a suite of rockfishes and other fish species, often harboring higher densities of these species than do nearby natural outcrops (Love et al. 1999; Carr et al. 2003; Love et al. 2003) Compared to most natural reefs, a platform's size, structural complexity, and high vertical profile probably BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 77, NO. 3, 2005 398 provide pelagic juvenile rockfishes and larvae of other species with a relatively strong stimulus to trigger settlement. In addition, most platforms have few large fishes in the midwaters and thus predation on young fishes is likely to be low (Schroeder et al. 2000; Love et al. 2003) Platform bottoms, where the jacket and conductor pipes meet the seafloor, may harbor high densities of subadult and adult fishes, again usually comprised primarily of rockfishes (Love et al. 1999; Carr et al. 2003; Love et al. 2003) The high densities of larger fishes at the platform bottoms are due to both acceptable habitat and because some platforms are rarely fished and thus act as de facto marine reserves (Schroeder and Love, 2002; Love et al. 2003) Off southern California, fishing pressure by both recreational and commercial fishermen on natural outcrop species has been very heavy for many decades (Love et al. 1998, 2002) In particular, the adults of economically important species such as bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis Ayres, 1854) and cowcod (Sebastes levis Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889) are now uncommon or even absent on many natural outcrops in southern California (Love et al. 1998b, 2003; Love and Yoklavich, unpubl. data) Given the depleted state of many rockfish species on natural reefs (seven species have been declared overfished by NOAA Fisheries) and the relative abundance of some of these species on some platforms, we asked to what extent might platforms be important as producers of larvae on a local, or even regional, basis. That is, how important are adult populations of rockfishes on platforms? To help answer that question, we conducted a pilot study that focused on cowcod and bocaccio (Fig. 1) two species declared overfished by NOAA Fisheries and the two overfished species that are most abundant as adults around California platforms. We compared adult densities and potential larval export of these species at both offshore platforms and natural outcrops in central and southern California. A knowledge of the relative importance of these human made structures as fish habitat could play a role in decommissioning decisions. MATERIALS AND METHODS FISH SURVEYS. Between 1995 and 2002, we surveyed platforms sited over a wide range of bottom depths, ranging between 29 and 224 m, and sited from north of Point Arguello to off Long Beach, southern California. Most of our platform surveys were conducted at seven structures (Platforms Irene, Hidalgo, Harvest, Hermosa, Holly, Grace, and Gail) located in the Santa Barbara Channel and Santa Maria Basin. In addition, we surveyed over 80 deeper water outcrops (many in the vicinity of platforms) in waters between 30 and 360 m deep. Most of these deeper water natural sites were visited once, a few were surveyed during as many as 4 yrs and, one outcrop, North Reef near Platform Hidalgo, was sampled annually. We surveyed fish assemblages using the DELTA submersible, a 4.6 m, two person vessel, operated by Delta Oceanographics of Oxnard, California. Aboard the DELTA, we conducted belt transects about 2 m from the substrata, while the submersible maintained a speed of about 0.5 kts. At the platforms, transects were made around the bottom of the platform and around each set of crossbeams to a minimum depth of 20 30 m below the surface (e.g. midwater habitat) The belt transect was also used to sample the shell mounds surrounding the platforms and natural rock outcrops. The shell mounds and outcrops were sampled in consistently the same fashion as the platform method described above. Submersible surveys were conducted during daylight hours between 1 hr after sunrise and 2 hrs before sunset. During each transect, observations were taken from one viewing port on the starboard side of the submersible. An externally mounted hi 8 mm or digital video camera with associated lights filmed the same viewing fields as seen by the observers. The LOVE ET AL. DISTRIBUTION OF BOCACCIO AND COWCOD OFF CALIFORNIA 399 observer identified, counted, and estimated the lengths of all fishes and verbally recorded those data on the video. All fishes within 2 m of the submarine were counted. All fish larger than the size of first maturity were observed within 2 m of the bottom (none were seen in midwater transects) Thus, densities were calculated as fish m 2. Fish lengths were estimated using a pair of parallel lasers mounted on either side of the external video camera. The projected reference points were 20 cm apart and were visible both to the observer and the video camera. An environmental monitoring system aboard the submarine continuously recorded date and time, depth, and altitude of the vessel above the sea floor. The environmental data were overlaid on the original videotape upon completion of each survey. Transect videos were reviewed aboard the research vessel or in the laboratory. Field observations were transcribed into a database. For each fish, we recorded the following information: 1) species (if known) 2) its estimated total length (TL) and 3) in the surveys over natural reefs, the habitat it occupied (e.g. rock, sand, mud, cobble, or boulder) Many years of experience along the Pacific Coast have shown that if the Delta is moving at a constant and slow rate of speed, as in these surveys, there is very little obvious effect on demersal rockfishes (M. Love, V. O'Connell, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and M. Yoklavich, NOAA Fisheries, pers. obs. Certainly, we noticed virtually no movement at all from most of the fishes in this study as the research submersible passed by. DATA ANALYSES. While our surveys estimated size for most observed fish, we were not able to estimate sex ratios. Cowcod are not sexually dimorphic and it seemed reasonable to assume an equal female to male ratio. Bocaccio are sexually dimorphic and sex ratios of commercial catches are not 1:1 and are related to size. We obtained data to estimate length specific sex ratios for bocaccio from Mark Wilkins (NOAA Fisheries, AFSC, Seattle) in the form of length compositions by sex from the triennial bottom trawl survey conducted by the AFSC. The trawl survey uses finer meshed nets than commercial operations and all captured fish are sampled for length compositions. Commercial operations also discard some fish due to market demand or regulations. Our submersible survey estimated fish size to the nearest 5 cm. Observers were not able to estimate size for a small proportion of fish (0.006 for bocaccio and 0.048 for cowcod) These fish were assumed to be smaller than the size at maturity and not included in the estimates. The trawl survey measured size to the nearest 2 cm. We
author_names: Milton S Love

Donna M Schroeder

William H Lenarz
title: DISTRIBUTION OF BOCACCIO SEBASTES PAUCISPINIS AND COWCOD SEBASTES LEVIS AROUND OIL PLATFORMS AND NATURAL OUTCROPS OFF CALIFORNIA WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR LARVAL PRODUCTION
year: 2005

abstract: Auteur(s) Jean Benard Le Bulletin du Cancer s'est souvent fait l'echo du role des proteines BRCA1 et cycline D1 dans la carcinogenese mammaire [1 4] L'equipe de Richard Pestell de l'universite de Georgetown, a Washington DC, publie dans le numero du 1er aout 2005 de Cancer Research, un travail qui associe sans ambiguite les deux proteines dans un mecanisme commun la cycline D1 antagonise la repression qu'exerce BRCA1 sur l'activite du recepteur a a l'oestradiol (REa) [4] BRCA1, gene de susceptibilite au cancer du sein, code une proteine de 220 kDa qui inhibe in vitro et in vivo la croissance des cellules cancereuses mammaires. Par la pluralite de ses fonctions, BRCA1 joue vraiment pour la cellule epitheliale a impregnation oestrogenique le role qu'a Civa, la deesse aux dix bras, sur l'univers Cette proteine cumule en effet les fonctions, non seulement de suppresseur de tumeur specifique du tissu epithelial mammaire, mais aussi de coordinateur de la reparation des dommages de l'ADN et de regulateur transcriptionnel. En se fixant aux facteurs de transcription p53, myc ou ZBRK1, elle participe a la regulation du cycle cellulaire au niveau de ses differents points de controle. On percoit les effets deleteres des mutations du gene BRCA1 sur toutes ces fonctions. La specificite d'action de BRCA1 vis a vis du tissu mammaire a conduit a proposer un modele ou la proteine BRCA1 agirait comme proteine suppresseur de tumeur en reprimant la signalisation induite par le recepteur a a l'oestradiol (REa) et ce tres precocement dans la carcinogenese mammaire et la dedifferenciation [5] Ce modele s'est trouve etaye par un ensemble de donnees experimentales montrant que BRCA1 1) sur des lignees de cancer mammaire humain, inhibe les effets biologiques de la fixation du 17b oestradiol (E2) sur son recepteur REa en interagissant physiquement avec lui [6] 2) sur des lignees humaines non mammaires, inhibe l'activite basale du REa et reprime les genes induits en reponse a E2 (pS2 par exemple) Quant a la cycline D1, des experiences de transgenese ont montre que, chez la souris, elle induit une carcinogenese mammaire a contrario, des souris nullizygotes pour la cycline D1 ne developpent pas de tumeur mammaire, classiquement induite par l'hyperexpression d'erb B2, voire une mutation de Ras [7] Rappelons que le gene cycline D1 code une holoenzyme qui, en s'associant avec la kinase cdk4, phosphoryle la proteine suppresseur de tumeur Rb et l'inactive. Derniere donnee rationnelle importante, l'hyperexpression de la cycline D1, qui concerne 30 a 40 des tumeurs mammaires, est associee a un mauvais pronostic lorsque la tumeur exprime REa [8] Ces donnees inciterent, tout naturellement, l'equipe de Pestell [4] a rechercher un mecanisme de regulation de l'activite de REa reliant les proteines BRCA1 et cycline D1. Dans un premier temps Wang et al. [4] ont mesure, sur la lignee T47D positive pour REa les effets des deux proteines sur l'expression du gene PS2, un gene induit par un ajout de 17b estradiol la transfection du gene BRCA1 entraine la repression de l'activite de REa, cette activite etant selectivement restauree apres transfection du gene cycline D1. Les chercheurs ont voulu determiner ensuite les domaines d'interaction des deux proteines avec le REa. Des experiences d'immunoprecipitations suivies de western blot montrent clairement l'existence de complexes cycline D1 REa et BRCA1 REa, et ce dans des conditions physiologiques ou s'exerce l'activite du recepteur aux oetrogenes. L'utilisation de mutants positionnels a permis de preciser que la fixation de cycline D1 se fait dans la partie C terminale du REa (residus 282 a 378) L'utilisation de proteines de fusion couplees a des experiences de pull down experiences in vitro consistant en une retention sur une colonne d'affinite suivie d'une elution par competiteur specifique a conduit a constater que les proteines cycline D1 et BRCA1 se fixent sur le meme domaine du REa. Un nouveau domaine de cycline D1, cense former une structure en helice boucle helice, s'avere necessaire pour sa fixation au REa, ainsi que pour sauvegarder la repression exercee par BRCA1 sur l'activite de REa. Des experiences d'immunoprecipitation de chromatine montrent que, dans le contexte de la structure chromatinienne des cellules MCF7, E2 induit l'expression de REa et facilite aussi le recrutement de la cycline D1 a un element de reponse a E2 (sequence ERE pour E2 Responsive Element) Et l'inhibition qu'exerce BRCA1 sur le recrutement de REa s'exerce justement au niveau de ce meme ERE [4] Notons que les taux de BRCA1 capables d'inhiber la signalisation REa dans ces experiences sont du meme ordre de grandeur que ceux associes au developpement mammaire lors de la puberte et la grossesse chez la femme, deux phases physiologiques ou des pics hormonaux sont atteints et ou BRCA1 jouerait pleinement son role de suppresseur de tumeur. Les auteurs n'ont pas manque de placer leur travail dans la perspective epidemiologique des cancers mammaires a BRCA1 mutes qui sont, en general, RE negatifs et presentent un phenotype epithelial basal different des tumeurs RE positives en depit d'une signalisation en RE deficiente, ces cellules epitheliomateuses inactivees pour BRCA1 peuvent connaitre une activation de RE independante de la fixation de son ligand. A l'inverse, frequemment, les cancers mammaires sporadiques sont RE positifs et manifestent une expression reduite de BRCA1. Qu'il s'agisse de tumeurs se developpant chez des femmes porteuses de mutation BRCA1, ou de formes sporadiques, ces donnees suggerent que la repression qu'exerce BRCA1 sur la fonction REa est un evenement important lors de la carcinogenese mammaire. Ces travaux demontrent, pour la premiere fois, qu'une proteine cle du controle du cycle cellulaire, la cycline D1, interagit a un niveau moleculaire avec la proteine BRCA1 pour s'opposer a la fonction de suppresseur de tumeur qu'elle exerce non seulement sur la machinerie de la reparation genomique mais aussi sur celle de la proliferation cellulaire. Ainsi, en interagissant physiquement avec les deux grandes familles de genes du cancer les gardiens et les soignants du genome [9] la proteine BRCA1 joue t elle un role cle dans la carcinogenese mammaire References 1. Pujol P, This P, Noruzinia M, Stoppa Lyonnet D, Maudelonde T. Les formes hereditaires de cancer du sein liees a BRCA1 et BRCA2 sont elles sensibles aux oestrogenes Bull Cancer 2004 91 583 91. 2. Benard J, Guinebretiere JM. Et si BRCA1 regulait la reponse cellulaire aux oestrogenes Bull Cancer 1999 86 608. 3. Larsen CJ. Cycline D1 and cancer du sein la nouvelle de l'ete 2001. Bull Cancer 2001 88 717 8. 4. Wang C. et al. Cyclin D1 antagonizes BRCA1 repression of estrogen receptor activity. Cancer Res 2005 65 6557 67. 5. Hilakivi Clarke L. Estrogens, BRCA1, and breast cancer. Cancer Res 2000 60 4993 5001. 6. Fan S et al. Role of direct interaction in BRCA1 inhibition of estrogen receptor activity. Oncogene 2001 20 77 87. 7. Yu Q, et al. Specific protection against breast cancers by cyclin D1 ablation. Nature 2001 411 1017 21 8. Kenny F, et al. Overexpression of cyclin D1messenger RNA predicts for poor prognosis in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1999 5 2069 76. 9. Kinzler K, Vogelstein B. Cancer suceptibility genes. gatekeepers and caretakers. Nature 1997 386 761 3.
author_names: Jean Benard
title: Carcinogenese mammaire quand cycline D1 et BRCA1 se disputent le recepteur aux estrogenes
year: 2005

abstract: A short term field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plant cover removal on temporal trends of species richness and abundance of the macrobenthic community in a subtropical salt marsh in Paranagua Bay (southeastern Brazil) Plant cover was removed to test the hypothesis that habitat complexity plays an important role in structuring infaunal and epifaunal assemblages. Habitat complexity for the macrofauna assemblages, above and below the sediment surface, was greatly influenced by Spartina alterniflora Loisel, 1807 leaves, culms, roots, and rhizomes. The response of infaunal or epifaunal species depended on their ability to discriminate between vegetated or unvegetated habitats. Habitat specialists from the epifauna forms closely associated with plant structures, such as the gastropod Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758) the isopod Sphaeromopsis mourei (Loyola and Silva, 1960) and an unidentified gammarid species were clearly affected by plant removal, whereas the habitat generalist epifaunal Kalliapseudes schubarti ManeGarzon, 1969 (Tanaidacea) did not respond to it. Relative abundances of habitat specialist infauna, such as the polychaetes Isolda pulchella Muller, 1858 and Nereis oligohalina Rioja, 1946, and habitat generalist infauna, such as the polychaetes Laeonereis acuta Treadwell, 1923 and Capitella sp. did not change significantly after plant removal. Abundance of local macrobenthic species was significantly correlated to rainfall and tended to be reduced after intense freshwater inputs in the summer. Changes in local macrobenthic associations were the result of interactive effects of plant biomass and sediment changes on small spatial scales, and physical impacts of summer freshwater runoff on large spatial scales. Habitat complexity regulates plant and animal communities at different spatial and temporal scales. Plant cover is one of the main sources of spatial heterogeneity in tropical and subtropical tidal flats, since the distribution, density, and architecture of mangrove and saltmarsh plants can heavily influence the abundance and diversity of benthic invertebrates (Costa and Davis, 1992; Lana et al. 1997) Both grasses and shrubs from salt marshes or trees from mangrove stands are presumed to stabilize sediments and to provide food and shelter from predators for the benthic fauna (Micheli, 1996; Sarda et al. 1998; Schrijvers et al. 1998) Conversely, unvegetated tidal flats are presumed to sustain less diversified and abundant macrobenthic associations. However, even those apparently homogeneous intertidal areas are full of biogenic structures and microtopographical features, which can introduce spatial heterogeneity (Levin et al. 1998; Blanchard and Bourget, 1999) Wetlands are a source of coastal protection and are frequently advocated for practical environmental restoration. The potential value of salt marshes for conservation is generally recognized, at least in terms of the diversity of plants and animals associated with them (Boorman, 1999) However, both natural and manmade disturbances may lead to vegetation loss in salt marshes. Natural disturbance can result from wrack deposition, grazing, and storms; whereas cultivation, restoration, reclamation, landfill, embankment, earthwork, and clipping for fishing activities are the more evident human impacts on the salt marshes. The effects of aquatic vegetation BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 77, NO. 1, 2005 2 losses on invertebrates are better known in seagrass habitats but still poorly understood in salt marshes. There is an impressive literature on the fauna of salt marshes, mainly in the northern hemisphere. This is not the case, however, for the fauna of tropical or subtropical marshes associated with or out competed by mangrove woodland. Studies on macrobenthic species from intertidal flats of Paranagua Bay (southeastern Brazil) have indicated that plant architecture, detrital input, and predation pressure play a major role in structuring epifaunal communities (Lana and Guiss, 1992) Infaunal abundance is related to below ground plant biomass, which provides refuge to organisms or physical support to tubes. Seasonal changes in Spartina alterniflora Louisel, 1807 biomass, with typical cycles of below ground storage in late winter and spring followed by aerial translocation in summer, influence both the abundance (Lana and Guiss, 1991) and reproductive strategies (Pagliosa and Lana, 2000) of local macrofauna. The more exposed the tidal flats, the more faunal numbers differ between vegetated and unvegetated sediments (Netto and Lana, 1996, 1999; Lana et al. 1997) These complex plant animal relationships are also affected by freshwater runoff during spring and summer months (Pagliosa, 1997) Experimental approaches are an useful tool to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the influence of environmental disturbance on benthic fauna. Field experiments are widely used to assess the role of habitat complexity in influencing the structure and function of soft sediment communities. Experimental removal of plant cover, followed by the analysis of faunal trends, has provided insight on the putative importance of such regulating mechanisms. However, the effects of artifacts arising from experimental investigations in soft sediments should not be minimized (Peterson and Black, 1994; Skilleter, 1996) This study was undertaken to analyze the effects of plant cover on short term trends in species richness and abundance of macrobenthic associations in an intertidal flat of Paranagua Bay. Plant cover was removed to test the hypothesis that habitat complexity plays an important role in structuring infaunal and epifaunal associations. MATERIAL AND METHODS EXPERIMENTAL SITE. Paranagua Bay (25o 30'S, 48o 25'W) is one of the least polluted estuarine systems in southeastern Brazil (Fig. 1) The bay has a well developed high energy euhaline sector (average salinity values close to or higher than 30) with extensive tidal flats, which can reach a width of up to 2 km. Water circulation in Paranagua Bay is driven mainly by river runoff and tidal forcing, with semidiurnal tide and diurnal inequalities. Strong nonlinear interactions allow for the formation of up to six high and low tides per day during neap cycles, when tidal heights are around 80% of the height of spring tides. Wave action, mainly originating from the southeast, is only important at the bay mouth, but winds may produce locally generated surface waves when blowing in the east west direction (Lana et al. 2000) Paranagua Bay is surrounded by a diverse set of natural habitats, which include mangrove swamps, salt marshes, and extensive unvegetated flats. The region as a whole is a transitional zone for tropical mangroves, which begin to be replaced by temperate salt marshes. Pure stands of S. alterniflora colonize well sorted sand sediments in the euhaline sector, as narrow discontinuous belts in front of mangrove woodland (Lana et al. 1991) The field experiment was conducted at an intertidal flat in Rasa da Cotinga Island (25deg31.95'S, 48deg23.99'W) near the outlet of Paranagua Bay (Fig. 1) The local flat has a width of about 600 m from the salt marsh belt to the lower spring tide level. The upper region, colonized by Spartina, is steeper (0.45 m over 10 m) followed by a gentler slope (0.55 m over 590 m) Local PAGLIOSA AND LANA: IMPACT OF PLANT COVER REMOVAL ON BENTHIC FAUNA 3 sediments are mainly well sorted fine sands, with low organic content in the upper region and well developed aggregates of shell fragments in the lower region. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND DESIGN. Experiments were conducted from January to April 1995. We established two experimental sites, made up of three treatments each, hereafter called unvegetated, vegetated, and cleared plots. Natural differences between sites were slightly related to site elevation, density, and height of shoots. Plots were 14 m2 (2 x 7 m) and were separated by ca. 5 m from each other. At each cleared plot, leaves and culms of S. alterniflora were clipped at ground level and removed from the experimental site together with attached epibenthic species. One additional plant cutting and removal was carried out 1 wk later; growth or regeneration of leaves and culms were not a problem thereafter. From January to April 1995 each plot was sampled every 2 wks (seven sampling dates, including the setup of the experiment when only vegetated and unvegetated habitats were sampled) At each plot, five random biological core samples were taken with a PVC core tube, 15 cm in height and 15 cm wide (0.02 m2 of area) and one sediment sample was taken with a PVC sampler, 5 cm in height and 10 cm wide. We estimated that the removal of biological and sedimentological samples did not affect more than 20% of total plot area throughout the experiment. The bulk samples were fixed in 10% formalin, dyed with Bengal red (0.0005 g ml 1) and sieved through a 500 mm mesh. Macrofauna were preserved in 70% alcohol. Below ground material, identified as living plant biomass (whitish rhizomes and roots) and detritus (organic debris and shells) was estimated by drying to constant weight at 75 oC. The water content of the sediment was determined as weight loss after drying. Sediment organic content was calculated after burning subsamples at 550 oC for 1 hr, and carbonate content through acidification (HCl at 10% Sediments were analyzed, using the pipette and dry sieve method (Carver, 1970) Salinity and temperature of the surface sediment layer were recorded in the field. Daily rain values for the period of the experiment were obtained from a meteorological station situated at the Paranagua Harbour (Fig. 1) DATA ANALYSES. Data analyses were applied to a frequency matrix of the 16 top taxa or species in terms of abundance (98% of total) Differences in the structure of assemblages Figure 1. Study site (l) in Paranagua Bay, southeastern coast of Brazil
author_names: Paulo R Pagliosa

Paulo da Cunha Lana
title: IMPACT OF PLANT COVER REMOVAL ON MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF A SUBTROPICAL SALT MARSH
year: 2005

abstract: Improving audience involvement in media production enhances the democratization potential within a community and enhances the capacity building potential within that community. Both democratization and capacity building have been identified as factors which enhance a community's ability to thrive. While profitability and return on investment (ROI) are legitimate goals for media organisations insofar as they allow and encourage audience involvement, these goals must remain subordinate to the goal of democratization, since without that key element, the environment which maintains the media disappears. A formula is proposed whereby media owners, workers and audiences can fine tune their relationship to enhance financial as well as community outcomes. 1 John Cokley PhD is a lecturer in journalism at the University of Queensland. J.cokley@uq.edu.au Cokley, John (2005) The financial importance of audience involvement for media survival Journalism Education Association Conference 2005 Page 2 of 20 2 Introduction Statement of the problem Newspaper organisations worldwide are experiencing a general downturn in circulation figures, which reflect lower sales and a lower share of the media market. In the United States, observers (Journalism.org 2005, n.p. note that 2005 was merely the latest in a 30 year circulation decline for daily newspapers, and that the decline was deepening. The impact was so severe that a major scandal erupted involving four metros who reportedly had been inflating their circulation numbers (Journalism.org 2005, n.p) Loyalty in the audience suffered at the same time: only 60 percent of people said they read a daily newspaper "regularly" compared with the average of 70 percent during the 1990s (Journalism.org 2005) The story was slightly less alarming in the UK (see Print@dvertising.com 2005; and Newspaper Marketing Agency 2005) but dailies and weeklies there each still dropped a cumulative 2 million adult readers in the period 1999 2004. More damagingly, national newspapers advertising revenues had decreased in the UK from PS2252 million in 2000 to PS1980 million in 2004 (Newspaper Marketing Agency 2005) A straw poll of other newspaper markets (Publicitas.com 2005) indicated a marked general decline among German newspaper reader numbers and an across the board and steep decline recorded by each of the top 10 German magazines; in Italy, seven national or semi national newspapers increased their circulations while Cokley, John (2005) The financial importance of audience involvement for media survival Journalism Education Association Conference 2005 Page 3 of 20 3 six lost ground and of the 19 magazines surveyed, 17 suffered circulation declines and the remaining two recorded increases; in New Zealand, however, five of the eight newspapers surveyed showed increased circulation figures, one broke even and one fell. The figures for the comparatively small market of Australia show a 159,000 copy circulation decline for national and metropolitan mastheads during the 12 months to February 2005 (Kirkpatrick 2005, p.7) Among 12 metropolitan and national dailies surveyed (Kirkpatrick 2005, p. 8) nine showed a drop in Monday Friday readership of between 0.2 and 3.6 percent, one held steady and only two showed gains, one of 1.3 percent, the other of 4.4 percent. Of the Saturday editions, only three increased circulation (by 0.1 and 0.3 percent) while the rest fell, by rates between 0.2 percent and 5.9 percent. Among the Sunday editions, five rose and six fell. More weekly magazine readership numbers fell than rose and monthly magazine figures show five losing ground and five gaining (Publicitas.com 2005) However, among 36 regional dailies surveyed (Kirkpatrick 2005, p. 9) only 13 recorded circulation losses, 21 recorded increases and two were not available. Cokley, John (2005) The financial importance of audience involvement for media survival Journalism Education Association Conference 2005 Page 4 of 20 4 Purpose of this paper This paper examines one of the causes of newspaper circulation decline a decrease in audience appeal and discusses strategies being employed by publishers to increase or at least maintain that appeal. It argues for a new, more effective strategy. Methodology The methodology employed for data collection in this paper is literature review and data analysis. The problem is then attacked by discussing certain drivers and inhibitors of audience appeal, and applying theoretical concepts to the data in order to arrive at a new theoretical construct. The novel feature of this work is that a mathematical formula is proposed as a template for publishers, journalists and audiences to apply to their news communication processes in order to enhance the communications experience for each. It is suggested that a mathematical formula is easy for journalists to understand and to implement, and is also easy to adapt and develop as new research is added. It is proposed that enhancing the communications process will, in the long run, enhance the financial viability of the publications which adopt this formula. Cokley, John (2005) The financial importance of audience involvement for media survival Journalism Education Association Conference 2005 Page 5 of 20 5 The data Drivers and inhibitors of circulation 1. Inhibitors A strong inhibitor of appeal and thus sales and circulation is that newspapers are at the low end of interactivity along the spectrum of news media delivery options, based on Heeter (in Kenney et al 2000, n.p. Arguably, television is next, by virtue of the Big Brother voting phenomenon and the resuscitation of "The Worm" (The Age 2005) but certainly radio is more interactive than both, based on its use of talk back and the frequency of its news bulletins. Online, for now, occupies the high end of interactivity on this spectrum, but the word "online" hides a multitude of mediums, including email, HTML, XML, PHP and a range of appliance based delivery options such as SMS. Another inhibitor of appeal is the perception, based on the Herman Chomsky propaganda model (1988) that news organisations are large, amorphous organisations filled with staff intent on promulgating their own agenda (Anticapitaliste 2005, n.p. Louw (2001, p. 156) and others (Cokley 2005) note that news making in newsrooms is constrained by hegemonic dominance, created through the staffing practices (recruitment, promotions and dismissals) employed within these sites and by decision making concerning rules, procedures and the configuration of technology within these sites: There is no need for directives concerning which discourses should be favoured because good staffing decisions (from CEO downwards) can be Cokley, John (2005) The financial importance of audience involvement for media survival Journalism Education Association Conference 2005 Page 6 of 20 6 relied on to create self policing mechanisms (through staff 'cloning' Discourses serving the hegemonically dominant will be adhered to because staff cloning will ensure 'appropriate' gatekeepers are in position (Louw 2001, p. 157) As a counter to this but in part only the major rural and regional publishers in Australia Rural Press Ltd and APN News and Media (formerly known as Australian Provincial Newspapers) have emphasised the "local" nature of their products and seem to have benefited from that strategy. Rural Press (2005, p. 7) which publishes 160 daily, weekly and monthly metropolitan and regional titles across rural Australia, announced a 21.4 percent increase in net profit after tax for the year to June 2005. According to the company annual report (2005, p. 11) "community involvement and the quality and relevance of editorial content were fundamental to the successful year" The company has adopted the slogan "Life is Local" APN News and Media publishes 23 regional daily titles and more than 100 non daily titles and reported a 17 per cent increase in profits for the six months to the end of June 2005 (APN 2005, p. 1) to a total of $66 million. According to a company statement (APN 2005, p. 2) regional newspapers in Australia and New Zealand accounted for a large slice of that increase, contributing the second highest profit increase for the group, which also includes capital city newspapers in New Zealand, radio, outdoor, other print and corporate media. Other print and corporate media recorded losses; radio recorded an increase which nearly Cokley, John (2005) The financial importance of audience involvement for media survival Journalism Education Association Conference 2005 Page 7 of 20 7 equaled all newspaper profit growth in both Australian and New Zealand markets. However, as the company report to the market shows, profit was directly related to advertising revenue, not newspaper circulation (APN 2005, p. 3) employment and real estate advertising drive profitability, while circulation rose by less than 1 per cent across the period. The highest circulation rise across the group was recorded in the New South Wales regional centre of Grafton (3.4 per cent) while New Zealand titles did not cross the 2 per cent threshold. This circulation growth roughly matched the Australian population growth for the period (ABS 2005, n.p) but in APN's key Australian market, Queensland, the circulation increase was only half the 2 per cent population increase (Queensland Government 2005, p. 1) indicating a net decline in market penetration. Drivers Circulation strategies Circulation stagnation is often regarded by journalists and proprietors as a problem which is fixed by changes to format and content, since these are regarded as the keys to "quality" (Campos 2005, p. 53) Thus, some newspaper editors will introduce "more choices" (Campos 2005, p. 56) in new daily or weekly supplements, or change from broadsheet to tabloid, or introduce giveaway publications. Cokley, John (2005) The financial importance of audience involvement for media su
author_names: John D Cokley
title: The financial importance of audience involvement for media survival
year: 2005

abstract: ammalian predators were excluded from given sections of a re created tallgrass prairie in Northeastern Illinois. The effects of this exclusion were measured through observation and sampling of macroinvertebrate species. Results were taken from the area where mammalian predators were excluded after a 5 year period of time and also from a random area two meters away which served as a control. The pH and temperature measurements of the soil were also taken at each site, and an inventory of plants in the area was recorded. Species assemblages of macroinvertebrates and flora were more similar among the 7 exclusion sites than among the 7 control sites. Predator exclusion can explain this observation where the macroinvetebrate communities in enclosures shifted in a common way which affected the flora via grazing. Alternatively, the observation may reflect bias from the original re creation efforts. Introduction Because species do no exist in isolation but, rather, are embedded in more complex interactions, the affect which mammalian predators have upon the dynamics and biodiversity of macroinvertebrate communities can aid in understanding and learning about re created systems and their processes (Bonsall, 2003) If predators choose to prey upon only one species of macroinvertebrates, then that predator can dramatically change the age distribution of that species. Conversely, if the predator eats only the reproducing members of a population, the population will decrease greatly come the next period of birth. Through these feeding habits, the predators then can decrease the survivorship of certain prey species and also change vital rates of reproduction and growth (Nakaoka, 2000) When the effects of predation upon the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria were studied in the estuaries of North Carolina, it was shown that growth rates were lower in habitats where predation rates were higher (Nakaoka, 2000) If a population is preyed upon for a long period, its population can severely decrease. As the prey population decreases, the predation rate also decreases because the abundance of that prey species becomes rare in comparison to other prey species. Because the decrease in prey population equals less food for the predator, the predator will divert attention to other, more abundant prey species (Khan, et al 2004) Because predators tend to prey more upon those species which are abundant and small in size, the macroinvertebrate community becomes key in understanding life in re created systems such as the tallgrass prairie (Khan and Ghaleb 2002) Ecological processes of the prairie can M 1 Kopjo: Biodiversity of the Macroinvertebrate Community in a Re created Tallgrass Prairie Published by DigitalCommons@COD, 2005 58 often be connected to the activities of insects. Avian and mammalian predators depend upon the abundance and location of food sources, including insects, to determine where to breed. Plant distribution is affected by insect pollination, seed predation, and grazing (Costello, 1969) If not controlled, herbivores can severely disturb the plant community. Prey species can also affect the availability of flora because, in addition to ingesting macroinvertebrates, many species also ingest plants. The gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, has been examined and found to ingest plants, including various nuts and berries, in addition to the macroinvertebrates they regularly consume (Bauer, 1988) Consequently, factors that regulate macroinvertebrate populations help in understanding the stability and management of re created systems. A re created system was examined in the paper to determine how the biodiversity of the macroinvertebrate community is affected by the exclusion of mammalian predators. Based upon knowledge of predator prey relationships, predictions of this study conclude that there will exist some sort of effect on the macroinvertebrate community within the re created tallgrass prairie of Northeastern Illinois. As much of the original tallgrass prairie has been destroyed, endangering many species, the understanding of community dynamics gained in this study was presumed helpful in preserving the remnant diversity in re created systems (Madson, 1993) Methods A search for specimens was conducted in September 2004 in the 15 ha Russel Kirt recreated tallgrass prairie, which began in 1985. Kirt (1996) provides description of the flora community of the prairie. The seven 2m x 2m enclosures which were specifically studied were established five years ago and are scattered along the perimeter of a retention pond which is also a part of the re created tallgrass prairie. Galvanized chicken wire was buried to a depth of 15 cm and extended to a high of 30 cm. The 5 mm mesh size acts to prevent invasion by larger mammalian predators including shrews, fox, and raccoons. Controls were selected based on being within 2 m of the enclosures and along the same approximate slope proceeding to the retention pond. Macroinvertebrates were inventoried from the enclosures in which mammalian predators were excluded and also from the controls two meters away according to morphotype as well as to the lowest taxonomic level possible. At each area from which macroinvertebrates were collected, pH level and temperature of soil was recorded using an Aquaterr Temp 200 meter (Aquaterr Instruments, Costa Mesa, CA) Also, inventories were done on all flora seen in both enclosed and controls. Assemblage structures of the macroinvertebrate communities and floral communities were summarized using correspondence analysis. The ordination technique offers to reduce community data to coordinates on a multidimensional plane. Only the first two dimensions were considered here as they explain most of the variance in data. Communities which are more similar should have coordinates that are closer together than communities which are less similar. Results Lists of macroinvertebrates and flora can be obtained by contacting College of DuPage. Table 1 provides the first two dimensional coordinates from the correspondence analysis of the macroinvertebrate communities and floral communities, in addition to the soil temperature and moisture at 10cm. Figures 1 and 2 provide a plot of ordinated data of the macroinvertebrate and flora communities using the first two dimensions of correspondence analysis, respectively. 2 ESSAI, Vol. 3 [2005] Art. 18 http:/dc.cod.edu/essai/vol3/iss1/18 59 Ordinated assemblance structures of macroinvertebrates and flora communities were more similar in enclosures than controls. Discussion Explanations to the similar assemblages of macroinvertebrates and flora among controls include the thought that human involvement when first creating the enclosures determined which plants, and consequently which species of macroinvertebrates, were to be found in each area. Alternatively, the exclusion of mammalian predators may have caused the succession sequence of macroinvertebrates among enclosures, which was propagated to the plant community by grazing pressures. It also must be taken into consideration that flora species may be similar as a result of excluding mammalian consumers from the enclosed areas. If consumers are unable to enter the enclosed areas, then certain plants which would otherwise be consumed are allowed to flourish. This would account for similarities in flora species not only in enclosures but also in the control areas. The flora species in the control areas would be more alike because they were equally available to predators. Macroinvertebrate species in controls would also then be more alike because the flora species upon which they depend would be similar. The same logic holds true for the macroinvertebrate species in the enclosures. If the same macroinvertebrates were found, then the same species of mammalian predators may have been found preying upon the species. Additionally, higher variance among controls in macroinvertebrate and floral assemblages may reflect uneven distribution of mammalian predators in the re created system. However, neither the abundance of predators in enclosures nor control areas was observed. Each track of hypothesis needs to be further scrutinized to determine the effects of excluded mammalian predators on the macroinvertebrate communities of the re created tallgrass prairie. Works Cited Bauer, E. 1988. Predators of North America. Grolier Books, Latham, NY. Bonsall, M.B. 2003. The role of variability and risk on the persistence of a shared enemy, predator prey assemblages. Journal of Theoretical Biology 221: 193 204. Costello, D. F. 1969. The Prairie World. Crowell Company, New York, NY. Khan, Q.J.A. A. Balakrishnan, and C. G. Wake, 2004. Analysis of a predator prey system with predator switching. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 66: 109 123. Khan, Q.J. A. and A.F. Ghaleb, 2002. A study of prey predator relations for mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology 223: 171 178. Kirt, R. R. 1996. A nine year assessment of successional trends in prairie plantings using seed broadcast and seedling transplant methods, p. 144 153. In: C. Warwick (ed. Fifteenth North American Prairie Conference, The Natural Areas Association, Bend, OR. Madson, J. 1993. Tallgrass Prairie: A Nature Conservancy Book. Falcon P, Helena. Nakaoka, M. 2000. Nonlethal effects of predators on prey populations: predator mediated change in bivalve growth. Ecology 81: 1031. 3 Kopjo: Biodiversity of the Macroinvertebrate Community in a Re created Tallgrass Prairie Published by DigitalCommons@COD, 2005 60 Table 1. First two dimensional coordinates from correspondence analysis (CA) of the macroinvertebrate communities and floral communities, soil temperature at 10 cm depth, and soil moisture at 10 cm depth according to sample site. Symbols: Ei enclosure site i and Ci control site i. ________________________________________________________________ Site Macroinvertebrate Soil Soil Floral community temperature moisture community coordin
author_names: Valentine Kopjo
title: Biodiversity of the Macroinvertebrate Community in a Re created Tallgrass Prairie as Affected by Exclusion of Mammalian Predators
year: 2005

abstract: Propagation of S. stuckyi was found to be possible when cuttings of juvenile leaves were used without any hormonal or surgical treatments. Anatomical examinations of the tissues where root formation took place indicated no distinctive differences between juvenile and adult leaves. Production of marketable plants is slow and best carried out in tropical or subtropical areas. INTRODUCTION Sansevieria stuckyi is a succulent perennial originating in the mountains of Zimbabwe and has been known to botanists and botanical gardens since late 1700s (Brown, 1915) but never produced commercially as an ornamental in pots. S. stuckyi belongs to the monocotyledonous family Dracaenaceae and other members of the genus notably S. trifasciata have been produced and grown in nurseries and homes for centuries. The genus comprises some 60 or 80 species (Eggeli, 1994; Chahinian, 2001) depending on which authority one wishes to follow. Most species are found in dry savannas of east Africa. S. stuckyi has two life forms: juvenile and adult. The juvenile leaves are flat to involute, bending grey green with dark green cross stripes. The juvenile phase lasts from four to six years depending on climatic conditions (Chahinian, 2001) The adult plants (Fig. 1) have large rhizomes, thick almost cylindrical, dark green leaves of 2 3 cm in diameter and up to 2 m length in irregular rosettes; the leaves are very fibrous and coated with thick layers of wax. Flowers are rarely if ever seen in cultivation, in Nature the insignificant flowers appear at the basal side of the leaf rosettes. The proposed utilization of S. stuckyi as a novel potted plant is seen as a catering to the trend of easy maintenance, sculptural plants (Noack, 2003) for banks, bureaucrats and bachelors. For use as a potted plant efficient propagation is essential. S. stuckyi can be propagated by division of the rhizomes but this is slow and requires large plants. The propagation of S. trifasciata is generally done by leaf cuttings or sections of leaves and it was decided to examine the possibility of using the same method for S. stuckyi. One of the main problems according to Brown (1915) is the extremely slow rooting of cuttings. In other species it has repeatedly been shown that there are marked differences between cuttings taken from juvenile and adult tissues or organs (eg. Davies et al. 1982, with Ficus pumila and Hackett, 1988, with Hedera helix) MATERIALS AND METHODS As stock plants were used adult plants of Sansevieria stuckyi Godefroy Lebeuf that had been grown in the botanical collection of Copenhagen University for about 50 years. The origin of these plants was a collection of seeds received in exchange from the botanical garden of Abo, Finland, but more details are unavailable. One of these plants has since been multiplied as a clone. They have been grown in a greenhouse with 17 to 26 C RH 70% and supplemental light during the winter months. Adult leaves were cut in 10 cm sections. Juvenile leaves 7 10 cm long were cut at the base from regenerated adult cuttings (Fig. 2) Cuttings were treated with Floramon rooting powder (0.1 or 0.4% NAA) For the adult cuttings a further treatment consisted of wounding with 3 cuts 3 cm from the base up. The cuttings were placed with one cutting per 9 cm pot filled with Vermiculite. The pots were randomly arranged on a bottom 259 Proc. V IS on New Flor. Crops Eds. A.F.C. Tombolato and G.M. Dias Tagliacozzo Acta Hort. 683, ISHS 2005 heated (20C) greenhouse bench, covered for the first month with shading cloth. Later the shade was removed and supplementary light (400W m) given for 8 h daily. Air temperature was 25C day and night. A drench with Octave was given after two weeks for control of fungal diseases. Watering was manual with tap water until two moths then with a standard greenhouse fertigation at pH 6 and EC of 1. The experiment was repeated. Number of surviving cutting was recorded throughout the experiments. At selected dates the cuttings were removed from the medium and roots and shoots were counted. In a separate experiment cuttings were placed in styrofoam plates floating on aerated weak nutrient solutions in 40 liter white plastic boxes. These boxes were in the same greenhouse as the pot experiments. Statistical treatment of rooting and shoot formation data were done with KruskalWallis one way analysis and Dunn's test in the program Sigma Stat. RESULTS Survival of the cuttings was best in control and inferior with auxin treatments and wounding (Table 1) Rooting of the surviving cuttings was generally unaffected by the auxin treatments. After 39 days 80 to 90 of the juvenile cuttings but only less than 10% of the adult had rooted. At 47 days much more adult cuttings had roots and now the juvenile were almost all rooted (Fig. 3) Shoot formation occurred much later. Almost three months after cutting about 70% of the juvenile and 30% of the adult cuttings had formed visible shoots. At four months almost 90% of all juveniles had shoots compared to only 60% of the adults (Fig. 4) There was no significant effect of wounding the cuttings. Hydroculture of the cuttings during rooting was possible and produced viable propagules just as fast as the sand cultured cuttings. Anatomical examinations of the cuttings during rooting revealed no structural impediments to root formation and emergence that could explain the differences between juvenile and adult cuttings. The details of these investigations will be published elsewhere. DISCUSSION Propagation of S. stuckyi was possible. The differences between adult and juvenile cuttings could not be ameliorated by auxin treatments which on the contrary caused lower survival rates and had no significant effect on rooting or shoot formation. This is similar to observations on a related species Agave parrasana by Santacruz Revulcaba et al. (1999) Wounding of cuttings did not improve rooting of S. stuckyi as has been found for other species with heavy fiber development of tissues surrounding the site of root initiation (Hartmann et al. 1997) As shown by anatomical examinations the roots formed in the leaf cuttings of S. stuckyi grew down through the leaf tissues, thus the fibers did not present a real barrier to root growth and emergence. The further growth of propagules proceeded at a slow rate for all treatments, but after almost a year the plants from juvenile leaves had significantly more, but not longer shoots. For a plant to be marketable meter long shoots or leaves are required. Thus the production time becomes much too long for profitable growing of these plants in greenhouses. However outdoor production in tropical or subtropical areas is feasible. Literature Cited Brown, N.E. (1915) Sansevieria. A monograph of all the known species. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information XXI Kew Gardens. Chahinian, (2001) In praise of Sansevieria. J. Int. Sansevieria Soc. 1:1 5. Davies, F.T. Lazarte, J.E. and Joiner, J.N. (1982) Initiation and development of roots in juvenile and mature leaf bud cuttings of Ficus pumila L. Amer. J. Bot. 69: 804 812. Eggeli, U. (1994) Sukkulenten. Ulmer,Stuttgart. Hackett, W.P. (1988) The influence of auxin, catechol, and methanolic tissue extracts on
author_names: M Aarseth-Hansen

Jette Dahl Moller

Jorgen Damgaard

Arne Skytt Andersen
title: SANSEVIERIA STUCKYI POTENTIAL AS POTTED PLANT
year: 2005

abstract: The ability of a commercial starter culture to perform a sausage fermentation was evaluated by culture dependent and independent methods. The starter culture, as well as the sausage during fermentation, was sampled and strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coagulase negative cocci (CNC) were isolated. After identification it was determined that Lactobacillus plantarum, contained in the inoculated starter, was the main LAB representative that conducted the transformation, while Staphylococcus xylosus, not declared in the label of the starter culture, was able to colonize the sausages studied. Molecular characterization of isolated Lb. plantarum and S. xylosus highlighted that the commercial mix contained several strains of the same species, and their behavior during the fermentation was different. Analysis of the nucleic acids extracted directly from the sausages confirmed the performance of Lb. plantarum, which was present and active throughout the fermentation, and highlighted the contribution of Lactobacillus curvatus. Introduction For fermented sausage production, the starter cultures are represented by mixtures of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coagulase negative cocci (CNC) LAB are the main population responsible for the pH drop, followed by a second step in which CNC are neutralizing the organic acids produced by LAB, through production of peptides and aminoacids from their proteolytic activity. In addition, CNC are able to induce the release of various aromatic substances due to their capability to produce lipases (Montel et al. 1996) Recently, direct amplification of DNA and RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) (Muyzer et al. 1993) showed very good applicability in monitoring the microbial ecology of Italian fermented sausages (Cocolin et al. 2001; Rantsiou et al. 2005) In this paper we wanted to validate the use of a commercial starter for the production of fermented sausages by molecular methods. DGGE was used to analyze PCR and RT PCR products obtained from DNA and RNA extracted directly from the sample to monitor the bacterial dynamics during transformation. Moreover, LAB and CNC were isolated both from the starter culture and during fermentation and subsequently subjected to RAPD analysis to understand if the strains inoculated were able to conduct the fermentation process considered in the study. Materials and Methods Fermented sausages were prepared in a local meat factory using traditional techniques as previously described (Comi et al. 2005) and inoculated with 20 g starter culture containing S. carnosus and Lb. plantarum (Biostart SL1 200, Wiesby GMBH Co. Niebull, Germany) The ripening was conducted for 28 days. The fermented sausages were analyzed in triplicates at 0, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 28 days. Potentiometric measurements of pH were made using a pin electrode of a pH meter (Radiometer Copenhagen pH M82, Cecchinato, Italy) The starter culture (20 g) of the same batch that was used in the production followed, was resuspended in 200 ml sterile water and left at room temperature for 30 min and serial dilutions were prepared in saline/peptone water (8 g/l NaCl, 1 g/l bacteriological peptone, Oxoid, Milan, Italy) and analyzed on MRS agar (Oxoid) incubated with a double layer at 30degC for 48 h and on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA, Oxoid) incubated at 30degC for 48 h. Fifteen colonies of LAB were isolated from MRS agar and the same number of CNC were selected from MSA agar. The fermented sausages were analyzed to monitor the dynamic changes in the populations responsible for the ripening of fermented sausages, as well as their hygienic quality. In particular, 25 g of each sample were transferred into a sterile stomacher bag and 225 ml of saline/peptone water were added and mixed for 1 min and 30 s in a Stomacher machine (PBI, Italy) Further decimal dilutions were made and the following analyses were carried out on duplicate agar plates: a) total bacterial count (TBC) on Gelisate Agar (Oxoid) incubated for 48 72 h at 30degC; b) LAB on MRS agar; c) CNC on MSA (Oxoid)
author_names: Luca Simone Cocolin

Rosalinda Urso

Kalliopi Rantsiou

Carlo Cantoni

Giuseppe Comi
title: Monitoring of a starter culture for fermented sausages by molecular methods
year: 2005

abstract: PubMed Jia G et al; Environ Sci Technol 39 (5) 1378 83 (2005) from HSDB /ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Using light microscopy and spectrophotometry, it has been shown that water soluble fullerene C60 cause lysis of human and rat erythrocytes. Fullerene C60 partly inhibited the activities of membrane associated phosphofructokinase and cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes. /Water soluble fullerene C60/ Solomadin IN et al; Biology Bulletin 35 (4) 436 40 (2008) from HSDB /IMMUNOTOXICITY/ .In this study, /investigators/ studied the immunotoxic mechanism and change of gene expression caused by the instillation of C60s. As a result, C60s induced an increase in sub G1 and G1 arrest in BAL cells, an increase in pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL 1, TNF alpha, and IL 6, and an increase of Th1 cytokines such as IL 12 and IFN r in BAL fluid. In addition, IgE reached the maximum at 1 day after treatment in both BAL fluid and the blood, and decreased in a time dependent manner. Gene expression of the MHC class II (H2 Eb1) molecule was stronger than that of the MHC class I (H2 T23) and an increase in T cell distribution was also observed during the experiment period. Furthermore, cell infiltration and expression of tissue damage related genes in lung tissue were constantly observed during the experiment period. Based on this, C60s may induce inflammatory responses in the lung of mice. Abstract: PubMed Park EJ et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 244 (2) 226 33 (2010) from HSDB /IMMUNOTOXICITY/ Hydroxylated fullerenes act as potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450 dependent monooxygenases, and are reported to be very strong antioxidants quenching reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Effects of nanosized hydroxylated fullerenes on fish neutrophil function and immune gene transcription was investigated using fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) Neutrophil function assays were used to determine the effects of fullerene exposure in vitro and in vivo on oxidative burst, degranulation and extracellular trap (NETs) release, and the innate immune gene transcription was determined with quantitative PCR (qPCR) Application of fullerenes (0.2 200 ug/mL( 1)in vitro) caused concentration dependent inhibition of oxidative burst and suppressed the release of NETs and degranulation of primary granules (up to 70, 40, and 50% reduction in activity compared to non treated control, respectively) Transcription of interleukin 11 and myeloperoxidase genes was significantly increased and transcription of elastase 2 gene was significantly decreased in fish exposed to hydroxylated fullerenes for 48 hr in vivo (12 and 3 fold increase, and 5 fold decrease, respectively) Observed changes in gene transcription and neutrophil function indicate potential for hydroxylated fullerenes to interfere with the evolutionary conserved innate immune system responses and encourages the use of fish models in studies of nanoparticle immunotoxicity. /Hydroxylated fullerenes/ Abstract: PubMed Jovanovic B et al; Aquat Toxicol 101 (2) 474 82 (2011) from HSDB /IMMUNOTOXICITY/ In the present study, mice received fullerenes intratracheally and were sacrificed at days 1, 6 and 42. Mice that received fullerenes exhibited increased proliferation of splenocytes and increased splenic production of IL 2 and TNF alpha. Changes in the spleen in response to fullerene treatment occurred at different time points than in the lung tissue. Furthermore, fullerenes induced CDK2 expression and activated NF alphaB and NFAT in splenocytes at 6 days post administration. Finally, CD11b( cells were demonstrated to function as responder cells to fullerene administration in the splenic inflammatory process. Taken together, in addition to the effects on pulmonary responses, fullerenes also modulate the immune system. Abstract: PubMed Ding N et al; J Hazard Mater 194: 324 30 (2011) from HSDB /OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The use of C(60) fullerenes is expected to increase in various industrial fields. Little is known about the potential toxicological mechanism of action of water soluble C(60) fullerenes. In our previous research, gene expression profiling of the rat lung was performed after whole body inhalation exposure to C(60) fullerenes to gain insights into the molecular events. These DNA microarray based data closely matched the pathological findings that C(60)fullerenes caused no serious adverse pulmonary effects under the inhalation exposure condition. Taking advantage of this, we attempted to characterize timedependent changes in the gene expression profiles after intratracheal instillation with C(60) fullerenes at different dosages and to identify the candidate expressed genes as potential biomarkers. The hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the upor downregulation of genes after intratracheal instillation with 1.0 mg C(60) fullerene particles in rat lung tissue was significantly over represented in the "response to stimulus" and "response to chemical stimulus" categories of biological processes and in the "extracellular space" category of the cellular component. These results were remarkable for 1 week after the instillation with C(60) fullerenes. In the lung tissues instilled with 1.0 mg C(60) fullerene particles, many representative genes involved in "inflammatory response," such as the Cxcl2, Cxcl6, Orm1, and Spp1 genes, and in "matrix metalloproteinase activity," such as the Mmp7 and Mmp12 genes, were upregulated for over 6 months. The expression levels of 89 and 21 genes were positively correlated with the C(60) fullerene dose at 1 week and 6 months after the instillation, respectively. Most of them were involved in "inflammatory response" and the Ccl17, Ctsk, Cxcl2, Cxcl6, Lcn6, Orm1, Rnase9, Slc26a4, Spp1, Mmp7, and Mmp12 genes were overlapped. Meanwhile, the expression levels of 16 and 4 genes were negatively correlated with the C(60) fullerene dose at 1 week and 6 months after the instillation, respectively. Microarray based gene expression profiling suggested that the expression of some genes is correlated with the dose of intratracheally instilled C(60)fullerenes. We propose that these genes are useful for identifying potential biomarkers in acute phase or persistent responses to C(60) that these genes are useful for identifying potential biomarkers in acute phase or persistent responses to C(60) fullerenes in the lung tissue. Abstract: PubMed Fujita K et al; Toxicology 274 (1 3) 34 41 (2010) from HSDB /OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Buckminsterfullerene (C60) can form water suspensions (nC60) that exert toxic effects. While reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation has been implicated as the mechanism for mammalian cytotoxicity, /it is proposed/ that nC60 exerts ROS independent oxidative stress in bacteria, with evidence of protein oxidation, changes in cell membrane potential, and interruption of cellular respiration. This mechanism requires direct contact between the nanoparticle and the bacterial cell and differs from previously reported nanomaterial antibacterial mechanisms that involve ROS generation (metal oxides) or leaching of toxic elements (nanosilver) Abstract: PubMed Lyon D, Alvarez P; Environ Sci Technol 42 (21) 8127 32 (2008)
title: Fullerene C60 C60 PubChem
year: 2019