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abstract: Lately, the integration of two dimensional materials into semiconductor devices has allowed the modification of their effective index by simply applying a modest voltage (between 0 and 3 volts) In this work, we present a device composed of two evanescently coupled silicon microring resonators where both rings have a graphene layer on top. This design is aimed to produce frequency combs with transmission characteristics controlled upon voltage application to the graphene layer. We numerically analyze the device response as a function of the incident wavelength and applied voltage. The results showed a low input intensity (0.6 GW/cm2) needed and a rapid response time (0.1 ms) in comparison to devices controlled by heat injection. (c) 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement OCIS codes: (130.0130) Integrated optics; (230.0230) Optical devices. (190.0190) Nonlinear optics. References and links 1. Z. Sun, A. Martinez, and F. Wang, "Optical modulators with 2D layered materials," Nat. Photonics 10, 227 238 (2016) 2. T. Low, A. Chaves, J. D. Caldwell, A. Kumar, N. X. Fang, P. Avouris, T. F. Heinz, F. Guinea, L. Martin Moreno, and F. Koppens, "Polaritons in layered two dimensional materials," Nat. Mater. 16, 182 (2017) 3. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, "Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films," Science 306, 666 669 (2004) 4. A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, "The rise of graphene," Nat Mater 6, 183 (2007) 5. F. Schwierz, "Graphene transistors," Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 487 496 (2010) 6. F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. Ferrari, "Graphene photonics and optoelectronics," Nat. Photonics 4, 611 622 (2010) 7. L. Liao, Y. C. Lin, M. Bao, R. Cheng, J. Bai, Y. Liu, Y. Qu, K. L. Wang, Y. Huang, and X. Duan, "High speed graphene transistors with a self aligned nanowire gate," Nature 467, 305 308 (2010) 8. P. Avouris, Z. Chen, and V. Perebeinos, "Carbon based electronics," Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 605 615 (2007) 9. Y. Fan, N. H. Shen, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Tunable terahertz meta surface with graphene cut wires," ACS Photonics 2, 151 156 (2015) 10. T. Low and P. Avouris, "Graphene plasmonics for terahertz to mid infrared applications," ACS Nano 8, 1086 1101 (2014) 11. Y. Fan, F. Zhang, Q. Zhao, Z. Wei, and H. Li, "Tunable terahertz coherent perfect absorption in a monolayer graphene," Opt. Lett. 39, 6269 6272 (2014) 12. Y. Fan, N. H. Shen, F. Zhang, Z. Wei, H. Li, Q. Zhao, Q. Fu, P. Zhang, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Electrically tunable Goos Hanchen effect with graphene in the terahertz regime," Adv. Opt. Mater. 4, 1824 1828 (2016) 13. R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. Peres, and A. K. Geim, "Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene," Science 320, 1308 (2008) 14. K. F. Mak, M. Y. Sfeir, Y. Wu, C. H. Lui, J. A. Misewich, and T. F. Heinz, "Measurement of the optical conductivity of graphene," Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 196405 (2008) 15. V. Sorianello, G. De Angelis, T. Cassese, M. Midrio, M. Romagnoli, M. Mohsin, M. Otto, D. Neumaier, I. Asselberghs, J. Van Campenhout, and C. Huyghebaert, "Complex effective index in graphene silicon waveguides," Opt. Express Vol. 26, No. 12 11 Jun 2018 OPTICS EXPRESS 15490 #322741 https:/doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.015490 Journal (c) 2018 Received 21 Feb 2018; revised 17 Apr 2018; accepted 17 Apr 2018; published 6 Jun 2018 24, 29984 29993 (2016) 16. J. Capmany, D. Domenech, and P. Munoz, "Silicon graphene waveguide tunable broadband microwave photonics phase shifter," Opt. Express 22, 8094 8100 (2014) 17. J. Capmany, D. Domenech, and P. Munoz, "Silicon graphene Bragg gratings," Opt. Express 22, 5283 5290 (2014) 18. S. A. Diddams, T. Udem, J. Bergquist, E. Curtis, R. Drullinger, L. Hollberg, W. M. Itano, W. Lee, C. Oates, K. Vogel, and D. J. Wineland, "An optical clock based on a single trapped 199hg+ ion," Science 293, 825 828 (2001) 19. M. Murphy, T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, A. Sizmann, L. Pasquini, C. Araujo Hauck, H. Dekker, S. D'Odorico, M. Fischer, T. Hansch, and A. Manescau, "High precision wavelength calibration of astronomical spectrographs with laser frequency combs," Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 380, 839 847 (2007) 20. T. Steinmetz, T. Wilken, C. Araujo Hauck, R. Holzwarth, T. W. Hansch, L. Pasquini, A. Manescau, S. D'Odorico, M. T. Murphy, T. Kentischer, W. Schmidt, and T. Udem, "Laser frequency combs for astronomical observations," Science 321, 1335 1337 (2008) 21. C. H. Li, A. J. Benedick, P. Fendel, A. G. Glenday, F. X. Kartner, D. F. Phillips, D. Sasselov, A. Szentgyorgyi, and R. L. Walsworth, "A laser frequency comb that enables radial velocity measurements with a precision of 1 cm s 1," Nature 452, 610 612 (2008) 22. S. A. Diddams, L. Hollberg, and V. Mbele, "Molecular fingerprinting with the resolved modes of a femtosecond laser frequency comb," Nature 445, 627 630 (2007) 23. C. Gohle, T. Udem, M. Herrmann, J. Rauschenberger, R. Holzwarth, H. A. Schuessler, F. Krausz, and T. W. Hansch, "A frequency comb in the extreme ultraviolet," Nature 436, 234 237 (2005) 24. R. J. Jones, K. D. Moll, M. J. Thorpe, and J. Ye, "Phase coherent frequency combs in the vacuum ultraviolet via high harmonic generation inside a femtosecond enhancement cavity," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 193201 (2005) 25. F. Keilmann, C. Gohle, and R. Holzwarth, "Time domain mid infrared frequency comb spectrometer," Opt. Lett. 29, 1542 1544 (2004) 26. I. Coddington, W. C. Swann, L. Nenadovic, and N. R. Newbury, "Rapid and precise absolute distance measurements at long range," Nat. Photonics 3, 351 356 (2009) 27. R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear optics (Academic Press, 2003) 28. G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear fiber optics (Academic Press, 2007) 29. T. J. Kippenberg, R. Holzwarth, and S. Diddams, "Microresonator based optical frequency combs," Science 332, 555 559 (2011) 30. T. Herr, K. Hartinger, J. Riemensberger, C. Wang, E. Gavartin, R. Holzwarth, M. Gorodetsky, and T. Kippenberg, "Universal formation dynamics and noise of kerr frequency combs in microresonators," Nat. Photonics 6, 480 487 (2012) 31. A. A. Savchenkov, A. B. Matsko, V. S. Ilchenko, I. Solomatine, D. Seidel, and L. Maleki, "Tunable optical frequency comb with a crystalline whispering gallery mode resonator," Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 093902 (2008) 32. I. S. Grudinin, N. Yu, and L. Maleki, "Generation of optical frequency combs with a caf 2 resonator," Opt. Lett. 34, 878 880 (2009) 33. W. Liang, A. Savchenkov, A. Matsko, V. Ilchenko, D. Seidel, and L. Maleki, "Generation of near infrared frequency combs from a MgF2 whispering gallery mode resonator," Opt. Lett. 36, 2290 2292 (2011) 34. C. Wang, T. Herr, P. Del'Haye, A. Schliesser, R. Holzwarth, T. W. Haensch, N. Picque, and T. Kippenberg, "Midinfrared frequency combs based on microresonators," in Proceedings of Optical Society of America Conference CLEO: Science and Innovations (Optical Society of America, 2011) p. PDPA4. 35. I. H. Agha, Y. Okawachi, M. A. Foster, J. E. Sharping, and A. L. Gaeta, "Four wave mixing parametric oscillations in dispersion compensated high q silica microspheres," Phys. Rev. A 76, 043837 (2007) 36. L. Razzari, D. Duchesne, M. Ferrera, R. Morandotti, S. Chu, B. Little, and D. Moss, "Cmos compatible integrated optical hyper parametric oscillator," Nat. Photonics 4, 41 45 (2010) 37. J. S. Levy, A. Gondarenko, M. A. Foster, A. C. Turner Foster, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, "Cmos compatible multiple wavelength oscillator for on chip optical interconnects," Nat. Photonics 4, 37 40 (2010) 38. M. A. Foster, J. S. Levy, O. Kuzucu, K. Saha, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, "Silicon based monolithic optical frequency comb source," Opt. Express 19, 14233 14239 (2011) 39. D. Braje, L. Hollberg, and S. Diddams, "Brillouin enhanced hyperparametric generation of an optical frequency comb in a monolithic highly nonlinear fiber cavity pumped by a cw laser," Phys. Rev. Lett 102, 193902 (2009) 40. Y. Yi, P. Pignalosa, and D. Wu, "Tunable and ultra small graphene integrated silicon racetrack micro resonator," IEEE IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 23, 1 6 (2017) 41. P. A. Costanzo Caso, Y. Jin, S. Granieri, and A. Siahmakoun, "Optical bistability in a nonlinear soa based fiber ring resonator," J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. Mater.20, 281 292 (2011) 42. S. Rabal, L. A. Bulus Rossini, and P. A. Costanzo Caso, "Control strategy of true time delay lines," Fiber Integrated Opt. 38, 38 58 (2016) 43. P. Del Haye, T. Herr, E. Gavartin, M. Gorodetsky, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, "Octave spanning tunable frequency comb from a microresonator," Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 063901 (2011) 44. H. Jung, C. Xiong, K. Y. Fong, X. Zhang, and H. X. Tang, "Optical frequency comb generation from aluminum nitride microring resonator," Opt. Lett. 38, 2810 2813 (2013) 45. X. Xue, Y. Xuan, P. H. Wang, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, "Tunable frequency comb generation from a microring with a thermal heater," in Proceedings of Optical Society of America Conference CLEO: Science Vol. 26, No. 12 11 Jun 2018 OPTICS EXPRESS 15491
author_names: Chadli A

P V
title: Manipulation of extinction features in frequency combs through the usage of graphene
year: 2018

abstract: The cell phone market is growing on a daily basis as the demand increases globally. However, the availability of the internet has been a major driver for the demand as people use it to access vital information and communicate through social media platforms. The development has enjoyed its proportionate share or destructions as both adolescents and adults are addicted to using the gadgets. It is evident that the number of people using phones is increasing, and this could be disastrous if the right measures are not taken early. As a result, some people have to gamble with their health at the expense of lengthy time on the phone and lack time to interact. It is evident that people addicted to cellphone usage are likely to use most of their time sleeping or sitting. Lack of adequate exercise or poor posters contributes to health issues such as obesity, back pain, or heart diseases. Exposure to the excessive light emitted by phone screens can affect the users' visual ability. There is adequate literature on this topic, and at least six peer reviewed journals were used to get results and discussions. The results revealed there were high chances of depression for cell phone addicts. Cases of antisocial behaviors have been noted in some people addicted to the phone use, as they prefer utilizing much time on a phone instead of interacting with close friend and family. The incidence of some adolescents being misled by information got from the internet is increasing. A case in point was the infamous 'blue whale challenge' that misled some adolescents to the extent of committing suicide. In other cases, the reasoning ability is affected because some people use a phone for a long time and they do not have time for adequate sleep. Consequently, they are likely to be exposed to stress and depression since their brains fail to concentrate or function properly. In case of students, they will end up failing in school and have psychological issues that can lead to depression. As a result, further studies should be conducted to determine the most appropriate preventive measures.
author_names: George B Clairmont

Bernice Lf
title: Cell Phone Addiction and the Link to Depression in Adolescents and Adults
year: 2018

abstract: This paper concentrates on the worldview of portable distributed computing, which contains preferences of versatile processing, distributed computing, and systems administration. We audit the significant advantages offered to portable distributed computing by the fifth era remote innovation, including the parts of heterogeneous network, gadget to gadget and machine to machine correspondences, and additionally vitality effectiveness. Our work closes by uncovering open difficulties and alluring headings for further research around there. Keywords mobile cloud computing; fifth generation (5G) wireless technology; heterogeneous networks (HetNets) device to device (D2D) communications; energy efficiency, Internet of Things (IoT) Internet of Services (IoS) I. MODERN MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING Today, progressively fit cell phones, spoke to by cutting edge advanced cells and tablets, are utilized to help individuals in their day by day schedules, from correspondence and social association to putting away and handling their essential private data. With handheld gadget industry now turning into a 150 billion dollar business, we witness phenomenal differing qualities of portable applications and administrations crosswise over both customer and venture markets. To this end, versatile figuring has officially formed into a critical innovation permitting us to get to data and information whenever, anyplace. Be that as it may, given restricted data transmission, battery life, and capacity limit of current client gear, distributed computing has as of late risen as the collection of registering ability to expand the contemporary processing framework. Distributed computing for the most part offers on interest provisioning of different applications, stages, and heterogeneous figuring frameworks [1] Given the size of its utilization today, from diversion, gaming, travel, and news to human services, business, and long range informal communication, we anticipate that distributed computing will in the end develop into the Internet of Services (IoS) [2] With IoS, everything that exists on the Internet today might be spoken to as an administration and afterward conveyed to the end client. Together with Internet by and for the general population and the Internet of Things (IoT) the IoS is accepted to prepare for the future arranged society, where "individuals, learning, gadgets, and data are organized for the development of society, life, and RAVINDER REDDY SEELAM et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.5 Issue.6, June2016, pg. 538 544 (c) 2016, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 539 business" [3] The vital auxiliary segments of the IoS are (i) Software as a Service (SaaS) empowering on interest access to any application, (ii) Platform as a Service (PaaS) giving stage to development and conveyance of uses, and (iii) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offering on interest registering systems administration, and capacity bases. At last, different applications will be conveyed as administrations over the IoS base, while the equipment and frameworks programming of server farms will be utilized to give those administrations. Here, a fundamental element for the cloud suppliers to keep up the versatility of their administrations and also to enhance the related operational effectiveness is the virtualization of cloud assets. Subsequently, cloud administrators progressively depend on product equipment usage by method for system capacity virtualization (NFV) and programming characterized organizing (SDN) Situated at the crossing point of portable figuring, distributed computing, and systems administration, versatile distributed computing (MCC) acquires the alluring advantages of portability, correspondence, and transportability [4] It guarantees to essentially develop the battery lifetime of versatile client gadgets, enhance their information stockpiling limit and preparing power, and expand the unwavering quality [5] In this manner, it does not shock anyone that cloud based versatile arrangements have developed into a 10billion dollar market having applications in picture and dialect handling, sharing Internet information, swarm processing, mixed media look, sensor information applications, and person to person communication. Sadly, unusual client development in versatile mists may prompt regular reconnections and thus brings along the real restrictions of MCC, for example, shaky availability, asset lack, and limited vitality supply [6].Therefore, considerable progress has to be made in communications technology before the MCC challenges could be met satisfactorily. Many, however, believe that recent advances in wireless connectivity hold a promise to mitigate the most pressing demands of MCC [7] In what follows, we review the latest developments in wireless communications technology and concentrate on its capabilities to unveil the full potential of future MCC. II. FIFTH GENERATION COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY Current remote frameworks are attempting to meet the foreseen speeding up in client movement request disturbed by the fast expansion in cloud based administrations and applications. With the normal 13 fold development of portable information throughout the following five years, versatile system administrators are tested with the need to altogether enhance limit and scope over their remote organizations. To increase the current cell innovation, portable industry is stepping in numerous parts of fifth era (5G) remote framework outline; a few of them abridged over the span of our survey A. Heterogeneous multi radio multi cell connectivity It is a typical conviction that 5G remote frameworks won't be a widespread one size fits all arrangement, but instead turn into a merged arrangement of different radio access advancements (RATs) coordinated under the control of the administrator's cell system. Thusly, the worldview of heterogeneous systems (HetNets) has been presented as a cutting edge organizing design (see Figure 1) empowering forceful limit and scope upgrades towards future 5G systems [8] Today, HetNets as of now contain a progressive arrangement of little cells, on different scales and by various RATs, for limit together with large scale cells for omnipresent scope, control coordination, and consistent portability [9] RAVINDER REDDY SEELAM et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.5 Issue.6, June2016, pg. 538 544 (c) 2016, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 540 Fig. 1. Envisioned architecture of a 5G wireless system. An imperative late pattern in HetNets is the expanding conjunction between cell (e.g. 3GPP LTE) and neighbourhood (e.g. IEEE 802.11 a.k.a. Wi Fi) [10] By complexity to cell innovation dwelling in costly authorized range, Wi Fi utilizes unlicensed recurrence groups and in this manner might be favoured for sharp offloading of the cell system activity [11] Extra advantages of Wi Fi stem from the way that it exists in the large number of structures (from traditional IEEE 802.11n and high rate 802.11ac arrangements, to mm Wave 802.11ad frameworks, to low control 802.11ah innovation) Persuaded initially by the administrators' longing to ease quick clog on their systems, the utilization of Wi Fi is, notwithstanding, liable to stay in the standard of 5G advancement, with incorporated little cells (utilizing co found LTE and Wi Fi interfaces) flooding the business sector soon. To encourage joining of Wi Fi under the control of the cell organize, the 3GPP models group is creating adaptable lower layer coordination instruments as of now for the Release 12 of LTE innovation. Such control methodology dwell on the radio access system (RAN) level and permit to, e.g. progressively adjust the stacking of the related RATs and even empower their synchronous operation, when client hardware transmits on a few radio interfaces [12] The fine grained control plans utilizing RAN level help are required to convey enhanced execution to future HetNets by improving them from multiple points of view, from cutting edge RAT revelation and ongoing system choice [13] to multi RAT radio asset administration, versatility, and session exchange capacities. B. Network assisted device to device communications While sending an expanding thickness of multi radio little cells turns into the standard bearing toward the 5G, system densification actually suggests extensive capital and operational uses to introduce and deal with the additional base stations. In this manner, thick HetNets may now and then require restrictive speculation from the system administrators subsequently making them look for option strategies to offload cell system movement. In addition, taking care of a system with multi RAT little cells of various sizes may acquire critical difficulties in cross cell impedance coordination, and also bring about exceptionally complex control methods for system help. Luckily, there is an option answer for offload a portion of the phone movement onto direct gadget to gadget (D2D) radio connections as these are ordinarily shorter and in this manner more frightfully proficient than the customary little cell associations [14] With a significant part of the present RAVINDER REDDY SEELAM et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.5 Issue.6, June2016, pg. 538 544 (c) 2016, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 541 versatile movement development originating from shared applications and administrations, which commonly include individuals in close nearness, the advantages of D2D interchanges for information offloading are turning out to be progressively alluring [15] While D2D based operation does not utilize broadband framework for exchanging client information, cell availability may in any case help by giving help gadget disclosure, D2D association foundation, and administration coherence. All things considered, D2D innovation can ease cell blockage without the expense of extra systems
author_names: Ravinder Reddy Seelam

R Prakash Kolli

Posinasetti Nageswara Rao

K Bikshapati
title: A Review of Future Mobile Cloud Computing with the help of 5G Wireless Technology
year: 2016

abstract: Variety of companies the usage of cloud computing has improved dramatically over the last few years because of the attractive capabilities including scalability, flexibility, fast start up and coffee expenses. offerings supplied over the net are ranging from the use of provider's software program and hardware to handling safety and other troubles. a number of the biggest challenges at this point are supplying privateness and data protection to subscribers of public cloud servers. An green encryption approach provided in this paper can be used for secure get admission to to and storage of data on public cloud server, moving and searching encrypted records via communique channels whilst shielding information confidentiality. security has come to be an critical and vital paradigm in information services that supplied by way of various clouds. information want to be stored and manipulated very confidentially and without information breach. Cloud computing presents a service based totally on net for several shared resources and system software program across diverse environment. For cozy cloud garage the method of encryption of the data to the customers for various desires has been introduced with the aid of the delegated access control approach. typically garage in public cloud requires excessive verbal exchange, heavy load due to maximum storage and high computational charges. on this paper, we're implementing multi cloud environment for secure garage where it acts as a public cloud and presents low fees, also it entails twolayer encryption over the information saved within the cloud. we are the use of an green AES algorithm which offers higher confidentiality and privateness for numerous users within the cloud and stores the statistics in multi clouds where the users can retrieve with the keys later while delegating it via get admission to manipulate from the cloud. Securities as well as expenses are the peak troubles in this area of studies and that they range considerably, depending on the vendor. To defend clouds, providers need to first secure virtualized datacenter assets, uphold person privateness, and hold records integrity. The authors propose using a consider overlay network over more than one facts centers to implement a reputation gadget for setting up agree with between service companies and statistics owners. statistics coloring and software program watermarking techniques shield shared facts gadgets and vastly dispensed software program modules. those techniques guard multi way authentications, enable unmarried sign on within the cloud, and tighten get right of entry to manage for sensitive statistics in both public and private clouds. The proposed model is exceedingly efficient and secures underneath current security models. The authors tried to study the threats and attacks that possibly launch in cloud computing records garage and proposed a safety mechanism. This paper offers a strong picture watermarking scheme based totally on a sample projection method. while we keep in mind the human visual system in our watermarking algorithm, we use the low frequency additives of image blocks for statistics hiding to attain excessive robustness in opposition to attacks. We use four samples of the approximation coefficients of the image blocks to construct a line segment inside the 2 D area. The slope of this line segment, that is invariant to the gain component, is employed for watermarking cause. We embed the watermarking code by using projecting the line section on some unique traces according to message bits. To design a most probability decoder, we compute the distribution of the slope of the embedding line segment for Gaussian samples. The performance of the proposed approach is analytically investigated and verified via several simulations. Experimental outcomes verify the validity of our model International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 09 Sep 2016 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 (c) 2016, IRJET Impact Factor value: 4.45 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 46 and its high robustness towards common attacks in evaluation with similar watermarking strategies which are invariant to the gain assault.
author_names: Mr B Kkaruppusamy
title: RETRIEVING SECURE ENHANCED AES BASED WATERMARKING DATA COLORING IN CLOUD COMPUTING ATMOSPHERE
year: 2016

abstract: Despite two decades of empirical studies focusing on programmers and the problems with programming, usability of textual programming languages is still hard to achieve. Its younger relation, visual programming languages (VPLs) also share the same problem of poor usability. This research explores and investigates the usability issues relating to VPLs in order to suggest a set of design principles that emphasise usability. The approach adopted focuses on issues arising from the interaction and communication between the human (programmers) the computer (user interface) and the program. Being exploratory in nature, this PhD reviews the literature as a starting point for stimulating and developing research questions and hypotheses that experimental studies were conducted to investigate. However, the literature alone cannot provide a fully comprehensive list of possible usability problems in VPLs so that design principles can be confidently recommended. A commercial VPL was, therefore, holistically evaluated and a comprehensive list of usability problems was obtained from the research. Six empirical studies employing both quantitative and qualitative methodology were undertaken as dictated by the nature of the research. Five of these were controlled experiments and one was qualitative naturalistic. The experiments studied the effect of a programming paradigm and of representation of program flow on novices' performances. The results indicated superiority of control flow programs in relation to data flow programs; a control flow preference among novices; and in addition that directional representation does not affect performance while traversal direction does due to cognitive demands imposed upon programmers. Results of the qualitative study included a list of 145 usability problems and these were further categorised into ten problem areas. These findings were integrated with other analytical work based upon the review of the literature in a structured fashion to form a checklist and a set of design principles for VPLs that are empirically grounded and evaluated against existing research in the literature. Furthermore, an extended framework for Cognitive Dimensions of Notations is also discussed and proposed as an evaluation method for diagrammatic VPLs on the basis of the qualitative study. The above consists of the major findings and deliverables of this research. Nevertheless, there are several other findings identified on the basis of the substantial amount of data obtained in the series of experiments carried out, which have made a novel contribution to knowledge in the fields of Human Computer Interaction, Psychology of Programming, and Visual Programming Languages. Acknowledgements The journey to completing a PhD has not been a lonely path, as I was told when I started. Of course, there were times when I experienced intellectual loneliness, which was, perhaps, the feeling I most resented. But the world is not static, time passes, and new people come around. Only through this long journey have I had the opportunity to befriend and to be inspired by so many people from different professions, cultures, and expertise. They are my friends who, one way or another intellectually or not have been a part of this research and a part of the new me at the end of this journey. Firstly, I thank my long term teacher and mentor, Dave Sharp, for his faith in me and for always being supportive. I am indebted to my supervisors, Dr Jasna Kuljis and Professor Ray Paul, for their supervision and, in particular, for their patience in waiting for and reading the' Story' I specially thank all participants of my experiments at the University of Westminster, University of London (Goldsmiths campus) and Brunei University. In the early days of this research, my thanks go to Professor Thomas Green, who joyfully answered my questions both via emails and over dining tables. At Brunei, I thank Jacqueline Brodie and Chiladda Chennawasin, my PhD buddies who, frequently came to the rescue of my 999 'intellectual' calls. Those who inspired and helped me over the Atlantic via emails must also be acknowledged. I thank Professor Gitte Lindgaard of Carleton University, Canada. My mentor and friend, through emails at low and high times and, without whom, HE Plus may not have been born. I would also like to thank Dr Paul D. Tynan at Eastman Kodak in New York for sharing with me his professional experience. I was fortunate enough to gain confidence in a piece of my work in this research by having known Dr Patrick W. Jordan who shared my faith in the Immersion method. The list only gets longer and there seems not to be enough space to mention all who must be thanked. On the personal front, I thank Mano, Mina, Kana, and Seij i for putting up with my bad habit of working' an.vtime and anywhere Perhaps, they did not have a choice, but I am still grateful. There were others who helped shape the new me during this journey. Jacqueline, who arrived during my second year at Brunei kept me sane by distracting me with the fun of researching our shared interests. This distraction was an invaluable experience such that I gladly paid the price of a longer journey towards completing my PhD. Jacqueline, however, was not the only supporter of my mental well being, I also owe my sanity and fitness to Nick Adamou and his karate training, which I would have never tried had it not been for the monotonic lifestyle that I adopted during this journey. Finally, I thank you all for your serious effort in proofreading this thesis: Jacqueline Brodie, James Evans, Robert Scane, and Nick West. List of Publications 1. Brodie, 1. Chattratichart J. Perry, M. Scane, R. (2003) How age can inform the future design of mobile phone experience. In S. Constantine (Ed. Proceedings of the Human Computer Interaction International, HCll 2003, Volume 4 (pp.822 826) NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2. Chattratichart, J. (2003) Establishing Design Principles for Diagrammatic VPLs. In M. Rauterberg, M. Menozzi J. Wesson (Eds. Proceedings of the Xinth IFIP Te13 Conference on Human Computer Interaction, Interact 2003(pp. 948) Amsterdam: lOS Press. 3. Chattratichart, J. Brodie, 1. (2003a) HE Plus: Toward usage centered expert re\'ie\ for website design. In L. L. Constantine (Ed. Proceedings of/orUSE 2003, Second International Conference on Usage Centered Design (pp. 155 169) Massachusetts: Ampersand Press. 4. Chattratichart,1. Brodie, 1. (2003b) Envisioning a mobile phone for 'all' ages. In M. Rauterberg, M. Menozzi 1. Wesson (Eds. Proceedings of the Ninth IFIP Te13 Conference on Human Computer Interaction, Interact 2003 (pp. 725 728) Amsterdam: lOS Press. 5. Chattratichart,1. Brodie, J. (2003c) Inclusive phone design to bridge the age gap. In Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACM SIGCHI NZ Conference on ComputerHuman Interaction, CHINZ 2003 (pp.III 115) ACM SIGCHI. 6. Chattratichart, 1. Brodie, J. (2003d) The age factor in the design equation of cell phones. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Usability Professionals' Association Conference, UPA 2003. UPA. 7. Chattratichart, 1. Cave, D. Vaduva, A. (2003) Learning and doing 'expert evaluation' A teaching dilemma. In L. L. Constantine (Ed. Proceedings offorUSE 2003, Second International Conference on Usage Centered Design (pp. 27 35) Massachusetts: Ampersand Press. 8. Chattratichart,1. Jordan, P. W. (2003) Simulating 'lived' user experience Virtual immersion and inclusive design. In M. Rauterberg, M. Menozzi 1. Wesson (Eds. Proceedings of the Ninth IFIP Te13 Conference on Human Computer Interaction, Interact 2003 (pp. 721 725) Amsterdam: lOS Press. 9. Chattratichart, J. Turner, C. Brodie, 1. (2003) Exploring the total customer experience: Usability evaluations of (B2C) e commerce environments. In S. Minocha L. Dawson (Eds. Proceedings of Workshop 6, the Ninth IFIP Te13 Conference on Human Computer Interaction, Interact 2003 (pp. 4 5) The Open University. 10. Jordan, P. W. Chattratichart, J. (2003) Immersion and design Getting inside the user's mind. In Proceedings of the ICSID 2 Educational Conference, ICSID Design Congress 2003 (pp.48 52) IF International Forum Design GmbH. 11. Brodie, J. Chattratichart, 1. (2002) Contextualising heuristic evaluation to improve website appraisal. In Proceedings of the 11 th Annual Usability Professionals' Association Conference, UP A 2002 (pp. 51) UP A. 12. Chattratichart,1. Brodie, 1. (2002a) Establishing design guidelines for a better online shopping experience. In Proceedings of the 11 th Annual Usability Professionals' Association Conference, UPA 2002 (pp. 51) UPA. 13. Chattratichart, J. Brodie, 1. (2002b) Extending the heuristic evaluation method through contextualisation. In Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, HFES 2002 (pp. 641 645) HFES. [This paper was nominated for the Alphonse Chapani' s Best Student Paper A ward at HFES 2002. 14. Chattratichart,1. Kuljis, 1. (2002) Exploring the effect of control flow and traversal direction on VPL usability for novices. Journal of Visual Languages Computing, 13(5) London: Academic Press, 471 500. 15. Chattratichart, J. Kuljis, J. (2001a) Some evidence for graphical readership, paradigm preference, and the match mismatch conjecture in graphical programs. In G. Kadoda (Ed. Proceedings of the 13 Annual Meeting of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group, PPIG 2001 (pp. 173 189) Sheffield: Print Unit. 16. Chattratichart, J. Kuljis, 1. (2001b) Why diagrams are sometimes difficult. In H. Michitaka (Ed. Proceedings of the Eighth IFIP TC13 Conference on HumanComputer Interaction, Interact 2001, Volume 2 (pp.755 756) 17. Chattratichart, J. (2000) Visualisation of program specification. In S. Turner and P. Turner (Eds. Proceedings of Human Computer Interaction, HCI 2000 (Vol.2, pp. 145 146) 18. Chattratichart, J. Kuljis, 1. (20
author_names: Jarinee Chattratichart
title: Usability issues and design principles for visual programming languages
year: 2003

abstract: s The Journal of Pain S75 characterized her pain as burning, shooting, and sharp and quantified it as 10/10 in severity. She noted significant deficits in sleep quality with decreased ability to perform ADLs, and overall functioning due to disabling pain causing her to be homebound. Physical exam was significant for allodynia of the right C4 C5 dermatomes. The patient failed multiple neuropathic medications due to poor efficacy and sedation including: amitriptyline, pregabalin, duloxetine, and gabapentin. The patient tried nighttime acetaminophen oxycodone, but did not report any improvement in her pain level or function. To aidwith themanagement of the radicular component of her pain a cervical intralaminar epidural steroid injection was performed, however, it failed to produce durable pain control. Given the neuropathic component, underlying pathology of the pain, and the patient's poor success with conservative measures the patient was considered for spinal cord stimulator trial. The trial was completed using an eight contact lead inserted into the T5 6 intralaminar space. The leadwas then advanced along the epidural space and lateralized over the exiting nerve roots in the final position at the top of C2. At completion, the lead covered the right nerve roots of C2 C5. At follow up, the patient reported greater than 75% pain control. She reported improvements in ADL's with no functional limitations secondary to pain. The patient was scheduled for definitive implant of the device. Pain related to schwannoma resection is an uncommon clinical occurrence. A trial of nerve root stimulation can be attempted in patients who are refractory to non invasive treatments. This case demonstrates that single lead stimulation of the pain generating nerve roots can produce significant relief in patients who are status post schwannoma resection. F10 Neuropathic Pain: Pharmacological Treatment (401) Brain alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator attenuates mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in a mouse model of neuroinflammatory pain M Abbas and S Rahman; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD Neuroinflammatory pain is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by allodynia and hyperalgesia. Previous studies have shown that microglial alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (a7 nAChRs) in the central nervous system is involved in pain production and maintenance involving nuclear factor kappa B (NF kB) The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of 3a,4,5,9bTetrahydro 4 (1 naphthalenyl) 3H cyclopentan[c]quinoline 8 sulfonamide (TQS) an alpha7 nAChR positive allosteric modulator, and telmisartan (Tel) an NF kB antagonist, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)induced neuroinflammatory pain using von Frey hair test, a widely used method for quantification of mechanical allodynia and hot plate test, a commonly used technique for hyperalgesia assessment in mice. In addition, we examined the effects of TQS (1 or 4 mg/kg) on mRNA for inhibitor of kappa B (IkB) an NF kB inhibitory protein. Acute administration of LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p. increased (p<0.05) the sensitivity to pain (allodynia and hyperalgesia) after 6 hours. TQS (0.25, 1 or 4 mg/kg, i.p. decreased LPS induced allodynic or hyperalgesic response (p<0.05) Pretreatment of Tel (1 mg/kg, i.p. with TQS (0.25 mg/kg, i.p. reduced LPS induced allodynia and hyperalgesia. TQS (4 mg/kg, i.p. also reduced the expression of IkB mRNA in the hippocampus suggesting the involvement of NF kB. Taken together, these results suggest that TQS decreases LPS induced neuroinflammatory pain by reducing hippocampal NF kB activation. (402) A retrospective investigation into the impact of early post operative intravenous ketamine infusion on recovery and phantom limb pain in new amputees K Jaremko and E Viscusi; Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, have been purported to minimize central sensitization at the spinal cord level and may decrease ongoing neuropathic pain following acute neuronal injury. There is conflicting information in the literature regarding the efficacy of intravenous ketamine infusions to treat acute postamputation pain and potentially ameliorate chronic phantom limb pain. This retrospective observational study tests the hypothesis that intravenous ketamine infusions initiated within 30 days of limb amputation will improve phantom pain sensations, pain at discharge, decrease concurrent opioid usage, and contribute to better outcomes without significant adverse effects. All patients that underwent limb amputation and received a consult to the Acute Pain Medicine Service (APMS) for ketamine treatment during hospitalization from January 2009 through October 2015 are eligible for study inclusion. IRB approved data collection includes APMS documentation of pain characterization and intensity over time, pain at discharge, duration and dosage of ketamine, adjuvant analgesic usage, co morbidities, and psychoactive, hepatic, or cardiovascular side effect occurrences. Data collection is ongoing and currently inconclusive, however there is a trend towards decreased neuropathic pain and phantom sensations at doses with a minimal side effect profile. The patient population referred to APMS is likely biased by greater uncontrolled pain, potentially in conjunction with more complex comorbidities limiting medication management. Therapeutic significance in this challenging population suggests beneficial application to a broader spectrum of patients undergoing amputation. In conclusion, our preliminary findings on the safety and efficacy of ketamine infusion for phantom pain during the initial post amputation hospitalizationwarrants further prospective research to investigate its potential role in acute pain management protocols. (403) Co administration ofmirogabalin and zolpidem in healthy subjects: results from a randomized, double blind, drug drug interaction study M Jansen, D Merante, A Currie, M Velinova, K Brown, and H Zahir; Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ Mirogabalin, a preferentially selective a2d 1 ligand, is intended for treatment of pain associated with fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain. A four treatment (placebo (PBO)/PBO; mirogabalin 10mg /PBO; PBO/zolpidem 10mg; mirogabalin 10mg /zolpidem 10mg, 4 period, crossover study was conducted in 20 healthy subjects to evaluate the acute interaction potential between mirogabalin and a single dose of zolpidem. Washout periods were =7 days. Serial blood samples were collected for measurement of mirogabalin and zolpidem pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, tmax, AUCtau [mirogabalin] AUC0 inf [zolpidem] and t1/2) Pharmacodynamic assessments included body sway, digit symbol substitution test (DSST) visual analog scale of mood and alertness, vertigo symptom scale, and brief ataxia rating scale. Safety and tolerability were also assessed. Study subjects were randomized and completed all 4 treatment periods. Mirogabalin pharmacokinetic values were similar when co administered with PBO or zolpidem; zolpidem had similar pharmacokinetic values when co administered with PBO or mirogabalin. Mirogabalin alone did not appear to affect pharmacodynamic assessments compared with PBO. Zolpidem alone increased body sway and decreasedDSSTand self rated alertness. Co administration withmirogabalin did not affect themagnitude or time course of the zolpidem effects. The most common adverse events were dizziness, headache, and somnolence. Dizziness was reported by most (75% 80% subjects after zolpidem treatment; incidence and severity were not affected by mirogabalin co administration. A numerically greater than additive increase in somnolence frequency (but not severity) was noted with mirogabalin/zolpidem co administration. There were no apparent treatment related trends in laboratory test results or vital signs. In summary, mirogabalin/zolpidem coadministration caused no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions. Zolpidem alone increased body sway and decreased DSST and self rated alertness; these effects did not appear to be influenced by mirogabalin co administration. Mirogabalin/zolpidem co administration increased the frequency of somnolence. Overall, mirogabalin/zolpidem co administration was considered safe in this study. Supported by Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. (404) Healthcare utilization in patients with postherpetic neuralgia J Gilbert, T Goss, K Patel, and J Gudin; Boston Healthcare Associates,
author_names: Kellie Jaremko

Eugene R Viscusi
title: (402) A retrospective investigation into the impact of early post operative intravenous ketamine infusion on recovery and phantom limb pain in new amputees.
venue: The journal of pain official journal of the American Pain Society
year: 2016

abstract: s The Journal of Pain S75 characterized her pain as burning, shooting, and sharp and quantified it as 10/10 in severity. She noted significant deficits in sleep quality with decreased ability to perform ADLs, and overall functioning due to disabling pain causing her to be homebound. Physical exam was significant for allodynia of the right C4 C5 dermatomes. The patient failed multiple neuropathic medications due to poor efficacy and sedation including: amitriptyline, pregabalin, duloxetine, and gabapentin. The patient tried nighttime acetaminophen oxycodone, but did not report any improvement in her pain level or function. To aidwith themanagement of the radicular component of her pain a cervical intralaminar epidural steroid injection was performed, however, it failed to produce durable pain control. Given the neuropathic component, underlying pathology of the pain, and the patient's poor success with conservative measures the patient was considered for spinal cord stimulator trial. The trial was completed using an eight contact lead inserted into the T5 6 intralaminar space. The leadwas then advanced along the epidural space and lateralized over the exiting nerve roots in the final position at the top of C2. At completion, the lead covered the right nerve roots of C2 C5. At follow up, the patient reported greater than 75% pain control. She reported improvements in ADL's with no functional limitations secondary to pain. The patient was scheduled for definitive implant of the device. Pain related to schwannoma resection is an uncommon clinical occurrence. A trial of nerve root stimulation can be attempted in patients who are refractory to non invasive treatments. This case demonstrates that single lead stimulation of the pain generating nerve roots can produce significant relief in patients who are status post schwannoma resection. F10 Neuropathic Pain: Pharmacological Treatment (401) Brain alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator attenuates mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in a mouse model of neuroinflammatory pain M Abbas and S Rahman; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD Neuroinflammatory pain is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by allodynia and hyperalgesia. Previous studies have shown that microglial alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (a7 nAChRs) in the central nervous system is involved in pain production and maintenance involving nuclear factor kappa B (NF kB) The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of 3a,4,5,9bTetrahydro 4 (1 naphthalenyl) 3H cyclopentan[c]quinoline 8 sulfonamide (TQS) an alpha7 nAChR positive allosteric modulator, and telmisartan (Tel) an NF kB antagonist, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)induced neuroinflammatory pain using von Frey hair test, a widely used method for quantification of mechanical allodynia and hot plate test, a commonly used technique for hyperalgesia assessment in mice. In addition, we examined the effects of TQS (1 or 4 mg/kg) on mRNA for inhibitor of kappa B (IkB) an NF kB inhibitory protein. Acute administration of LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p. increased (p<0.05) the sensitivity to pain (allodynia and hyperalgesia) after 6 hours. TQS (0.25, 1 or 4 mg/kg, i.p. decreased LPS induced allodynic or hyperalgesic response (p<0.05) Pretreatment of Tel (1 mg/kg, i.p. with TQS (0.25 mg/kg, i.p. reduced LPS induced allodynia and hyperalgesia. TQS (4 mg/kg, i.p. also reduced the expression of IkB mRNA in the hippocampus suggesting the involvement of NF kB. Taken together, these results suggest that TQS decreases LPS induced neuroinflammatory pain by reducing hippocampal NF kB activation. (402) A retrospective investigation into the impact of early post operative intravenous ketamine infusion on recovery and phantom limb pain in new amputees K Jaremko and E Viscusi; Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, have been purported to minimize central sensitization at the spinal cord level and may decrease ongoing neuropathic pain following acute neuronal injury. There is conflicting information in the literature regarding the efficacy of intravenous ketamine infusions to treat acute postamputation pain and potentially ameliorate chronic phantom limb pain. This retrospective observational study tests the hypothesis that intravenous ketamine infusions initiated within 30 days of limb amputation will improve phantom pain sensations, pain at discharge, decrease concurrent opioid usage, and contribute to better outcomes without significant adverse effects. All patients that underwent limb amputation and received a consult to the Acute Pain Medicine Service (APMS) for ketamine treatment during hospitalization from January 2009 through October 2015 are eligible for study inclusion. IRB approved data collection includes APMS documentation of pain characterization and intensity over time, pain at discharge, duration and dosage of ketamine, adjuvant analgesic usage, co morbidities, and psychoactive, hepatic, or cardiovascular side effect occurrences. Data collection is ongoing and currently inconclusive, however there is a trend towards decreased neuropathic pain and phantom sensations at doses with a minimal side effect profile. The patient population referred to APMS is likely biased by greater uncontrolled pain, potentially in conjunction with more complex comorbidities limiting medication management. Therapeutic significance in this challenging population suggests beneficial application to a broader spectrum of patients undergoing amputation. In conclusion, our preliminary findings on the safety and efficacy of ketamine infusion for phantom pain during the initial post amputation hospitalizationwarrants further prospective research to investigate its potential role in acute pain management protocols. (403) Co administration ofmirogabalin and zolpidem in healthy subjects: results from a randomized, double blind, drug drug interaction study M Jansen, D Merante, A Currie, M Velinova, K Brown, and H Zahir; Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ Mirogabalin, a preferentially selective a2d 1 ligand, is intended for treatment of pain associated with fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain. A four treatment (placebo (PBO)/PBO; mirogabalin 10mg /PBO; PBO/zolpidem 10mg; mirogabalin 10mg /zolpidem 10mg, 4 period, crossover study was conducted in 20 healthy subjects to evaluate the acute interaction potential between mirogabalin and a single dose of zolpidem. Washout periods were =7 days. Serial blood samples were collected for measurement of mirogabalin and zolpidem pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, tmax, AUCtau [mirogabalin] AUC0 inf [zolpidem] and t1/2) Pharmacodynamic assessments included body sway, digit symbol substitution test (DSST) visual analog scale of mood and alertness, vertigo symptom scale, and brief ataxia rating scale. Safety and tolerability were also assessed. Study subjects were randomized and completed all 4 treatment periods. Mirogabalin pharmacokinetic values were similar when co administered with PBO or zolpidem; zolpidem had similar pharmacokinetic values when co administered with PBO or mirogabalin. Mirogabalin alone did not appear to affect pharmacodynamic assessments compared with PBO. Zolpidem alone increased body sway and decreasedDSSTand self rated alertness. Co administration withmirogabalin did not affect themagnitude or time course of the zolpidem effects. The most common adverse events were dizziness, headache, and somnolence. Dizziness was reported by most (75% 80% subjects after zolpidem treatment; incidence and severity were not affected by mirogabalin co administration. A numerically greater than additive increase in somnolence frequency (but not severity) was noted with mirogabalin/zolpidem co administration. There were no apparent treatment related trends in laboratory test results or vital signs. In summary, mirogabalin/zolpidem coadministration caused no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions. Zolpidem alone increased body sway and decreased DSST and self rated alertness; these effects did not appear to be influenced by mirogabalin co administration. Mirogabalin/zolpidem co administration increased the frequency of somnolence. Overall, mirogabalin/zolpidem co administration was considered safe in this study. Supported by Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. (404) Healthcare utilization in patients with postherpetic neuralgia J Gilbert, T Goss, K Patel, and J Gudin; Boston Healthcare Associates,
author_names: Muzaffar Abbas

Shafiqur Rahman
title: (401) Brain alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator attenuates mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in a mouse model of neuroinflammatory pain.
venue: The journal of pain official journal of the American Pain Society
year: 2016

abstract: Today the world is going through a rapid change. Globalizations made possible revolutionary changes or development in information and communications technology. In modern age, we can't think to live without information and technology. Today, computers are considered one of the important things a person establishment can utilize. Many people have begun to depend on resources like information and technology to get things properly working on their behalf. The process of sharing the data has become a lot easier. despite the physical distance that may possibly be in between or for those who are not familiar with the function of the business that are involved in the information technology sector. In the field of engineering concentration is mainly on the use of telecommunication and computers to retrieve, store and then transmit data and information, making it a major player in the computer world. Information and technology is actually an area where innovations are managed. Technology is making the multifunctional functions to be available in a single device. Thus, we can have multifunctional usage of the single device we own. The simpler the work gets with and the more we get dependent on it. Technology makes us lethargic with little or no physical activity, in one aspect; but the same and provides a creative jobs including physical activity. Example; games like V games which are challenging video games. And at the same time, time recreational helping to spend time in a joyful way. Today, we don't find even a simple young kid without using the available and tot him /her. Technology makes us dependent on it and we can't expect or imagine a life without using the word 'technology' in it. Hence, technology plays a major role in our lives. Information and technology has a great significance in the field of communication, inventory management, data management, management informative system, education and health sectors etc. Information and Technology plays a crucial role in every sphere of life. Modern Information and Technology has become so entrenched in the idea of a modern society that both are closely intertwined with each other. Developing countries try to get better utilities, more vehicles, faster computers as well as internet and cell phone providers because that's what makes a society modern. Modern Technology must be implemented in order to accomplish the feats required of a modern society. Information and technology makes our age more transformative, transmitter and dominion. Our society could be imagined without new technology and their role both in society and in human life. Information technologies are tools and techniques that support and development of information system. A definition by American association, the study, design, development, implementation support or management of computers based information systems, particularly software, applications and computer hardware.'1 Information and Technology become an important part of every business plan. From the multi national companies who maintain mainframe system and databases to small business that own a single computer. The reason for the daily use of computer technology in business can best be determined by looking at how it is being used across the business world .technology is building bridges between people on opposite sides of the globe, bringing people from all cultures and background into contact with each other. Modern age is totally different from the previous one. Our society could not be imagined without new technology and their role both in the society and in human life. Modern technology has revolutionized people's communication. COMMUNICATION: for many companies, e mail is the main means of communication between employees, suppliers and customers. E mail was one of the early drivers of the internet providing a simple and inexpensive means to communicate. Over the years, a number of other communication tools have also evolved, allowing staff to communicate using live chat system online meeting tools and video conferencing. (c) 2018 JETIR January 2018, Volume 5, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN 2349 5162) JETIR1808660 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 141 System voice over internal protocol (VOIP) telephone and smart phones, offer even more high tech ways for employees to communicate. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT: when it comes to managing inventory, organizations, need to maintain enough stock to meet demand without investing in more than they require inventory management systems track the quantity of each item a company maintains triggering an order of additional stock when the qualities of each system a company maintains, triggering an order of additional stock when the quantities fall below a predetermined amount. These systems are best used when the inventory management system is connected to the point of sale (POS) system. The POS system ensures that each time ,an item is sold, one of those items is removed from the inventory count, creating a closed information loop between all departments. DATA MANAGEMENT: The days of large file rooms, rows of filing cabinets and the mailing of documents is fading fast. Today, most companies store digital versions of documents on servers and storage devices. These documents become instantly available to everyone in the company regardless of their geographical location. Companies are able to store and maintain a tremendous amount of historical data economically and employees benefit from immediate access to the documents they need. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS: Storing data is only a benefit if that data can be used effectively. Progressive companies use that data as part of their strategic planning process as well as the tactical execution of that strategy. MIS (Management Information Systems) enable companies to track profitability over time, maximize return on investment and identity areas of improvement. Managers can track sales on a daily basis allowing them to immediately react to lower than expected number by boosting employee productivity or reducing the lost of an item. CONSUMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT: companies are using information and technology to improve the way they design and manage customer relationship. Customer relationship management (CRM) systems capture every interaction a company has with a customer. So that a more enriching experience is possible if a customer calls a call centre with an issue, the customer support representative will be able to see what the customer has purchased view shipping information, call up the training manual for that item and effectively respond to the issue. The entire interaction is stored in the CRM system, ready to be recalled if the customer has a better, more focused experience and the company benefits from improved productivity. We are living in a civilized society where Information and Technology plays an impressive role. every small work we do is technology dependent. Today, every other person is recognized with the device or gadget he carries which is technically advanced. Ultimately we can say that 'living without technology is like living without air in this technical world of today. Therefore we are much dependent on technology. EDUCATION; information and technology play a major role in the modern education. In the faster and technological developed world in traditional times, education was only in hand books but now it is more advanced and practical. Information and technology helps the students to make assignments and projects. Now days, in ordinary schools, the education is through a form named smart class. It provides help the students who are backward in their studies. The modern education system is not only hand book information but also it is a profession. Education is not only for achieving a profession but also to become a good personality. They depend more on Information and technology which may leads to them in wrong side. Some are promoted to do inventions. Many wonders of Information and technology such as Radio, television etc. is helpful for the students. Starting with the simple example of food storage, today the shelf life of food is reduced with the help of new machines and equipments. Thus, making the consumer to have a case at its consumption and also in saving a lot of productive time ultimately, making the person dependent on it for his own benefits. This is unlike to the times of traditional cooking where people had to spare time and even do physical labour compared to the technically advanced time of today. New technology sometimes is making people dull. For example if you have to add 85+54+98+549 for something difficult like that then you will surely depend on calculators of such devices. But where's our mind mechanism? So we need technologies because they are making our life more comfortable and safely but let's not make technologies our habit. 2 computers have become an indispensable part of modern life. Change is always better. We must discard the traditional and obsolete method of teaching. Gone are the days of slates and chalks. Teaching through computers will be more effective. In the western world, we see that they have already switched over to this new way of teaching and learning. The computer is not an alternative of teaching but it is an able helper of the teachers. Teachers can teach better through the computer because it is (c) 2018 JETIR January 2018, Volume 5, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN 2349 5162) JETIR1808660 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 142 an audio visual means of information. For example it is not an easy for all the buildings of the world nor is it possible to know about them through books. Here the computers will give them the best information. The internet is the gateway to each and every type of information. Technology had made our live simple but dependent on it. We can sit in a corner and get connect
author_names: Hitesh Chander Monga
title: ROLE OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN TIMES
year: 2018

abstract: Image Processing established itself as one of the most contemporary research areas because of its wide variety of application requirements. Complexity in Colour image processing motivated the researchers to use Colour to Greyscale conversion as the preliminary step for any Image processing applications. All the new proposals on Color to Greyscale conversion are more expensive and hence we considered fundamental methods for this analytical survey. Majority of the researchers use a common fundamental method of averaging RGB channels which is not preferable for all applications. This paper shows that results of the Image Processing application are influenced by selection of Colour to Greyscale conversion method. We mainly focused to compare these conversion methods based on primary Image Processing techniques: Edge detection and Segmentation along with Colour perception. Main objective of this paper is to produce fruitful results that will help in selection of application specific Colour to Greyscale conversion method to experience good results with low computational speed. Keywords Colour to Greyscale conversion method, Image Processing techniques, Colour Perception, Edge detection, Segmentation, Analytical survey I. IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES AT GLANCE Digital Image[1] will be the heart of many real time applications in the world of multimedia. In general, Image Processing[1] refers to set of operations or techniques that can be performed on two dimensional picture by the computer algorithms to produce various types of outputs based on the requirements of the user. With in the span of few years, Image Processing is flooded with number of processing techniques. Most of these techniques produce image as output by embedding some effects or changes on the given image and few of them produces some features or information as output. Most promising categories includes Image representation, Image Compression, Image Enhancement, Image Analysis and Image Understanding. A. Image Representation Representation is the primitive step in digitization of captured image from cameras. Roots of digital image representation is started around 1870's with digitization of black and white image. Later 1960's became a mile stone by the colour image representation with three co ordinate system known as Colour model like RGB. Even though RGB is the fundamental for representation of pixels, many of the real time application requirements provoked for other representations like CMY, YUV and HSV etc. Che YenWen[3] presented the details of mostly used Colour models along with equations used for representation and transformation. RGB[2,3] is an additive model which uses Red, Green and Blue colours to represent each pixel and is preferable in display units. Similarly CMY[2,3] is subtractive colour model which uses Cyan, Magenta and Yellow colours to represent each pixel and is prescribed in printing devices. Summary of primary colour models are listed in Table 1 along with components used for representation and usage of colour model. Table 1: Information of Color Models Color Model Color Components Primary usage RGB Red, Green, Blue Used for display devices because it describes what kind of light need to be emitted to produce given color CMY CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow Used in printing process because it describes what kind of inks need to apply so the light reflected from substrate and through inks produces given color CIE XYZ/RGB X, Y, Z Used for display devices with gamma correction which is based on the measurements of human color perception CIE LAB/LUV L, U, V Used for surface colors and It is more perceptually linear than other color models HSV /HSL Hue, Saturation, Value/Lightness Used by artists because it is often more natural to think about color in terms of hue and saturation, it is transformation of RGB color model YUV Luminance(Y) Used as analog video representation for PAL television broadcasting Venkateswarlu, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 4(10) October 2014, pp. 335 345 (c) 2014, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 336 Chrominance (U, V) YIQ Luminance(Y) Chrominance (I, Q) Used as analog video representation for NTSC television broadcasting YCbCr Luminance(Y) Chrominance (Cb, Cr) Used widely in digital video and image compression schemes like MPEG, JPEG B. Image compression Technical advancements in the field of multimedia caused to use larger resolution images which costs more in terms of memory. In case of networked multimedia applications like broadcast TV, remote sensing via satellites, military communication via aircraft, radar and teleconferencing large amount of image data need to be transferred over network which increases bandwidth. This bottleneck of bandwidth can be reduce by minimizing the number of bits required to represent an image. These applications increases the need of compression techniques for the image and video data. There are several image compression techniques which are broadly classified as Lossless and Lossy techniques. Details of these techniques are out of the scope to this paper and hence not considered for the discussion. C. Image Enhancement Image enhancement is to process an image so that result is more suitable than original image for specific application. Photo editing is the most important economical task in this digital world which involves process of adjusting digital images so that the results are more suitable for display or further image analysis. It refers to sharpening of image features such as increasing quality, brightness and contrast to make more attractive image production. Raman Maini[4] classified enhancement methods into Spatial Domain and Frequency Domain and focused mainly on various transformations based, histogram based methods. Similarly, Matlab programming aspects of image processing can be found from Chris Solomon[5] Here generalized set of Image Enhancement techniques are discussed. Noise Reduction: Image noise is random variation of brightness or colour information in image that is included due to environment and camera sensors. Gaussian noise and Salt and Pepper noise are most occurring noise in the images. It is impossible to eliminate noise completely, but noise can be suppressed using filters like Linear smoothing, Median. Changing Sharpness or Brightness of image: Lightness or Darkness of image pixel can be referred as Brightness of image where as Sharpness is defined as edge contrast. If brightness increases, lighting effect in the image increases. Similarly, if Sharpness increases smoothness of edges increases. Histogram equalization: It is a method of adjusting contrast of image which usually increases global contrast that allows for areas of lower local contrast to gain higher contrast. This can be accomplished by effectively spreading out most frequent intensity values. De blurring: Image blur is difficult to avoid in many situations and can often ruin a photograph. Image blur causes decrease of quality in the image and left with unclear images. Smoothing filters are generally used for de blurring images. D. Image Analysis Image analysis[6, 7] is the extraction of meaningful information from images by means of digital image processing techniques. Image processing research requires more sophisticated techniques in order to measure the characteristics of the Region of Interest or Objects on the given image. This induced for novel techniques to extract measurements of the objects for the analysis of image. Useful methods for image analysis and their evaluation can be obtained from PunamThakare[6] Edge Detection(ED) It is the process of identifying points in digital image at which image brightness changes sharply or more formally has discontinuities. The points at which image brightness changes sharply are typically known as Edges. Typical edge might for instance be border between block of two regions. Canny edge detector is one of the mostly used edge detection methods. Segmentation or Pixel Classification(SEG) It is the process of partitioning digital image into multiple segments. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with same label share certain visual characteristics. Thresholding, Clustering, Region growing methods are some of the segmentation techniques. E. Image Understanding Image understanding[7] is the process of actually interpreting those regions or objects to figure out what is actually happening in the image. Advanced Computer Vision applications motivated the researchers to inculcate several operations that are mainly focusing the concept of understanding images by extracting high level features of the objects. Image analysis techniques can be considered as primitive tools for various image understanding operations. Most common techniques of them are given below. Optical Character Recognition(OCR) It is the process of converting images of written or printed text into computer readable text. It is widely used as form of data entry from some sort of original paper data source like passport documents, invoices, bank statements etc. Venkateswarlu, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 4(10) October 2014, pp. 335 345 (c) 2014, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 337 Feature Extraction or Pattern Recognition(PR) It involves simplifying amount of resources required to describe large set of data accurately. When performing analysis of complex data one of major problems stem from number of variables involved. Best results are achieved when an expert constructs a set of application dependent features. Thresholding, Template matching techniques are used for feature extraction. Object Recognition(OR) It is the task of finding and identifying objects in image. Objects can even be recognized when they are partially obstructed from view. Approaches used
author_names: Isunuri Bala Venkateswarlu
title: Analytical Survey of Colour to Greyscale Conversion Methods Based on Primary Image Processing Techniques
year: 2014

abstract: Image Edge detection significantly reduces the amount of data and filters out useless information, while preserving the important structural properties in an image. Since edge detection is in the forefront of image processing for object detection. Remote sensing images are generally corrupted from noise. Mathematical morphology is a good technique for edge detection for noisy image. In this paper two types (flat and concave) structuring element of different size is implemented on different remote sensing images. The noise can be suppressed by mathematical morphology. So by using mathematical morphology the image can be enhanced and the edges can be detected. In this paper, the result of edge detection using mathematical morphology will be compared with traditional edge detectors (Sobel, Prewitt Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG) and Canny edge detector) The software is developed using MATLAB 7.0 .Objective methods are used to evaluate adopted method and other the different edge operators It proved that the morphological filter is more important process in the edge detection for noisy image. 1Introduction Edge detection has been increasing popular for its usage in most image processing applications. Edge detection refers to the process of identifying and locating sharp discontinuities in an image. The discontinuities are abrupt changes in pixel intensity which characterize boundaries of objects in a scene. An edge detection filter can be used to improve the appearance of blurred images or video streams.[Mahmoud Marshall 2008] Classical methods of edge detection involve convolving the image with an operator (a 2 D filter) which is constructed to be sensitive to large gradients in the image while returning values of zero in uniform regions. There are an extremely large number of edge detection operators available, each designed to be sensitive to certain types of edges.[Mahmoud Marshall 2008, Raman] Remote sensing images are generally corrupted from noise .Edge detection is difficult in noisy images, since both the noise and the edges contain high frequency content. Attempts to reduce the noise result in blurred and distorted edges. Operators used on noisy images are typically larger in scope, so they can average enough data to discount localized noisy pixels [Kaur Et Al 2010] In this work ,we will introduce a new approach to edge detection by morphological filter. 2Edge detection operators: Edge detection operators are often implemented with convolution masks and discrete approximations to differential operators. These operators may return magnitude and direction information, some return magnitude only. Potential edge points are found by examining the relationship a pixel has with its neighbors; an edge implies a change in gray level. There are many techniques for edge detection as under: see [Roushdy 2006, Kaur et al. 2010, Kaur et al. 2011] 1. Sobel operator 2. Canny edge detection 3. Prewitt operator 4. Laplacian of Gaussian 5. Roberts edge detection Sobel operator is based on convolving the image with a small, separable, and integer valued filter in horizontal and vertical and is therefore relatively inexpensive in terms of computations. British Journal of Science 149 February 2012, Vol. 3 (2) (c) 2011 British Journals ISSN 2047 3745 Canny edge detection operator was developed by John F. Canny in 1986 and uses a multistage algorithm to detect a wide range of edges in images. Prewitt operator edge detection masks are the one of the oldest and best understood methods of detecting edges in images. Basically, there are two masks, one for detecting image derivatives in X and one for detecting image derivative in Y. To find edges, a user convolves an image with both masks, producing two derivative images (dx and dy) The strength of the edge at given location is then the square root of the sum of the squares of these two derivatives. Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG) combined Gaussian filtering with the Laplacian .Using Convolution of Gaussian operator with image, the image is smoothed, then the edge is detected using Laplacian operator(second derivative) Roberts edge detection method is one of the oldest method and is used frequently in hardware implementations where simplicity and speed are dominant factors [Kaur et al. 2010] 3Mathematical morphological operators Morphology relates to structure or form of objects. Morphological filtering simplified segmented images by smoothing out object outlines using filling small holes, eliminating small projections. Primary operations are dilation and erosion. These operations use a structuring element which determines exactly how object will be dilated or eroded. A structuring element is a special mask filter that enhances input images .It can be of different sizes and of different shapes (square, diamond, and circle) This paper will focus on two types of structuring element. First, flat structuring elements, in this case, structuring element could be [1, 1, 1] Second, concave structuring elements, in this case, structuring element could be [0, 1, 0] In this paper, it will be demonstrated that these two structuring elements. Following are the main mathematical morphological operators: [Kaur et al. 2010, Kaur Mohal et al. 2011] 1. Dilation 2. Erosion 3. Opening 4. Closing Dilation Dilation is defined as the maximum value in the window. Hence the image after dilation will be brighter or increased in intensity. It also expands the image and mainly used to fill the spaces. Dilation process expanding image objects by changing pixels with value of "0" to "1" Erosion Erosion is just opposite to dilation. It is defined as the minimum value in the window .The image after dilation will be darker than the original image .It shrinks or thins the image. Erosion process shrinking objects or images by changing pixels with a value of ,1" to "0" Opening and closing Both parameters are formed by using dilation and erosion. In opening, firstly image will be eroded and then it will be followed by dilation. And in case of closing, firstly image will be dilated and then followed by erosion [Kaur Mohal et al. 2011] 4 Edge detection and enhancement by Morphological filter Morphological edge detection algorithm selects appropriate structuring element of the processed image makes use of the basic theory of morphology including erosion, dilation, opening and closing operation and synthesization operations of them get clear image edge. The effect of erosion and dilation (difference between dilation and erosion) operations is better for image edge, but they are worse for noise filtering. As opposed to erosion and dilation, opening and closing operations are better for filtering [Roushdy 2006, Maragos 2004] British Journal of Science 150 February 2012, Vol. 3 (2) (c) 2011 British Journals ISSN 2047 3745 5 Proposed algorithm: 1) Read the noisy image. 2) Apply the different structuring elements (3*3 concave or flat) 3) The morphological filter is applied for a noisy image to get a clear image before edge detection of noisy image. Opening closing operation is firstly used as preprocessing to filter noise. 4) Edges can be detected by taking the difference between the dilated and eroded image. 5) Increase the intensity of the image as per requirement. 6) Compare the result (using RMSE, PSNR) with the traditional techniques for noisy image before and after applying morphological filter. 6 Results: The morphological filter is applied for a noisy image to get a clear image before edge detection of noisy image. Opening closing operation is firstly used as preprocessing to filter noise. The perfect image edge will be got by performing the difference between the dilation and erosion images. The visual comparison of the resultant images can lead us to the subjective evaluation of the performances of selected edge detectors. Figures (1&3) show the comparison between edge detection operators with salt and pepper noise without morphological filter. Figures (2&4) show the comparison between operators after morphological filter on the noisy image with salt and pepper. Objective methods are used in this experiment by calculating peak signal to noise ratio and the root mean square error between the edge detection images and the original image. Table (1) shows the peak signal to noise ratio and the root mean square error for different operators on noisy image before and after morphological filter is used. Operator Before After PSNR RMSE PSNR RMSE Image(1) Sobel 49.9 0.66 50.11 0.632 Canny 49.8 0.666 50.161 0.626 Prewitt 49.89 0.665 50.109 0.634 Robert 49.92 0.6617 50.01 0.648 LOG 49.96 0.656 50.30 0.606 Morphological Filter 50.05 0.641 52.23 0.388 Image(2) Sobel 48.392 0.941 48.786 0.859 Canny 48.398 0.940 48.900 0.837 Prewitt 48.399 0.940 48.788 0.859 Robert 48.408 0.938 48.592 0.899 LOG 48.457 0.927 49.156 0.789 Morphological Filter 48.471 0.924 50.339 0.602 Table (1) shows PSNR RMSE before and after Morphological filter. British Journal of Science 151 February 2012, Vol. 3 (2) (c) 2011 British Journals ISSN 2047 3745 7 Conclusion: In this work, edge detection is performed using mathematical morphology of remote sensing images. And different methods has been studied and compared. it concludes that ,after morphological filter the peak signal to noise ratio increases for all edge detector operators while the root mean square error decreases. Also, it concludes that the morphological filter is more important as an initial process in the edge detection for noisy image. The comparison shows that the root mean square error(RMSE) values of mathematical morphology is less and high in traditional methods .and also the Peak Signal to Noise Ration is high in case of mathematical morphology edge detection techniques as compared to traditional methods. The main advantages of mathematical morphology are direct geometric interpretation, simplicity and efficiency in hardware implementation while Sobel, and Prewitt have ver
author_names: Nedhal Mohammed Al-Shereefi
title: Morphological Filter is an Active Tool for Edge Detection in Noisy Image
year: 2012