Search query: What are the applications of magnetic circuits

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abstract: A method includes providing a semiconductor substrate having first and second regions that are doped with first and second dopants respectively. The first and second dopants are of opposite types. The method further includes epitaxially growing a first semiconductor layer that is doped with a third dopant. The first and third dopants are of opposite types. The method further includes depositing a dielectric hard mask (HM) layer over the first semiconductor layer; patterning the dielectric HM layer to have an opening over the first region; extending the opening towards the semiconductor substrate; and epitaxially growing a second semiconductor layer in the opening. The second semiconductor layer is doped with a fourth dopant. The first and fourth dopants are of a same type. The method further includes removing the dielectric HM layer; and performing a first CMP process to planarize both the first and second semiconductor layers.
author_names: Quentin A Pankhurst

James Connolly

S K Jones

Jon Dobson
title: TOPICAL REVIEW: Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine
year: 2003

abstract: OBJECTIVE It has been well established that schizophrenic patients have neurocognitive deficits, but it is not known how these deficits influence the daily lives of patients. The goal of this review was to determine which, if any, neurocognitive deficits restrict the functioning of schizophrenic patients in the outside world. METHOD The author reviewed studies that have evaluated neurocognitive measures as predictors and correlates of functional outcome for schizophrenic patients. The review included 1) studies that have prospectively evaluated specific aspects of neurocognition and community (e.g. social and vocational) functioning (six studies) 2) all known studies of neurocognitive correlates of social problem solving (five studies) and 3) all known studies of neurocognitive correlates and predictors of psychosocial skill acquisition (six studies) RESULTS Despite wide variation among studies in the selection of neurocognitive measures, some consistencies emerged. The most consistent finding was that verbal memory was associated with all types of functional outcome. Vigilance was related to social problem solving and skill acquisition. Card sorting predicted community functioning but not social problem solving. Negative symptoms were associated with social problem solving but not skill acquisition. Notably, psychotic symptoms were not significantly associated with outcome measures in any of the studies reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Verbal memory and vigilance appear to be necessary for adequate functional outcome. Deficiencies in these areas may prevent patients from attaining optimal adaptation and hence act as "neurocognitive rate limiting factors." On the basis of this review of the literature, a series of hypotheses are offered for follow up studies.
author_names: M F Green
title: What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?
venue: The American journal of psychiatry
year: 1996

abstract: Direct fabrication of large micropatterned single crystals. p1205 21 Feb 2003. (news) Academy plucks best biophysicists from a sea of mediocrity. p994 14 Feb 2003.
author_names: Aaas News

Eric Lu

Minmin Zhou

Rong Mocsai

Attila Myers

E Huang

B Jackson

Davide Ferrari

V Tybulewicz

Victor Lowell

Clifford A Lepore

J Koretzky

Gary Kahn

Mark L

Frederic Achard

Hugh Douglas Eva

Ernst-Detlef See Also Schulze

Jairaj K Acharya

Usha Acharya

Shetal Patel

E Koundakjian

Kunio Nagashima

Xianlin Han

Daniel L Adams

Jonathan C And Horton

Melissa D Adams

Mitch McVey

Jeff Sekelsky

John W Adamson

Gerd G Kochendoerfer

A W Adeleke

A See Kamdem-Toham

Alan Aderem

C Picard

Gerald H Haug

Girish S Agarwal

Marlan O Scully

Hugo Aguilaniu

Lena Gustafsson

Michel Rigoulet

Thomas Nystrom

Ferhaan Ahmad

Joachim P Schmitt

Misako Aida

Salai C Ammal

Joanna Aizenberg

David A Muller

John L Grazul

Don R Hamann

James W Ajioka

C J Su

Aravind B Akella

M S Alam

F Gao

Ahmet Alatas

Harald Sinn

Titus V Albu

Peter S Zuev

Maher Al-Dayeh

Joseph R Dwyer

Abdulaziz Al-ghonaium

Sami Al-Hajjar

Sulaiman Al-Jumaah

Andrei Allakhverdov

V A Pokrovsky

Andrew P See Brown

James H Allen

James H Gillooly
title: "A and B"
venue: Sophonisba Breckinridge
year: 2019

abstract: 1. Introduction. 2. Power Semiconductor Diodes and Circuits. 3. Diode Rectifiers. 4. Power Transistors. 5. DC DC Converters. 6. Pulse width Modulated Inverters. 7. Thyristors. 8. Resonant Pulse Inverters. 9. Multilevel Inverters. 10. Controlled Rectifiers. 11. AC Voltage Controllers. 12. Static Switches. 13. Flexible AC Transmission Systems. 14. Power Supplies. 15. DC Drives. 16. AC Drives. 17. Gate Drive Circuits. 18. Protection of Devices and Circuits. Appendices: Three phase Circuits, Magnetic Circuits, Switching Functions of Converters, DC Transient Analysis, Fourier Analysis, Thyristor Commutation Techniques, Data Sheets.
author_names: M H Rashid
title: Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications
year: 1993

abstract: Electrochemical energy conversion devices are pervasive in our daily lives. Batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors belong to the same family of energy conversion devices. They are all based on the fundamentals of electrochemical thermodynamics and kinetics. All three are needed to service the wide energy requirements of various devices and systems. Neither batteries, fuel cells nor electrochemical capacitors, by themselves, can serve all applications.
author_names: Martin Winter

Ralph J Brodd
title: What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors?
venue: Chemical reviews
year: 2004

abstract: The idea of reserve against brain damage stems from the repeated observation that there does not appear to be a direct relationship between the degree of brain pathology or brain damage and the clinical manifestation of that damage. This paper attempts to develop a coherent theoretical account of reserve. One convenient subdivision of reserve models revolves around whether they envision reserve as a passive process, such as in brain reserve or threshold, or see the brain as actively attempting to cope with or compensate for pathology, as in cognitive reserve. Cognitive reserve may be based on more efficient utilization of brain networks or of enhanced ability to recruit alternate brain networks as needed. A distinction is suggested between reserve, the ability to optimize or maximize normal performance, and compensation, an attempt to maximize performance in the face of brain damage by using brain structures or networks not engaged when the brain is not damaged. Epidemiologic and imaging data that help to develop and support the concept of reserve are presented. (JINS, 2002, 8, 448 460.
author_names: Yaakov Stern
title: What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept
venue: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
year: 2002

abstract: This paper describes a technique that exploits the statistical delay variations of wires and transistors across ICs to build a secret key unique to each IC. To explore its feasibility, we fabricated a candidate circuit to generate a response based on its delay characteristics. We show that there exists enough delay variation across ICs implementing, the proposed circuit to identify individual ICs. Further. the circuit, functions reliably over a practical range of environmental variation such as temperature and voltage.
author_names: J W Lee

Daihyun Lim

Blaise Gassend

G Edward Suh

Marten van Dijk

Srinivas Devadas
title: A technique to build a secret key in integrated circuits for identification and authentication applications
venue: 2004 Symposium on VLSI Circuits. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37525)
year: 2004

abstract: Columns, Connections, and Correlations What is the nature of interactions between neurons in neural circuits? The prevalent hypothesis suggests that dense local connectivity causes nearby cortical neurons to receive substantial amounts of common input, which in turn leads to strong correlations between them. Now two studies challenge this view, which impacts our fundamental understanding of coding in the cortex. Ecker et al. (p. 584) investigated the statistics of correlated firing in pairs of neurons from area V1 of awake macaque monkeys. In contrast to previous studies, correlations turned out to be very low, irrespective of the stimulus being shown to the animals, the distances of the recording sites, and the similarity of the neuron's receptive fields or response properties. In an accompanying modeling and recording paper, Renart et al. (p. 587) demonstrate how it is possible to have zero noise correlation, even among cells with common input. A general theoretical description of correlations in highly connected recurrent neuronal circuits. Correlated spiking is often observed in cortical circuits, but its functional role is controversial. It is believed that correlations are a consequence of shared inputs between nearby neurons and could severely constrain information decoding. Here we show theoretically that recurrent neural networks can generate an asynchronous state characterized by arbitrarily low mean spiking correlations despite substantial amounts of shared input. In this state, spontaneous fluctuations in the activity of excitatory and inhibitory populations accurately track each other, generating negative correlations in synaptic currents which cancel the effect of shared input. Near zero mean correlations were seen experimentally in recordings from rodent neocortex in vivo. Our results suggest a reexamination of the sources underlying observed correlations and their functional consequences for information processing.
author_names: Alfonso Renart

Jaime de la Rocha

Peter Bartho

Liad Hollender

Nestor Parga

Alex D Reyes

Kenneth D Harris
title: The Asynchronous State in Cortical Circuits
venue: Science
year: 2010

abstract: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is commonly used to activate or inactivate specific cortical areas in a noninvasive manner. Because of technical constraints, the precise effects of TMS on cortical circuits are difficult to assess experimentally. Here, this issue is investigated by constructing a detailed model of a portion of the thalamocortical system and examining the effects of the simulated delivery of a TMS pulse. The model, which incorporates a large number of physiological and anatomical constraints, includes 33,000 spiking neurons arranged in a 3 layered motor cortex and over 5 million intra and interlayer synaptic connections. The model was validated by reproducing several results from the experimental literature. These include the frequency, timing, dose response, and pharmacological modulation of epidurally recorded responses to TMS (the so called I waves) as well as paired pulse response curves consistent with data from several experimental studies. The modeled responses to simulated TMS pulses in different experimental paradigms provide a detailed, self consistent account of the neural and synaptic activities evoked by TMS within prototypical cortical circuits.
author_names: Steve K Esser

Sean L Hill

Giulio Tononi
title: Modeling the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on cortical circuits.
venue: Journal of neurophysiology
year: 2005

abstract: Partial table of contents: Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches. Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Converters and Systems. GENERIC POWER ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS. dc dc Switch Mode Converters. Resonant Converters: Zero Voltage and/or Zero Current Switchings. POWER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS. Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies. MOTOR DRIVE APPLICATIONS. dc Motor Drives. Induction Motor Drives. Synchronous Motor Drives. OTHER APPLICATIONS. Residential and Industrial Applications. Optimizing the Utility Interface with Power Electronic Systems. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES. Basic Semiconductor Physics. Power Diodes. Power MOSFETs. Thyristors. Emerging Devices and Circuits. PRACTICAL CONVERTER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. Snubber Circuits. Gate and Base Drive Circuits. Design of Magnetic Components. Index.
author_names: Ned Mohan

T M Undeland

William P Robbins
title: Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design
year: 1989