Search query: chemical water pollution treatment

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abstract: Enhancing visible light response and inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers are vital for Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets to achieve high activity in the fields of hydrogen generation and water pollutant treatment. Hence, in this work, Bi4Ti3O12/I BiOCl 2D/2D heterojunction systems have been constructed successfully for the first time, via a modified in situ ion exchange approach at room temperature. The intimate 2D/2D interface can provide sufficient contact surfaces to enhance the charge transfer rate and the doping of I ions can dramatically improve the visible light absorption of the composites, ensuring the quantity of photogenerated electron hole pairs. Moreover, the well matched band structure can lead to the effective separation of photogenerated charges. Optical and electrochemical measurements are used to prove the above mentioned points. Bi4Ti3O12/I BiOCl exhibited highly enhanced visible light catalytic activity towards hydrogen production and organic pollutant degradation, due to the reduced recombination rate of photogenerated carriers and the dramatically enhanced visible light absorption. The possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on the results of active species trapping experiment and ESR analysis. This work may open up new prospects for constructing other 2D/2D bismuth based semiconductor photocatalysts with distinguished visible light response and efficient charge carrier separation rate.
author_names: Kun Qian

Xia Li

Zhifeng Jiang

Wei Wei

Linlin Chen

Jimin Xie
title: In situ chemical transformation synthesis of Bi4Ti3O12/I BiOCl 2D/2D heterojunction systems for water pollution treatment and hydrogen production
year: 2017

abstract: Abstract The paper proposes discussions of some concrete datasets resulted for three solutions of wastewaters management systems applied in case of a Romanian petroleum chemical company. These management options, differing especially in type (centralized or decentralized system) and wastewaters treatment system, were emphasized, mainly by real datasets on treatment performance, polluting species removals, risk of some residuals in treated effluents and natural watercourse nearby, but also environmental impact assessment, using the alternative methodology of global pollution index (I*GP) Interpreting datasets based on in time analyzed physical chemical quality indicators and river characteristics, it was estimated the standard quality classification of receiving watercourse as 'medium' (water quality indices, WQI 55.58 67.47) affected more or less by treated effluents discharged in it. The environmental risks of some selected residuals in treated effluents and natural aquatic receptor were assessed by the risk quotient (RQ) which appreciated the risk of residuals toward aquatic life as no to low medium level, with few exceptions. The impact assessment results conclude an admissible pollution status of natural water receptor due to company wastewaters mechanical chemical biological treatment plant activities, in decentralized (I*GP 1.73) and centralized (I*GP 1.83) system, but generating discomfort effects to aquatic life due to only mechanical chemical treatment plant operating in decentralized system (I*GP 2.205) Direct discharge of un treated industrial wastewaters had been interdicted. These real results underline that decentralized systems are reliable, qualitatively efficient and costly effective, offering long term solution, and that all wastewaters management strategies of petroleum chemical company had been adapted to specific on site functioning situations.
author_names: Carmen Zaharia
title: Decentralized wastewater treatment systems: Efficiency and its estimated impact against onsite natural water pollution status. A Romanian case study
year: 2017

abstract: Water covers about 70% of the Earth's surface whereas 0.002% of the water is available for human consumption. Contaminated water is the main source of infectious diseases (e.g. Amoebiasis and Malaria, Cholera, Dysentery, Paratyphoid Fever, Typhoid, Jaundice) The WHO reports that one sixth of the world's population (1.1 billion people) does not have access to safe water. Water pollutions that come from industry, agriculture or households, returns negatively back to the environment. Chemical wastes (e.g. Arsenic, Fluorides, Lead, Nitrates, Pesticides, Petro chemicals) in the water have negative effect on living organism in water and subsequently on our health. The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on chemicals kinds that dumped and their locations (urban areas are highly polluted) Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are consumed by tiny animals. Later, the food chain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels. Several countries sought to regulate the discharges of pollutants in the water to minimize pollution and contamination through various treatments. In this review, we are going to explain the main source of water pollution to promote sustainable use of water. Moreover, ensuring the highest protection of water from all hazardous chemicals.
author_names: Sulaiman A Alrumman

Attalla Farag El-kott

Sherif Mas Keshk
title: Water Pollution: Source Treatment
year: 2016

abstract: This study evaluated the use of vinasse as a substrate for microbial biomass production and its disposal impact on the environment. After grown in vinasse, the microbial biomass (SCP) of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, CCMA 0137 and CCMA 0188, showed high levels of essential amino acids (3.78% varying levels of chemical elements, and low nucleic acid content (2.38% i. e, good characteristics to food supplemements. Following biological treatment, spent vinasse biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased to 51.56 and 29.29% respectively. Cultivation with S. cerevisiae significantly reduced short term phytotoxicity and toxicity on soil microbiota of spent vinasse.
author_names: Josiane Ferreira Pires

Gustavo Magno dos Reis Ferreira

Kelly Cristina dos Reis

Rosane Freitas Schwan

Cristina Ferreira Silva
title: Mixed yeasts inocula for simultaneous production of SCP and treatment of vinasse to reduce soil and fresh water pollution.
venue: Journal of environmental management
year: 2016

abstract: The impact and occurrence of wastewater (treated and untreated) derived pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have been investigated in small, rural and effluent dominated tributaries of the lower Ebro River located in the North Eastern Spain (Catalonia) We have observed the predominant effect of stream flow and consequently dilution factor on the concentration levels of detected PhACs that combined with the absence of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) resulted in 12 times higher concentrations in streams with direct discharge of untreated wastewater. Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the most ubiquitous compounds, in terms of both individual concentration and frequency of detection. In the sites impacted by raw wastewater, acetaminophen and ibuprofen showed the highest concentrations among all analyzed PhACs, reaching concentrations up to 7.78mgL 1 and 2.66mgL 1, respectively. However, PhACs detected in the sites impacted by treated wastewater showed generally lower concentration levels and frequencies of detection. Also, effluent dominated streams showed higher concentration levels of PhACs due to a generally lower stream flows and small dilution factors. However, concentration levels of detected PhACs were dependent on the hydraulic travel time and distance from the discharge point and related with the in stream attenuation. As a result, this study highlights the combined impact of hydrological and chemical stressors on the water quality of the rural Mediterranean aquatic ecosystems.
author_names: Ladislav Mandaric

Jordi-Rene Mor

Sergi Sabater

Mira Petrovic
title: Impact of urban chemical pollution on water quality in small, rural and effluent dominated Mediterranean streams and rivers.
venue: The Science of the total environment
year: 2018

abstract: Quality of the essential commodity, water, is being compromised by contaminants originating from anthropogenic sources, industrial activities, agriculture, etc. Water scarcity and severe droughts in many regions of the world also represent a significant challenge to availability of this resource. Domestic rainwater harvesting, which involves collection and storage of water from rooftops and diverse surfaces, is successfully implemented worldwide as a sustainable water supplement. This review focuses on chemical and microbial qualities of domestic rainwater harvesting, with a particular focus on sources of chemical pollution and major pathogens associated with the water source. Incidences of disease linked to consumption and utilization of harvested rainwater are also discussed. In addition, various procedures and methods used for disinfection and treatment of harvested rainwater, such as implementation of filter systems (activated carbon, slow sand filtration, etc. heat treatment, and chlorination, among others, are also presented.
author_names: Michele de Kwaadsteniet

Penelope Heather Dobrowsky

A van Deventer

Wesaal Khan

Thomas Eugene Cloete
title: Domestic Rainwater Harvesting: Microbial and Chemical Water Quality and Point of Use Treatment Systems
venue: Water, Air, Soil Pollution
year: 2013

abstract: The BAT reference document (BREF) entitled 'Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector' forms part of a series presenting the results of an exchange of information between EU Member States, the industries concerned, non governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, and the Commission, to draw up, review and, where necessary, update BAT reference documents as required by Article 13(1) of the Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions. This document is published by the European Commission pursuant to Article 13(6) of the Directive. This BREF for Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector concerns the activities specified in Sections 4 and 6.11 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU, namely: Section 4: Chemical industry; Section 6.11: Independently operated treatment of waste water not covered by Council Directive 91/271/EEC and discharged by an installation undertaking activities covered under Section 4 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU. This document also covers the combined treatment of waste water from different origins if the main pollutant load originates from the activities covered under Section 4 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU. In particular, this document covers the following issues: environmental management systems; water saving; waste water management, collection, and treatment; waste management; treatment of waste water sludge with the exception of incineration; waste gas management, collection, and treatment; flaring; diffuse emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to air; odour emissions; noise emissions. Important issues for the implementation of Directive 2010/75/EU in the chemical industry are emissions to air and water. This BREF contains six chapters. Chapter 1 provides general information on waste water and waste gas. Chapter 2 provides data and information concerning the environmental performance of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) at chemical sites. Chapter 3 describes in more detail the techniques to prevent or, where this is not practicable, to reduce the environmental impact of operating installations in this sector that were considered in determining the BAT. This information includes, where relevant, the environmental performance levels (e.g. emission and consumption levels) which can be achieved by using the techniques, the associated monitoring and the costs and the cross media issues associated with the techniques. Chapter 4 presents the BAT conclusions as defined in Article 3(12) of the Directive. Chapter 5 presents information on 'emerging techniques' as defined in Article 3(14) of the Directive. Chapter 6 is dedicated to concluding remarks and recommendations for future work. Legal Notice Under the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 on the Re use of Commission Documents (2011/833/EU) the present BREF document is subject to free re use, except for parts covered by any third party rights which may be present in the document (such as images, tables, data, written material, or similar, the rights to which need to be acquired separately from their respective rights holders for further use) The European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the re use of this publication. Any re use is subject to the acknowledgement of the source and non distortion of the original meaning or message.
author_names: Brinkmann Thomas

Giner Santonja German

Yukseler Hande

Roudier Serge

Delgado Sancho Luis
title: Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector. Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control)
year: 2016

abstract: Abstract It is becoming increasingly important to control the discharge of industrial wastewater from industrial parks in order to reduce water pollution. In this study, a comprehensive investigation of water treatment at industrial parks in two large basins in China was carried out, involving comparative and correlation analysis of wastewater quality, pollutant removal, sludge production and cost. In both basins, the average influent chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, and total nitrogen at the centralized wastewater treatment plants in chemical parks were higher than those in comprehensive parks. Anaerobic anoxic oxic and anoxic oxic were the most widely used treatment processes at both comprehensive and chemical parks in the two basins similar to municipal wastewater treatment plants in China. The operating costs of centralized wastewater treatment plants in the comprehensive and chemical parks comprised the following components: electricity labor chemical costs. Reductions in chemical oxygen demand, ammonia and total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the centralized wastewater treatment plants in the parks led to an average reduction of 28% in total pollutants in municipal and industrial wastewater in the two basins. These results could have supports for the design and optimization of wastewater treatment processes, as well as for evaluation of how centralized wastewater treatment plants can help to control water pollution.
author_names: Sha Long

Lin Zhao

Tongtong Shi

Jingcheng Li

Jiangye Yang

Hongbo Liu

Guozhu Mao

Zhi Qiao

Yong-kui Yang
title: Pollution control and cost analysis of wastewater treatment at industrial parks in Taihu and Haihe water basins, China
year: 2018

abstract: Chemical treatment of non point derived pollution often suffers from undesirable oscillations in purification efficiency due to variations in runoff water quality. This study examined the response of the chemical purification process to variations in water quality using a 2(k) factorial design for runoff water rich in humic substances. The four k factors evaluated and the levels applied were: organic matter as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (20 70 mg/L) suspended solids (SS) (10 60 mg/L) initial water pH (4.5 7) and applied coagulant dosage (ferric sulphate) (35 100 mg/L) Indicators of purification efficiency were residual concentration of DOC, SS and total phosphorus (tot P) Analysis of variance and factor effect calculations showed that the initial DOC concentration in raw water samples and its interactions with the coagulant dosage applied exerted the most significant influence on the chemical purification process, substantially affecting the residual concentration of DOC, SS and tot P. The variations applied to the factors SS and pH only slightly affected purification efficiency. The results can be used in the design of purification systems with high organic matter load variation, e.g. peat extraction runoff.
author_names: Elisangela Heiderscheidt

Tiina Leiviska

Bjorn Klove
title: Chemical treatment response to variations in non point pollution water quality: results of a factorial design experiment.
venue: Journal of environmental management
year: 2015

abstract: Human activities are responsible for the release of innumerous substances into the aquatic environment. Some of these substances can be used as pollution tracers to identify contamination sources and to prioritize monitoring and remediation actions. Thus, their identification and quantification are of high priority. However, due to their presence in complex matrices and at significantly low concentrations, a pre treatment/concentration step is always required. As an alternative to the currently used pre treatment methods, mainly based on solid phase extractions, aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of ionic liquids (ILs) and K3C6H5O7 are here proposed for the simultaneous extraction and concentration of mixtures of two important pollution tracers, caffeine (CAF) and carbamazepine (CBZ) An initial screening of the IL chemical structure was carried out, with extraction efficiencies of both tracers to the IL rich phase ranging between 95 and 100% obtained in a single step. These systems were then optimized in order to simultaneously concentrate CAF and CBZ from water samples followed by HPLC UV analysis, for which no interferences of the ABS phase forming components and other interferents present in a wastewater effluent sample have been found. Based on the saturation solubility data of both pollution tracers in the IL rich phase, the maximum estimated concentration factors of CAF and CBZ are 28595 and 8259 fold. IL based ABS can be thus envisioned as effective pre treatment techniques of environmentally related aqueous samples for a more accurate monitoring of mixtures of pollution tracers.
author_names: Teresa B V Dinis

Helena Passos

Diana L D Lima

Ana Catarina Sousa

Joao A P Coutinho

Valdemar I Esteves

Mara G Freire
title: Simultaneous extraction and concentration of water pollution tracers using ionic liquid based systems.
venue: Journal of chromatography. A
year: 2018