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abstract: Flexible electronic devices, including organic electronic devices and devices fabricated using nanomaterials or biomaterials, have numerous applications, and progress in the field has been rapid. They have several merits, including high mechanical flexibility and low fabrication cost. The conventional way to fabricate these flexible devices is through a bottom up process, but it is not the most efficient way. Roll to roll coating is the most efficient fabrication method, which greatly lowers fabrication cost. However, an efficient roll to roll fabrication process has not yet been demonstrated for these materials. The challenge lies in laminating two films electrically and mechanically. It requires conductive glue to adhere the films, and a lamination process free of solvent. This cannot be achieved using conventional glues. Some methods have been demonstrated for laminating two organic films, but these methods are either only suitable for special materials or are impractical. Here, we report three simple approaches for developing solvent free electric glue using a conducting polymer. This electric glue exhibits a conductivity of 10 S cm, and could effectively laminate various materials electrically and mechanically. The organic electronic devices fabricated through a lamination process using this electric glue exhibit high performance. Many applications have been discovered for conducting polymers, but electric glue from conducting polymers has not been developed so far. The potential for developing electric glue using conducting polymers is high, since most types of glue are made of polymers. Besides application in a roll toroll fabrication process, electric glue using conducting polymers may replace conventional toxic lead solders in flexible electric circuits. It will have better compatibility with organic devices and the plastic substrates. Poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has emerged as the most important conducting polymer because of its availability in aqueous solution, high transparency in the visible range, and excellent thermal stability. It has been extensively used in organic electronic devices, particularly in optoelectronic devices. Recently, it has been discovered that the conductivity of a PEDOT:PSS film could be enhanced by about two orders of magnitude by adding an organic compound with multiple polar groups into the PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution or by treating the PEDOT:PSS film with an organic compound having multiple polar groups. When the organic compound with multiple polar groups is solid at room temperature, it needs to be heated at a temperature higher than its melting point for conductivity enhancement. We have discovered a new application for high conductivity PEDOT:PSS films when an appropriate organic compound is added into its aqueous solution or when the film is treated with an appropriate compound, such as D sorbitol. The highconductivity PEDOT:PSS film can adhere various films together, so that the PEDOT:PSS film can serve as an electric glue with high transparency. This adhesive function was not observed with an untreated PEDOT:PSS film. When epoxy, which is a widely used glue, was blended into PEDOT:PSS, the PEDOT:PSS film either lost its conductivity or did not act as a glue. Three methods to prepare such an adhesive PEDOT:PSS film with high conductivity are presented in the Experimental section. The PEDOT:PSS films modified by the three approaches all have the same function, but the method of thermally depositing D sorbitol on the PEDOT:PSS film is the most controllable. It is represented as PEDOT:PSS(D sorbitol) and is the main discussion topic of this paper. The PEDOT:PSS(D sorbitol) film is able to laminate two substrates well, and the lamination process is free of solvent. One substrate can be a flexible substrate, such as plastic or plastic coated with indium tin oxide (plastic/ITO) and the other substrate can be flexible or rigid, such as plastic, plastic/ ITO, glass, or glass/ITO. The PEDOT:PSS(D sorbitol) can be formed on either of the two laminated substrates. The plastic substrates used in our experiments were poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Moreover, lamination can also take place between a plastic or glass substrate (with or without ITO coating) coated with a PEDOT:PSS(D sorbitol) film and a film of a polymeric semiconductor, such as poly(2 methoxy 5 (2'ethyl hexyloxy) p phenylene vinylene) (MEH PPV) or poly(3 hexylthiophene) (P3HT) Figure 1a c shows the laminated structures. The laminated structure of Figure 1c has been fabricated by laminating PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS(D sorbitol) with PET/Al/MEH PPV with D sorbitol in contact with MEH PPV. The fabrication process is presented in Scheme 1 and details are given in the Experimental section. This structure is described by PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS(D sorbitol) MEH PPV/Al/PET. (The double slash is used to indicate the lamination of two parts. The laminated structures presented in Figure 1a and b have been fabricated through a similar process, but a PET/ITO substrate and glass substrate were used in place of the PET/Al/MEH PPV in Figure 1a and b, respectively. C O M M U N IC A IO N S
author_names: Jianyong Ouyang

Yang Yang
title: Conducting Polymer as Transparent Electric Glue
year: 2006

abstract: (Xu Yan sumatohuonyataburetsuto,Xi Dai gemuJi nadoDian Zi Ji Qi noPu Ji niBan i,Dian Ci Bo norisu kugaGao matsuteiru. Dian Ci Bo hapesumekayaJing Mi Dian Zi Ji Qi toGan She shiteWu Zuo Dong woYin kiQi kosutoto moni,Fa ganXing yaGuo Min Zheng nadonoJian Kang Bei Hai gaShi Jie Bao Jian Ji Guan (WHO)karaZhi Zhai sareteiru. Xian Zai ,Dian Ci shirudoCai Liao toshitearuminiumuyanitsukeru,Yin ,Tong nadonoJin Shu gaYong irareteiru. shikashi, Jin Shu haYi Ban niZhong kuteYing i,Gao Jia ,Bu Tou Ming toitsutaKe Ti gaaru. sokode,Qing Liang katsuhurekishiburude An Jia naDao Dian Xing Gao Fen Zi gaZhu Mu sareteiru. Ben Yan Jiu deha,pori(4 suchirensuruhonSuan )wodopushi tapori(3,4 echirenziokishichiohuen)(PEDOT:PSS)Shui Fen San Ye woporihutsuHua biniriden (PVDF)huirumuShang nibakotoshi,Nong Liu Suan niJin Zi surukotode SAhuirumuwoZuo Zhi shita. SAhu irumunoZu Cheng yaDian Qi Guang Xue Te Xing woMing rakanisurutotomoni,hurekishiburuTou Ming Dian Chang shirudohenoYing Yong nitsuiteJian Tao shita. (Shi Yan PEDOT:PSSShui Fen San Ye wo PVDFhuirumuShang nibakotoshi,pristinehuirumuwoZuo Zhi shita. mata,pristinehuirumuwoNong Liu Suan ni 5Fen Jin Zi Hou ,Chun Shui deXi Jing shi,Kong Qi Zhong 120degCde 5Fen Gan Zao surukoto niyoriLiu Suan Chu Li (SA)huirumuwoZuo Zhi shita. Dian Chang shirudoTe Xing ha,shirudoXiao Guo Ping Jia Zhuang Zhi (TR17301A,Advantest)woYong i,adobante sutoFa niyoriPing Jia shita. (Jie Guo toKao Cha Mo Hou (d)gaYi naru pristinehu irumuwoLiu Suan Chu Li shitaJi noshitoDi Kang (Rs)to Dian Qi Chuan Dao Du (s)Bian Hua woTu 1niShi su. SAhuiru munoMo Hou (d),shitoDi Kang (Rs),Dian Qi Chuan Dao Du (s),Quan Guang Xian Tou Guo Lu (TT),heizuhasorezore 60~208 nm,112~24 O/,1,450~2,300 S/cm, 73~95%,2.9%Yi Xia deatsuta. mata,1 MHz~1 GHz noZhou Bo Shu Ling Yu niokeruDian Chang shirudoTe Xing woTu 2niShi su. SAhuirumunoDian Chang shirudoXiao Guo (SE)ha 40 dBtoGao ku,PEDOT:PSSnoDian Qi Guang Xue Te Xing gahurekishiburuTou Ming Dian Chang shirudoTe Xing niZhong Yao naYi Ge woGuo tashiteirukotogaMing raka ninatsuta. 1x100 1x101 1x102 1x103 1x104
author_names: Asuka Noda

Hisaki Kobayashi

Hidenori Okuzaki
title: Flexible and Transparent Electric Shielding with a Conducting Polymer
year: 2017

abstract: Energy supplies that depend on fossil fuels evoke significant concern about the future depletion of those resources and the emission of carbon dioxide and sulfidizing gas, which are believed to cause environmental problems including climate change and acid precipitation (Solomon et al. 2007) Solar cells, which convert sunlight directly to electric power, are one of the most promising devices for a clean and enduring energy source. The standard energy weighted power density of sunlight, which is defined as air mass 1.5, is 1kW/m2 under clear and sunny weather conditions (Myers et al. 2000) The maximum available amount of sunlight is usually lower than the value described above due to the weather and the total hours of sunlight in the region. Thus, the first important aim for developing a solar cell is to derive the highest possible photovoltaic conversion efficiency from the utilized materials and structure. When a solar cell with a single bandgap, Eg, is exposed to the solar spectrum, a photon with less energy than Eg does not contribute to the cell output. Therefore, a multilayer structure comprising a variety of bandgaps is effective for the collection of photons in a wide range of the solar spectrum. The current (2010) best research cell efficiencies of typical solar cells are as follows (Green, 2010) crystalline Si (25.0% multicrystalline Si (20.4% crystalline GaAs (26.4% CuInGaSe (19.4% CdTe (16.7% amorphous Si (10.1% dye sensitized polymers (10.4% and organic polymers (5.15% In addition to these, there have been a number of studies focused on developing "third generation photovoltaics" with ultra high conversion efficiencies at a low cost (Green, 2001) More recently, after the discovery of the wide band gap range of 0.65 3.4 eV in InxGa1 x N, this material is considered to be one of the most promising candidates for third generation photovoltaic cells.
author_names: Nobuyuki Matsuki

Yoshitaka Nakano

Yoshihiro Irokawa

Mickael Lozac'h

Masatomo Sumiya
title: 14 Transparent Conducting Polymer Nitride Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells
year: 2017

abstract: Traditional elastomers are mostly dielectrics; existing conductive elastomers are conductive composites with electric conductors. Herein, we introduce a series of ionic conducting elastomers (ICE) by salt in polymer strategy. The ICEs possess good stretchability, transparency and ionic conductivity. Moreover, the ICEs exhibit very high stability in air, under high temperature and voltage, with excellent adhesion properties and no corrosive effects to metal electrodes. Touch sensors are fabricated using these ICEs impedance spectra and impedance complex plane are tested and analyzed to clarify different stimulus of the touch sensors. These ICEs provide possibilities for flexible electronics and soft machines.Conductive elastomers are often made of composite materials and realization of high transparency and high elasticity at the same time is therefore hard to achieve. Here the authors use a salt in polymer strategy to fabricate ionic conducting elastomers (ICE) which show good elasticity and transparency and simultaneously high conductivity.
author_names: Leitai Shi

Tianxiang Zhu

Guoxin Gao

Xinyu Zhang

Wei Wei

Wenfeng Liu

Shujiang Ding
title: Highly stretchable and transparent ionic conducting elastomers
venue: Nature Communications
year: 2018

abstract: An efficient cathode material with high transparency (93% based on conducting polymer poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been developed for the fabrication of highly transparent and flexible field electron emitters (FEE) This kind of material showed superior field emission (FE) performance with very high current density (10 3A/cm2) at very low electric field. The FE performance of the hybrid materials was dramatically improved compared to either SWCNTs and PEDOT:PSS. Thus the hybrid structures of conducting polymer and SWCNTs might be a good choice for use as a cathode material to enhance the FE performance and for potential application in future portable displays. (c) 2013 WILEY VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
author_names: Debasis Ghosh

Pradip Ghosh

Golap Kalita

Takuto Noda

Chisato Takahashi

Masaki Tanemura
title: Conducting polymer based hybrid structure as transparent and flexible field electron emitter
year: 2013

abstract: Due to various useful properties of polyethers, the prime objective of present paper is to develop an efficient supercapacitor based on high conducting polymer electrolyte and carbon based materials. To develop such films Polyvinylidene fluoride co hexafluoropropylene (PVDF HFP) polymer doped with ionic liquid (IL) 1 ethyl 3 methylimidazolium thiocyanate has been prepared using solution cast technique. The detail studies of polymer electrolyte with optimized value of IL: PVDF HFP i.e. (80:20) we have reported elsewhere. For electrodes, cobalt enriched porous carbon material has been synthesized and characterized in detail. A sandwiched type electric double layer supercapacitor (EDLC) has been fabricated using maximum conducting polymer IL film which shows ultra high capacitance of 294 F/g at room environmental condition. This work successfully demonstrates the suitability of polymer electrolyte in developing highly efficient energy devices.
author_names: Abhimanyu Kumar Singh

Pawan Singh Dhapola

Shruti Singh

Pramod K Singh

Asep Muhamad Samsudin

Nanda Gopal Sahoo

Hee Woo Rhee
title: Highly conducting polymer electrolyte ionic liquid and porous carbon material for sandwich electric double layer capacitor
year: 2020

abstract: Flexible transparent thin films are strongly required for electronic devices, display or electric equipment. To obtain both transparency and flexibility, electroless deposition on the polymer nanofiber was carried out. As the result, we successfully obtained uniformly metalized nanofiber with 300nm in diameter by all wet process without using any vacuum process.
author_names: Seimei Shiratori

Issei Takenaka

Kyu Hong Kyung

Roberto Bernasconi

T Andrea

Luca Magagnin
title: "Nano Necklace" Formed by Electroless Deposition of Metal on Polymer Nanofiber for Flexible Transparent Conducting Films
year: 2015

abstract: A highly flexible, transparent conducting oxide and Pt free photo rechargeable electric energy storage system is demonstrated by integrating a dye sensitized solar cell and a supercapacitor face to face on double sided uniformly aligned TiO2 nanotube arrays. The energy harvesting part consists of TiO2 nanotubes as the photoanode and CuS networks as the counter electrode, yielding a PCE of 7.73% Herein, CuS networks exhibited remarkable mechanical flexibility, superior transparency and excellent electronic conductivity, which not only served as conducting films but also as catalysts for dye sensitized solar cells. The flexible all solid state supercapacitors are composed of polyaniline polymerized on TiO2 nanotubes and carbon cloth, which act as the negative and positive electrodes, respectively. The self powered photo rechargeable device can be charged to 0.64 V in ~30 s under standard AM 1.5 (100 mW cm 2) illumination conditions. In particular, the photo charge and discharge performance remained almost stable under bending tests, which is crucial for applications in wearable and portable electronics.
author_names: Fayin Zhang

Weifeng Li

Zijie Xu

Meidan Ye

Wenxi Guo

Hongyao Xu

Xiangyang Liu
title: Transparent conducting oxide and Pt free flexible photo rechargeable electric energy storage systems
year: 2017

abstract: As displays become larger and solar cells become cheaper, there is an increasing need for low cost transparent electrodes. Intensive effort has been made to replace ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) based transparent electrode with cheap and flexible ones. Among those, silver nanowires have got limelight because of its great conductivity and flexibility. Even though the electric property of the Ag nanowire based transparent electrode surpassed ITO, the optical property needs to be improved (lower transmittance, higher haze) Here, we reported transparent electrode based on Ag nanowires and conducting polymer to improve optical properties. The Ag nanowires are coated onto PET films and the resulting transparent electrode film shows 200 ohm/ resistance and 90% optical transmittance.
author_names: Dongpyo Seo

Sang-Ho Kim
title: Highly Conductive Flexible Transparent Electrode Using Silver Nanowires Conducting Polymer
year: 2012

abstract: Energy supplies that depend on fossil fuels evoke significant concern about the future depletion of those resources and the emission of carbon dioxide and sulfidizing gas, which are believed to cause environmental problems including climate change and acid precipitation (Solomon et al. 2007) Solar cells, which convert sunlight directly to electric power, are one of the most promising devices for a clean and enduring energy source. The standard energy weighted power density of sunlight, which is defined as air mass 1.5, is 1kW/m2 under clear and sunny weather conditions (Myers et al. 2000) The maximum available amount of sunlight is usually lower than the value described above due to the weather and the total hours of sunlight in the region. Thus, the first important aim for developing a solar cell is to derive the highest possible photovoltaic conversion efficiency from the utilized materials and structure. When a solar cell with a single bandgap, Eg, is exposed to the solar spectrum, a photon with less energy than Eg does not contribute to the cell output. Therefore, a multilayer structure comprising a variety of bandgaps is effective for the collection of photons in a wide range of the solar spectrum. The current (2010) best research cell efficiencies of typical solar cells are as follows (Green, 2010) crystalline Si (25.0% multicrystalline Si (20.4% crystalline GaAs (26.4% CuInGaSe (19.4% CdTe (16.7% amorphous Si (10.1% dye sensitized polymers (10.4% and organic polymers (5.15% In addition to these, there have been a number of studies focused on developing "third generation photovoltaics" with ultra high conversion efficiencies at a low cost (Green, 2001) More recently, after the discovery of the wide band gap range of 0.65 3.4 eV in InxGa1 x N, this material is considered to be one of the most promising candidates for third generation photovoltaic cells.
author_names: Nobuyuki Matsuki

Yoshitaka Nakano

Yoshihiro Irokawa

Mickael Lozac'h

Masatomo Sumiya
title: Transparent Conducting Polymer/Nitride Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells
year: 2011