Search query: Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices 1

Related papers:

abstract: (NOTE: Each chapter concludes with Questions and Problems. 1. Wave Nature of Light. Light Waves in a Homogeneous Medium. Refractive Index. Group Velocity and Group Index. Magnetic Field, Irradiance and Poynting Vector. Snell's Law and Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Fresnel's Equations. Multiple Interference and Optical Resonators. Goos Hanchen and Optical Tunneling. Temporal and Spatial Coherence. Diffraction Principles. 2. Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers. Symmetric Planar Dielectric Slab Waveguide. Modal and Waveguide Dispersion in the Planar Waveguide. Step Index Fiber. Numerical Aperture. Dispersion in Single Mode Fibers. Bit Rate, Dispersion, Electrical and Optical Bandwidth. The Graded Index Optical Fiber. Light Absorption and Scattering. Attenuation in Optical Fibers. Fiber Manufacture. 3. Semiconductor Science and Light Emitting Diodes. Semiconductor Concepts and Energy Bands. Direct and Indirect Bandgap Semiconductors: E k Diagrams. pn Junction Principles. The pn Junction Band Diagram. Light Emitting Diodes. LED Materials. Heterojunction High Intensity LEDs. LED Characteristics. LEDs for Optical Fiber Communications. 4. Stimulated Emission Devices Lasers. Stimulated Emission and Photon Amplification. Stimulated Emission Rate and Einstein Coefficients. Optical Fiber Amplifiers. Gas Laser: The He Ne Laser. The Output Spectrum of a Gas Laser. LASER Oscillation Conditions. Principle of the Laser Diode. Heterostructure Laser Diodes. Elementary Laser Diode Characteristics. Steady State Semiconductor Rate Equation. Light Emitters for Optical Fiber Communications. Single Frequency Solid State Lasers. Quantum Well Devices. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) Optical Laser Amplifiers. Holography. 5. Photodetectors. Principle of the pn Junction Photodiode. Ramo's Theorem and External Photocurrent. Absorption Coefficient and Photodiode Materials. Quantum Efficiency and Responsivity. The pin Photodiode. Avalanche Photodiode. Heterojunction Photodiodes. Phototransistors. Photoconductive Detectors and Photoconductive Gain. Noise in Photodetectors. 6. Photovoltaic Devices. Solar Energy Spectrum. Photovoltaic Device Principles. pn Junction Photovoltaic I V Characteristics. Series Resistance and Equivalent Circuit. Temperature Effects. Solar Cells Materials, Devices and Efficiencies. 7. Polarization and Modulation of Light. Polarization. Light Propagation in an Anisotropic Medium: Birefringence. Birefringent Optical Devices. Optical Activity and Circular Birefringence. Electro Optic Effects. Integrated Optical Modulators. Acousto Optic Modulator. Magneto Optic Effects. Non Linear Optics and Second Harmonic Generation. Notation and Abbreviations. Index. CD ROM: Optoelectronics and Photonics Contents.
author_names: Safa O Kasap
title: Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices
year: 2001

abstract: In this work, we report on the growth of high yield small bandgap InAs and InAsSb inserts embedded in InAsP nanowires grown on an InP substrate by catalyst free selective area metal organic chemical vapor deposition. It is observed that the growth of the inserts with high aspect ratios can be achieved by properly tuning the V/III ratio. Nanowire arrays with InAs(Sb) inserts exhibit strong photoluminescence at 77 K from interband transitions, spanning a wavelength range of 2.30 3.70 mm. In addition, the InAsP/InAs heterointerfaces are characterized by a scanning transmission electron microscope and an energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy. We believe that these results pave the way to engineering interband transitions and enabling hybrid integration for nanoscale optical devices at the mid wavelength infrared. (c) 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement OCIS codes: OCIS codes: (160.4236) Nanomaterials; (230.0250) Optoelectronics; (040.3060) Infrared. References and links 1. C. Li, Y. Zhang, K. Wang, Y. Gu, H. Li, and Y. Li, "Distinction investigation of InGaAs photodetectors cutoff at 2.9 mm," Infrared Phys. Technol. 53(3) 173 176 (2010) 2. G. Hasnain, B. F. Levine, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Mid infrared detectors in the 3 5 mm band using bound to continuum state absorption in InGaAs/InAlAs multiquantum well structures," Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(8) 770 772 (1990) 3. B. Chen, W. Y. Jiang, J. Yuan, A. L. Holmes, Jr. and B. M. Onat, "Demonstration of a room temperature InPbased photodetectors operating beyond 3mm," IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 23(4) 218 220 (2011) 4. B. Chen, W. Jiang, J. Yuan, A. L. Holmes, Jr. and B. M. Onat, "SWIR/MWIR InP based p i n photodiodes with InGaAs/GaAsSb type II quantum wells," " IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 47(9) 1244 1250 (2011) 5. B. Chen and A. L. Holmes, Jr. "InP based short wave infrared and midwave infrared photodiodes using a novel type II strain compensated quantum well absorption region," Opt. Lett. 38(15) 2750 2753 (2013) 6. B. Chen, "Active region design and gain characteristics of InP based dilute bismide type II quantum wells for mid IR lasers," IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 64(4) 1606 1611 (2017) 7. S. R. Kurtz, A. A. Allerman, and R. M. Biefeld, "Midinfrared lasers and light emitting diodes with InAsSb/InAsP strained layer superlattice active regions," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(24) 3188 3190 (1997) 8. R. M. Biefeld, S. R. Kurtz, and A. A. Allerman, "The metal organic chemical vapor deposition growth and properties of InAsSb mid infrared (3 6 mm) lasers and LED's," IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 3(3) 739 748 (1997) 9. K. A. Dick and P. Caroff, "Metal seeded growth of III V semiconductor nanowires: towards gold free synthesis," Nanoscale 6(6) 3006 3021 (2014) 10. D. Ren, A. C. Farrell, B. S. Williams, and D. L. Huffaker, "Seeding layer assisted selective area growth of Asrich InAsP nanowires on InP substrates," Nanoscale 9(24) 8220 8228 (2017) 11. A. Behres, D. Puttjer, and K. Heime, "Low pressure metal organic vapour phase epitaxy and characterization of strained InAs(P)/InAsSb superlattices for infrared emitters," J. Cryst. Growth 195(1 4) 373 377 (1998) 12. B. Lane, Z. Wu, A. Stein, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi, "InAsSb/InAsP strained layer superlattice injection lasers operation at 4.0 mm grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition," Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(23) 3438 3440 (1999) 13. P. Christol, M. El Gazouli, P. Bigenwald, and A. Joullie, "Performance simulation of 3.3 mm interband laser diodes grown on InAs substrate," Physica E 14(4) 375 384 (2002) Vol. 8, No. 4 1 Apr 2018 OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS 1075 #320886 https:/doi.org/10.1364/OME.8.001075 Journal (c) 2018 Received 1 Feb 2018; revised 22 Mar 2018; accepted 25 Mar 2018; published 29 Mar 2018 14. C. Thelander, M. R. Bjork, M. W. Larsson, A. E. Hansen, L. R. Wallenberg, and L. Samuelson, "Electron transport in InAs nanowires and heterostructure nanowire devices," Solid State Commun. 131(9 10) 573 579 (2004) 15. G. Nylund, K. Storm, S. Lehmann, F. Capasso, and L. Samuelson, "Designed quasi 1D potential structures realized in compositionally graded InAs1 xPx nanowires," Nano Lett. 16(2) 1017 1021 (2016) 16. D. Ren, A. C. Farrell, and D. L. Huffaker, "Selective area InAsSb nanowires on InP for 3 5 mm mid wavelength infrared optoelectronics," MRS Advances 2(58 59) 3565 3570 (2017) 17. S. A. Dayeh, E. T. Yu, and D. Wang, "III V nanowire growth mechanism: V/III ratio and temperature effects," Nano Lett. 7(8) 2486 2490 (2007) 18. A. I. Persson, L. E. Froberg, S. Jeppesen, M. T. Bjork, and L. Samuelson, "Surface diffusion effects on growth of nanowires by chemical bean epitaxy," J. Appl. Phys. 101(3) 034313 (2007) 19. S. Paiman, Q. Gao, H. J. Joyce, Y. Kim, H. H. Tan, C. Jagadish, X. Zhang, Y. Guo, and J. Zou, "Growth temperature and V/III ratio effects on the morphology and crystal structure of InP nanowires," J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43(44) 445402 (2010) 20. K. Tomioka, J. Motohisa, S. Hara, and T. Fukui, "Control of InAs nanowire growth directions on Si," Nano Lett. 8(10) 3475 3480 (2008) 21. A. Lin, J. N. Shapiro, A. C. Scofield, B. L. Liang, and D. L. Huffaker, "Enhanced InAs nanopillar electrical transport by in situ passivation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(5) 053115 (2013) 22. M. Mattila, T. Hakkarainen, H. Lipasanen, H. Jiang, and E. I. Kauppinen, "Catalyst free growth of In(As)P nanowires on silicon," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(6) 063119 (2006) 23. J. Treu, M. Bormann, H. Schmeiduch, M. Doblinger, S. Morkotter, S. Matich, P. Wiecha, K. Saller, B. Mayer, M. Bichler, M. C. Amann, J. J. Finley, G. Abstreiter, and G. Koblmuller, "Enhanced luminescence properties of InAs InAsP core shell nanowires," Nano Lett. 13(12) 6070 6077 (2013) 24. G. Landgren, P. Ojala, and O. Ekstrom, "Influence of the gas switching sequence on the optical properties of ultrathin InGaAs/InP quantum wells," J. Cryst. Growth 107(1 4) 573 577 (1991) 25. H. A. McKay, R. M. Feenstra, P. J. Poole, and G. C. Aers, "Cross sectional scanning tunneling microscopy studies of lattice matched InGaAs/InP quantum wells: variations in growth switching sequence," J. Cryst. Growth 249(3 4) 437 444 (2003) 26. A. C. Farrell, W. J. Lee, P. Senanayake, M. A. Haddad, S. V. Prikhodko, and D. L. Huffaker, "High quality InAsSb nanowires grown by catalyst free selective area metal organic chemical vapor deposition," Nano Lett. 15(10) 6614 6619 (2015)
author_names: Claes Thelander

Malin Bjork

Magnus W Larsson

A E Hansen

L Reine Wallenberg

Andrew Lin

Joshua N Shapiro

Adam C Scofield

Stefanie Morkotter

Sonja Matich

Peter R Wiecha

Kai Saller

Benedikt F Mayer

Martin Bichler

Gerhard Abstreiter

Gregor Koblmuller
title: Axial InAs Sb inserts in selective area InAsP nanowires on InP for optoelectronics beyond
year: 2018

abstract: Background Severity of illness scoring systems are widely used for quality assurance and research. Although validated by trained data collectors, there is little data on the accuracy of real world data collection practices. Objective To evaluate the influence of formal data collection training on the accuracy of scoring system data in intensive care units (ICUs) Study design and methods Quality assurance audit conducted using survey methodology principles. Between June and December 2018, an electronic document with details of three fictitious ICU patients was emailed to staff from 19 Australian ICUs who voluntarily submitted data on a web based data entry form. Their entries were used to generate severity of illness scores and risks of death (RoDs) for four scoring systems. The primary outcome was the variation of severity of illness scores and RoDs from a reference standard. Results 50/83 staff (60.3% submitted data. Using Bayesian multilevel analysis, severity of illness scores and RoDs were found to be significantly higher for untrained staff. The mean (95% high density interval) overestimation in RoD due to training effect for patients 1, 2 and 3, respectively, were 0.24 (0.16, 0.31) 0.19 (0.09, 0.29) and 0.24 (0.1, 0.38) respectively (Bayesian factor >300, decisive evidence) Both groups (trained and untrained) had wide coefficients of variation up to 38.1% indicating wide variability. Untrained staff made more errors in interpreting scoring system definitions. Interpretation In a fictitious patient dataset, data collection staff without formal training significantly overestimated the severity of illness scores and RoDs compared with trained staff. Both groups exhibited wide variability. Strategies to improve practice may include providing adequate training for all data collection staff, refresher training for previously trained staff and auditing the raw data submitted by individual ICUs. The results of this simulated study need revalidation on real patients.
author_names: Arvind Rajamani

Stephen J Huang

Ashwin Subramaniam

Michele Thomson

Jinghang Luo

Andrew Simpson

Anthony S McLean

Anders Aneman

Thodur Vinodh Madapusi

Ramanathan Lakshmanan

Gordon Flynn

Latesh Poojara

Jonathan J Gatward

Raju Pusapati

Adam E Howard

Debbie Odlum
title: Evaluating the influence of data collector training for predictive risk of death models: an observational study
venue: BMJ Quality Safety
year: 2020

abstract: Foreword Contributors 1. Introduction: Setting the Scene for Transboundary Water Management Approaches Part I: Analytical Approaches to Transboundary Water Management 2. Why Negotiate? Asymmetric endowments and asymmetric power and the invisible nexus of water, trade and power that brings apparent water security 3. Power, Hegemony and Critical Hydropolitics 4. Getting Beyond the Environment Conflict Trap: Benefit Sharing in International River Basins Part II: Transboundary Water Management Polity and Practice 5. International Water Law: concepts, evolution and development 6. Aquifer Resources in a Transboundary Context: A Hidden Resource? Enabling the Practitioner To 'See It Bank It' for Good Use 7. Governance in Transboundary Basins the Role of Stakeholders, Concepts and Approaches in International River Basins 8. Environmental Flows in Shared Watercourses: Review of Assessment Methods and Relevance in the Transboundary Setting 9. Managing Water Negotiations and Conflicts in Concept and in Practice 10. Identifying Business Models for Transboundary River Basin Institutions Part III: Challenges and Opportunities 11. Sustainability of Transnational Water Agreements in the Face of Socio Economic and Environmental Change 12. Enhanced Knowledge and Education Systems for Strengthening the Capacity of Transboundary Water Management 13. Case studies of TWM Initiatives: 13 initiatives from various parts of the world 14. Towards a Conceptual Framework for Transboundary Water Management Index
author_names: Anton Earle

Anders Jagerskog

Joakim Ojendal
title: Transboundary water management principles and practice
year: 2010

abstract: Following approval of the ICD 11 by the World Health Assembly in May 2019, World Health Organization (WHO) member states will transition from the ICD 10 to the ICD 11, with reporting of health statistics based on the new system to begin on January 1, 2022. The WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse will publish Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (CDDG) for ICD 11 Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Disorders following ICD 11's approval. The development of the ICD 11 CDDG over the past decade, based on the principles of clinical utility and global applicability, has been the most broadly international, multilingual, multidisciplinary and participative revision process ever implemented for a classification of mental disorders. Innovations in the ICD 11 include the provision of consistent and systematically characterized information, the adoption of a lifespan approach, and culture related guidance for each disorder. Dimensional approaches have been incorporated into the classification, particularly for personality disorders and primary psychotic disorders, in ways that are consistent with current evidence, are more compatible with recovery based approaches, eliminate artificial comorbidity, and more effectively capture changes over time. Here we describe major changes to the structure of the ICD 11 classification of mental disorders as compared to the ICD 10, and the development of two new ICD 11 chapters relevant to mental health practice. We illustrate a set of new categories that have been added to the ICD 11 and present the rationale for their inclusion. Finally, we provide a description of the important changes that have been made in each ICD 11 disorder grouping. This information is intended to be useful for both clinicians and researchers in orienting themselves to the ICD 11 and in preparing for implementation in their own professional contexts.
author_names: Geoffrey M Reed

Michael First

Cary S Kogan

Steven E Hyman

Oye Gureje

Wolfgang Gaebel

Mario Maj

Dan J Stein

Andreas Maercker

Peter Tyrer

Angelica M Claudino

Elena Garralda

Luis Salvador-Carulla

R Ray

John B Saunders

Tarun Dua

Vladimir Poznyak

Maria Elena Medina-Mora

Kathleen M Pike

Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos

Shigenobu Kanba

Jared Wayne Keeley

Brigitte Khoury

Valery N Krasnov

Maya A Kulygina

Anne M Lovell

Jair de Jesus Mari

Toshimasa Maruta

Chihiro Matsumoto

Tahilia J Rebello

Michael C Roberts

Rebeca Robles

Pratap Sharan

Min Zhao

Assen A Jablensky

Pichet Udomratn

Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar

Per-Anders Rydelius

Sabine Bahrer-Kohler

Ann D Watts

Shekhar Saxena
title: Innovations and changes in the ICD 11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders
venue: World psychiatry official journal of the World Psychiatric Association
year: 2019

abstract: We have demonstrated a CMOS Optoelectronic technology platform, using a 650mW 4x10 Gb/s 0.13 mm silicon on insulator integrated transceiver chip, co packaged with an externally modulated laser, to enable high density data interconnects at $1 per Gbps.
author_names: Adithyaram Narasimha

Sherif Abdalla

Colin Bradbury

Aaron Clark

Jim Clymore

James Coyne

A Dahl

Steffen Gloeckner

Alberto Gruenberg

Drew Guckenberger

Steve Gutierrez

Mark Harrison

Daniel Kucharski

Kosal Leap

R LeBlanc

Yi Liang

Michael Mack

D Martinez

Gianlorenzo Masini

Attila Mekis

Ron Menigoz

C Ogden

Mark Peterson

Thierry Pinguet

J Redman

Jose Rodriguez

Subal Sahni

M Sharp

Thomas J Sleboda

D Song

Yanxin Wang

Brian Welch

Jeremy Witzens

Wei Xu

K Yokoyama

Peter M De Dobbelaere
title: An ultra low power CMOS photonics technology platform for H/S optoelectronic transceivers at less than $1 per Gbps
venue: 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC/NFOEC) collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference
year: 2010

abstract: Background: The first report of patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA) was published in 19791. Reviews in 2005 and 20072,3 called for studies comparing PFA with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis. A blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) was initiated in 2007 for this purpose, and the first report with 2 year results was awarded the Mark Coventry Award of the Knee Society in 20174. It was found that (1) patients recover more quickly from PFA than from TKA; (2) during the first 2 years after surgery, PFA treated patients have better average knee function than TKA treated patients; and (3) PFA treated patients regain their preoperative range of movement within the first postoperative year whereas TKA treated patients do not regain it within the first 2 years4. Description: There are general principles that are common to all brands of PFA implants. These include (1) an indication based on bone on bone contact in the patellofemoral joint with a preserved tibiofemoral joint; (2) replacing all surfaces of the patellofemoral joint, with metal on the femoral side and polyethylene on the patellar side; (3) ensuring a smooth transition from normal articular cartilage to the trochlear component; and (4) creating normal patellofemoral tracking. Alternatives: The primary treatment of any degenerative condition should be nonoperative, but when such measures are insufficient surgical treatment may be indicated. Many procedures have been suggested for relieving patellofemoral pain, but if there is bone on bone contact in the patellofemoral joint, the only current surgical option (except for experimental treatments) is joint replacement i.e. either PFA or TKA. Rationale: Our general principle for joint replacement of the knee is to replace only the affected compartment if unicompartmental changes are found. If =2 compartments are affected, we perform TKA. This principle is challenged both by proponents of performing TKA in all cases of knee osteoarthritis and by proponents of bicompartmental knee replacement for 2 compartment disease. The 2 year results of our blinded RCT comparing PFA and TKA4 support our current practice of PFA. In our practice, we have found PFA to be a rewarding procedure when the correct indications are used. PFA is likely to remain a fairly rare procedure, but any knee arthroplasty center should be able to offer it.
author_names: Anders Odgaard

Jonathan D J Eldridge

Frank Madsen
title: Patellofemoral Arthroplasty
venue: JBJS essential surgical techniques
year: 2019

abstract: This paper follows the unfolding legal controversy between Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) and the Swedish Competition Authority (SCA) regarding the formers' frequent flyer program (FFP) entitled EuroBonus. The controversy arises in late 1999 as SCA finds SAS' application of EuroBonus in Sweden to be at odds with the Swedish Competition Act (SFS 1993:20) article 19 on abuse of a dominant position. The dispute is settled in early 2001 as the Swedish Market court rules largely in favor of SCA. SAS is prohibited from applying its EuroBonus program on those domestic routes where there is competition. Although the case hosts an array of intriguing topics, e.g. defining the relevant market and determining dominance, this text revolves around the issue of abuse. Assuming that SAS is a dominant actor in the defined market, the key concern is then whether its frequent flyer program, EuroBonus, simply embodies everyday market practice in air travel or if it constitutes abuse of a dominant position. This means that two interpretations of the EuroBonus program clash against each other as the parties present their arguments: on the one hand, an everyday market behavior practiced by SAS; on the other, a deviation from the ideal type market conduct promoted by SCA. The paper seeks to contribute to our understanding of the interrelation between ideas and principles concerning markets and marketing on the one hand, and market(ing) practice on the other. This topic is increasingly attended to also outside of marketing (see, e.g. Callon 1998) It is one particular such tradition that has inspired our method for mapping the controversy between practices and principles, the sociology of science and techniques (confer Law (1986, 1994) Latour (1987, 1996) Most importantly, we switch from an ostensive definition of the world to a performative ditto. From this perspective, the controversy concerning the EuroBonus program can be seen as a series of attempted translations (confer Latour (1987) through which the parties seek to manifest their respective views before the court. These translations together *Hans.Kjellberg@hhs.se, Anders.Liljenberg@hhs.se form a framing process (confer Callon 1998, Goffman 1986) through which the parties seek to add reality to their particular reading of the situation. The ruling arrived at by the Market court (MD 2001:4) stabilizes the controversy, at least for some time, since emergent FFP practices and potential controversies associated with these are likely to perform the market in other ways yet. The text is divided into four main parts. Initially, the perspective adhered to, a performative view of market action, is presented together with its implication for how we choose to delineate the controversy. We then briefly look at the relevant legislation, and then at a few general accounts of the particular marketing practice under study, i.e. the enforcement of customer loyalty. In the next part, the case is presented. There, the two parties are invited to present their respective positions, and the Market court its motives for the final ruling. We conclude by discussing how this ruling still is but a temporary stabilization of FFP practice. A performative view of markets and marketing How can the interrelation between market(ing) principles and market(ing) practice be studied? In this paper, we use an approach developed within the sociology of science and techniques for studying how scientific facts are established (see, e.g. Law 1986, 1994; Latour 1987, 1996) To date, the perspective has had a limited impact on research in the field of marketing (but see Kjellberg 2001; Kjellberg and Andersson 2003) A central aspect of this approach is a shift from an ostensive to a performative definition of the world (Latour 1986) Underlying the performative definition is an ontological assumption of variability, that is, the world is not assumed to be characterised by stable principles, but rather by changing practices. A methodological consequence of this is that we allow the involved actors to define each other as well as the relevant aspects of their world, and that we follow the efforts of these actors to realise their version. This is possible since we study a controversy which involves questions regarding the constitution of (market ing) reality. To understand how this situation unfolds, we would be ill adviced to apply an elaborate theoretical framework that establishes a priori what the world under study is or is not like (Latour 1987) Constructing the narrative In line with this position, we have constructed our narrative using the official documents exchanged, most often petitions 'pronouncements' filed with the Market court. Since SAS files an appeal that urges the Market court to invalidate the original decision taken by SCA (which is where our story takes off) the first part of the account actually takes place outside the courtroom. It involves an exchange of views that could be called the 'preparatory controversy' which ultimately is settled in court during the main proceedings. The resulting narrative is not intended to be descriptive, but has been 'designed to isolate the features that are crucial for a particular problem' (Friedman 1953, p 36) largely like one of Weber's ideal types. In our case, the problem of interest is the interrelation of market(ing) practice and market(ing) principles, particularly the evaluation of EuroBonus according to the principles of Swedish antitrust legislation. Hence, the narrative is not exhaustive; we limit ourselves to the issue of abuse, and apply our own judgments as to the relevance of various aspects for this particular issue. As discussed above, however, in determining the relevance of any specific aspect, we have strived to 'follow the actors' That is, we have sought to apply their frames of reference and to reflect their views. Devising a possible explanatory scheme Through an abductive process (Alvesson and Skoldberg 1994) we subsequently propose a vocabulary for interpreting our case. That is, we seek to combine insights from following how this particular controversy unfolds with concepts and ideas that have been suggested in studies of other kinds of controversies. We make no claims as to the possibility of generalising the specific conclusions from our particular case. However, the concepts that we use are sufficiently general to be applicable when analysing other types of market(ing) controversies, including ones that take place outside the realm of a legal dispute. The Swedish Competition Act and abuse of dominant position The Swedish Competition Act (SFS 1993:20) resulted from a translation of the European antitrust legislation. Just as its main source of inspiration, the Swedish text revolves around two major restraints on competition, collaboration between companies (article 6) and abuse of a dominant market position (article 19) According to the latter, companies and/or associations of companies are not allowed to abuse, horizontally or vertically, a dominant position on the relevant market (where dominance refers to their market shares) Unlawful conduct is sanctioned, e.g. through a conditional fine should the company not immediately discontinue a particular abusive market behavior. Figure 1; Article 19 of the Swedish Competition Act (SFS 1993:20) [Article 19] Any abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position on the market shall be prohibited. Such abuse may, in particular, consist in 1. directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices or other unfair trading conditions; 2. limiting production, markets or technological development to the prejudice of consumers; 3. applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage; or 4. making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations, which by their nature or according to commercial usage have no connection with the subject of such contracts. Article 19 stipulates as unlawful gains from abusive behaviour, once it can be established that a company (or an association of companies) occupies a dominant market position. That is to say, dominance is a necessary but not sufficient criterion for the article to be applicable. It is not abusive to be dominant per se. But the way in which such a position of market power might in fact be used 'horizontally' and/or 'vertically' to the unlawful disadvantage of others, is (Konkurrensverket 2003) As furthermore learned from Figure 1, four cases of possible abuse can be identified. On the one hand there can be 'exploitative abuse' according to which an own market position is drawn upon to directly further one's own interests; customers are hurt (the first two examples) On the other hand abuse can be 'exclusionary' meaning that competitors are directly hurt by a company that holds a dominant market position (the last two examples) So both short term direct (exclusionary) and long term indirect (exploitative) potential harm to customers and competitors are covered by the article. As figure 1 shows, the law does not specifically define abuse. Rather, the presence of abuse should be determined with reference to the particular context in each individual case (Carlsson et al 1995, p 334, Bernitz 1996, p 58, Korah 1997, pp 3 4, Wetter et al 1999, pp 419 420) Loyalty programs as a facet of relationship marketing The gradual development of individual exchange transactions into exchange relations is by no means a novel aspect of the economy. Replacing the transaction with the relation Konkurrensverket 2003 as the focal point of attention involves interweaving the past, present, and future and Although an empirical reality since long (confer Johanson 1966, Hammarkvist et al 198 y work early 1970s and onwards (confer Scott 1991) In thi characterized by increased competition and technology tha
author_names: Hans Kjellberg

Anders Liljenberg
title: Marketing on trial practices and principles in the case of SAS EuroBonus program Abstract
year: 2005

abstract: ObjectiveTo report the ESICM consensus and clinical practice recommendations on fluid therapy in neurointensive care patients.DesignA consensus committee comprising 22 international experts met in October 2016 during ESICM LIVES2016. Teleconferences and electronic based discussions between the members of the committee subsequently served to discuss and develop the consensus process.MethodsPopulation, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) questions were reviewed and updated as needed, and evidence profiles generated. The consensus focused on three main topics: (1) general fluid resuscitation and maintenance in neurointensive care patients, (2) hyperosmolar fluids for intracranial pressure control, (3) fluid management in delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage. After an extensive literature search, the principles of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system were applied to assess the quality of evidence (from high to very low) to formulate treatment recommendations as strong or weak, and to issue best practice statements when applicable. A modified Delphi process based on the integration of evidence provided by the literature and expert opinions using a sequential approach to avoid biases and misinterpretations was used to generate the final consensus statement.ResultsThe final consensus comprises a total of 32 statements, including 13 strong recommendations and 17 weak recommendations. No recommendations were provided for two statements.ConclusionsWe present a consensus statement and clinical practice recommendations on fluid therapy for neurointensive care patients.
author_names: Mauro Oddo

Daniele Poole

Raimund Helbok

Geert Meyfroidt

Nino Stocchetti

Pierre Bouzat

Maurizio Cecconi

Thomas Geeraerts

Ignacio Martin-Loeches

Herve Quintard

Fabio Silvio Taccone

Romergryko G Geocadin

Claude Hemphill

Carole Ichai

David K Menon

Jean-Francois Payen

Anders Perner

Martin Smith

Jose I Suarez

Walter Videtta

Elisa R Zanier

Giuseppe Citerio
title: Fluid therapy in neurointensive care patients: ESICM consensus and clinical practice recommendations
venue: Intensive Care Medicine
year: 2018

abstract: BACKGROUND Usual medical care in the United States is frequently not a satisfying experience for either patients or primary care physicians. Whether primary care can be saved and its quality improved is a subject of national concern. An increasing number of physicians are using microsystem principles to radically redesign their practices. Small, independent practices micro practices are often able to incorporate into a few people the frontline attributes of successful microsystems such as clear leadership, patient focus, process improvement, performance patterns, and information technology. PATIENT FOCUS, PROCESS IMPROVEMENT, AND PERFORMANCE PATTERNS An exemplary microsystem will (1) have as its primary purpose a focus on the patient a commitment to meet all patient needs; (2) make fundamental to its work the study, measurement, and improvement ofcare a commitment to process improvement; and (3) routinely measure its patterns of performance, "feed back" the data, and make changes based on the data. LESSONS FROM MICRO PRACTICES The literature and experience with micro practices suggest that they (1) constitute an important group in which to demonstrate the value of microsystem thinking; (2) can become very effective clinical microsystems; (3) can reduce their overhead costs to half that of larger freestanding practices, enabling them to spend more time working with their patients; (4) can develop new tools and approaches without going through layers of clearance; and (5) need not reinvent the wheel. CONCLUSIONS Patient reported data demonstrate how micro practices are using patient focus, process improvement, performance patterns, and information technology to improve performance. Pati ents should be able to report that they receive "exactly the care they want and need exactly when and how they want and need it."
author_names: John H Wasson

Scott Anders

L Gordon Moore

Lynn Ho

Eugene C Nelson

Marjorie M Godfrey

Paul B Batalden
title: Clinical microsystems, part 2. Learning from micro practices about providing patients the care they want and need.
venue: Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety
year: 2008