Search query: organic solar cell advantage

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abstract: The need to develop inexpensive renewable energy sources stimulates scientific research for efficient, low cost photovoltaic devices.1 The organic, polymer based photovoltaic elements have introduced at least the potential of obtaining cheap and easy methods to produce energy from light.2 The possibility of chemically manipulating the material properties of polymers (plastics) combined with a variety of easy and cheap processing techniques has made polymer based materials present in almost every aspect of modern society.3 Organic semiconductors have several advantages: (a) lowcost synthesis, and (b) easy manufacture of thin film devices by vacuum evaporation/sublimation or solution cast or printing technologies. Furthermore, organic semiconductor thin films may show high absorption coefficients4 exceeding 105 cm 1, which makes them good chromophores for optoelectronic applications. The electronic band gap of organic semiconductors can be engineered by chemical synthesis for simple color changing of light emitting diodes (LEDs).5 Charge carrier mobilities as high as 10 cm2/V,s6 made them competitive with amorphous silicon.7 This review is organized as follows. In the first part, we will give a general introduction to the materials, production techniques, working principles, critical parameters, and stability of the organic solar cells. In the second part, we will focus on conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells, mainly on polyphenylenevinylene (PPV) derivatives/(1 (3 methoxycarbonyl) propyl 1 phenyl[6,6]C61) (PCBM) fullerene derivatives and poly(3 hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/PCBM systems. In the third part, we will discuss the alternative approaches such as polymer/polymer solar cells and organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells. In the fourth part, we will suggest possible routes for further improvements and finish with some conclusions. The different papers mentioned in the text have been chosen for didactical purposes and cannot reflect the chronology of the research field nor have a claim of completeness. The further interested reader is referred to the vast amount of quality papers published in this field during the past decade.
author_names: Serap Gunes

Helmut Neugebauer

Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
title: Conjugated polymer based organic solar cells.
venue: Chemical reviews
year: 2007

abstract: Photons In, Electrons Out: Basic Principles of PV Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors Generation and Recombination Junctions Analysis of the p n Junction Monocrystalline Solar Cells Thin Film Solar Cells Managing Light Over the Limit: Strategies for Higher Efficiency.
author_names: J Roy Nelson
title: The physics of solar cells
year: 2003

abstract: Excitonic solar cells1 including organic, hybrid organic inorganic and dye sensitized cells (DSCs) are promising devices for inexpensive, large scale solar energy conversion. The DSC is currently the most efficient2 and stable3 excitonic photocell. Central to this device is a thick nanoparticle film that provides a large surface area for the adsorption of light harvesting molecules. However, nanoparticle DSCs rely on trap limited diffusion for electron transport, a slow mechanism that can limit device efficiency, especially at longer wavelengths. Here we introduce a version of the dye sensitized cell in which the traditional nanoparticle film is replaced by a dense array of oriented, crystalline ZnO nanowires. The nanowire anode is synthesized by mild aqueous chemistry and features a surface area up to one fifth as large as a nanoparticle cell. The direct electrical pathways provided by the nanowires ensure the rapid collection of carriers generated throughout the device, and a full Sun efficiency of 1.5% is demonstrated, limited primarily by the surface area of the nanowire array.
author_names: Matt Law

Lori E Greene

Justin C Johnson

Richard J Saykally

Peidong Yang
title: Nanowire dye sensitized solar cells
venue: Nature materials
year: 2005

abstract: Organic solar cell research has developed during the past 30 years, but especially in the last decade it has attracted scientific and economic interest triggered by a rapid increase in power conversion efficiencies. This was achieved by the introduction of new materials, improved materials engineering, and more sophisticated device structures. Today, solar power conversion efficiencies in excess of 3% have been accomplished with several device concepts. Though efficiencies of these thin film organicdevices have not yet reached those of their inorganic counterparts (e 10 20% the perspective of cheap production (employing, e.g. roll to roll processes) drives the development of organic photovoltaic devices further in a dynamic way. The two competitive production techniques used today are either wet solution processing or dry thermal evaporation of the organic constituents. The field of organic solar cells profited well from the development of light emitting diodes based on similar technologies, which have entered the market recently. We review here the current status of the field of organic solar cells and discuss different production technologies as well as study the important parameters to improve their performance.
author_names: Harald Hoppe

Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
title: Organic solar cells: An overview
year: 2004

abstract: nature photonics VOL 6 MARCH 2012 www.nature.com/naturephotonics 153 Harnessing solar energy is one of the most promising ways to tackle today's energy issues. Although the present dominant photovoltaic (PV) technology is based on inorganic materials, high material and manufacturing costs limit its wide acceptance1. Intensive research has been conducted towards the development of low cost PV technologies, of which organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are one of the promising. OPV devices are based on organic semiconductors carbon based materials whose backbones are comprised mainly of alternating C C and C=C bonds. Electron delocalization along the conjugated backbone is responsible for the semiconducting properties of OPV devices2. One of the major differences between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors is the presence of tightly bonded excitons (electron hole pairs) resulting from their low dielectric constant (er 2 4) The binding energy of the Frenkel exciton is in the range of 0.3 1 eV (refs 2,3) Such a large binding energy prevents exciton dissociation by an electrical field (a non radiative decay channel) and can achieve a high electroluminescent efficiency in organic light emitting devices. The weak intermolecular van de Waals interaction enables the realization of low cost, large area deposition technologies such as roll toroll printing3. In recent years, organic electronic devices such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) organic thin film transistors, OPVs and organic memory devices have attracted considerable attention, owing to their potential low cost and high performance characteristics. OLED displays have gained a considerable share in the portable electronics market, for use in devices such as smart phones. However, research into OPV cells continues to lag behind, despite the first patent4 and the first paper5 by Tang appearing ahead of those of OLEDs, probably owing to the fact that developing alternative energy sources has been viewed, until recently, as being relatively unimportant. OPVs are divided into two different categories according to whether their constituent molecules are either small or large (polymers) These two classes of materials are rather different in terms of their synthesis, purification and device fabrication processes. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) are processed from solution in organic solvents, whereas small molecule solar cells are processed mainly using thermal evaporation deposition in a high vacuum environment. Using the solution process to fabricate small molecule solar cells has recently been gaining momentum6, although the film quality and crystallization is expected to be an issue. PSCs are attractive owing to a number of advantageous features7, including their thin film architecture and low material consumption resulting from a high absorption coefficient, their use of organic polymer solar cells
author_names: Gang Li

Rui Zhu

Yang Yang
title: Polymer solar cells
year: 2012

abstract: Chemically tuned inorganic organic hybrid materials, based on CH3NH3( MA)Pb(I(1 x)Br(x))3 perovskites, have been studied using UV vis absorption and X ray diffraction patterns and applied to nanostructured solar cells. The band gap engineering brought about by the chemical management of MAPb(I(1 x)Br(x))3 perovskites can be controllably tuned to cover almost the entire visible spectrum, enabling the realization of colorful solar cells. We demonstrate highly efficient solar cells exhibiting 12.3% in a power conversion efficiency of under standard AM 1.5, for the most efficient device, as a result of tunable composition for the light harvester in conjunction with a mesoporous TiO2 film and a hole conducting polymer. We believe that the works highlighted in this paper represent one step toward the realization of low cost, high efficiency, and long term stability with colorful solar cells.
author_names: Jun Hong Noh

Sang Hyuk Im

Jin Hyuck Heo

Tarak Nath Mandal

Sang Il Seok
title: Chemical management for colorful, efficient, and stable inorganic organic hybrid nanostructured solar cells.
venue: Nano letters
year: 2013

abstract: We demonstrate that semiconductor nanorods can be used to fabricate readily processed and efficient hybrid solar cells together with polymers. By controlling nanorod length, we can change the distance on which electrons are transported directly through the thin film device. Tuning the band gap by altering the nanorod radius enabled us to optimize the overlap between the absorption spectrum of the cell and the solar emission spectrum. A photovoltaic device consisting of 7 nanometer by 60 nanometer CdSe nanorods and the conjugated polymer poly 3(hexylthiophene) was assembled from solution with an external quantum efficiency of over 54% and a monochromatic power conversion efficiency of 6.9% under 0.1 milliwatt per square centimeter illumination at 515 nanometers. Under Air Mass (A.M. 1.5 Global solar conditions, we obtained a power conversion efficiency of 1.7%
author_names: Wendy U Huynh

Janke J Dittmer

A Paul Alivisatos
title: Hybrid Nanorod Polymer Solar Cells
venue: Science
year: 2002

abstract: Organolead trihalide perovskite materials have been successfully used as light absorbers in efficient photovoltaic cells. Two different cell structures, based on mesoscopic metal oxides and planar heterojunctions have already demonstrated very impressive advances in performance. Here, we report a bilayer architecture comprising the key features of mesoscopic and planar structures obtained by a fully solution based process. We used CH3NH3 Pb(I(1 x)Br(x))3 (x 0.1 0.15) as the absorbing layer and poly(triarylamine) as a hole transporting material. The use of a mixed solvent of g butyrolactone and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) followed by toluene drop casting leads to extremely uniform and dense perovskite layers via a CH3NH3I PbI2 DMSO intermediate phase, and enables the fabrication of remarkably improved solar cells with a certified power conversion efficiency of 16.2% and no hysteresis. These results provide important progress towards the understanding of the role of solution processing in the realization of low cost and highly efficient perovskite solar cells.
author_names: Nam Joong Jeon

Jun Hong Noh

Young Chan Kim

Woon Seok Yang

Seungchan Ryu

Sang Il Seok
title: Solvent engineering for high performance inorganic organic hybrid perovskite solar cells.
venue: Nature materials
year: 2014

abstract: A thin film, two layer organic photovoltaiccell has been fabricated from copper phthalocyanine and a perylene tetracarboxylic derivative. A power conversion efficiency of about 1% has been achieved under simulated AM2 illumination. A novel feature of the device is that the charge generation efficiency is relatively independent of the bias voltage, resulting in cells with fill factor values as high as 0.65. The interface between the two organic materials, rather than the electrode/organic contacts, is crucial in determining the photovoltaicproperties of the cell.
author_names: Ching Wan Tang
title: Two layer organic photovoltaic cell
year: 1986

abstract: phenylenevinylene)s L4. Fluorene Based Conjugated Polymers L4.1. Fluorene Based Copolymers ContainingElectron Rich MoietiesM4.2. Fluorene Based Copolymers ContainingElectron Deficient MoietiesN4.3. Fluorene Based Copolymers ContainingPhosphorescent ComplexesQ5. Carbazole Based Conjugated Polymers R5.1. Poly(2,7 carbazole) Based Polymers R5.2. Indolo[3,2
author_names: Yen-Ju Cheng

Sheng-Hsiung Yang

Chain-Shu Hsu
title: Synthesis of conjugated polymers for organic solar cell applications.
venue: Chemical reviews
year: 2009