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abstract: In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) disease (COVID 19) emerged in Wuhan, China, and is a current life threatening concern worldwide [1] Rapid and accurate diagnostic tests can control this outbreak in public and healthcare facilities [2] However, many modern and costly medical diagnostic technologies are not available to people in developing countries and resourcelimited regions [3] Point of care testing (POCT) is described as the use of easily portable devices to carry out analytical testing outside of the central laboratory [4] POCT is crucial for managing human healthcare since it affords an early and fast diagnostic result [5] Microfluidic systems, which have transformed diagnostic POCT in many medical and dental fields [3, 6] are designed to perform measurements on small amounts of fluids with fairly high sensitivity and speed, without the need for any trained healthcare worker [3] The employment of microfluidic devices combined with POCT may result in instruments that can provide better healthcare for the general population, particularly considering their cost effectiveness. Microfluidics is presently used in the detection of virus, disease diagnostics, and microbial studies. Most microfluidics studies have used saliva as a diagnostic fluid. Being appropriate for POCT, saliva has many advantages, since saliva samples can be easily stored and collection is fast, non invasive, inexpensive, and safe for patients and healthcare providers and does not necessitate skilled personnel [3] The application of traditional analytical biosensing instruments is limited since they are comparatively bulky, expensive, and not easy to handle [7] Smartphone based microfluidic biomedical sensory systems combine smartphones, microfluidic components, and sensory elements. This combination offers a user friendly, easily accessible, miniaturized, and portable technology [7] Different smartphone based microfluidic biosensor systems, such as imaging biosensors, biochemical sensors, immune biosensors, hybrid biosensors, and molecular sensors, are employed at the point of care (POC) [5] The smartphone carries out the whole analytical process on biological samples, including data collection, analysis, and result display. It has the aptitude to receive data from sensors and to control various actuators or send data to and receive data from other devices using wires or wirelessly [3] To obtain, analyze, and deliver data, most of these platforms and technologies depend on electrical or optical detectors that necessitate sophisticated instrumentation and expensive hardware. The image sensors within phone cameras have optimal sensitivity for many diagnostically pertinent purposes [8] The complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera sensor of a smartphone has been employed for detecting optical signals, including fluorescence for isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests [9] Smartphone based imaging and sensing platforms are growing as competent substitutes for overcoming the barrier between medical staff and their patients. Likewise, the implementation of smartphone based diagnostics for COVID 19 allows for fast disease diagnosis and could have a considerable influence on the epidemiology of the disease since accurate geographic and demographic data can be stored mutually with diagnostic data. Early clinical diagnosis of COVID 19 is challenging in infected patients since they might remain asymptomatic up to 2 weeks after exposure [1] The current gold standard test for COVID 19 diagnosis is the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT PCR) of respiratory Shahram Hamedani shahramhamedani@yahoo.com
author_names: Nima Farshidfar

Shahram Hamedani
title: The Potential Role of Smartphone Based Microfluidic Systems for Rapid Detection of COVID 19 Using Saliva Specimen
venue: Molecular Diagnosis Therapy
year: 2020

abstract: Early screening of foodborne pathogens is a key to ensure food safety. In this study, we developed a microfluidic biosensor for online and sensitive detection of Salmonella based on immunomagnetic separation, fluorescence labeling and smartphone video processing. First, the immune magnetic nanoparticles were used to specifically separate and efficiently concentrate the target bacteria and the magnetic bacteria were formed. Then, the magnetic bacteria were labeled with the immune fluorescent microspheres and the fluorescent bacteria were formed. Finally, the fluorescent bacteria were continuously injected into the microfluidic chip on the smartphone based fluorescent microscopic system, and the fluorescent spots were online counted using the smartphone App based on inter frame difference algorithm to obtain the amount of the target bacteria. Under the optimal conditions, this proposed biosensor was able to quantitatively detect Salmonella typhimurium ranging from 1.4 x 102 to 1.4 x 106 CFU/mL, and its lower detection limit was 58 CFU/mL. This biosensor could be extended for detection of multiple foodborne pathogens using different fluorescent materials.
author_names: Siyuan Wang

Lingyan Zheng

Gaozhe Cai

Ning Liu

Ming Liao

Yanbin Li

Xibin Zhang

Jianhan Lin
title: A microfluidic biosensor for online and sensitive detection of Salmonella typhimurium using fluorescence labeling and smartphone video processing.
venue: Biosensors bioelectronics
year: 2019

abstract: Abstract The measurements by lab on a chip devices are very interesting regarding the reduction of reagents, time and cost. In this paper, we have described the construction and application of a new device based on colorimetric measurements using a smartphone camera and a microfluidic paper based device (mPAD) both fixed in supports obtained through 3D printing, employing a polylactic acid filament. The mPAD was evaluated as a water quality index device by colorimetric monitoring of water hardness (Ca2+ and Mg2+ total phenols (catechol) and pH. Under optimized parameters, the proposed method presented a linear range between 20 and 560 mg L 1 for Ca2+ and Mg2+(hardness) 0.20 to 16 mg L 1 of catechol and pH from 4.7 to 12, and limits of detection of 0.083 mg L 1, 0.124 mg L 1 and 0.262, for water hardness, catechol, and pH, respectively. The proposed device was successfully applied for the quality monitoring of the distribution of water samples.
author_names: Vinicius A O P da Silva

Rafaela Cristina de Freitas

Paulo R de Oliveira

Roger Cardoso Moreira

Luiz Humberto Marcolino-Junior

Marcio Fernando Bergamini

Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro

Bruno Campos Janegitz
title: Microfluidic paper based device integrated with smartphone for point of use colorimetric monitoring of water quality index
year: 2020

abstract: Practical obstacles, such as intricate designs and expensive equipment/materials, in the fabrication of wearable sweat sensors, have limited their feasibility as a personalized healthcare device. Herein, we have fabricated a cellulose based wearable patch, which further paired with a smartphone based fluorescence imaging module and a self developed smartphone app for non invasive and in situ multi sensing of sweat biomarkers including glucose, lactate, pH, chloride, and volume. The developed Smart Wearable Sweat Patch (SWSP) sensor comprises highly fluorescent sensing probes embedded in paper substrates, and microfluidic channels consisted of cotton threads to harvest sweat from the skin surface and to transport it to the paper based sensing probes. The imaging module was fabricated by a 3D printer, equipped with UV LED lamps and an optical filter to provide the in situ capability of capturing digital images of the sensors via a smartphone. A smartphone app was also designed to quantify the concentration of the biomarkers via a detection algorithm. Additionally, we have recommended an Internet of Things (IoT) based model for our developed SWSP sensor to promote its potential application for the future. The field studies on human subjects were also conducted to investigate the feasibility of our developed SWSP sensor for the analysis of sweat biomarkers. Our findings convincingly demonstrated the applicability of our developed SWSP sensor as a smart, user friendly, ultra low cost ~0.03 per sweat patch) portable, selective, rapid, and non invasive healthcare monitoring device for immense applications in health personalization, sports performance monitoring, and medical diagnostics.
author_names: Sina Ardalan

Mohammad Hosseinifard

Maryam Vosough

Hamed Golmohammadi
title: Towards smart personalized perspiration analysis: An IoT integrated cellulose based microfluidic wearable patch for smartphone fluorimetric multi sensing of sweat biomarkers.
venue: Biosensors bioelectronics
year: 2020

abstract: Chemiluminescence (CL) bioassays have become a main technology in clinical diagnosis. However, multiplex analysis for sensitive, on site and simultaneous determination of multiple biomarkers related to one disease in one detection run on a single chip in order to achieve fast and accurate diagnosis of diseases remains a great challenge. Herein, we report temporal spatial color multi resolved CL imaging strategy for multiplex label free immunoassays using a smartphone coupled with microfluidic chip. Temporal spatial color multi resolved CL imaging signals were produced by sequentially transporting co reactant H2O2 to the detection zones to initiate cobalt based zeolitic imidazolate frameworks ZIF 67 catalyzed luminol H2O2 CL and CL resonance energy transfer reactions. As proof of concept, a ZIF 67 regulated sensing strategy was devel oped for multiplex analysis of three model cancer biomarkers with low detection limit of pg/mL to fg/ml, good selectivity and low cost, avoiding complicated labeling procedures and interferences from adjacent detection zones. This work opens a door for temporal spatial color multi resolved imaging for multiplex analysis.
author_names: Fang Li

Lei Guo

Zimu Li

Jian-Bo He

Hua Cui
title: Temporal spatial color Multi resolved Chemiluminescence Imaging for Multiplex Immunoassays using a Smartphone Coupled with Microfluidic Chip.
venue: Analytical chemistry
year: 2020

abstract: Diagnosis of hematological cancer requires complete white blood cell count, followed by flow cytometry with multiple markers, and cytology. It requires substantial time and specialized training. A dual layer paper microfluidic chip was developed as a quicker, low cost, and field deployable alternative to detect ROR1+ (receptor tyrosine like orphan receptor one) cancer cells from the undiluted and untreated buffy coat blood samples. The first capture layer consisted of a GF/D glass fiber substrate, preloaded with cancer specific anti ROR1 conjugated fluorescent particles to its center for cancer cell capture and direct smartphone fluorescence imaging. The second flow layer was comprised of a grade 1 cellulose chromatography paper with wax printed four channels for wicking and capillary flow based detection. The flow velocity was used as measure of antigen concentration in the buffy coat sample. In this manner, intact cells and their antigens were separated and independently analyzed by both imaging and flow velocity analyses. A custom made smartphone based fluorescence microscope and automated image processing and particle counter software were developed to enumerate particles on paper, with the limit of detection of 1 cell/mL. Flow velocity analysis showed even greater sensitivity, with the limit of detection of 0.1 cells/mL in the first 6 s of assay. Comparison with capillary flow model revealed great alignment with experimental data and greater correlation to viscosity than interfacial tension. Our proposed device is able to capture and on chip image ROR1+ cancer cells within a complex sample matrix (buffy coat) while simultaneously quantifying cell concentration in a point of care manner.
author_names: Tiffany-Heather Ulep

Ryan Zenhausern

Alana Gonzales

David S Knoff

Paula A Lengerke Diaz

Januario E Castro

Jeong-Yeol Yoon
title: Smartphone based on chip fluorescence imaging and capillary flow velocity measurement for detecting ROR1+ cancer cells from buffy coat blood samples on dual layer paper microfluidic chip.
venue: Biosensors bioelectronics
year: 2020

abstract: Paper based microfluidic analysis devices (mPADs) have attracted attention as a cost effective platform for point of care testing (POCT) food safety, and environmental monitoring. Recently, three dimensional (3D) mPADs have been developed to improve the performance of mPADs. For accurate diagnosis of diseases, however, 3D mPADs need to be developed to simultaneously detect multiple biomarkers. Here, we report a 3D mPADs platform for the detection of multiple biomarkers that can be analyzed and diagnosed with a smartphone. The 3D mPADs were fabricated using a 3D digital light processing printer and consisted of a sample reservoir (300 uL) connected to 24 detection zones (of 4 mm in diameter) through eight microchannels (of 2 mm in width) With the smartphone application, eight different biomarkers related to various diseases were detectable in concentrations ranging from normal to abnormal conditions: glucose (0 20 mmol/L) cholesterol (0 10 mmol/L) albumin (0 7 g/dL) alkaline phosphatase (0 800 U/L) creatinine (0 500 umol/L) aspartate aminotransferase (0 800 U/L) alanine aminotransferase (0 1000 U/L) and urea nitrogen (0 7.2 mmol/L) These results suggest that 3D uPADs can be used as a POCT platform for simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers.
author_names: S H Baek

Chanyong Park

Jaehyung Jeon

Sungsu Park
title: Three Dimensional Paper Based Microfluidic Analysis Device for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Biomarkers with a Smartphone
venue: Biosensors
year: 2020

abstract: Abstract We have recently witnessed substantial advances in the microfluidic lab chip technology and its development toward stand alone diagnostic devices. These efforts have been translated into commercialization ready prototypes by incorporating smartphones and wearable devices as signal transducing and data processing equipment. Such integrated systems provide numerous advantages, including low cost manufacturing, facile fabrication, and intuitive data processing. All the biosensing procedures, including signal generation, transducing, data processing, and displaying results, can be efficiently operated in the stand alone device. Recent accomplishments in these efforts are reviewed and summarized.
author_names: Dae Woo Kim

Kwan Young Jeong

Hyun C Yoon
title: Smartphone based medical diagnostics with microfluidic devices
year: 2020

abstract: Development of wearable devices for in situ monitoring biological analytes in sweat has been fueled up in the past few years. Although microfluidic thread/paper based analytical device (mTPAD) fulfills the requirements of wearable systems on flexibility and biocompatibility, it has not been employed as a sensing system for the in situ sweat analysis. In this work, we developed a wearable mTPAD containing a cotton thread and a functionalized filter paper for non invasive, quantitative and in situ monitoring of human sweat glucose with the assistance of a smartphone. The oxygen plasma was applied to tailor the wicking property of the cotton thread. Amounts of enzymes and reagents on the filter papers were optimized to achieve the high performance colorimetric sensing of glucose. The as prepared device possesses a dynamic range of 50 250 mM and a detection limit of 35 mM. Because of its great wearability and compatibility with conventional textile industry, the mTPAD was integrated with an arm guard to sensitively detect glucose in human sweat. This work may provide a low cost, easy to use wearable device based on the cotton thread and filter paper for human sweat analysis.Graphical abstract
author_names: Gang Xiao

Jing He

Xiaodie Chen

Yan Qiao

Feng Wang

Qingyou Xia

Ling Yu

Zhisong Lu
title: A wearable, cotton thread/paper based microfluidic device coupled with smartphone for sweat glucose sensing
venue: Cellulose
year: 2019

abstract: With its origin estimated around December 2019 in Wuhan, China, the ongoing 2020 SARS CoV 2 pandemic is a major global health challenge, resulting in more than 45 million infections and 1.2 million deaths. The demand for scalable, rapid and sensitive viral diagnostics is thus particularly pressing at present to help contain the rapid spread of infection and prevent overwhelming the capacity of health systems. While high income countries have managed to rapidly expand diagnostic capacities, such is not the case in resource limited settings of low to medium income countries. Aiming at developing cost effective viral load detection systems for point of care COVID 19 diagnostics in resource limited and resource rich settings alike, we report the development of an integrated modular centrifugal microfluidic platform to perform loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of viral RNA directly from heat inactivated nasopharyngeal swab samples. The discs were pre packed with dried n benzyl n methylethanolamine modified agarose beads used as a versatile post nucleic acid amplification signal enhancement strategy, allowing fluorescence detection via a smartphone camera and simple optics. The platform provided sample to answer analysis within 1 hour from sample collection and a detection limit between 100 and 1000 RNA copies in 10 L reaction volume. Furthermore, direct detection of non extracted SARS CoV 2 RNA in nasopharyngeal swab samples from patients with Ct values below 26 (n=25 plus 6 PCR negative samples) was achieved with ~94% sensitivity and 100% specificity, thus being fit for purpose to diagnose patients with a high risk of viral transmission. These results show significant promise towards bringing routine point of care COVID 19 diagnostics closer to resource limited settings.
author_names: Ruben R G Soares

Ahmad S Akhtar

Ines F Pinto

Noa Lapins

Donal Barrett

Gustaf Sandh

Xiushan Yin

Vicent Pelechano

Aman Russom
title: Point of care detection of SARS CoV 2 in nasopharyngeal swab samples using an integrated smartphone based centrifugal microfluidic platform
venue: medRxiv
year: 2020