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abstract: Unlike graphene, the existence of bandgaps (1 2 eV) in the layered semiconductor molybdenum disulphide, combined with mobility enhancement by dielectric engineering, offers an attractive possibility of using single layer molybdenum disulphide field effect transistors in low power switching devices. However, the complicated process of fabricating single layer molybdenum disulphide with an additional high k dielectric layer may significantly limit its compatibility with commercial fabrication. Here we show the first comprehensive investigation of process friendly multilayer molybdenum disulphide field effect transistors to demonstrate a compelling case for their applications in thin film transistors. Our multilayer molybdenum disulphide field effect transistors exhibited high mobilities >100 cm(2) V( 1) s( 1) near ideal subthreshold swings ~70 mV per decade) and robust current saturation over a large voltage window. With simulations based on Shockley's long channel transistor model and calculations of scattering mechanisms, these results provide potentially important implications in the fabrication of high resolution large area displays and further scientific investigation of various physical properties expected in other layered semiconductors.
author_names: Sunkook Kim

Aniruddha Konar

Wan Sik Hwang

Jong Hak Lee

Jiyoul Lee

Jae-Hak Yang

Changhoon Jung

Hyoungsub Kim

Ji-Beom Yoo

Jaeyoung Choi

Yong Wan Jin

Sang Yoon Lee

Debdeep Jena

Woong Choi

Kinam Kim
title: High mobility and low power thin film transistors based on multilayer MoS2 crystals.
venue: Nature communications
year: 2012

abstract: We present the Spectroscopic Imaging survey in the near infrared (near IR) with SINFONI (SINS) of high redshift galaxies. With 80 objects observed and 63 detected in at least one rest frame optical nebular emission line, mainly Ha, SINS represents the largest survey of spatially resolved gas kinematics, morphologies, and physical properties of star forming galaxies at z 1 3. We describe the selection of the targets, the observations, and the data reduction. We then focus on the "SINS Ha sample," consisting of 62 rest UV/optically selected sources at 1.3 z 2.6 for which we targeted primarily the Ha and [N II] emission lines. Only 30% of this sample had previous near IR spectroscopic observations. The galaxies were drawn from various imaging surveys with different photometric criteria; as a whole, the SINS Ha sample covers a reasonable representation of massive M_* 10^(10) M_ star forming galaxies at z 1.5 2.5, with some bias toward bluer systems compared to pure K selected samples due to the requirement of secure optical redshift. The sample spans 2 orders of magnitude in stellar mass and in absolute and specific star formation rates, with median values 3 x 10^(10) M_, 70 M_ yr^ 1) and 3 Gyr^ 1) The ionized gas distribution and kinematics are spatially resolved on scales ranging from 1.5 kpc for adaptive optics assisted observations to typically 4 5 kpc for seeing limited data. The Ha morphologies tend to be irregular and/or clumpy. About one third of the SINS Ha sample galaxies are rotation dominated yet turbulent disks, another one third comprises compact and velocity dispersion dominated objects, and the remaining galaxies are clear interacting/merging systems; the fraction of rotation dominated systems increases among the more massive part of the sample. The Ha luminosities and equivalent widths suggest on average roughly twice higher dust attenuation toward the H II regions relative to the bulk of the stars, and comparable current and past averaged star formation rates.
author_names: Natascha M Forster Schreiber

Reinhard Genzel

Nicolas F Bouche

Giovanni Cresci

Rodney D Davies

Peter Buschkamp

Kristen Leah Shapiro

Linda J Tacconi

E K S Hicks

Shy Genel

Alice E Shapley

Dawn K Erb

Charles C Steidel

Dieter Lutz

Frank Eisenhauer

Stefan Gillessen

Amiel Sternberg

Alvio Renzini

Andrea Cimatti

Emanuele Daddi

Jaron Daniel Kurk

Simon J Lilly

Xu Kong

Matthew D Lehnert

Nicole P H Nesvadba

Aprajita Verma

H J Mccracken

Nobuo Arimoto

Marco Mignoli

Masato Onodera
title: THE SINS SURVEY: SINFONI INTEGRAL FIELD SPECTROSCOPY OF z 2 STAR FORMING GALAXIES*
year: 2009

abstract: Connecting caldera collapse The Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawai'i erupted for 3 months in 2018. Neal et al. present a summary of the eruption sequence along with a variety of geophysical observations collected by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. The cyclic inflation, deflation, and eventual collapse of the summit was tied to lava eruption from lower East Rift Zone fissures. A total volume of 0.8 cubic kilometers of magma erupted, roughly the equivalent of 320,000 swimming pools, which matched the change in volume at the summit. Science, this issue p. 367 The Kilauea Volcano erupted 0.8 cubic kilometers of magma, which triggered a summit collapse over the 3 months of the eruption. In 2018, Kilauea Volcano experienced its largest lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption and caldera collapse in at least 200 years. After collapse of the Pu'u 'O'o vent on 30 April, magma propagated downrift. Eruptive fissures opened in the LERZ on 3 May, eventually extending ~6.8 kilometers. A 4 May earthquake [moment magnitude (Mw) 6.9] produced ~5 meters of fault slip. Lava erupted at rates exceeding 100 cubic meters per second, eventually covering 35.5 square kilometers. The summit magma system partially drained, producing minor explosions and near daily collapses releasing energy equivalent to Mw 4.7 to 5.4 earthquakes. Activity declined rapidly on 4 August. Summit collapse and lava flow volume estimates are roughly equivalent about 0.8 cubic kilometers. Careful historical observation and monitoring of Kilauea enabled successful forecasting of hazardous events.
author_names: C A Neal

S R Brantley

L Antolik

Janet Lynn Babb

M Burgess

Kaitlian Calles

M Cappos

J C Chang

S Conway

L Desmither

P Dotray

T Elias

P Fukunaga

Steven Fuke

Ingrid A Johanson

K Kamibayashi

J P Kauahikaua

R Lopaka Lee

S Pekalib

Asta Miklius

W Million

C J Moniz

Patricia Amanda Nadeau

Paul G Okubo

Carolyn Parcheta

Matthew R Patrick

Brian R Shiro

Donald A Swanson

W Tollett

Frank A Trusdell

Edward F Younger

Michael Zoeller

E K Montgomery-Brown

Kyle Anderson

Michael P Poland

J L Ball

J Bard

Michelle L Coombs

Hannah R Dietterich

Christoph Kern

Weston A Thelen

P F Cervelli

Tim R Orr

Bruce F Houghton

Cheryl Gansecki

Richard W Hazlett

Paul R Lundgren

Angela Diefenbach

Allan H Lerner

Gregory P Waite

Peter Kelly

L Clor

C Werner

K Mulliken

G Fisher

David E Damby
title: The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano
venue: Science
year: 2019

abstract: The resistivity of ultraclean suspended graphene is strongly temperature (T) dependent for 5<T<240 K. At T 5 K transport is near ballistic in a device of approximately 2 microm dimension and a mobility approximately 170,000 cm2/V s. At large carrier density, n>0.5 x 10(11) cm( 2) the resistivity increases with increasing T and is linear above 50 K, suggesting carrier scattering from acoustic phonons. At T=240 K the mobility is approximately 120,000 cm2/V s, higher than in any known semiconductor. At the charge neutral point we observe a nonuniversal conductivity that decreases with decreasing T, consistent with a density inhomogeneity <10(8) cm( 2)
author_names: Kirill I Bolotin

K J Sikes

James C Hone

Horst L Stormer

Philip Kim
title: Temperature dependent transport in suspended graphene.
venue: Physical review letters
year: 2008

abstract: It is well known that for many NP complete problems, such as K Sat, etc. typical cases are easy to solve; so that computationally hard cases must be rare (assuming P NP) This paper shows that NP complete problems can be summarized by at least one "order parameter" and that the hard problems occur at a critical value of such a parameter. This critical value separates two regions of characteristically different properties. For example, for K colorability, the critical value separates overconstrained from underconstrained random graphs, and it marks the value at which the probability of a solution changes abruptly from near 0 to near 1. It is the high density of well separated almost solutions (local minima) at this boundary that cause search algorithms to "thrash" This boundary is a type of phase transition and we show that it is preserved under mappings between problems. We show that for some P problems either there is no phase transition or it occurs for bounded N (and so bounds the cost) These results suggest a way of deciding if a problem is in P or NP and why they are different.
author_names: Peter C Cheeseman

Bob Kanefsky

William Taylor
title: Where the Really Hard Problems Are
venue: IJCAI
year: 1991

abstract: Summary Background Endometriosis is a risk factor for epithelial ovarian cancer; however, whether this risk extends to all invasive histological subtypes or borderline tumours is not clear. We undertook an international collaborative study to assess the association between endometriosis and histological subtypes of ovarian cancer. Methods Data from 13 ovarian cancer case control studies, which were part of the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium, were pooled and logistic regression analyses were undertaken to assess the association between self reported endometriosis and risk of ovarian cancer. Analyses of invasive cases were done with respect to histological subtypes, grade, and stage, and analyses of borderline tumours by histological subtype. Age, ethnic origin, study site, parity, and duration of oral contraceptive use were included in all analytical models. Findings 13 226 controls and 7911 women with invasive ovarian cancer were included in this analysis. 818 and 738, respectively, reported a history of endometriosis. 1907 women with borderline ovarian cancer were also included in the analysis, and 168 of these reported a history of endometriosis. Self reported endometriosis was associated with a significantly increased risk of clear cell (136 [20*2% of 674 cases vs 818 [6*2% of 13 226 controls, odds ratio 3*05, 95% CI 2*43 3*84, p<0*0001) low grade serous (31 [9*2% of 336 cases, 2*11, 1*39 3*20, p<0*0001) and endometrioid invasive ovarian cancers (169 [13*9% of 1220 cases, 2*04, 1*67 2*48, p<0*0001) No association was noted between endometriosis and risk of mucinous (31 [6*0% of 516 cases, 1*02, 0*69 1*50, p=0*93) or high grade serous invasive ovarian cancer (261 [7*1% of 3659 cases, 1*13, 0*97 1*32, p=0*13) or borderline tumours of either subtype (serous 103 [9*0% of 1140 cases, 1*20, 0*95 1*52, p=0*12, and mucinous 65 [8*5% of 767 cases, 1*12, 0*84 1*48, p=0*45) Interpretation Clinicians should be aware of the increased risk of specific subtypes of ovarian cancer in women with endometriosis. Future efforts should focus on understanding the mechanisms that might lead to malignant transformation of endometriosis so as to help identify subsets of women at increased risk of ovarian cancer. Funding Ovarian Cancer Research Fund, National Institutes of Health, California Cancer Research Program, California Department of Health Services, Lon V Smith Foundation, European Community's Seventh Framework Programme, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany, Programme of Clinical Biomedical Research, German Cancer Research Centre, Eve Appeal, Oak Foundation, UK National Institute of Health Research, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Cancer Council Tasmania, Cancer Foundation of Western Australia, Mermaid 1, Danish Cancer Society, and Roswell Park Alliance Foundation.
author_names: Celeste Leigh Pearce

Claire Templeman

Mary Anne Rossing

Alice W Lee

Aimee M Near

Penelope M Webb

Christina M Nagle

Jennifer Anne Doherty

Kara L Cushing-Haugen

Kristine G Wicklund

Jenny Chang-Claude

Rebecca Hein

Galina Lurie

Lynne Wilkens

Michael E Carney

Marc T Goodman

Kirsten B Moysich

Susanne K Kjaer

Estrid V Hogdall

Allan Jensen

Ellen L Goode

Brooke L Fridley

Melissa C Larson

Joellen M Schildkraut

Rachel T Palmieri

Daniel W Cramer

Kathryn L Terry

Allison F Vitonis

Linda J Titus

Argyrios Ziogas

Wendy R Brewster

Hoda Anton-Culver

Alex Gentry-Maharaj

Susan J Ramus

A Rebecca Anderson

Doerthe Brueggmann

Peter Andreas Fasching

Simon A Gayther

David G Huntsman

Usha Menon

Roberta B Ness

Malcolm C Pike

Harvey A Risch

Anna H Wu

Andrew Berchuck
title: Association between endometriosis and risk of histological subtypes of ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of case control studies
venue: The Lancet. Oncology
year: 2012

abstract: This paper introduces k' means algorithm that performs correct clustering without pre assigning the exact number of clusters. This is achieved by minimizing a suggested cost function. The cost function extends the mean square error cost function of k means. The algorithm consists of two separate steps. The first is a pre processing procedure that performs initial clustering and assigns at least one seed point to each cluster. During the second step, the seed points are adjusted to minimize the cost function. The algorithm automatically penalizes any possible winning chances for all rival seed points in subsequent iterations. When the cost function reaches a global minimum, the correct number of clusters is determined and the remaining seed points are located near the centres of actual clusters. The simulated experiments described in this paper confirm good performance of the proposed algorithm.
author_names: Krista Rizman alik
title: An efficient k' means clustering algorithm
year: 2008

abstract: Introduction: In the era of multidrug resistant, extensively drug resistant (XDR) and even pandrug resistant Gram negative microorganisms, the medical community is facing the threat of untreatable infections particularly those caused by carbapenemase producing bacteria, that is, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Therefore, all the presently available antibiotics, as well as for the near future compounds, are presented and discussed. Areas covered: Current knowledge concerning mechanisms of action, in vitro activity and interactions, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy and toxicity issues for revived and novel antimicrobial agents overcoming current resistance mechanisms, including colistin, tigecycline, fosfomycin, temocillin, carbapenems, and antibiotics still under development for the near future such as plazomicin, eravacycline and carbapenemase inhibitors is discussed. Expert opinion: Colistin is active in vitro and effective in vivo against XDR carbapenemase producing microorganisms in the critically ill host, whereas tigecycline, with the exception of P. aeruginosa, has a similar spectrum of activity. The efficacy of combination therapy in bacteremias and ventilator associated pneumonia caused by K. pneumoniae carbapenemase producers seems to be obligatory, whereas in cases of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii its efficacy is questionable. Fosfomycin, which is active against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae, although promising, shares poor experience in XDR infections. The in vivo validity of the newer potent compounds still necessitates the evaluation of Phase III clinical trials particularly in XDR infections.
author_names: Ilias Karaiskos

Helen Giamarellou
title: Multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant Gram negative pathogens: current and emerging therapeutic approaches
venue: Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
year: 2014

abstract: Granitic rhyolitic liquids were produced experimentally from moderately hydrous (1.7 2.3 wt% H2O) medium to high K basaltic compositions at 700 MPa and fO2 controlled from Ni NiO 1.3 to +4. Amount and composition of evolved liquids and coexisting mineral assemblages vary with fO2 and temperature, with melt being more evolved at higher fO2s, where coexisting mineral assemblages are more plagioclase and Fe Ti oxide rich and amphibole poor. At fO2 of Ni NiO +1, typical for many silicic magmas, the samples produce 12 25 wt% granitic rhyolitic liquid, amounts varying with bulk composition. Medium to high K basalts are common in subduction related magmatic arcs, and near solidus true granite or rhyolite liquids can form widely, and in geologically significant quantities, by advanced crystallization differentiation or by low degree partial remelting of mantle derived basaltic sources. Previously differentiated or weathered materials may be involved in generating specific felsic magmas, but are not required for such magmas to be voluminous or to have the K rich granitic compositions typical of the upper continental crust.
author_names: Thomas W Sisson

Kent Ratajeski

W Ben Hankins

Allen F Glazner
title: Voluminous granitic magmas from common basaltic sources
year: 2005

abstract: Photoelectronic responses of organic inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 on mesoporous TiO2 electrodes are investigated. On the basis of near band edge optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra, the bandgap energy and exciton binding energy as a function of temperature are obtained. The exciton binding energy is much smaller than thermal energy at room temperature, which means that most excitons are thermally dissociated, and optical processes are determined by the photoexcited electrons and holes. We determined the temperature dependence of exciton binding energy, which changes from ~30 meV at 13 K to 6 meV at 300 K. In addition, the bandgap energy and the exciton binding energy show abrupt changes at 150 K due to structural phase transition. Our fundamental optical studies provide essential information for improving the device performance of solar cells based on halide perovskite semiconductors.
author_names: Yasuhiro Yamada

Toru Nakamura

Masaru Endo

Atsushi Wakamiya

Yoshihiko Kanemitsu
title: Photoelectronic Responses in Solution Processed Perovskite CH$_{\bf 3} NH$_{\bf 3}$PbI $_{\bf 3} Solar Cells Studied by Photoluminescence and Photoabsorption Spectroscopy
venue: IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics
year: 2015