Search query: cancer imaging agents

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abstract: Approximately 1.7 million new cases of cancer will be diagnosed this year in the United States leading to 600 000 deaths. Patient survival rates are highly correlated with the stage of cancer diagnosis, with localized and regional remission rates that are much higher than for metastatic cancer. The current standard of care for many solid tumors includes imaging and biopsy with histological assessment. In many cases, after tomographical imaging modalities have identified abnormal morphology consistent with cancer, surgery is performed to remove the primary tumor and evaluate the surrounding lymph nodes. Accurate identification of tumor margins and staging are critical for selecting optimal treatments to minimize recurrence. Visible, fluorescent, and radiolabeled small molecules have been used as contrast agents to improve detection during real time intraoperative imaging. Unfortunately, current dyes lack the tissue specificity, stability, and signal penetration needed for optimal performance. Quantum dots (QDs) represent an exciting class of fluorescent probes for optical imaging with tunable optical properties, high stability, and the ability to target tumors or lymph nodes based on surface functionalization. Here, state of the art biocompatible QDs are compared with current Food and Drug Administration approved fluorophores used in cancer imaging and a perspective on the pathway to clinical translation is provided.
author_names: Kevin J McHugh

Lihong Jing

Adam M Behrens

Surangi N Jayawardena

Wen Tang

Mingyuan Gao

Robert S Langer

Ana Jaklenec
title: Biocompatible Semiconductor Quantum Dots as Cancer Imaging Agents.
venue: Advanced materials
year: 2018

abstract: The development of molecular therapies for cancer treatment has created a need to image biochemical and molecular processes to appropriately select tumors that express the drug target, thereby predicting a positive response to therapy. Biomarker driven molecular imaging is complementary to pathologic analysis and offers a more direct measure of drug efficacy and treatment response, potentially providing early insight into therapeutic futility and allowing response adapted treatment strategies. Imaging also allows a unique means of assessing the heterogeneity of both intra and intertumoral targets as well as a mixed response to therapy; this information is important in the setting of metastatic disease. Here we review the development of novel molecular imaging probes and combinations of probes to guide therapy for two new targets and associated therapeutic agents: cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors and poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase inhibitors.
author_names: Elizabeth S McDonald

David A Mankoff

Robert Henry Mach
title: Novel Strategies for Breast Cancer Imaging: New Imaging Agents to Guide Treatment
venue: The Journal of Nuclear Medicine
year: 2016

abstract: Molecular imaging is an emerging strategy for in vivo visualization of cancer over time based on biological mechanisms of disease activity. Optical imaging methods offer a number of advantages for real time cancer detection, particularly in the epithelium of hollow organs and ducts, by using a broad spectral range of light that spans from visible to near infrared. Targeted ligands are being developed for improved molecular specificity. These platforms include small molecule, peptide, affibody, activatable probes, lectin, and antibody. Fluorescence labeling is used to provide high image contrast. This emerging methodology is clinically useful for early cancer detection by identifying and localizing suspicious lesions that may not otherwise be seen and serves as a guide for tissue biopsy and surgical resection. Visualizing molecular expression patterns may also be useful to determine the best choice of therapy and to monitor efficacy. A number of these imaging agents are overcoming key challenges for clinical translation and are being validated in vivo for a wide range of human cancers.
author_names: Bishnu P Joshi

Thomas D Wang
title: Targeted Optical Imaging Agents in Cancer: Focus on Clinical Applications
venue: Contrast media molecular imaging
year: 2018

abstract: Cancer, as one of the most life threatening diseases, shows a high fatality rate around the world. When improving the therapeutic efficacy of conventional cancer treatments, researchers also conduct extensive studies into alternative therapeutic approaches, which are safe, valid, and economical. Phototherapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are tumor ablative and function reserving oncologic interventions, showing strong potential in clinical cancer treatment. During phototherapies, the non toxic phototherapeutic agents can be activated upon light irradiation to induce cell death without causing much damage to normal tissues. Besides, with the rapid development of nanotechnology in the past decades, phototheranostic nanomedicine also has attracted tremendous interests aiming to continuously refine their performance. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress of phototheranostic nanomedicine for improved cancer therapy. After a brief introduction of the therapeutic principles and related phototherapeutic agents for PDT and PTT, the existing works on developing of phototheranostic nanomedicine by mainly focusing on their categories and applications, particularly on phototherapy synergized cancer immunotherapy, are comprehensively reviewed. More importantly, a brief conclusion and future challenges of phototheranostic nanomedicine from our point of view are delivered in the last part of this article.
author_names: Di Gao

Xiaoqing Guo

Xingcai Zhang

Shuojia Chen

Ting-Lung Chen

Gang Huang

Yanzheng Gao

Zhongmin Tian

Zhe Yang
title: Multifunctional phototheranostic nanomedicine for cancer imaging and treatment
venue: Materials today. Bio
year: 2020

abstract: Abstract Selective receptor targeting peptide based agents have attracted considerable attention in molecular imaging of tumor cells that overexpress corresponding peptide receptors due to their unique properties such as rapid clearance from circulation as well as high affinities and specificities for their targets. The rapid growth of chemistry modification techniques has enabled the design and development of various peptide based imaging agents with enhanced metabolic stability, favorable pharmacokinetics, improved binding affinity and selectivity, better imaging ability as well as biosafety. Among them, many radiolabeled peptides have already been translated into the clinic with impressive diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity. This review summarizes the current status in the development of peptide based imaging agents with an emphasis on the consideration of probe design including the identification of suitable peptides, the chemical modification of probes and the criteria for clinical translation. Specific examples in clinical trials have been provided as well with respect to their diagnostic capability compared with other FDA approved imaging agents. Graphical abstract Figure. No Caption available.
author_names: Xiaolian Sun

Yesen Li

Ting Liu

Zijing Li

Xianzhong Zhang

Xiaoyuan Chen
title: Peptide based imaging agents for cancer detection
venue: Advanced drug delivery reviews
year: 2017

abstract: BACKGROUND Breast cancer accounts for nearly one in three cancers, and it is the most common cancer diagnosed among women. The death rate of breast cancer is estimated to be 14% Hence, accurate diagnosis in early stage and effective treatment in any stage are critical for the survival of breast cancer. Mammogram has been the most common technique administered to detect breast cancer. However, the radiation dose from mammogram is harmful to patients. Fortunately, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can diagnose breast cancer without any radiation dose, and enhanced MRI can make earlier and differential diagnosis. Therefore, as contrast materials, superparamagnetic iron oxide based nanoprobes (SPIONs) have generated a great deal of attention. OBJECTIVE This review covers recent advances in SPIONs as multifunctional theranostic agents. METHODS Besides synthesis and surface modification of SPIONs, passive and active targeted imaging is also discussed. Moreover, a serial of potential therapy for breast cancer is further described, such as photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, chemotherapy and magnetic hyperthermia therapy. CONCLUSION Preparation and surface modification of SPIONs is critical for imaging diagnosis of breast cancer and further potential treatment.
author_names: Jianjun Zheng

Wenzhi Ren

Tianxiang Chen

Yinhua Jin

Aijing Li

Kun Yan

Yijiao Wu

Aiguo Wu
title: Recent Advances in Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Based Nanoprobes as Multifunctional Theranostic Agents for Breast Cancer Imaging and Therapy.
venue: Current medicinal chemistry
year: 2018

abstract: Bone metastases result from the invasion of primary tumors to bone. Current treatment modalities include local treatments such as surgery and radiotherapy, while systemic treatments include chemotherapy and (palliative) treatment of skeletal metastases. Nevertheless, once bone metastases have been established they remain incurable leading to morbidity and mortality. Bisphosphonates are a well established class of drugs, which are increasingly applied in the treatment of bone cancers owing to their effective inhibition of tumor cells and suppression of bone metastases. The increased understanding of the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates on bone and tumor cells has prompted the development of novel bisphosphonate functionalized imaging and therapeutic agents. This review provides an update on the preclinical efficacy of bisphosphonate functionalized fluorophore, anti tumor agents and nanocarriers for the treatment of bone metastases. After an overview of the general characteristics of bisphosphonates and their mechanisms of action, an outline is provided on the various conjugation strategies that have become available to functionalize imaging agents, anti tumor agents and nanocarriers with bisphosphonates. Finally, the efficacy of these bisphosphonate modified agents and carriers in preclinical studies is evaluated by reviewing their potential to target tumors and inhibit tumor growth in clinically relevant animal models for the treatment of bone cancer.
author_names: Robin A Nadar

Nicola Margiotta

Michele Iafisco

Jeroen J J P van den Beucken

Otto C Boerman

Sander G C Leeuwenburgh
title: Bisphosphonate Functionalized Imaging Agents, Anti Tumor Agents and Nanocarriers for Treatment of Bone Cancer
venue: Advanced healthcare materials
year: 2017

abstract: Cancer cells reprogram their gene expression to promote growth, survival, proliferation, and invasiveness. The unique expression of certain uptake transporters in cancers and their innate function to concentrate small molecular substrates in cells make them ideal targets for selective delivering imaging and therapeutic agents into cancer cells. In this review, we focus on several solute carrier (SLC) transporters known to be involved in transporting clinically used radiopharmaceutical agents into cancer cells, including the sodium/iodine symporter (NIS) norepinephrine transporter (NET) glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) The molecular and functional characteristics of these transporters are reviewed with special emphasis on their specific expressions in cancers and interaction with imaging or theranostic agents [e.g. I 123, I 131, 123I iobenguane (mIBG) 18F fluorodeoxyglucose (18F FDG) and 13C pyruvate] Current clinical applications and research areas of these transporters in cancer diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Finally, we offer our views on emerging opportunities and challenges in targeting transporters for cancer imaging and treatment. By analyzing the few clinically successful examples, we hope much interest can be garnered in cancer research towards uptake transporters and their potential applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
author_names: Yuchen Zhang

Joanne Wang
title: Targeting uptake transporters for cancer imaging and treatment
venue: Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
year: 2020

abstract: Imaging plays an increasing role in prostate cancer diagnosis and staging. Accurate staging of prostate cancer is required for optimal treatment planning. In detecting extraprostatic cancer and sites of early recurrence, traditional imaging methods (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide bone scan) have suboptimal performance. This leaves a gap between known disease recurrence as indicated by rising prostate specific antigen and the ability to localize the recurrence on imaging. Novel positron emission tomography (PET) agents including radiolabeled choline, fluciclovine 18 F FACBC) and agents targeting prostate specific membrane antigen are being developed and tested to increase diagnostic performance of non invasive prostate cancer localization. When combined with CT or MRI, these tracers offer a combination of functional information and anatomic localization that is superior to conventional imaging methods. These PET radiotracers have varying mechanisms and excretion patterns affecting their pharmacokinetics and diagnostic performance, which will be reviewed in this article.
author_names: Stephanie M Walker

Ilhan Lim

Liza Lindenberg

Esther Mena

Peter L Choyke

Baris Turkbey
title: Positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers for prostate cancer imaging
venue: Abdominal Radiology
year: 2020

abstract: Gas filled particles (microbubbles) can be prepared and stabilized for intravascular use as contrast agents in ultrasound imaging. Microbubbles are used in clinics as blood pool contrast materials for the past two decades. Shell of these bubbles is made of biocompatible and biodegradable lipids, proteins, and/or polymers. Gas core is air, or, lately, a perfluorinated gas, poorly soluble in water and blood. Making them useful for molecular targeting and molecular imaging in oncology is accomplished by decorating the shell of these particles with targeting ligands, that will selectively bind to the specific markers of tumor vasculature. In this review we discuss the formulation strategy for microbubble preparation, the logic of bubble shell selection, coupling tools that are used for the attachment of targeting ligands, and examples of the application of gas filled bubbles for molecular imaging in oncology.
author_names: Alexander L Klibanov
title: Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Cancer: Design and Formulation Strategies of Targeted Contrast Agents.
venue: Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer
year: 2020