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abstract: On chip single photon sources are key components for integrated photonic quantum technologies. Semiconductor quantum dots can exhibit near ideal single photon emission, but this can be significantly degraded in on chip geometries owing to nearby etched surfaces. A long proposed solution to improve the indistinguishablility is to use the Purcell effect to reduce the radiative lifetime. However, until now only modest Purcell enhancements have been observed. Here we use pulsed resonant excitation to eliminate slow relaxation paths, revealing a highly Purcell shortened radiative lifetime (22.7 ps) in a waveguide coupled quantum dot photonic crystal cavity system. This leads to near lifetime limited single photon emission that retains high indistinguishablility (93.9% on a timescale in which 20 photons may be emitted. Nearly background free pulsed resonance fluorescence is achieved under p pulse excitation, enabling demonstration of an on chip, on demand single photon source with very high potential repetition rates.Exploiting both pulsed resonant excitation and a large Purcell enhancement, a single quantum dot coupled to a photonic crystal nanostructure can deterministically produce highly indistinguishable single photons for on chip quantum optical applications.
author_names: F Liu

Alistair J Brash

J O'hara

L M P Martins

Catherine L Phillips

R J Coles

B Royall

Edmund Clarke

Christopher Bentham

Nikola Prtljaga

I E Itskevich

Luke R Wilson

M S Skolnick

A M Fox
title: High Purcell factor generation of indistinguishable on chip single photons
venue: Nature Nanotechnology
year: 2018

abstract: An outstanding goal in quantum optics and scalable photonic quantum technology is to develop a source that each time emits one and only one entangled photon pair with simultaneously high entanglement fidelity, extraction efficiency, and photon indistinguishability. By coherent two photon excitation of a single InGaAs quantum dot coupled to a circular Bragg grating bull's eye cavity with a broadband high Purcell factor of up to 11.3, we generate entangled photon pairs with a state fidelity of 0.90(1) pair generation rate of 0.59(1) pair extraction efficiency of 0.62(6) and photon indistinguishability of 0.90(1) simultaneously. Our work will open up many applications in high efficiency multiphoton experiments and solid state quantum repeaters.
author_names: Hui Wang

Hai Hu

T H Chung

Jian Qin

Xiaoxia Yang

J-P Li

R-Z Liu

Han-Sen Zhong

Y -M He

Xing Ding

Y -H Deng

Qing Dai

Yongheng Huo

Sven Hofling

Chao-Yang Lu

Jian-Wei Pan
title: On Demand Semiconductor Source of Entangled Photons Which Simultaneously Has High Fidelity, Efficiency, and Indistinguishability.
venue: Physical review letters
year: 2019

abstract: The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond has an optically addressable, highly coherent spin. However, an NV center even in high quality single crystalline material is a very poor source of single photons: extraction out of the high index diamond is inefficient, the emission of coherent photons represents just a few per cent of the total emission, and the decay time is large. In principle, all three problems can be addressed with a resonant microcavity. In practice, it has proved difficult to implement this concept: photonic engineering hinges on nano fabrication yet it is notoriously difficult to process diamond without degrading the NV centers. We present here a microcavity scheme which uses minimally processed diamond, thereby preserving the high quality of the starting material, and a tunable microcavity platform. We demonstrate a clear change in the lifetime for multiple individual NV centers on tuning both the cavity frequency and anti node position, a Purcell effect. The overall Purcell factor $F_{\rm P}=2.0$ translates to a Purcell factor for the zero phonon line (ZPL) of $F_{\rm P}\rm ZPL}\sim30$ and an increase in the ZPL emission probability from \sim 3 to \sim 46 By making a step change in the NV's optical properties in a deterministic way, these results pave the way for much enhanced spin photon and spin spin entanglement rates.
author_names: Daniel Riedel

Immo Sollner

Brendan J Shields

Sebastian Starosielec

Patrick Appel

Elke Neu

Patrick Maletinsky

Richard John Warburton
title: Deterministic enhancement of coherent photon generation from a nitrogen vacancy center in ultrapure diamond
year: 2017

abstract: We theoretically demonstrate high quality(Q) factor micropillar cavities at 1.55 mm wavelength based on Si/SiO(2) InP hybrid structure. An adiabatic design in distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) improves Q factor for upto 3 orders of magnitude, while reducing the diameter to sub micrometer. A moderate Q factor of ~3000 and a Purcell factor of ~200 are realized by only 2 taper segments and fewer conventional DBR pairs, enabling single photon generation at GHz rate. As the taper segment number is increased, Q factor can be boosted to ~10(5) 10(6) enabling coherent exchange between the emitter and the optical mode at 1.55 mm, which is applicable in quantum information networks.
author_names: Haizhi Song

Kazuya Takemoto

Toshiyuki Miyazawa

Motomu Takatsu

Satoshi Iwamoto

Mitsuru Ekawa

Tsuyoshi Yamamoto

Yasuhiko Arakawa
title: High quality factor Si/SiO(2) InP hybrid micropillar cavities with submicrometer diameter for 1.55 mm telecommunication band.
venue: Optics express
year: 2015

abstract: This work presents the design and optimization of a cascade nano laser using CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. Due to increasing threshold gain with decreasing device size and high Auger losses, the use of perovskite as the active medium in the cascade nano laser was proposed, as the material possesses a high emission rate in the visible wavelength region, with relative ease of device fabrication. By optimizing the thickness of the perovskite, its width, and the thickness of the silica used, photonic and plasmonic modes were created, which were further considered to permit the generation of lasing, using their respective Purcell factors. The pump wavelength considered was 400 nm, with the laser emission then at 537 nm. For suitability of plasmonic lasing, a Purcell factor FP of 1.22 is reported here, with no possibility for photonic lasing due to its FP value being less than 1 in this design. However, mode crossing effects were observed in the plasmonic mode at l 400 nm for two designs: at a silica thickness of 27.5 nm with perovskite thickness and width of 100 and 300 nm, respectively, and at a silica thickness of 30 nm with perovskite thickness and width of 95 and 300 nm, respectively. These mode crossing effects can be further analyzed to use these devices in the design of potential new sensor systems, mainly for gas and chemical sensing, exploiting the refractive index sensing capability as a means to determine the concentration of the gases, or other chemicals, under study.
author_names: Swetha S Bobba

Nisrine Hamdouni

Kamna Pande

Kejalakshmy Namassivayane

Arti Agrawal

Kenneth T V Grattan
title: Design and optimization of perovskite plasmonic nano laser for operation at room temperature
year: 2020

abstract: We report a new gateway to enhance the sponatnesous emission rate of single quantum emitters by introducing a cavity in tilted nanofiber Bragg grating (TNFBG) We found that light emitter's coupling efficiency into the tilted grating structure's guided mode is 65% with 70 grating periods. This novel tilted structure has a high Q factor 1408.71 and low mode volume 0.66 microm3 an important requirement. Further, the Purcell factor of a quantum light emitter inside the nanofiber is nine times more than that of an emitter on the cavity's surface. The further optimized system with enhanced perfromance can be used the next generation quantum information and quantum metrology application.
author_names: Subrat Sahu

Rajan Jha
title: Tilted Nanofiber Bragg Grating as an efficient photon collector from single quantum emitters: A new avenue
year: 2020

abstract: Scalable quantum photonic architectures demand highly efficient, high purity single photon sources, which can be frequency matched via external tuning. We demonstrate a single photon source based on an InAs quantum dot embedded in a micropillar resonator, which is frequency tunable via externally applied stress. Our platform combines the advantages of a Bragg micropillar cavity and the piezo strain tuning technique enabling single photon spontaneous emission enhancement via the Purcell effect and quantum dot (QD) with tunable wavelength. Our optomechanical platform has been implemented by integration of semiconductor based QD micropillars on a piezoelectric substrate. The fabricated device exhibits spontaneous emission enhancement with a Purcell factor of 4.4$\pm$0.7 and allows for a pure triggered single photon generation with $g^(2)(0) 0.07 under resonant excitation. A quantum dot emission energy tuning range of 0.75 meV for 27 kV/cm applied to the piezo substrate has been achieved. Our results pave the way towards the scalable implementation of single photon quantum photonic technologies using optoelectronic devices.
author_names: Magdalena Moczala-Dusanowska

Lukasz Dusanowski

Stefan Gerhardt

Yu-ming He

Marcus Reindl

Armando Rastelli

Rinaldo Trotta

Niels Gregersen

Sven Hofling

Christian Schneider
title: Strain Tunable Single Photon Source Based on a Quantum Dot Micropillar System
venue: ACS Photonics
year: 2019

abstract: Summary form only given. Metamaterials with near zero permittivity (ENZ) or equivalently plasmonic waveguides operated near their cut off frequency, when loaded with nonlinear materials, may efficiently boost the naturally weak nonlinear optical responses. In general, they can spatially extend the nonlinearity enhancement, producing even larger efficiencies and lower power needs, with a moderate Q factor of the associated resonance. The effects have been shown to effectively enhance the Kerr (kh(3) third order nonlinear susceptibility by several orders of magnitude (C. Argyropoulos et al. Phys. Rev. B 85, 045129, 2012) Moreover, the Purcell factor can also be enhanced at the ENZ operation without the usual restrictions of small volumes and high Q factor resonances. This may be interesting for future optical nanocircuits and laser designs.
author_names: Christos Argyropoulos

Giuseppe D'Aguanno

Andrea Alu
title: Temporal soliton propagation and second harmonic generation in epsilon near zero plasmonic waveguides
venue: 2013 USNC URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP S Symposium)
year: 2013

abstract: This paper discusses in a comparative way the main operating parameters of various free electron lasers (FEL's) providing a useful tool for laser design and a comparative evaluation of the various lasers. We show that the various kinds of FEL's satisfy the same gain dispersion relation and differ only in a single coupling parameterk. The different gain regimes which are common to all FEL's are delineated. We find the small signal gain in all the gain regimes (warm and cold beam, low or high gain, single electron, collective or strong coupling interaction) The laser gain parameter, radiation extraction efficiency, maximum power generation, and spectral width are given and compared in the various kinds of FEL's and gain regimes. The maximum power generation of all FEL's (except Compton Raman scattering) is shown to be limited by an interaction region width parameter. This parameter and, consequently, the laser power are larger in the highly relativistic limit by a factor\sim \gamma_{0}in all bremsstrahlung FEL's, in comparison to Cerenkov Smith Purcell FEL's. Some expressions which were derived earlier for the magnetic bremsstrahlung FEL, like the expression for gain in the low gain regime with the space charge effect correction and the low gain expression for efficiency, are shown to be special cases of more general expressions.
author_names: Angela R Gover

Phillip Sprangle
title: A unified theory of magnetic bremsstrahlung, electrostatic bremsstrahlung, Compton Raman scattering, and Cerenkov Smith Purcell free electron lasers
venue: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics
year: 1981

abstract: Quantum communication places stringent requirements on single photon sources. Here we report a theoretical study of the cavity Purcell enhancement of two diamond point defects, the nickel nitrogen (NE8) and silicon vacancy (SiV) centers, for high performance, near on demand single photon generation. By coupling the centers strongly to high finesse optical photonic band gap cavities with modest quality factor Q=O (104) and small mode volume V=O ?3) these system can deliver picosecond single photon pulses at their zero phonon lines with probabilities of 0.954 (NE8) and 0.812 (SiV) under a realistic optical excitation scheme. The undesirable blinking effect due to transitions via metastable states can also be suppressed with O (10 4) blinking probability. We analyze the application of these enhanced centers, including the previously studied cavity enhanced nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, to long distance Bennett Brassard 1984 protocol quantum key distribution (QKD) in fiber based, open air terrestrial and satellite ground setups. In this comparative study, we show that they can deliver performance comparable with decoy state implementation with weak coherent sources, and are most suitable for open air communication
author_names: Chun-Hsu Su

Andrew D Greentree

Lloyd C L Hollenberg
title: High performance diamond based single photon sources for quantum communication
year: 2009