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abstract: Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, known as quantum dots (QDs) are regarded as brightly photoluminescent nanomaterials possessing outstanding photophysical properties, such as high photodurability and tunable absorption and emission wavelengths. Therefore, QDs have great potential for a wide range of applications, such as in photoluminescent materials, biosensors and photovoltaic devices. Since the development of synthetic methods for accessing high quality QDs with uniform morphology and size, various types of QDs have been designed and synthesized, and their photophysical properties dispersed in solutions and at the single QD level have been reported in detail. In contrast to dispersed QDs, the photophysical properties of assembled QDs have not been revealed, although the structures of the self assemblies are closely related to the device performance of the solid state QDs. Therefore, creating and controlling the self assembly of QDs into well defined nanostructures is crucial but remains challenging. In this minireview, we discuss the notable examples of assembled QDs such as dimers, trimers and extended QD assemblies achieved using organic templates. This minireview should facilitate future advancements in materials science related to the assembled QDs.
author_names: Mitsuaki Yamauchi

Sadahiro Masuo
title: Self assembly of Semiconductor Quantum Dots via Organic Templates.
venue: Chemistry
year: 2020

abstract: Nanostructured semiconductors or Quantum Dots (QDs) are materials in continuous development that hold potential for a variety of new applications, including uses in fluorescent labels for biomedical science, photonic devices and sensor materials (Bruchez et al. 1998; Prasad, 2004; Sounderya Zhang, 2008) In biomedical applications, several nanodiagnostic assays have been developed that use QDs. They have been applied to diagnostics, the treatment of diseases, bioimaging, drug delivery, engineered tissues and biomarkers (Sounderya Zhang, 2008) For example, CdSe/ZnS dendron nanocrystals have been used as biosensor systems for detection of pathogens such as Escherichia Coli and Hepatitis B (Liu, 2007) CdSe/ZnS core shell nanocrystals have been shown to be useful for tailoring the fluorescence of dental resin composites (Alves et al. 2010) Core shell quantum dots (CS) have been used as heteronanocrystals, structures that allow optical amplification because of their stimulated emission of single exciton states (Klimov et al. 2007) and highquality CdSe/ZnS doped titania and zirconia optical waveguides have been prepared (Jasieniak et al. 2007)
author_names: Viviane Pilla

Egberto Munin

Noelio Oliveira Dantas

Anielle Christine Almeida Silva

Acacio A Andrade
title: 1 Photothermal Spectroscopic Characterization in CdSe ZnS and CdSe CdS Quantum Dots A Review and New Applications
year: 2018

abstract: Unique optical properties of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) allow to use them as a basis for hybrid nanostructures (HyNSs) with organic molecules for a wide range of biomedical applications: from highly sensitive biosensor devices to a new generation drugs [1] A molecule, which is a part of HyNSs, may be chiral (has two mirror image forms, known as enantiomers, which are not superimposable in three dimensions) Chirality plays a crucial role in biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine since most of the biomolecules and drugs are chiral [2] In HyNSs, optical activity of a molecule and QD can be affected by each other [3] that could also potentially lead to functional properties changes. Here we report the studies on interactions between semiconductor QDs and chiral molecules (cysteine, chlorin e6) (Figure 1, Figure 2) It was found that the optical activity of both QDs and molecules inversely depends on the distance between them in HyNSs. Our future work will involve investigation of the correlation between chiroptical and functional properties of HyNSs. References [1] Li J. Zhang J. Z. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 23 (2009) 30153041 [2] Nguyen L. A. He H. Pham Huy C. International journal of biomedical science: IJBS, 2 (2006) 85 [3] Kumar J. Thomas K. G. Liz Marzan L. M. Chemical Communications, 85 (2016) 12555 12569
author_names: Vera Kuznetsova

Finn Purcell-Milton

Anatoly V Fedorov

Alexander V Baranov
title: Optically active hybrid nanostructures based on semiconductor quantum dots and chiral molecules for biomedicine
year: 2018

abstract: The continuous decrease in the availability of fossil resources, along with an evident energy crisis, and the growing environmental impact due to their use, has pushed scientific research towards the development of innovative strategies and green routes for the use of renewable resources, not only in the field of energy production but also for the production of novel advanced materials and platform molecules for the modern chemical industry. A new class of promising carbon nanomaterials, especially graphene quantum dots (GQDs) due to their exceptional chemical physical features, have been studied in many applications, such as biosensors, solar cells, electrochemical devices, optical sensors, and rechargeable batteries. Therefore, this review focuses on recent results in GQDs synthesis by green, easy, and low cost synthetic processes from eco friendly raw materials and biomass waste. Significant advances in recent years on promising recent applications in the field of electrochemical sensors, have also been discussed. Finally, challenges and future perspectives with possible research directions in the topic are briefly summarized.
author_names: Viviana Bressi

Angelo Ferlazzo

Daniela Iannazzo

Claudia Espro
title: Graphene Quantum Dots by Eco Friendly Green Synthesis for Electrochemical Sensing: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
venue: Nanomaterials
year: 2021

abstract: Combination of quantum dots (QDs) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as magnetic quantum dots (MQDs) has a broad range of applications as multifunctional nanoscale devices in biological imaging, medical nano diagnostics and nanomedicine. MQDs derived from iron oxide nanoparticles and QDs possess excellent superparamagnetic and fluorescent properties, respectively making them multifunctional nanoprobes because of their; (a) strong magnetic strength with tunable functionality, such as rapid and simple magnetic separation, (b) intense and stable fluorescence from QDs combined with tunable biological functionality upon QDs' bio activation, and (c) imaging/visualization by simple ultraviolet light exposure. These excellent features of MQD nanoprobes enable them to be used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as contrast agents, nano diagnostic systems for Point of Care (PoC) disease diagnosis, theranostics nanorobots and in other bio medical applications. Most of MQDs are derived from iron based MNPs because of their abundancy, superparamagnetic properties, low cost and easy to synthesize. In this review, we present different methods employed for chemical synthesis of MQDs derived from iron oxide MNPs, their major chemical compositions and important parameters, such as precursor compositions, quantum yield and magnetic properties. The review also summarizes the most frequently used MQDs in applications such as bio imaging, drug delivery, biosensor platforms and finally ends with future prospects and considerations for MQDs in biomedical applications.
author_names: Ali Tufani

Anjum Qureshi

Javed H Niazi
title: Iron oxide nanoparticles based magnetic luminescent quantum dots (MQDs) synthesis and biomedical/biological applications: A review.
venue: Materials science engineering. C, Materials for biological applications
year: 2021

abstract: Abstract The exceptional optical properties and the presence of high number of reactive sites make nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (N GQDs) powerful tools in analytical nanoscience and nanotechnology. At the same time, their opto electronics properties make them excellent nanomaterials for biomedical analysis aspects. This review aims to explore progress to date various features of N GQDs for optical bio (sensing) of target analytes. Moreover, as another aim of this review is to provide insight into the intensity based spectroscopic methods which are applied in bio (sensing) discussing their advantages and disadvantages. More importantly, we discuss in detail different aspects of the applied optical bio (sensing) (e.g. formation, detection techniques, labels and sensitivity) Consequently, we discuss several outstanding properties of the optical methods, research opportunities and the development potential and prospects. We believe that N GQDs based analytical biosensors need to be developed to detect different target analytes, elaborating microchip systems to develop GQD based lab on a chip devices for separation and detection of bio targets.
author_names: Ayub Karimzadeh

Mohammad Hasanzadeh

Nasrin Shadjou

Miguel de la Guardia
title: Optical bio(sensing) using nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots: Recent advances and future challenges
year: 2018

abstract: Quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) are significant energy producing devices due to their remarkable capability to growing sunshine and produce many electrons/holes pairs, easy manufacturing, and low cost. However, their power conversion efficiency (4% is usually worse than that of dye sensitized solar cells =12% this is mainly due to their narrow absorption areas and the charge recombination happening at the quantum dot/electrolyte and Ti [EQUATION] /electrolyte interfaces. Thus, to raise the power conversion efficiency of QDSSC, new counter electrodes, working electrodes, sensitizers, and electrolytes are required. CdSe thin films have shown great potential for use in photodetectors, solar cells, biosensors, light emitting diodes, and biomedical imaging systems. This article reviews the CdSe nanomaterials that have been recently used in QDSSCs as sensitizers. Their size, design, morphology, and density all noticeably influence the electron injection efficiency and light harvesting capacity of these devices. A detailed overview of the development of QDSSCs is presented, including their basic principles, the synthesis methods for their CdSe quantum dots, and the device fabrication processes. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of realizing high performance CdSe QDSSCs are discussed and some future directions are suggested.
author_names: Mohammad Mominur Rahman

Mohammad Rezaul Karim

Hamad F Alharbi

Belal Aldokhayel

Tauriq Uzzaman

Hasan Zahir
title: Cadmium Selenide quantum dots for solar cell applications: A review.
venue: Chemistry, an Asian journal
year: 2021

abstract: Abstract Micro manipulations of nanodiamonds (NDs) containing Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers are here reviewed. Various methods such as optical tweezers, electro kinetic trap, ions traps, optofluidics and plasmonics applied to the specific nanomaterial are reviewed, focusing on the advantages and achievements in controlling the NDs positioning for magnetic sensing. These approaches are relevant to extend magnetic sensing and imaging in different fluid environments. Levitated NDs in vacuum using optical tweezers or ions traps are also reviewed for applications in cavity optomechanics towards establishing ultra sensitive mechanical spin hybrid systems or nano optomechanics devices. The current demonstrations of trapped or levitated NDs containing NV centers are relevant to fundamental studies of quantum spin photon and mechanical systems coupling but have not yet been applied directly to biological systems, as these fields of applications present several challenges.
author_names: Stefania Castelletto

Lorenzo Rosa

Alberto Boretti
title: Micro manipulation of nanodiamonds containing NV centers for quantum applications
year: 2020

abstract: Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have superior physical properties at room temperature for quantum sensing of magnetic fields, electric field, strain, and temperature enabling scalable applications from atomic to macroscopic range. We review the sensor materials, quantum control technology, and applications. The perfectly aligned NV ensemble well suited for sensing of biological/ medical systems and battery/ power electronics.
author_names: Mutsuko Hatano

Takayuki Iwasaki
title: Device engineering for diamond quantum sensors
venue: 2019 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM)
year: 2019

abstract: From quantum dot to quantum dot A wide range of materials can now be synthesized into semiconducting quantum dots. Because these materials grow from solutions, there is scope to combine quantum dots into devices by using simple, low cost manufacturing processes. Kagan et al. review recent progress in tailoring and combining quantum dots to build electronic and optoelectronic devices. Because it is possible to tune the size, shape, and connectivity of each of the quantum dots, there is potential for fabricating electronic materials with properties that are not available in traditional bulk semiconductors. Science, this issue p. 885 BACKGROUND The Information Age was founded on the semiconductor revolution, marked by the growth of high purity semiconductor single crystals. The resultant design and fabrication of electronic devices exploits our ability to control the concentration, motion, and dynamics of charge carriers in the bulk semiconductor solid state. Our desire to introduce electronics everywhere is fueled by opportunities to create intelligent and enabling devices for the information, communication, consumer product, health, and energy sectors. This demand for ubiquitous electronics is spurring the design of materials that exhibit engineered physical properties and that can enable new fabrication methods for low cost, large area, and flexible devices. Semiconductors, which are at the heart of electronics and optoelectronics, come with high demands on chemical purity and structural perfection. Alternatives to silicon technology are expected to combine the electronic and optical properties of inorganic semiconductors (high charge carrier mobility, precise n and p type doping, and the ability to engineer the band gap energy) with the benefits of additive device manufacturing: low cost, large area, and the use of solution based fabrication techniques. Along these lines, colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) which are nanoscale crystals of analogous bulk semiconductor crystals, offer a powerful platform for device engineers. Colloidal QDs may be tailored in size, shape, and composition and their surfaces functionalized with molecular ligands of diverse chemistry. At the nanoscale (typically 2 to 20 nm) quantum and dielectric confinement effects give rise to the prized size shape and composition tunable electronic and optical properties of QDs. Surface ligands enable the stabilization of QDs in the form of colloids, allowing their bottom up assembly into QD solids. The physical properties of QD solids can be designed by selecting the characteristics of the individual QD building blocks and by controlling the electronic communication between the QDs in the solid state. These QD solids can be engineered with application specific electronic and optoelectronic properties for the large area, solution based assembly of devices. ADVANCES The large surface to volume ratio of QDs places a substantial importance on the composition and structure of the surface in defining the physical properties that govern the concentration, motion, and dynamics of excitations and charge carriers in QD solids. Recent studies have shown pathways to passivate uncoordinated atoms at the QD surface that act to trap and scatter charge carriers. Surface atoms, ligands, and ions can serve as dopants to control the electron affinity of QD solids. Surface ligands and surrounding matrices control the barriers to electronic, excitonic, and thermal transport between QDs and between QDs and matrices. New ligand chemistries and matrix materials have been reported that provide freedom to control the dynamics of excitons and charge carriers and to design device interfaces. These advances in engineering the chemical and physical properties of the QD surface have been translated into recent achievements of high mobility transistors and circuits, high quantum yield photodetectors and light emitting devices, and high efficiency photovoltaic devices. OUTLOOK The dominant role and dynamic nature of the QD surface, and the strong motive to build novel QD devices, will drive the exploration of new surface chemistries and matrix materials, processes for their assembly and integration with other materials in devices, and measurements and simulations with which to map the relationship between surface chemistry and materials and device properties. Challenges remain to achieve full control over the carrier type, concentration, and mobility in the QD channel and the barriers and traps at device interfaces that limit the gain and speed of QD electronics. Surface chemistries that allow for both long carrier lifetime and high carrier mobility and the freedom to engineer the bandgap and band alignment of QDs and other device layers are needed to exploit physics particular to QDs and to advance device architectures that contribute to improving the performance of QD optoelectronics. The importance of thermal transport in QD solids and their devices is an essential emerging topic that promises to become of greater importance as we develop QD devices. Colloidal quantum dot device architectures. Colloidal quantum dots (center) may be engineered in size, shape, and surface chemistry and deposited from solution to be integrated as thin film solids in different electronic and optoelectronic devices that modulate and transmit charge and transduce light and electricity. [Figure courtesy of O. Voznyy and F. S. Stinner. The continued growth of mobile and interactive computing requires devices manufactured with low cost processes, compatible with large area and flexible form factors, and with additional functionality. We review recent advances in the design of electronic and optoelectronic devices that use colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) The properties of materials assembled of QDs may be tailored not only by the atomic composition but also by the size, shape, and surface functionalization of the individual QDs and by the communication among these QDs. The chemical and physical properties of QD surfaces and the interfaces in QD devices are of particular importance, and these enable the solution based fabrication of low cost, large area, flexible, and functional devices. We discuss challenges that must be addressed in the move to solution processed functional optoelectronic nanomaterials.
author_names: Cherie R Kagan

Efrat Lifshitz

Edward H Sargent

Dmitri V Talapin
title: Building devices from colloidal quantum dots
venue: Science
year: 2016