Search query: strain-optic Two dimensional material 

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abstract: A two dimensional (2D) material, the holey 2D C2N (h2D C2N) crystal, has recently been synthesized. Here, we investigate the strain effects on the properties of this material by first principles calculations. We show that the material is quite soft with a small stiffness constant and can sustain large strains =12% It remains a direct gap semiconductor under strain, and the bandgap size can be tuned in a wide range as large as 1 eV. Interestingly, for biaxial strain, a band crossing effect occurs at the valence band maximum close to a 8% strain, leading to a dramatic increase of the hole effective mass. Strong optical absorption can be achieved by strain tuning with absorption coefficient ~106 cm 1 covering a wide spectrum. Our findings suggest the great potential of strain engineered h2D C2N in electronic and optoelectronic device applications.
author_names: Shan Guan

Yingchun Cheng

Chang Liu

Junfeng Han

Yunhao Lu

Shengyuan A Yang

Yugui Yao
title: Effects of strain on electronic and optic properties of holey two dimensional C2N crystals
year: 2015

abstract: We report a previously unknown monolayer borophene allotrope and we call it super B with a flat structure based on the ab initio calculations. It has good thermal, dynamical, and mechanical stability compared with many other typical borophenes. We find that super B has a fascinating chemical bond environment consisting of standard sp, sp2 hybridizations and delocalized five center three electron p bond, called p(5c 3e) This particular electronic structure plays a pivotal role in stabilizing the super B chemically. By extra doping, super B can be transformed into a Dirac material from pristine metal. Like graphene, it can also sustain tensile strain smaller than 24% indicating superior flexibility. Moreover, due to the small atomic mass and large density of states at the Fermi level, super B has the highest critical temperature Tc of 20.8 K in single element superconductors at ambient condition. We attribute this high Tc of super B to the giant anharmonicity of two linear acoustic phonon branches and an unusually low optic phonon mode. These predictions provide new insight into the chemical nature of low dimensional boron nanostructures and highlight the potential applications of designing flexible devices and high Tc superconductor.
author_names: Zhibin Gao

Mengyang Li

Jian-Sheng Wang
title: Insight into Two Dimensional Borophene: Five Center Bond and Phonon Mediated Superconductivity.
venue: ACS applied materials interfaces
year: 2019

abstract: Extrinsic Fabry Perot interferometer fibre optic sensors have been utilised to measure the internal matrix strain in a three dimensionally woven carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite. Extrinsic Fabry Perot interferometer sensors were embedded at two levels within a four layer three dimensional woven composite, and comparison surface measurements were provided through resistive strain gauging and biaxial extensometry. A variation in tensile strain was found from internal measurement compared with the material surface. Through correlation with micro graphical analysis, a link between the variations in mechanical performance and localised variations in fibre volume fraction could be established. Furthermore, the impact performance of the composite was measured and correlated with computed tomography.
author_names: Edward Archer

J Broderick

Saul Buchanan

Alistair Mcilhagger
title: Internal strain measurement and impact response of three dimensional angle interlock woven carbon fibre composites
year: 2013

abstract: Graphene as a two dimensional planar material has numerous advantages for realizing highperformance nano electromechanical systems (NEMS) such as nanoscale sensors including strain sensors, optical modulators or energy harvesters. Large Young's modulus (1 TPa for single layer graphene) ultra low weight, low residual stress and large breaking strength properties are important properties as two dimensional (2D) ultrathin resonators. Graphene resonators are recently utilized for low complexity design of nanoscale acousto optic sensors based on a novel theoretical model describing vibrating Forster resonance energy transfer (VFRET) mechanism. Proposed system combines the advantages of graphene with quantum dots (QDs) as donor and acceptor pairs with broad absorption spectrum, large cross sections, tunable emission spectra, size dependent emission wavelength, high photochemical stability and improved quantum yield. Device structure supporting wide band resonance frequencies including acoustic and ultrasound ranges promises high performance applications for challenging environments. Remote sensors and acousto optic communication channels are formed for in body applications, wireless body area sensor networks (WBASNs) space and interplanetary systems, microfluidics and visible light communication (VLC) based architectures.
author_names: Burhan Gulbahar

Gorkem Memisoglu
title: Graphene Based Acousto Optic Sensors with Vibrating Resonance Energy Transfer and Applications
year: 2018

abstract: A planar fiber optic strain sensor array (FOSSA) able to measure multi dimensional strains inside a material has been developed and tested. Three dimensional strain measurement is a developing technology that can eventually be employed for many applications including monitoring the strain field inside composite parts and structures, sensing for adaptive structures and intelligent vehicle highway systems and health monitoring systems for civil structures. A planar configuration was chosen to reduce the manufacturing difficulty and structural degradation of embedding optical sensors in more than one plane. Two extrinsic Fabry Perot interferometric sensors (EFPIs) and one polarimetric sensor were used to form the planar sensor array. The two EFPIs extract two normal strain components along the x and y axes. A polarimetric sensor in the same plane was used to extract the third normal strain acting on the z axis. The sensor array was embedded in an epoxy resin block and a load of 1000 lbs was applied normal to one face with a loading machine. The strains extracted from the embedded optical fiber sensors compared well with strains measured with surface bonded electrical strain gages. The difference in measured strain between the electrical strain gages and the fiber optic sensors was typically less than 3.4% on all three principal strain axes.
author_names: Barry G Grossmann

Li-Tien Huang
title: Fiber optic sensor array for multi dimensional strain measurement
year: 1998

abstract: Analytic expressions for low field mobility have been obtained in the high strained p type silicon structures with three and two dimensional hole gases. Much attention is paid to study how confinement in one spatial dimension changes the strain mobility enhancement in comparison with bulk material. The mobility enhancement factor has been calculated when applying both the uniaxial and biaxial strains. Acoustic and optic phonons, charged impurities, and surface roughness have been accepted as a scattering system. Our theoretical consideration is based on the quantum kinetic equation and a special form of the non equilibrium distribution function (shifted Fermi distribution) Results of the calculation are compared with known experimental data.Analytic expressions for low field mobility have been obtained in the high strained p type silicon structures with three and two dimensional hole gases. Much attention is paid to study how confinement in one spatial dimension changes the strain mobility enhancement in comparison with bulk material. The mobility enhancement factor has been calculated when applying both the uniaxial and biaxial strains. Acoustic and optic phonons, charged impurities, and surface roughness have been accepted as a scattering system. Our theoretical consideration is based on the quantum kinetic equation and a special form of the non equilibrium distribution function (shifted Fermi distribution) Results of the calculation are compared with known experimental data.
author_names: K L Kovalenko

S I Kozlovskiy

N N Sharan
title: Strain induced mobility enhancement in p type silicon structures: Bulk and quantum well (quantum kinetic approach)
venue: Journal of Applied Physics
year: 2019

abstract: Abstract The development of Fiber Optic Smart Structure Technology offers the promise ofundertaking "real time" structural measurements with built4n sensor systems. This new technology could avoid many of the mechanical failures that today result indeath, injury or environmental accidents. Eventually it could lead to radical new thinking in terms of engineering and structural integrity monitoring. An overview of this new field will be given with particular reference to our development and characterization of a number of fiber optic sensors for use as optical strain gauges. This includes: the development and testing of a fiber optic strain rosette for mapping two dimensional, strain fields; the measurements of strain fields withincomposites, and the demonstration of damage detection within composites by means of embedded optical fiber sensors. The first results of impact damage detection by a multilayered fiber optic grid fabricated within an aircraft wing leadingedge constructed of composite material, will also be revealed.
author_names: Raymond M Measures
title: Fiber Optic Smart Structures th:ii:.t itthc
year: 2017

abstract: This paper discusses a new sensor design based on optical fibre Bragg gratings which is being developed in the framework of the MASSFOS project 'Multi Axial Stress and Strain sensing of thermo hardened composite elements using Fibre Optic Sensors' project) The main technical objective of this ESA co funded project is the development of a monitoring system which measures dynamically the multi axial stress and strain in thermo hardened composite elements (made of space qualified material) The sensor consists of a 'High Birefringence fibre (HiBi fibre) in which two gratings are inscribed; each grating yields two distinct Bragg peaks. The first grating is sensitive to the total stress field in the material, while the second one is isolated from transverse stress components. By measuring the four Bragg peaks of the sensor, it is possible to determine the total strain field, plus the temperature inside a composite material. Theoretical simulations have indicated a good strain resolution of the proposed design. Experimental calibration of the sensor gave similar results.
author_names: Geert Luyckx

Wim De Waele

Joris Degrieck

Wim Van Paepegem

Johan Vlekken

S Vandamme

Karima Chah
title: Three dimensional strain and temperature monitoring of composite laminates
year: 2007

abstract: An analytical model is developed for the arc fusion splicing of high silica fiber optic filaments. A one dimensional transient heat transfer physical model is developed from energy balance considerations to determine the temperature distribution of the fiber. Electric discharge heating is modeled empirically. Physical properties of the silica fiber optic material are modeled as functions of temperature. A two dimensional physical model of viscoelastic glass flow is developed from force balance considerations and includes deformation due to thermal, viscous and elastic strain. Maxwell stress strain relationships are assumed. Finite difference numerical algorithms are derived for an Lagrangian viewpoint. Simultaneous equations for heat transfer are solved implicitly in a tri diagonal matrix routine. Simultaneous equations for viscoelastic flow are solved by back substitution techniques that account for boundary condition transitions upon gap closure. Experiments were conducted using a commercial arc fusion splicer to provide experimental verification of the analytical model. Evolution of the fiber distortion was photographically recorded for repeated heating cycles of a continuous element and a free end respectively. The geometric distortion of the element with time was compared to predictions obtained with the analytical model.
author_names: Christopher W Long

Walter Frost
title: Modeling of glass flow during arc fusion splicing of fiber optic filaments
year: 1989

abstract: Fiber optic grating sensors have been used to measure multi dimensional strain, pressure, temperature, corrosion and moisture. This paper presents a method of using fiber grating sensors to measure the position and velocity of a very fast event associated with a blast wave. A chirped fiber grating of 50 mm length is placed in a highly energetic material. The action of the shock wave is to destroy the fiber grating as it propagates along it. By using a spectral filter such as a chirped fiber grating in combination with high speed detectors the position and velocity of the shock wave may be determined. A layout of a system used to experimentally verify this technique is described and results presented for two different highly energetic materials.
author_names: Eric Udd

Jerry Benterou
title: Damage detection system with sub microsecond resolution
venue: SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring
year: 2008