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abstract: Introduction, D.M. Rowe General Principles and Theoretical Considerations Thermoelectric Phenomena, D.D. Pollock Coversion Efficiency and Figure of Merit, H.J. Goldsmid Thermoelectric Transport Theory, C.M. Bhandari Optimization of Carrier Concentration, C.M. Bhandari and D.M. Rowe Minimizing the Thermal Conductivity, C.M. Bhandari Selective Carrier Scattering in Thermoelectric Materials, Y.I. Ravich Thermomagnetic Phenomena, H.J. Goldsmid Material Preparation Preparation of Thermoelectric Materials from Melts, A. Borshchevsky Powder Metallurgy Techniques, A.N. Scoville PIES Method of Preparing Bismuth Alloys, T. Ohta and T. Kajikawa Preparation of Thermoelectric Materials by Mechanical Alloying, B.A. Cook, J.L. Harringa, and S.H. Han Preparation of Thermoelectric Films, K. Matsubara, T. Koyanagi, K. Nagao, and K. Kishimoto Measurement of Thermoelectric Properties Calculation of Peltier Device Performance, R.J. Buist Measurements of Electrical Properties, I.A. Nishida Measurement of Thermal Properties, R. Taylor Z Meters, H.H. Woodbury, L.M. Levinson, and S. Lewandowski Methodology for Testing Thermoelectric Materials and Devices, R.J. Buist Thermoelectric Materials Bismuth Telluride, Antimony Telluride, and Their Solid Solutions, H. Scherrer and S. Scherrer Valence Band Structure and the Thermoelectric Figure of Merit of (Bi1 xSbx)Te3 Crystals, M. Stordeur Lead Telluride and Its Alloys, V. Fano Properties of the General Tags System, E.A. Skrabek and D.S. Trimmer Thermoelectric Properties of Silicides, C.B. Vining Polycrystalline Iron Disilicide as a Thermoelectric Generator Material, U. Birkholz, E. Gross, and U. Stohrer Thermoelectric Properties of Anisotropic MnSi1.75 V.K. Zaitsev Low Carrier Mobility Materials for Thermoelectric Applications, V.K. Zaitsev, S.A. Ktitorov, and M.I. Federov Semimetals as Materials for Thermoelectric Generators, M.I. Fedorov and V.K. Zaitsev Silicon Germanium, C.B. Vining Rare Earth Compounds, B.J. Beaudry and K.A. Gschneidner, Jr. Thermoelectric Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, M. Cassart and J. P. Issi Boron Carbides, T.L. Aselage and D. Emin Thermoelectric Properties of Metallic Materials, A.T. Burkov and M.V. Vedernikov Neutron Irradiation Damage in SiGe Alloys, J.W. Vandersande New Materials and Performance Limits for Thermoelectric Cooling, G.A. Slack Thermoelectric Generation Miniature Semiconductor Thermoelectric Devices, D.M. Rowe Commercially Available Generators, A.G. McNaughton Modular RTG Technology, R.F. Hartman Peltier Devices as Generators, G. Min and D.M. Rowe Calculations of Generator Performance, M.H. Cobble Generator Applications Terrestrial Applications of Thermoelectric Generators, W.C. Hall Space Applications, G.L. Bennett SP 100 Space Subsystems, J.F. Mondt Safety Aspects of Thermoelectrics in Space, G.L. Bennett Low Temperature Heat Conversion, K. Matsuura and D.M. Rowe Thermoelectric Refrigeration Introduction, H.J. Goldsmid Module Design and Fabrication, R. Marlow and E. Burke Cooling Thermoelements with Superconducting Leg, M.V. Vedernikov and V.L. Kuznetsov Applications of Thermoelectric Cooling Introduction, H.J. Goldsmid Commercial Peltier Modules, K. I. Uemura Thermoelectrically Cooled Radiation Detectors, L.I. Anatychuk Reliability of Peltier Coolers in Fiber Optic Laser Packages, R.M. Redstall and R. Studd Laboratory Equipment, K. I. Uemura Large Scale Cooling: Integrated Thermoelectric Element Technology, J.G. Stockholm Medium Scale Cooling: Thermoelectric Module Technology, J.G. Stockholm Modeling of Thermoelectric Cooling Systems, J.G. Stockholm
author_names: David Michael Rowe
title: CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics
year: 1995

abstract: PDF. Twisting phonons in complex crystals with quasi one dimensional substructures Snyder, G. J. Toberer, E. S. Complex thermoelectric materials. Nat. Fedorov, M. I. Zaitsev, V. K. in Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano ed. Abstract: The accurate determination of the thermoelectric properties of a Handbook: Macro to Nano, Rowe, D.M. Ed. CRC Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton. thermoelectric efficiencies is an intrinsic phase separation(4) which occurs in multicomponent Half(9) D.M. Rowe, Thermoelectric Handbook:macro to Nano.
title: mobility in the in plane direction leading to a high thermoelectric power factor In Thermoelectrics Handbook Macro to Nano
year: 2015

abstract: Ten years ago, D.M. Rowe introduced the best selling "CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics" to wide acclaim. Since then, increasing environmental concerns, desire for long life electrical power sources, and continued progress in miniaturization of electronics has led to a substantial increase in research activity involving thermoelectrics. Reflecting the latest trends and developments, the "Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano" is an extension of the earlier work and covers the entire range of thermoelectrics disciplines. Serving as a convenient reference as well as a thorough introduction to thermoelectrics, this book includes contributions from 99 leading authorities from around the world. Its coverage spans from general principles and theoretical concepts to material preparation and measurements; thermoelectric materials; thermoelements, modules, and devices; and thermoelectric systems and applications. Reflecting the enormous impact of nanotechnology on the field as the thermoelectric properties of nanostructured materials far surpass the performance of conventional materials each section progresses systematically from macro scale to micro/nano scale topics. In addition, the book contains an appendix listing major manufacturers and suppliers of thermoelectric modules. There is no longer any need to spend hours plodding through the journal literature for information. The "Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano" offers a timely, comprehensive treatment of all areas of thermoelectrics in a single, unified reference.
author_names: David Michael Rowe
title: Approaches to Thermoelectric Standardization
year: 2018

abstract: Thermoelectric (TE) generators provide electrical energy from direct conversion of heat by means of the Seebeck effect; without moving parts, completely silent, and with negligible maintenance. As any other heat engine this conversion exploits only a fraction of the Carnot efficiency (Rowe (ed. CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics (CRC Press Inc. 1995) p. 19 1) The TE efficiency is linked to the thermoelectric figure of merit Z, which itself is given by basic material properties: Z S2s/k. These are the electrical conductivity s, the thermal conductivity k and the Seebeck coefficient or thermopower S, which is known as the factor of proportionality between voltage output and applied temperature difference in a given TE sample. A distinct sensitivity to the carrier concentration and structural variations make the control and stabilisation of thermopower very challenging in complex material structures since degradation by diffusion, decomposition or evaporation can be observed in many cases during synthesis, operation and even in the process of characterisation of TE semiconductors; particularly at elevated temperatures. Investigating structural and compositional properties, stability, and performance of TE materials, and consequently aiming to understand their interaction, mainly methods like X ray diffraction (XRD) energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDX) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or integral temperature dependent measurements of particular transport properties are used. Although TE materials research satisfies highest requirements on accuracy, the above mentioned techniques are not perfectly qualified to investigate promising material classes thoroughly. Against the background of usually complex material structures this article aims to show, that an efficient characterisation of TE materials becomes accessible for several questions by use of a spatially resolved determination of the thermopower.
author_names: Pawel Ziolkowski

Gabriele Karpinski

Titas Dasgupta

Eckhard Muller
title: Probing thermopower on the microscale
year: 2013

abstract: Mixture models combine multiple components into a single probability density function. They are a natural statistical model for many situations in astronomy, such as surveys containing multiple types of objects, cluster analysis in various data spaces, and complicated distribution functions. This chapter in the CRC Handbook of Mixture Analysis is concerned with astronomical applications of mixture models for cluster analysis, classification, and semi parametric density estimation. We present several classification examples from the literature, including identification of a new class, analysis of contaminants, and overlapping populations. In most cases, mixtures of normal (Gaussian) distributions are used, but it is sometimes necessary to use different distribution functions derived from astrophysical experience. We also address the use of mixture models for the analysis of spatial distributions of objects, like galaxies in redshift surveys or young stars in star forming regions. In the case of galaxy clustering, mixture models may not be the optimal choice for understanding the homogeneous and isotropic structure of voids and filaments. However, we show that mixture models, using astrophysical models for star clusters, may provide a natural solution to the problem of subdividing a young stellar population into subclusters. Finally, we explore how mixture models can be used for mathematically advanced modeling of data with heteroscedastic uncertainties or missing values, providing two example algorithms, the measurement error regression model of Kelly (2007) and the Extreme Deconvolution model of Bovy et al. (2011) The challenges presented by astronomical science, aided by the public availability of catalogs from major surveys and missions, are a rich area for collaboration between statisticians and astronomers.
author_names: Michael A Kuhn

Eric D Feigelson Millennium Institute of Astrophysics

Universidad de Valpara'iso

Pennsylvania State University
title: Mixture Models in Astronomy
year: 2017

abstract: The increased worldwide demand for electricity has driven the scientific community to find alternative, renewable and sustainable energy sources resulting in a reduced emission of carbon dioxide. However it is ironic and striking that a significant proportion of the energy generated is lost as waste heat and only 40% of it is utilized to serve the purpose of human society. Regarding this, at present thermoelectric materials have garnered lot of attentions due to its capability of power generation by scavenging the waste heat. Moreover, thermoelectric (TE) devices found a wide range of application in various fields such as automotive, military equipment, aerospace, and medical industries. However, the key factor is to attain high thermoelectric device figure of merit, ZT S2sT/k, which determines the quality and performance of a TE material. In this relation, Seebeck coefficient (S) and electrical conductivity (s) should be high, and thermal conductivity (k) should be low, so as to attain the high ZT value. But, it is rather difficult to control the parameters S, s, and k independently, as they are interlinked with each other. However, among these three parameters, thermal conductivity is the crucial factor in determining ZT. It is represented as k ke kl. In this expression, ke defines the heat transport via electrons and kl defines the heat transport by lattice vibrations called phonons. The way ke related to s, it is very clear that drops in ke value will further reduce the s. Their dependency proves that to obtain the high ZT value, it is necessary to minimize the other part of k, i.e. kl. In this respect, primarily two popular tactics have been emerged for increasing the ZT: PGEC (phonon glass electron crystal) concept by Slack (Slack, New materials and performance limits for thermoelectric cooling. In: Rowe DM (ed) CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics. Taylor and Francis, London, p 407, 1995) and the idea of nanostructuring by Dresselhaus and Hicks (Dresselhaus et al. 2007; Hicks et al. Phys Rev B 53:10493 10496, 1996)
author_names: Sunanda Mitra

Tanmoy Maiti
title: Thermoelectric Materials Synthesized by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) for Clean Energy Generation
year: 2019

abstract: Ben Jiang Yan deha, Bi Zhe ranoYan Jiu gurupugaXian Zai Qu ri Zu ndeiru Si nanowaiyawoYong itamaikuroRe Dian Fa Dian debaisunoKai Fa woShao Jie shinagara, IVShu Hun Jing Xi henoZhan Kai noJian Tong shiwoShi sukotonishitai. Re Dian Cai Liao noXing Neng haWu Ci Yuan Xing Neng Zhi Shu ZT=as T/knoDa kisadePing Jia sareru. ahazebetsukuXi Shu shaDian Qi Chuan Dao Lu khaRe Chuan Dao Lu ThaGao Wen oyobiDi Wen Re Yuan noPing Jun Wen Du dearu. Re Dian Bian Huan Xiao Lu ha ZT Zhi noZeng Da totomoniXiang Shang shi, ZT noJi Xian dekarunoXiao Lu tonaru. Shen Yu Zhou Tan Cha Ji noYuan Zi Li Dian Chi deha Si80Ge20gaYong irareteori, sonoYi Wei deIVShu Hun Jing haShi Yong De Re Dian Cai Liao noDai Biao Ge toi eru. Simo Ge mozebetsukuXi Shu Dian Qi Chuan Dao Lu tomoniDa kinaCai Liao daga, Re Chuan Dao Lu gaFei Chang niDa ki itame ZT haFei Chang niXiao sai. tokorogaLiang Zhe noHun Jing nisurutohuononnoPing Jun Zi You Xing Cheng gaDuan kuna tsuteGe Zi Re Chuan Dao Lu gaJi Jian shi, 1000degCFu Jin de ZT ~1 noShi Yong reberuniDa suru. Ben Gao deShao Jie surumaikuroRe Dian Fa Dian debaisu ha, enazihabesuteingu(EH)Ying Yong wo Mu Zhi shiteirutame, Ti Wen yaShi Wen aruihaZi Dong Che noPai Re Cheng Du noWen Du Ling Yu deGao iXing Neng woFa Hui su rukotogaQiu merareru. EH Ying Yong woMu Zhi suRe Dian Cai Liao demo ZT noXiang Shang gaMu Biao niJie gerarerukotogaDuo iga, somosomoDian Yuan niYao Qiu sareruXing Neng ha, Shao na ikosutodeDuo kunoDian Li woSheng miChu suNeng Li dearu. Dan Wei Fa Dian Liang woSheng miChu sutameniYao suruenerugi Yuan nokosuto(Ran Liao kosuto)wo cf(/Wh) Re Dian moziyuru1Ge noZhi Zao kosutowo cm()tosu ruto, Dan Wei Fa Dian Liang Dang tarinokosuto c(/Wh)ha c cm/pt cf/e deBiao sareru. p haRe Dian Fa Dian moziyuru1Ge no Ping Jun Fa Dian Li (W) thamoziyurunoPing Jun Shou Ming (h) ehaRe Dian Bian Huan Xiao Lu woBiao su. ZT noXiang Shang deegaZeng Da suruga, Ti Wen yaHuan Jing Fa Dian noyouniRan Liao kosuto cf gaWu Shi dekiruChang He ZT haShi hasorehodoZhong Yao denaku, mushiropawahuakuta(PF=as)ga Da kiiCai Liao deDi kosutoQie tsuGao Shou Ming noFa Dian mozi yuruwoShi Xian surukotogaZhong Yao tonaru. Si mai kuroRe Dian debaisuniQi Dai gaJi serareteiruLi You ha CMOS purosesudeZhi Zao kosutowoYi erareru karadeari, sonoChang He Zhui Qiu subekiXing Neng ha ZT yo rimushiro PF noFang dehanaikatoBi Zhe rahaKao eru. Bi Zhe ranoYi Bu ha, Wei Xi Hua Gao Ji Ji Hua suruhodo Dan Wei Mian Ji Dang tarinoFa Dian pawagaXiang Shang suru"suke raburupurenaXing Si Re Dian Fa Dian debaisu" woKao An shi(Fig.1 Can Zhao Shi Yan De nimoWei Xi Hua Xiao Guo woShi Zheng shiteiru. SiGe nanowaiyawoYong i taRe Dian Fa Dian Shi Yan nimoZhao Shou shiteiruga, SiGe ha Siyorimo PFgaXiao saku, mushiroBian Huan Xiao Lu woZhong Shi suruYong Tu niXiang iteiru. Jin Nian Zhu Mu sareteiru GeSn Hun Jing ha, Sn Nong Du 10%Yi Shang debandoGou Zao ga Bian Hua shiteYi Dong Du gaZeng sutoKao erareteori, ZT mo PF moDa kinaRe Dian Cai Liao tonaruKe Neng Xing gaaru. tadashiGao Xiao Lu noRe Dian Fa Dian moziyuruniha n Xing to pXing noLiang Fang gaBi Yao deari, sorezoreniZui Shi na Cai Liao woHun Zai dekirupurosesugaBi Yao ninarukamo Zhi renai. nanowaiyaHua dehuononnoBiao Mian San Luan Pin Du gaZeng Da shiRe Chuan Dao Lu gaDa Fu niDi Xia suruga, Biao Mian San Luan toHun Jing Hua noXiang Cheng De Xiao Guo gaJian Ip merukado ukamoJin Hou Ming rakanishiteikuBi Yao gaaru. nao, Ben Jiang Yan deShao Jie suruYan Jiu ha JST CREST JPMJCR15Q7 )narabini JST sakigake (JPMJPR15R2)noZhu Cheng woShou keteXing wareta. Can Kao Wen Xian [1] Gao Min, "Chapter 11: Thermoelectric Module Design Theories," Thermoelectrics Handbook, ed. by D. M. Rowe, CRC Press. [2] T. Watanabe et al. EDTM2017, pp.86 87. [3] S. Hashimoto, M. Kurosawa, T. Watanabe et al, EDTM2018. Di 65Hui Ying Yong Wu Li Xue Hui Chun Ji Xue Shu Jiang Yan Hui Jiang Yan Yu Gao Ji (2018 Zao Dao Tian Da Xue Xi Zao Dao Tian kiyanpasu) 18p C304 11
author_names: Takanobu Watanabe

Shuichiro Hashimoto

Motohiro Tomita

Masashi Kurosawa

Hiroya Ikeda
title: Applicability of Group IV Alloys to Micro Thermoelectric Generators
year: 2018

abstract: Complexity of the crystal structures is one of the key issues in the further understanding of the structure dependent physical behaviors in particular thermoelectric properties of materials. It is well accepted approach for realization of good thermoelectric materials which suggests the use of elements with atomic masses, large carrier mobility and compounds with large unit cells (complex crystal structures) for reducing the thermal conductivity and controlling the electronic transport [1] Being a philosophical category for the description of the state of the mind, complexity is not easy to be straight forward quantified. Structural complexity of compounds may be described in several ways, e.g. on base of the crystallographic features of materials (number of atoms in the unit cell or symmetry) or considering chemical and crystallographic order/disorder, or taking into account thermodynamic factors (phase diagrams, formation reactions) etc. According to crystallographic description, a special family of materials the so called complex metallic alloys or phases (CMA) was defined in order to shed more light on the influence of their unusual crystal structures on the chemical and physical properties [2] Experimental studies on single crystals revealed that neither electronic nor thermal transport behaviors follow strictly the crystallographic understanding of structural complexity. As a promising results in this direction, recently was shown that the reduced lattice thermal conductivity of type I clathrates without vacancies and with respect to such with ordered vacancies suggests that disordered vacancies disturb the heat transport more efficient as the electronic transport. Further insights into the phonon transport are achieved considering the complexity of appearance and spatial separation of regions with different chemical bonding in the context of the structural complexity. Inhomogeneity and anisotropy of chemical bonding support the reduction of the thermal conductivity in dependence of crystallographic direction [3] [1] Slack, G. A. (1995) In: Thermoelectric Handbook. Ed. D. M. Rowe .CRC, Boca Raton, FL 407ff. [2] Steurer, W. Dshemuchadse, J. (2016) Intermetallics. Oxford University Press. [3] Ormeci A. et al. (2015) J. Thermoelectr. No 6, 16 32.
author_names: Yu N Grin
title: Complexity of crystal structures and properties of thermoelectric materials
year: 2017

abstract: We report on the experimental observation of coherent phonon boundary scattering in micro scale phononic crystals (PnCs) at room temperature. We show that the neglecting coherent boundary scattering leads to gross overestimation of the measured thermal conductivities of the PnC samples. We introduce a hybrid model that accounts for partial coherent and partial incoherent phonon boundary scattering. Excellent agreement with the experiment is achieved. Almost all physical processes produce heat as a byproduct making thermoelectric (TE) systems very attractive for energy scavenging applications. Energy conversion in TE devices is based on the so called Peltier effect 1 Here the temperature gradient resulting from expelled heat is used to force electronic transport resulting in an electric current. As such, heat transported via phonons represents a leakage mechanism and serves to reduce the efficiency of TE systems. Indeed the inability to suppress or eliminate the relative phonon contribution to thermal transport as compared to the electronic one has hindered the development of efficient TE devices. Recently, it has been proposed that coherent boundary scattering in micro scale phononic crystals (PnCs) may hold the key to solving this problem by scattering phonons with minimal influence on electrons 2 4 PnCs are artificial structures with a periodic variation in mechanical impedance brought about by the introduction of holes or plugs of one material into a homogenous matrix of another 5 8 This periodic variation results in rich phonon dispersion with unusual behaviors 9 In this communication, we focus on micro scale PnCs formed by the introduction of air holes in a Si matrix with minimum feature sizes 100nm. As a phonon population traverses such a lattice, it can undergo two types of scattering processes: simple incoherent scattering as a result of encountering a boundary; and coherent Bragg like 7 scattering due to the periodic topology of the artificial lattice of air holes. In the first type, it is assumed that the phonons will retain no phase information after each scattering event. This implies that the phonon dispersion remains unaltered due to the introduction of the air holes. In the second type, on the other hand, it is assumed that the phase is preserved throughout several scattering events thus enabling coherent interference to occur. Consequently, this would imply a modified phonon dispersion that is sensitive to the topology of the PnC air hole lattice. Practically, this can have profound implications because: while incoherent boundary scattering depends only on the shape, size, and separation of the holes; coherent boundary scattering additionally depends on the symmetry and topology by which these holes are distributed. Thus, the existence of coherent scattering would allow one to further reduce the thermal conductivity of the underlying material without the need for additional boundaries (e.g. more air holes) by simply altering the PnC topology. The claim of coherent phonon scattering in micro scale Si/Air PnCs at room temperature has generated widespread controversy in the literature given the relatively small wavelength characteristic of the phonon population dominating the thermal transport 3,10 14 Experimentally however, the thermal conductivity (k) of PnC samples have consistently been measured to be significantly lower than that of an unpatterned film 2,4,11,13,14 In fact far lower than what would be expected due to the combination of material removal and simple incoherent boundary scattering 2,4,13 thereby suggesting that another k reduction mechanism, possibly coherent scattering, must be taking place. The The 2nd Intenational Conference on Phononics and Thermal Energy Science (PTES2014) Shanghai, China, May 26 May 31, 2014 controversy was heightened by the discovery that ~50% of k in Si is carried by phonons with mean free paths (MFPs) from 100nm up to 1mm15, which was recently verified experimentally 16 Since it is logical to assume that a phonon remains coherent over its MFP, we suggest here that the MFP, rather than wavelength, should be used when judging whether or not coherent scattering events can take place. In which case, a large enough fraction of the phonon population could travel sufficient distances to experience the PnC lattice periodicity and thus undergo coherent scattering. We report on the experimental observation of coherent phonon boundary scattering in micro scale phononic crystals (PnCs) at room temperature. We investigate the existence of coherent phonon boundary scattering resulting from the periodic topology of the PnCs and its influence on the thermal in silicon. To delaminate incoherent from coherent boundary scattering, PnCs with a fixed minimum feature size, differing only in the unit cell topologies, were fabricated. A suspended island platform was used to measure the thermal conductivity. We show that the neglecting coherent boundary scattering leads to gross overestimation of the measured thermal conductivities of the PnC samples. We introduce a hybrid model that accounts for partial coherent and partial incoherent phonon boundary scattering. Excellent agreement with the experiment is achieved emphasizing the influence of coherent zone folding in PnCs. Our results yield conclusive evidence that significant room temperature coherent phonon boundary scattering does indeed take place. References 1 Slack, G. A. CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics. (CRC Press, 1995) Hopkins, P. E. et al. Reduction in the Thermal Conductivity of Single Crystalline Silicon by Phononic Crystal Patterning. Nano Lett 11, 107 112, doi:Doi 10.1021/Nl102918q (2011) 3 Reinke, C. M. et al. Thermal conductivity prediction of nanoscale phononic crystal slabs using a hybrid lattice dynamics continuum mechanics technique. AIP Advances 1, 041403 041414 (2011) 4 Yu, J. K. Mitrovic, S. Tham, D. Varghese, J. Heath, J. R. Reduction of thermal conductivity in phononic nanomesh structures. Nature Nanotechnology, 5, 718 721, (2010) 5 Reinke, C. M. Su, M. F. Olsson, R. H. El Kady, I. Realization of optimal bandgaps in solid solid, solid air, and hybrid solid air solid phononic crystal slabs. Appl Phys Lett 98, doi:Artn 061912 Doi 10.1063/1.3543848 (2011) 6 Su, M. F. Olsson, R. H. Leseman, Z. C. El Kady, I. Realization of a phononic crystal operating at gigahertz frequencies. Appl Phys Lett 96, 053111 (053113 pp. doi:10.1063/1.3280376 (2010) 7 Olsson, R. H. III et al. in IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium. 1150 1153. 8 El Kady, I. Olsson, R. H. III Fleming, J. G. Phononic band gap crystals for radio frequency communications. Appl Phys Lett 92, 233504 233501 233503, doi:10.1063/1.2938863 (2008) 9 Kushwaha, M. S. Halevi, P. Dobrzynski, L. Djafari Rouhani, B. Acoustic band structure of periodic elastic composites. Physical Review Letters 71, 2022 2025 (1993) 10 Hao, Q. Chen, G. Jeng, M. S. Frequency dependent Monte Carlo simulations of phonon transport in two dimensional porous silicon with aligned pores. Journal of Applied Physics 106, 114321 114310 (2009) 11 Tang, J. et al. Holey Silicon as an Efficient Thermoelectric Material. Nano Lett 10, 4279 4283, doi:10.1021/nl102931z (2010) 12 Jain, A. Yu, Y. J. McGaughey, A. J. H. Phonon transport in periodic silicon nanoporous films with feature sizes greater than 100 nm. Physical Review B 87, 195301 (2013) 13 Bongsang, K. et al. in Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) 2012 IEEE 25th International Conference on 176 179 (2012) 14 El Kady, I. et al. Phonon Manipulation with Phononic Crystals. (Sandia National Laboratories, 2012) 15 Esfarjani, K. Chen, G. Stokes, H. T. Heat transport in silicon from first principles calculations. Physical Review B 84, 085204 (2011)
author_names: Ihab El-Kady

Charles M Reinke

Seyedhamidreza Alaie

Drew F Goettler

Mehmet F Su

Zayd C Leseman
title: Thermal Transport in Micro Scale Phononic Crystals: Observation of Coherent Phonon Scattering at Room Temperature.
year: 2014

abstract: Zintl phases are promising thermoelectric materials especially because of their so called 'electron crystal, phonon glass' behaviour[1] This work focuses on high temperature thermoelectric properties of the ternary 1 2 2 Zintl phases Ca1 xAxAl2 yMySi2 (A Sr, Ba; M Zn, Mn)[2] Compounds with the CaAl2Si2 structure type are known to be interesting thermoelectric materials, an example is CaZn2Sb2 [3] Low temperature measurements (10 300 K) of the thermoelectric properties for CaAl2Si2 were recently described[4] We were interested in the thermoelectric potential of compounds with the general composition Ca1 xAxAl2 yMySi2. Synthesis of the materials was done via arc melting technique. The samples were characterized, densified (hot pressing, SPS) and investigated with respect to their thermoelectric properties (compare [5] Characterization methods include X ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy. Furthermore high temperature thermal analysis, Seebeck, electrical and thermal conductivity measurements were done. The results will be discussed as well as the influence of the compositional variation of x and y. While substitution with an alkaline earth metal should reduce the thermal conductivity, doping aluminium with zinc or manganese should have an effect on the electrical properties of the material since the conductivity is present mainly in the Al2Si2 layers. [1] G. A. Slack, in CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics, ed. D. M. Rowe, CRC Press, New York, 1995, 407 440. [2] C. Kranenberg, D. Johrendt, A. Mewis, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1999, 625, 1787. [3] E. S. Toberer, A. F. May, B. C. Melot, E. Flage Larsen, G. J. Snyder, Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 1046. [4] Y. K. Kuo, K. M. Sivakumar, J. I. Tasi, C. S. Lue, J. W. Huang, S. Y. Wang, D. Varshney, N. Kaurav, R. K. Singh, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2007, 19, 176206. [5] M. Moller, G. Cordier, K. Hofmann, B. Albert, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 2012, 638, 1637.
author_names: Matthias Moller

Johannes de Boor

Eckhard Muller

Barbara Albert
title: High temperature thermoelectric properties of the compound CaAl2Si2 and effects of substitution and doping
year: 2013