Search query: thermal battery NiF2

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abstract: Abstract Cu2O is widely investigated in field of lithium ion battery and electric ignition semiconductor ceramic material. By considering the higher thermal stability, Cu2O is first designed as cathode for thermal battery in this paper. The discharging behavior of Cu2O with average diameter of 0.3 mm at 500 degC presents excellent specific capacity above 260 mAh*g 1 under the current density of 0.2 A cm 2 with cut off voltage of 1.73 V, which is much better than the commercial thermal battery cathodes such as FeS2 and CoS2. By analyzing the Li/Cu2O cells electrochemical behavior and characters at different discharge stages, the possible discharge reactions of Cu2O at high temperatures can be divided into three steps: 1) 3Cu2O Li LiCu3O3 3Cu; 2) LiCu3O3 2Li 3LiCuO; 3) LiCuO Li Li2O Cu, respectively. With the increase of Cu2O grain size, the reaction time of first step is prolonged, and the specific capacity reduces from 260 mAh*g 1 to 191 mAh*g 1. This work provides a beginning for further study of Cu2O as a promising cathode material for thermal battery with high specific capacity and excellent thermal stability.
author_names: Zeshunji Luo

Licai Fu

Jiajun Zhu

Wulin Yang

De-yi Li

Ling-ping Zhou
title: Cu2O as a promising cathode with high specific capacity for thermal battery
year: 2020

abstract: Abstract Air humidity assisted sorption thermal battery has attracted increasing interests throughout the world for its strong ability to capture atmospheric moisture and the related heating effects. However, the controllable stable output temperature is still unrealized, which hinders the application potential. Here we discover the phenomenon of "reaction wave" happening in the sorption reactor for the first time and accordingly build a "reaction wave" model which sheds light on the mechanism for receiving stable output and provides design criterion for obtaining stable output. To further increase the storage density of sorption thermal battery, we put forward a design strategy of "dual reactor" and establish a 1.3 kWh proof of concept prototype, which is able to warm up air from 20 degC to 38.1 degC for 5.51 h, and obtain a storage density of 240 kWh/m3 higher than that of previous publications. Therefore, "Reaction wave" model is expected to guide sorbent selection and reactor design.
author_names: Yannan Zhang

Haohui Dong

Ruzhu Wang

Penghui Feng
title: Air humidity assisted sorption thermal battery governed by reaction wave model
year: 2020

abstract: Metal hydrides have demonstrated ideal physical properties to be the next generation of thermal batteries for solar thermal power plants. Previous studies have demonstrated that they already operate at the required operational temperature and offer greater energy densities than existing technology. Thermal batteries using metal hydrides need to store hydrogen gas released during charging, and so far, practical demonstrations have employed volumetric storage of gas. This practical study utilises a low temperature metal hydride, titanium manganese hydride (TiMn1.5Hx) to store hydrogen gas, whilst magnesium iron hydride (Mg2FeH6) is used as a high temperature thermal battery. The coupled system is able to achieve consistent energy storage and release cycles. With titanium manganese hydride operating at ambient temperature (20 degC) Mg2FeH6 has to operate between ~350 degC and ~500 degC to counteract the pressure hysteresis displayed by TiMn1.5 between hydrogen uptake and release. The results attest the high susceptibility of both materials to thermal issues, such as a requirement for large temperature offsets, in order for the battery to achieve full cycling capacity. An energy density of 1488 kJ kg 1 was experimentally attained for 40 g of Mg2FeH6 with a maximum operating temperature around 520 degC.
author_names: Lucas Poupin

Terry D Humphries

Mark Paskevicius

Craig E Buckley
title: An experimental high temperature thermal battery coupled to a low temperature metal hydride for solar thermal energy storage
year: 2020

abstract: Abstract We perform heat transfer analysis of a thermal battery module for a high power and large capacity thermal battery system based on a detailed thermal model as well as an effective thermal model. Firstly, the transient thermal behavior of a small scale thermal battery module consisting of 13 stacks of unit cells is investigated by the detailed thermal model that considers every components. We show that the net effect of Joule heating (exothermic) and chemical reaction heat (endothermic) occurring in the unit cell result in different degree of cooling down the thermal battery depending on the operating condition. It is also found that anisotropic heat conduction due to the stacked geometry of the unit cell causes temperature non uniformity within the thermal battery module. Secondly, we also develop an effective thermal model based on the properly averaged thermophysical properties of constituent materials of unit cells as well as the homogenized heat sources. The effective thermal model is validated by comparing it with the detailed thermal model for the small scale thermal battery module consisting of 13 stacks of unit cells, and it is further extended to the large scale thermal battery module consisting of 54 stacks of unit cells.
author_names: Mun Goung Jeong

Jang-Hyeon Cho

Bong Jae Lee
title: Heat transfer analysis of a high power and large capacity thermal battery and investigation of effective thermal model
venue: Journal of Power Sources
year: 2019

abstract: Abstract This study aims to analyze the thermal performance of the passive thermal management system (TMS) of the 18,650 lithium ion battery with application of phase change materials (PCM) To improve performance of TMS, nanoparticles, fins and porous metal foam are used beside the PCM, and their effects on the system performance are compared. The local thermal non equilibrium (LTNE) model and non Darcy law are considered to simulate the nano PCM melting inside the porous media. Numerical results are validated through previously published experimental data and results are presented for two, 4.6 W and 9.2 W, heat generation rates. Sole effects of adding nanoparticles to the PCM, utilizing different numbers of fins, and application of the metal foam on the system performance are scrutinized. Results indicated that the porous PCM composition performs more efficiently than the nano PCM and the fin PCM ones. In addition, DTavg, battery parameter is introduced and its variations are analyzed to judge about the effect of each technique to reduce the battery mean temperature. Using the porous PCM led to 4 6 K reduction in the battery mean temperature with respect to the pure PCM. Moreover, for the porous PCM composition a delay is observed in the PCM melting initiation time that can adversely affect the performance of battery TMS.
author_names: Mohammad Mahdi Heyhat

S M Ali Mousavi

Majid Siavashi
title: Battery thermal management with thermal energy storage composites of PCM, metal foam, fin and nanoparticle
year: 2020

abstract: Since thermal energy generated by air conditionings (ACs) can be stored in the buildings providing the potential of shifting electricity consumption between different time periods, ACs are considered as an important demand response (DR) resource and attract extensive attentions. In order to achieve the compatibility of the inverter ACs with the current dispatch models, this paper attempts to model an inverter AC system as a thermal battery (TB) The comparisons between the TB and the lithium ion battery are given. In order to protect the end users' privacy and relieve the computational burden of the centralized control, a hierarchical control framework is designed and an aggregated TB model is proposed to handle the heterogeneity of the inverter ACs. A finite horizon optimization model is used to compare the operating performances of the aggregated TBs and the lithium ion batteries. Simulation results demonstrate that the aggregated TB model works well with the power dispatch model developed for the lithium ion batteries. In other words, with the TB modeling of ACs, lithium ion batteries can be replaced in current dispatch models providing service for the grid.
author_names: Meng Song

Ciwei Gao

Huaguang Yan

Jianlin Yang
title: Thermal Battery Modeling of Inverter Air Conditioning for Demand Response
venue: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
year: 2018

abstract: Abstract To satisfy the hot water demand of any building, a suitable thermal storage device must be added to a Photovoltaic thermal system (PVT) to address the time lag between the supply and demand of thermal energy. In this study, a nanofluid cooled photovoltaic/thermal system retrofitted with a phase change material (PCM) based thermal battery is designed to meet a portion of the electrical and thermal demands of a residential building for the climate of Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Daily and yearly performance evaluation of the system is analytically performed through Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software and compared with the performances of a nanofluid cooled PVT system without thermal storage and an uncooled PV system together with an economic assessment of the proposed system. A comparison of systems with and without thermal storage shows that the introduction of a PCM thermal battery has made it possible to meet some of the building's thermal load but at the cost of reduction in the system's electrical and thermal outputs. The proposed system, however, shows an 11.7% improvement in its electrical performance over an uncooled PV system. The addition of thermal storage has made it possible to cover up to 27.3% of the residential thermal load along with 77% of the residential electrical load.
author_names: Muhammad O Lari

Ahmet Z Sahin
title: Effect of retrofitting a silver/water nanofluid based photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system with a PCM thermal battery for residential applications
year: 2018

abstract: Abstract Three different kinds of hierarchical MoS2 microspheres are successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal route, and their morphology, thermal stability and electrochemical performance in thermal battery are characterized. The flower like porous MoS2 microsphere with good crystallinity consists of MoS2 nano sheets with thickness of about 10 nm. Its evolution process is proposed, and includes three stages: a nucleus growth process following the principle of Ostwald ripening, MoS2 nano sheets growth and self assembly. The dependence of the macroscopic electrochemical properties on the microscopic structure and morphology is discussed. Since the MoS2 with flower like porous microsphere structure presents less weight loss, higher decomposition temperature, outstanding thermal stability and excellent compatibility with electrolyte, it performs longer discharge time and larger capacity when used as the cathode in the thermal battery, compared to MoS2 with other structures, FeS2 or CoS2. The possible discharge mechanism of MoS2 is proposed, and it can be divided into three steps, which are the generation of intercalation compounds containing lithium ions (LiXMoS2) desulfurization generating low valent intercalation compound and reduction from low valent intercalation compound to Mo, respectively.
author_names: Zheng Xiaodi

Yan-li Zhu

Yalun Sun

Qing-jie Jiao
title: Hydrothermal synthesis of MoS2 with different morphology and its performance in thermal battery
year: 2018

abstract: Nanocrystallization is widely used to improve the discharge performances of LIBs. While its lower thermal stability limits the operating time, especially for the thermal battery system, which discharges at high temperatures (usually 500 550 degC) In this paper, NiS2 particles were coated with amorphous carbon. Then they accumulated into submicron particles and were connected/fixed by a carbon network. The initial decomposition temperature of nano NiS2 increased from 400 degC to 590 degC after this hierarchical carbon modification. The hierarchical carbon modified nano NiS2 cathode revealed excellent discharge performances in thermal batteries at high temperatures. Specifically with 0.1 A cm 2 at 500 degC, the specific capacity and energy reach 610 mA h g 1 and 1082 W h kg 1, respectively, at a cut off voltage of 1.4 V. The specific energy retains about 503 W h kg 1 even at 700 degC. The multiple protective effects of hierarchical carbon modification not only effectively improve the conductivity and thermal stability, but also inhibit the dissolution and shuttling of products. So, hierarchical carbon modification makes nano NiS2 more suitable for high specific energy and long operating life thermal batteries.
author_names: Chuanyu Jin

Licai Fu

Jiajun Zhu

Wulin Yang

De-yi Li

Ling-ping Zhou
title: A hierarchical carbon modified nano NiS2 cathode with high thermal stability for a high energy thermal battery
year: 2018

abstract: Abstract The design of effective thermal batteries with phase change materials (PCM) relies on the addition of materials with high thermal conductivity and specific surface area to increase the rate of thermal charging and discharging. This paper is a comparative study between two such enhancement materials, namely aluminum and graphite foams, saturated with phase change material. The rate of heat charging was measured for samples exposed to a constant heat flux boundary condition. The impact of aluminum foam was investigated as a function of PCM viscosity, heat flux magnitude, and aluminum pore density. The influence of graphite foam was considered by varying the heat flux magnitude and graphite bulk density. By using a standard experimental configuration, thermal charging enhancement of the foams was compared based on four metrics: composite latent heat, thermal conductivity, time to end of melt, and junction temperature between the heater and the sample. To relate all metrics, two dimensionless parameters were defined to compare diffusive transport and energy storage to junction temperature. It was shown that the thermal charging enhancement of graphite foams is superior to that of aluminum foams based on these performance metrics due to high thermal conductivity, low density, and small pore size.
author_names: Anne Mallow

Omar A Abdelaziz

Samuel Graham
title: Thermal charging performance of enhanced phase change material composites for thermal battery design
year: 2018