Search query: Oxide_ Fundamentals, Materials and Device Technology

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abstract: Preface 1 General Properties of ZnO 1.1 Crystal Structure 1.2 Lattice Parameters 1.3 Electronic Band Structure 1.4 Mechanical Properties 1.5 Vibrational Properties 1.6 Thermal Properties 1.7 Electrical Properties of Undoped ZnO 2 ZnO Growth 2.1 Bulk Growth 2.2 Substrates 2.3 Epitaxial Growth Techniques 3 Optical Properties 3.1 Optical Processes in Semiconductors 3.2 Optical Transitions in ZnO 3.3 Defects in ZnO 3.4 Refractive Index of ZnO and MgZnO 3.5 Stimulated Emission in ZnO 3.6 Recombination Dynamics in ZnO 3.7 Nonlinear Optical Properties 4 Doping of ZnO 4.1 n Type Doping 4.2 p Type Doping 5 ZnO Based Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors 5.1 Doping with Transition Metals 5.2 General Remarks about Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors 5.3 Classification of Magnetic Materials 5.4 A Brief Theory of Magnetization 5.5 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor Theoretical Aspects 5.6 Measurements Techniques for Identification of Ferromagnetism 5.7 Magnetic Interactions in DMS 5.8 Theoretical Studies on ZnO Based Magnetic Semiconductors 5.9 Experimental Results on ZnO Based Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors 6 Bandgap Engineering 6.1 MgxZn1 xO Alloy 6.2 BexZn1 xO Alloy 6.3 CdyZn1 yO Alloy 7 ZnO Nanostructures 7.1 Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures 7.2 Applications of ZnO Nanostructures 8 Processing, Devices, and Heterostructures 8.1 A Primer to Semiconductor Metal Contacts 8.2 Ohmic Contacts to ZnO 8.3 Schottky Contacts to ZnO 8.4 Etching of ZnO 8.5 Heterostructure Devices 8.6 Piezoelectric Devices 8.7 Sensors and Solar Cells Based on ZnO Nanostructures 8.8 Concluding Remarks
author_names: Hadis Morkoc

Umit Ozgur
title: Zinc Oxide: Fundamentals, Materials and Device Technology
year: 2009

abstract: Abstract Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are electrochemical devices that directly convert the chemical energy stored in fuel into electrical energy with a practical conversion efficiency as high as 65% In the past years, significant progress has been made in PEM fuel cell commercialization. By 2019, there were over 19,000 fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) and 340 hydrogen refueling stations (HRF) in the U.S. ~8,000 and 44, respectively) Japan ~3,600 and 112, respectively) South Korea ~5,000 and 34, respectively) Europe ~2,500 and 140, respectively) and China ~110 and 12, respectively) Japan, South Korea, and China plan to build approximately 3,000 HRF stations by 2030. In 2019, Hyundai Nexo and Toyota Mirai accounted for approximately 63% and 32% of the total sales, with a driving range of 380 and 312 miles and a mile per gallon (MPGe) of 65 and 67, respectively. Fundamentals of PEM fuel cells play a crucial role in the technological advancement to improve fuel cell performance/durability and reduce cost. Several key aspects for fuel cell design, operational control, and material development, such as durability, electrocatalyst materials, water and thermal management, dynamic operation, and cold start, are briefly explained in this work. Machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) have received increasing attention in material/energy development. This review also discusses their applications and potential in the development of fundamental knowledge and correlations, material selection and improvement, cell design and optimization, system control, power management, and monitoring of operation health for PEM fuel cells, along with main physics in PEM fuel cells for physics informed machine learning. The objective of this review is three fold: (1) to present the most recent status of PEM fuel cell applications in the portable, stationary, and transportation sectors; (2) to describe the important fundamentals for the further advancement of fuel cell technology in terms of design and control optimization, cost reduction, and durability improvement; and (3) to explain machine learning, physics informed deep learning, and AI methods and describe their significant potentials in PEM fuel cell research and development (R&D)
author_names: Yun Wang

Bong-Kuk Seo

Bowen Wang

Nada Zamel

Kui Jiao

Xavier Cordobes Adroher
title: Fundamentals, materials, and machine learning of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell technology
year: 2020

abstract: The long standing popularity of thermoelectric materials has contributed to the creation of various thermoelectric devices and stimulated the development of strategies to improve their thermoelectric performance. In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize the state of the art strategies for the realization of high performance thermoelectric materials and devices by establishing the links between synthesis, structural characteristics, properties, underlying chemistry and physics, including structural design (point defects, dislocations, interfaces, inclusions, and pores) multidimensional design (quantum dots/wires, nanoparticles, nanowires, nano or microbelts, few layered nanosheets, nano or microplates, thin films, single crystals, and polycrystalline bulks) and advanced device design (thermoelectric modules, miniature generators and coolers, and flexible thermoelectric generators) The outline of each strategy starts with a concise presentation of their fundamentals and carefully selected examples. In the end, we point out the controversies, challenges, and outlooks toward the future development of thermoelectric materials and devices. Overall, this review will serve to help materials scientists, chemists, and physicists, particularly students and young researchers, in selecting suitable strategies for the improvement of thermoelectrics and potentially other relevant energy conversion technologies.
author_names: Xiaolei Shi

Jin Zou

Zhi-Gang Chen
title: Advanced Thermoelectric Design: From Materials and Structures to Devices.
venue: Chemical reviews
year: 2020

abstract: Future development of the modern nanoelectronics and its flagships internet of things and artificial intelligence as well as many related applications is largely associated with memristive elements. This technology offers a broad spectrum of functionalities, however, it follows predominantly a phenomenological approach and crucial challenge/limit for further development remains variability and lack of fundamental materials' design strategy. Here we demonstrate the vital importance of materials' purity for determining memristors' functionalities, showing that part per million foreign elements significantly change the performance. By appropriate choice of chemistry and amount of doping material we can selectively enhance desired operation mode. We highlight how dopant dependent structure and charge/potential distribution in the space charge layers and the cell capacitance determine the device kinetics and functions. We evidence for first time experimentally the relation between materials properties and switching/neuromorphic performance, thus providing rules and directions for a rational design of memristive devices.
author_names: Michael J Lubben

Felix Cuppers

J Mohr

Moritz von Witzleben

Uwe Breuer

Rainer Waser

C Neumann

Ilia Valov
title: Design of materials properties and device performance in memristive systems
year: 2019

abstract: Introduction of Organic Photovoltaic Devices. Fundamentals. Materials. Device and Manufacturing Technology.
author_names: Yang Yang

Gang Li
title: Progress in high efficient solution process organic photovoltaic devices fundamentals, materials, devices and fabrication
year: 2015

abstract: Electrochromic materials are those that exhibit reversible colour changes due to electrochemical reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions. Many classes of electrochromic materials have been reported over the decades. The observed colour changes of electrochromic materials have spanned across the entire UV visible and near infrared region. The useful electrochromic properties of these materials can be exploited through the fabrication of electrochromic devices. This chapter will summarize various classes of electrochromic materials, which range from metal oxides and small organic molecules to conjugated polymers. The architecture and components of electrochromic devices, and electrochromic performance parameters are also outlined. The fabrication methods of electrochromic devices are presented through the description of the typical device architecture, as well as common procedures of film processing and patterning. Understanding these fundamental aspects from materials to mechanism, as well as from device fabrication to key performance parameters, allows readers to fully understand and appreciate electrochromism technology as a holistic and interdisciplinary topic.
author_names: Wei Teng Neo

Ming Hui Chua

Jianwei Xu
title: Chapter 2:Fundamentals of Electrochromic Materials and Devices
year: 2018

abstract: Introduction Evgueni Polikarpov and Daniel J. Gaspar Materials Substrates Abhinav Bhandari and Daniel J. Gaspar OLED Encapsulation Lorenza Moro, Damien Boesch, and Xianghui Zeng Transparent Electrodes for OLED Devices Roman Korotkov and Gary S. Silverman Charge Injection Layers Mark T. Greiner and Zheng Hong Lu Small Molecule Fundamentals Xin Xu and Michael S. Weaver Electron Transport Materials Hisahiro Sasabe and Junji Kido Hole Transport Materials Evgueni Polikarpov Conductivity Doping Falk Loeser, Max Tietze, Bjorn Lussem, and Jan Blochwitz Nimoth Development of Host Materials for High Efficiency Organic Light Emitting Devices Asanga B. Padmaperuma Phosphorescent Emitters Valentina A. Krylova and Mark E. Thompson Devices and Processing Microcavity Effects and Light Extraction Enhancement Min Hao Michael Lu Device Degradation Denis Y. Kondakov Vapor Deposition Methods and Technologies: Research to Manufacturing David W. Gotthold Solution Deposition Methods and Technologies: Research to Manufacturing Vsevolod V. Rostovtsev and Curtis R. Fincher Design Considerations for OLED Lighting Yuan Sheng Tyan Materials, Processing, and Applications Daniel J. Gaspar Index of Materials Subject Index
author_names: Daniel J Gaspar

Evgueni Polikarpov
title: OLED fundamentals materials, devices, and processing of organic light emitting diodes
year: 2015

abstract: Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over 150 million people worldwide. Primary applications of contact lenses include vision correction, therapeutics, and cosmetics. Contact lens materials have significantly evolved over time to minimize adverse effects associated with contact lens wearing, to maintain a regular corneal metabolism, and to preserve tear film stability. This article encompasses contact lens technology, including materials, chemical and physical properties, manufacturing processes, microbial contamination, and ocular complications. The function and the composition of the tear fluid are discussed to assess its potential as a diagnostic media. The regulatory standards of contact lens devices with regard to biocompatibility and contact lens market are presented. Future prospects in contact lens technology are evaluated, with particular interest given to theranostic applications for in situ continuous monitoring the ocular physiology.
author_names: Rosalia Moreddu

Daniele Vigolo

Ali Kemal Yetisen
title: Contact Lens Technology: From Fundamentals to Applications.
venue: Advanced healthcare materials
year: 2019

abstract: Timely technology transition with minimal risk requires an understanding of fundamental and technology limitations of material synthesis, device operation and design controllable parameters. However, this knowledge based approach requires substantial investment of resources in the Science and Technology (ST) stage of development. For low volume niche semiconductor technologies of Department of Defense (DoD) relevance, there is little drive for industry to expend their limited resources towards basic research simply because there is no significant return on investment. As a result, technology transition from ST to product development is often delayed, expensive and carries risks. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is addressing this problem by establishing a Center for Semiconductor Modeling of Materials and Devices (CSM) that brings together government, academia, and industry in a collaborative fashion to address research opportunities through its Open Campus initiative. This Center leverages combined core competencies of partner organizations, which include a broad knowledge base in modeling, and its validation; sharing of computational, characterization, materials growth and device processing resources; project continuity; and 'extension of the bench' via exchange of researchers between affiliated entities. A critical DoD technology is sensing in the infrared (IR) spectrum, where understanding of materials, devices and methods for sensing and processing IR information must continually improve to maintain superiority in combat. In this paper we focus on the historical evolution of IR technology and emphasize the need for understanding of material properties and device operation to accelerate innovation and shorten the cycle time, thereby ensuring timely transition of technology to product development and manufacturing. There are currently two competing IR technologies being pursued, namely the incumbent II VI Hg1 xCdxTe technology and the III V Type 2 Superlattices (SLs) technology. A goal of the CSM is to develop physics based models for Type 2 SLs with the capability to timely understand the knowledge gap between what is built and what is designed.
author_names: Jagmohan Bajaj

Roger E DeWames

Jonathan Schuster

Meredith Lynn Reed

Philip Perconti

Enrico Bellotti
title: Accelerating technology innovations by early understanding of fundamental and technology limitations of material synthesis and device operation
venue: OPTO
year: 2017

abstract: Abstract Tactile sensors, most commonly referred as strain and pressure sensors, can collect mechanical property data of the human body and local environment, to provide valuable insights into the human health status or artificial intelligence systems. The introduction of a high level of wearability (bendability and stretchability) to tactile sensors can dramatically enhance their interfaces with the contact objects, providing chronically reliable functions. Therefore, the developed wearable tactile sensors are capable of conformably covering arbitrary curved surface over their stiff counterparts without incurring damage, emerging as a promising development direction toward the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Fundamental parameters of the wearable tactile sensors such as sensitivity and stretchability have experienced unprecedented advancement, owing to the progress of device fabrication techniques and material structural engineering. Moreover, novel smart materials and mechanically durable sensor design concepts endow these sensors with multi functionality integration (e.g. simultaneous force, temperature and humidity detection, simultaneous pressure and strain discrimination) and stirring properties (e.g. biocompatibility, biodegradability, self healing, self powering and visualization) further broadening the application scope of current wearable tactile sensors. Besides, it is desirable that a tactile sensor is compatible with a printing process that presents a new era of feasible wearable technology due to its large area and high throughput production capability. In addition to the development of sensors, packaging, and integration of the rest of the tactile device system (data memory, signal conversion, power supply, wireless transmission, feedback actuator, etc. to build a wearable platform also emerge as major research frontiers in recent years. This review attempts to summarize the current state of the art wearable tactile sensors concerning basic concepts, functional materials, sensing mechanism, promising applications, performance optimization strategies, multifunctional sensing, and system integration. Finally, the discussion will be presented regarding potential challenges, pathways, and opportunities.
author_names: Tingting Yang

Dan Xie

Zhihong Li

Hongwei Zhu
title: Recent advances in wearable tactile sensors: Materials, sensing mechanisms, and device performance
year: 2017