Search query: A bias-free, lateral effect position sensor photo-detector

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abstract: Abstract Lateral effect photodiodes sense the position of a laser beam by measuring the change of current between opposite anodes and a common cathode. They either require a bias current or the current is photogenerated. In either case, their linearity is affected by the non uniformity of the current distribution between the anodes. We here propose a bias free, lateral photo diode, which consists of a resistive layer forming an extended Schottky contact to an intrinsic semiconductor. In our sensor, the photo generated carriers do not diffuse laterally. Rather, their localization under the laser beam results in a reduction of the barrier height due to image force effect. An open circuit voltage appears between two opposite electrodes that is linear with the laser beam position. A tetra lateral configuration, with four anodes at the edges of a square shaped sensor, allows sensing in two dimensions.
author_names: Xupeng Sun

Tianrui Zhai

Antonio Ruotolo
title: A bias free, lateral effect position sensor photo detector
year: 2021

abstract: Abstract Position sensitive photo detectors (PSDs) utilize the lateral photovoltaic effect to produce an electrical output that varies linearly with the position of a light spot incident on a semiconductor junction. Design, fabrication and characterization of newly developed silicon PSD, which employ the planar technology and double ion implantation with different doses, are described. Shallow and low doped p n junction is formed by boron implantation in n type silicon substrate. The position characteristics of PSD are symmetric to the zero and linear in the 80% of the active area. For a higher resistivity top layer (lower implanted dose) the sensitivity grows up and the linearity gets improved. The influence of the substrate is not substantial for the position characteristics. The response of the sensor, measured by pulsed 15 ns laser, was determined to be about 100 ns. Described PSD has been used in the construction of simple light spot rotational follower.
author_names: Ricardo C Goncalves da Silva

Henri I Boudinov

R R B Correia
title: Design and development of two dimensional position sensitive photo detector
venue: Microelectron. J.
year: 2005

abstract: Background: Lateral opening wedge distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) unloads a diseased lateral compartment of the knee in patients with genu valgum. To the best of our knowledge, there are no biomechanical studies investigating the effect of knee flexion on contact pressure and area after DFO. Hypothesis: As knee flexion angles increase, DFO will be less effective at unloading the lateral compartment of the knee. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Lateral opening wedge DFO was performed, correcting a mean of 7deg, in 10 cadaveric knees using plate fixation. Tibiofemoral contact pressure was measured in 0deg, 15deg, 30deg, 45deg, 60deg, and 75deg of knee flexion before and after osteotomy using electronic sensors. Peak contact pressure (PCP) mean contact pressure (MCP) and contact area were measured for each condition. Anatomic dissection quantified the tibiofemoral contact position on the distal femur in all degrees of flexion. Mixed effects regression analyses were used to compare the change in variables before and after osteotomy and between flexion angles. Results: One sample had to be excluded because of tibiofemoral arthritis. MCP decreased in the lateral compartment after DFO throughout all degrees of flexion (all P .05) but to the greatest extent in 0deg of flexion. When examining the percentage of MCP in the lateral compartment, this decreased after DFO at 0deg (70.4% to 40.0% P .001) 15deg (65.1% to 52.1% P .001) 30deg (60.7% to 52.0% P .003) 45deg (55.8% to 49.7% P .033) and 60deg (51.9% to 44.2% P .010) but not at 75deg (50.2% to 45.3% P .112) PCP decreased in the lateral compartment after DFO at 0deg (2.41 to 1.34 MPa; P .001) 15deg (2.50 to 1.81 MPa; P .001) 30deg (2.28 to 1.93 MPa; P .039) 45deg (2.21 to 1.73 MPa; P .005) 60deg (2.15 to 1.71 MPa; P .009) and 75deg (1.95 to 1.49 MPa; P .012) The percentage of contact area decreased in the lateral compartment in full extension (68.7% to 48.1% P .007) but not at any other degree of flexion (all P .05) Conclusion: DFO decreased lateral compartment pressure. However, it had the greatest effect in full knee extension. Clinical Relevance: DFO decreased contact pressure in the lateral compartment but more effectively decreased contact pressure in the more anterior aspects of the femoral articular cartilage.
author_names: James D Wylie

Bastian Scheiderer

Elifho Obopilwe

Joshua B Baldino

Colin Pavano

Craig J Macken

Ryan Bell

Augustus D Mazzocca

Robert A Arciero

Florian B Imhoff
title: The Effect of Lateral Opening Wedge Distal Femoral Varus Osteotomy on Tibiofemoral Contact Mechanics Through Knee Flexion
venue: The American journal of sports medicine
year: 2018

abstract: At present, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) cannot perceive local environments in complex marine environments, where fish can obtain hydrodynamic information about the surrounding environment through a lateral line. Inspired by this biological function, an artificial lateral line system (ALLS) was built on a moving bionic carrier using the pressure sensor in this paper. When the carrier operated with different speeds in the flow field, the pressure distribution characteristics surrounding the carrier were analyzed by numerical simulation, where the effect of the flow angle between the fluid velocity direction and the carrier navigation direction was considered. The flume experiment was carried out in accordance with the simulation conditions, and the analysis results of the experiment were consistent with those in the simulation. The relationship between pressure and fluid velocity was established by a fitting method. Subsequently, the pressure difference method was investigated to establish a relationship model between the pressure difference on both sides of the carrier and the flow angle. Finally, a back propagation neural network model was used to predict the fluid velocity, flow angle, and carrier speed successfully in the unknown fluid environment. The local fluid environment perception by moving carrier carrying ALLS was studied which may promote the engineering application of the artificial lateral line in the local perception, positioning, and navigation on AUVs.
author_names: Guijie Liu

Huanhuan Hao

Tingting Yang

Shuikuan Liu

Mengmeng Wang

Atilla Incecik

Zhixiong Li
title: Flow Field Perception of a Moving Carrier Based on an Artificial Lateral Line System
venue: Sensors
year: 2020

abstract: In this study, an efficient and simple designed nanohybrid created for individual and simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid (AA) dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) This nanohybrid is a combination of chemical reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) and redox poly(para phenylene) (Fc ac PP) modified in a lateral position with ferrrocenyl group CRGO/Fc ac PPP. The CRGO/Fc ac PPP nanohybrid demonstrated a synergistic effect resulting in a large conductivity, surface area and catalytic properties provided by the redox attached ferrocene. Moreover, this nanocomposite is able to detect individually as well as simultaneously AA, DA and UA in a co existence system with defined and separated redox peaks oxidation. The linear response ranges for AA, DA and UA, when detected simultaneously, are 0.1 10000 mM, 0.0001 1000 mM and 0.1 10000 mM, respectively, and the detection limits (S/N 3) are 0.046 mM, 0.2 nM and 0.013 mM, respectively. The proposed sensor shown satisfactory results when applied to real spiked urine samples for measuring the abnormal high or lowconcentration of AA, DA and UA in vivo.
author_names: Zouhour Hsine

Salma Bizid

Rym Mlika

Helene Sauriat-Dorizon

Ayoub Haj Said

Hafsa Korri-Youssoufi
title: Nanocomposite Based on Poly (para phenylene)/Chemical Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Platform for Simultaneous Detection of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine and Uric Acid
venue: Sensors
year: 2020

abstract: Attention has been focused on the importance of anatomical tunnel placement in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different tunnel positions for single bundle (SB) ACL reconstruction on knee kinematics. Ten porcine knees were used for the following reconstruction techniques: three different anatomic SB [AM AM (antero medial) PL PL (postero lateral) and MID MID] (n 5 for each group) conventional SB (PL high AM) (n 5) and anatomic double bundle (DB) (n 5) Using a robotic/universal force moment sensor testing system, an 89 N anterior load (simulated KT1000 test) at 30, 60, and 90deg of knee flexion and a combined internal rotation (4 N m) and valgus (7 N m) moment (simulated pivot shift test) at 30 and 60deg were applied. Anterior tibial translation (ATT) (mm) and in situ forces (N) of reconstructed grafts were calculated. During simulated KT1000 test at 60deg of knee flexion, the PL PL had significantly lower in situ force than the intact ACL (P 0.01) In situ force of the MID MID was higher than other SB reconstructions (at 30deg: 94.8 2.5 N; at 60deg: 85.2 5.3 N; and 90deg: 66.0 8.7 N) At 30deg of knee flexion, the PL high AM had the lowest in situ values (67.1 19.3 N) At 60 and 90deg of knee flexion the PL PL had the lowest in situ values (at 60deg: 60.8 19.9 N; 90deg: 38.4 19.2 N) The MID MID and DB had no significant in situ force differences at 30 and 60deg of knee flexion. During simulated pivot shift test at 60deg of knee flexion, the PL PL and PL high AM reconstructions had a significant lower in situ force than the intact ACL (P 0.01) During simulated KT1000 test at 30, 60, and 90deg of knee flexion, the PL PL and PL high AM had significantly lower ATT than the intact ACL (P 0.01) During simulated KT1000 test at 60 and 90deg, the MID MID, AM AM, and DB had significantly lower ATT than the ACL deficient knee (P 0.01) During simulated KT1000 test at 90deg, every reconstructed knee had significantly higher ATT than the intact knee (P 0.01) In conclusion, the MID MID position provided the best stability among all anatomic SB reconstructions and more closely restored normal knee kinematics.
author_names: Yuki Kato

Sheila Jean McNeill Ingham

Scott Kramer

Patrick J Smolinski

Akiyoshi Saito

Freddie H Fu
title: Effect of tunnel position for anatomic single bundle ACL reconstruction on knee biomechanics in a porcine model
venue: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
year: 2009

abstract: Due to the inherent misalignment variations in dynamic wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging systems, it is essential to implement effective misalignment detection and correction techniques to maximize the amount of energy received by the EV. A misalignment detection system consists of detector coils or sensors, and the corresponding detection circuitry. In this work, the design details of the auxiliary misalignment detection coils are presented. In particular, the paper investigates the effect of the number of turns of the auxiliary coils, their turn to turn spacing, and their positions relative to the edges of the secondary coil, on their lateral misalignment detection capability. Based on the conducted simulations, it is observed that increasing the number of turns as well as the turn to turn spacing of the auxiliary coils both significantly improve their misalignment detection capability by improving the resultant mutual inductance variations with lateral misalignments. Also, the optimal position of the auxiliary coils is determined to be 200 mm from both edges of the secondary coil.
author_names: Youssef Louca

Eiman ElGhanam

Ahmed H Osman
title: Design and Modeling of Auxiliary Misalignment Detection Coils for Dynamic Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Systems
venue: 2021 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference Expo (ITEC)
year: 2021

abstract: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery with manual instruments provides a quantitatively balanced knee in approximately 50% of cases. This study examined the effect of combining robotics technology with real time intra operative sensor feedback on the number of quantitatively balanced cases in a consecutive series of 200 robotic assisted primary TKAs. The robotics platform was used to plan the implant component position using correctable poses in extension and a manual, centrally pivoting the balancer in flexion, prior to committing to the femoral cuts. During the initial trialing, the quantitative state of balance was assessed using an instrumented tibial tray that measured the intra articular loads in the medial and lateral compartments. These sensor readings informed a number of surgical corrections, including bone recuts, soft tissue corrections, and cement adjustments. During initial trialing, a quantitatively balanced knee was achieved in only 65% of cases. After performing the relevant soft tissue corrections, bone recuts, and cement adjustments, 87% of cases ended balanced through the range of motion. Meanwhile, this resulted in a wide range of coronal alignment conditions, ranging from 6deg valgus to 9deg varus. It is therefore concluded that gaps derived from robotics navigation are not indicative for a quantitatively balanced knee, which was only consistently achieved when combining the robotics platform with real time feedback from intra operative load sensors.
author_names: Alexander C Gordon

Michael A Conditt

Matthias A Verstraete
title: Achieving a Balanced Knee in Robotic TKA
venue: Sensors
year: 2021

abstract: An ideal microcalorimeter is characterized by a constant energy resolution across the sensor's dynamic range. Any dependence of pulse shape on the position within the absorber where an event occurs leads to a degradation in resolution that is linear with event's energy (excess broadening) In this paper we present a numerical simulation that was developed to model the variation in pulse shape with position based on the thermal conductivity within the absorber and between the absorber, sensor, and heat bath, for arbitrarily shaped absorbers and sensors. All the parameters required for the simulation can be measured from actual devices. We describe how the thermal conductivity of the absorber material is determined by comparing the results of this model with data taken from a position sensitive detector in which any position dependent effect is purposely emphasized by constructing a long, narrow absorber that is readout by sensors on both ends. Finally, we present the implications for excess broadening given the measured parameters of our X ray microcalorimeters.
author_names: Tarek Saab

Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano

Naoko Iyomoto

B D Herbert

S R Bandler

J A Chervenak

Fred M Finkbeiner

Richard Lloyd Kelley

Caroline A Kilbourne

Frederick S Porter

John E Sadleir
title: Determination of lateral diffusivity in single pixel X ray absorbers with implications for position dependent excess broadening
year: 2006

abstract: Active beam stabilization is decisive in numerous applications such as free space optical (FSO) communication, military, biomedical etc. FSO communication receivers require very precise and stable pointing mechanism to maintain optimal operation. Any vibration, micro positional drift can affect efficiency and performance of active optical component and introduce an error which propagates throughout optical line [1] Beam wandering and atmospheric effect also causes the contravention of FSO communication. In this paper we have demonstrated active beam stabilization technique using fast steering mirror (FSM) and Quad detector in closed loop for FSO receiver in laboratory. The quad detector senses the error voltage according to the position of laser beacon. The error voltage is fed to FSM controller which is used in an external sensor feedback control mode with position feedback from quad photo detector and the FSM rectifies in the desired position.
author_names: Koushik Basak

R K Bahl

Payal Sharma

A Banik
title: Demonstration of Active Laser Beam Stabilization in Closed Loop for Free Space Optical Receiver
year: 2015