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abstract: nature photonics VOL 6 MARCH 2012 www.nature.com/naturephotonics 153 Harnessing solar energy is one of the most promising ways to tackle today's energy issues. Although the present dominant photovoltaic (PV) technology is based on inorganic materials, high material and manufacturing costs limit its wide acceptance1. Intensive research has been conducted towards the development of low cost PV technologies, of which organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are one of the promising. OPV devices are based on organic semiconductors carbon based materials whose backbones are comprised mainly of alternating C C and C=C bonds. Electron delocalization along the conjugated backbone is responsible for the semiconducting properties of OPV devices2. One of the major differences between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors is the presence of tightly bonded excitons (electron hole pairs) resulting from their low dielectric constant (er 2 4) The binding energy of the Frenkel exciton is in the range of 0.3 1 eV (refs 2,3) Such a large binding energy prevents exciton dissociation by an electrical field (a non radiative decay channel) and can achieve a high electroluminescent efficiency in organic light emitting devices. The weak intermolecular van de Waals interaction enables the realization of low cost, large area deposition technologies such as roll toroll printing3. In recent years, organic electronic devices such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) organic thin film transistors, OPVs and organic memory devices have attracted considerable attention, owing to their potential low cost and high performance characteristics. OLED displays have gained a considerable share in the portable electronics market, for use in devices such as smart phones. However, research into OPV cells continues to lag behind, despite the first patent4 and the first paper5 by Tang appearing ahead of those of OLEDs, probably owing to the fact that developing alternative energy sources has been viewed, until recently, as being relatively unimportant. OPVs are divided into two different categories according to whether their constituent molecules are either small or large (polymers) These two classes of materials are rather different in terms of their synthesis, purification and device fabrication processes. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) are processed from solution in organic solvents, whereas small molecule solar cells are processed mainly using thermal evaporation deposition in a high vacuum environment. Using the solution process to fabricate small molecule solar cells has recently been gaining momentum6, although the film quality and crystallization is expected to be an issue. PSCs are attractive owing to a number of advantageous features7, including their thin film architecture and low material consumption resulting from a high absorption coefficient, their use of organic polymer solar cells
author_names: Gang Li

Rui Zhu

Yang Yang
title: Polymer solar cells
year: 2012

abstract: Bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) particles were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment and nanoporous thin films were prepared on conducting glass substrates. The structures and morphologies of the samples were examined with X ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM) Significant absorbance spectra emerged in visible region which indicated the efficient sensitization of Bi4Ti3O12 with N3 dye. Surface photovoltaic properties of the samples were investigated by surface photovoltage. The results further indicate that N3 can extend the photovoltaic response range of Bi4Ti3O12 nanoparticles to the visible region, which shows potential application in dye sensitized solar cell. As a working electrode in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) the overall efficiency reached 0.48% after TiO2 modification.
author_names: Zeng Chen

Shengjun Li

Weifeng Zhang
title: Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Based on
year: 2011

abstract: Simultaneous modification of the dye and redox shuttle boosts the efficiency of a dye sensitized solar cell. The iodide/triiodide redox shuttle has limited the efficiencies accessible in dye sensitized solar cells. Here, we report mesoscopic solar cells that incorporate a Co(II/III)tris(bipyridyl) based redox electrolyte in conjunction with a custom synthesized donor p bridge acceptor zinc porphyrin dye as sensitizer (designated YD2 o C8) The specific molecular design of YD2 o C8 greatly retards the rate of interfacial back electron transfer from the conduction band of the nanocrystalline titanium dioxide film to the oxidized cobalt mediator, which enables attainment of strikingly high photovoltages approaching 1 volt. Because the YD2 o C8 porphyrin harvests sunlight across the visible spectrum, large photocurrents are generated. Cosensitization of YD2 o C8 with another organic dye further enhances the performance of the device, leading to a measured power conversion efficiency of 12.3% under simulated air mass 1.5 global sunlight.
author_names: Aswani Yella

Hsuan-Wei Lee

Hoi Nok Tsao

Chenyi Yi

Aravind Kumar Chandiran

Md Khaja Nazeeruddin

Eric Wei-Guang Diau

Chen-Yu Yeh

Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin

Michael Gratzel
title: Porphyrin Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III) Based Redox Electrolyte Exceed 12 Percent Efficiency
venue: Science
year: 2011

abstract: This paper is on the development of a solar powered water purification system with Phase Change Material (PCM) energy storage and experimental studies done on the system. It has applications in many societies that lack adequate clean water. These societies also often lack the energy resources such as electricity that can be used for water purification. Water distillation was achieved in this study and analyses were performed on the effects of weather conditions on distillate production. Since solar systems are affected by limited sunshine that occurs only during daylight hours, a second part of the study involved adding a PCM heat exchanger to the system to extend distillation beyond daylight hours. Evaluation of the distillate production with respect to outdoor conditions such as temperature, wind speed, and use of the PCM heat exchanger were done to investigate performance of the system. Results show that high daytime temperatures and clear atmospheric conditions yield greater distillate production. Incorporation of the PCM heat exchanger added more time for distillate production beyond daylight hours, but overall, it resulted in lower daily production compared to when it was bypassed. The most definite indicator for distillate production was the temperature differential between the water entering the solar still and the outdoor temperature. Keywords distillation, energy storage, phase change material, PCM, solar, still, water purification
author_names: Wayne E Aydt

Emmanuel C Nsofor
title: Studies on Solar Powered Water Purification with PCM Energy Storage
year: 2019

abstract: Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter 1: Introduction 9 Chapter 2: System Description and Constraints 11 Assumptions 13 Unsteady Condition Estimate 13 Chapter 2: Modeling Approach 17 Solar Collector 17 Finding HTF Properties 20 Absorbed Heat and Heat Balance in Solar Collector: 23 Comparison of the wind effect on absorbing Heat by HTF in the Solar Collector: 23 Boiler 25 Heat Transfer at Boiler: 25 Thermodynamic Heat: 25 Boiler Heat Transfer: 26 Boiling Heat Transfer: 27 Chapter 3: Results and Analysis: 28 Changing parameters along changing water vapor mass flowrate: 28 Changing Parameters along with Changing Boiler Pressure: 33 Constant water vapor: 33 Constant solar collector length: 36 Changing Parameters along with HTF mass flowrate in laminar and turbulent region: 39 Efficiency: 44
author_names: Houtan Neynavaee
title: Computerized Heat Transfer Modeling for Solar Powered Water Purification System
year: 2017

abstract: Significance Current desalination technologies provide solutions to the increasing water demands of the planet but require substantial electric energy, limiting their sustainable use where conventional power infrastructure may be unavailable. Here, we report a direct solar method for desalination that utilizes nanoparticle assisted solar vaporization in a membrane distillation geometry. This scalable process is capable of providing sufficient clean water for family use in a compact footprint, potentially for off grid desalination at remote locations. With more than a billion people lacking accessible drinking water, there is a critical need to convert nonpotable sources such as seawater to water suitable for human use. However, energy requirements of desalination plants account for half their operating costs, so alternative, lower energy approaches are equally critical. Membrane distillation (MD) has shown potential due to its low operating temperature and pressure requirements, but the requirement of heating the input water makes it energy intensive. Here, we demonstrate nanophotonics enabled solar membrane distillation (NESMD) where highly localized photothermal heating induced by solar illumination alone drives the distillation process, entirely eliminating the requirement of heating the input water. Unlike MD, NESMD can be scaled to larger systems and shows increased efficiencies with decreased input flow velocities. Along with its increased efficiency at higher ambient temperatures, these properties all point to NESMD as a promising solution for household or community scale desalination.
author_names: Pratiksha D Dongare

Alessandro Alabastri

Seth Pedersen

Katherine R Zodrow

Nathaniel J Hogan

Oara Neumann

Jinjian Wu

Tianxiao Wang

Akshay Deshmukh

Menachem Elimelech

Qilin Li

Peter J Nordlander

Naomi J Halas
title: Nanophotonics enabled solar membrane distillation for off grid water purification
venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
year: 2017

abstract: Abstract We review the technical progress made in the past several years in the area of mono and polycrystalline thin film photovoltaic (PV) technologies based on Si, III V, II VI, and I III VI2 semiconductors, as well as nano PV. PV electricity is one of the best options for sustainable future energy requirements of the world. At present, the PV market is growing rapidly at an annual rate of 35 40% with PV production around 10.66 GW in 2009. Si and GaAs monocrystalline solar cell efficiencies are very close to the theoretically predicted maximum values. Mono and polycrystalline wafer Si solar cells remain the predominant PV technology with module production cost around $1.50 per peak watt. Thin film PV was developed as a means of substantially reducing the cost of solar cells. Remarkable progress has been achieved in this field in recent years. CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells demonstrated record efficiencies of 16.5% and almost 20% respectively. These values are the highest achieved for thin film solar cells. Production cost of CdTe thin film modules is presently around $0.76 per peak watt.
author_names: T M Razykov

Christos S Ferekides

Don L Morel

Elias K Stefanakos

Harin S Ullal

Hari M Upadhyaya
title: Solar photovoltaic electricity: Current status and future prospects
year: 2011

abstract: Abstract. We focus on the potential of using solar PV powered, decentralized drinking water treatment technologies for providing communities in remote areas with safe drinking water. Small scale, solar PV powered solutions for water purification may help achieve the sustainable development goals in areas without electricity access. However, more field based research on the performance of solar powered drinking water technologies is needed in order to perfect existing technologies. We introduce the first longer term applied field study on the performance of 16 solar PV powered drinking water stations using greensand filters for iron removal and anodic oxidation for chlorine production in the oases across Egypt's Western Desert. Local groundwater shows natural iron concentrations that in some places exceed the WHO standard (0.3 mg l) by a factor of 50. The presented results show that the energy efficient, solar PV operated stations successfully remove the iron from the water. Chlorine levels vary by location and are connected to local consumption patterns and site specific system settings. Simple adjustments are needed in order to fully benefit from the solar driven anodic oxidation process. Solar powered technologies for drinking water purification need to be able to respond to specific local conditions in order to become an upscalable solution for remote, rural areas across the globe.
author_names: Martina Jaskolski

Lena Schmitz

Philipp Otter

Zander Pellegrino
title: Solar powered drinking water purification in the oases of Egypt's Western Desert
venue: Journal of Photonics for Energy
year: 2019

abstract: This paper demonstrates technique of water purification using electro coagulation method. This system is composed of DC electric source 200 V 30 A connect to the anode and cathode terminals. The DC power supply can be received from utility or solar energy. The sample of raw water from reservoir is used to conduct experimental reaction with electrocoagulation system in order to improve water quality. The water purification experimental was implemented by batch processing with varying electrolysis time. The parameter of electro coagulation and water quality parameters are collected such as electric voltage, electric current, water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) total dissolved solid (TDS) and electro conductivity. The result found that the water quality has improved with the standard of domestic water supply and also drinking water standard. doi: 10.5829/ijee.2017.08.03.07
author_names: Nopporn Patcharaprakiti
title: Water Purification by Solar Powered Electrocoagulation System
year: 2017

abstract: This paper presents the design and commissioning of a solar powered water purification system at the Ryan Epps Home for Children (REHC) in Michaud, Haiti. This systemsupplies clean drinking water to the 200 children who live and go to school at REHC and also tothe community in the form of a micro business. This micro business is the mechanism for incomegeneration for sustainable system operation. The purifier uses a three stage filtration system witha disc type sediment filter, a 0.1 micron ultrafiltration membrane, and an ultraviolet light fordisinfection. The backwash cycle extends the life of the ultrafiltration membrane to 4 7 yearsbefore a new filter is required. Simplicity in operation was an important design considerationbecause it facilitates local operator training, and understanding. To further ensure completeunderstanding of operation, a pictorial quick start manual was developed so that operators onlyneed to follow the diagrams laid out on the manual. The design folder with CAD drawings,schematics, datasheets, and troubleshooting guide are left with the local operators. Testingbefore shipping and after installation to ensure proper operation upon installation and on sitewater quality testing ensures it will promote improved community health.
author_names: Shavin Pinto

Yung Wong

Kyle Fennesy

Yan Tang

Mark Compare
title: Design and Commissioning of a Community Scale Solar Powered Membrane Based Water Purification System in Haiti
year: 2016