Search query: gps  acquring  max peak  second  peak

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abstract: Power consumption of Global Positioning System (GPS) acquisition is a great challenge for energy constrained applications. In this work, a metric named acquisition mean computation overhead is proposed to measure the energy cost. A novel multi peak double dwell (MP/DD) acquisition method for GPS weak signal is proposed. It adopts multi peak correlation results as candidates in the first acquisition dwell and selects the largest one as the final acquisition result in the second acquisition dwell. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are presented in detail. Meanwhile, the very large scale integration (VLSI) implementation of coarse and fine grained acquisition engines applied to the proposed method is done. The detection probability and acquisition mean computation overhead are simulated using the Monte Carlo method, and its mean acquisition power is tested with an actual chip. We fabricated the GPS signal acquisition engine with a 40 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The simulation results demonstrate that detection probability is promoted from 18% to 67% when signal power is equal to 23 dB/Hz. The acquisition mean computation overhead is reduced greatly by 64% Measurement results show that the energy consumption of this design is only 21.5% of the conventional double dwell/maximum (DD/MAX) method.
author_names: Zhen Wang

Hengfeng Zhang

Min Wang

Xinning Liu

Y Zhuang

Hao Cai

Jun Yang

Longxing Shi
title: Multi Peak Double Dwell GPS Weak Signal Acquisition Method and VLSI Implementation for Energy Constrained Applications
year: 2018

abstract: Conventional GPS acquisition methods, such as Max selection and threshold crossing (MAX/TC) estimate GPS code/Doppler by its correlation peak. Different from MAX/TC, a multi layer binarized convolution neural network (BCNN) is proposed to recognize the GPS acquisition correlation envelope in this article. The proposed method is a double dwell acquisition in which a short integration is adopted in the first dwell and a long integration is applied in the second one. To reduce the search space for parameters, BCNN detects the possible envelope which contains the auto correlation peak in the first dwell to compress the initial search space to 1/1023. Although there is a long integration in the second dwell, the acquisition computation overhead is still low due to the compressed search space. Comprehensively, the total computation overhead of the proposed method is only 1/5 of conventional ones. Experiments show that the proposed double dwell/correlation envelope identification (DD/CEI) neural network achieves 2 dB improvement when compared with the MAX/TC under the same specification.
author_names: Zhen Wang

Y Zhuang

Jun Yang

Hengfeng Zhang

Wei Dong

Min Wang

Luchi Hua

Bo Liu

Longxing Shi
title: A Double Dwell High Sensitivity GPS Acquisition Scheme Using Binarized Convolution Neural Network
venue: Sensors
year: 2018

abstract: Massive cosmic neutrinos change the structure formation history by suppressing perturbations on small scales. Weak lensing data from galaxy surveys probe the structure evolution and thereby can be used to constrain the total mass of the three active neutrinos. However, much of the information is at small scales where the dynamics are nonlinear. Traditional approaches with second order statistics thus fail to fully extract the information in the lensing field. In this paper, we study constraints on the neutrino mass sum using lensing peak counts, a statistic which captures non Gaussian information beyond the second order. We use the ray traced weak lensing mocks from the Cosmological Massive Neutrino Simulations (MassiveNuS) and apply LSST like noise. We discuss the effects of redshift tomography, multipole cutoff \ell_{\rm max} for the power spectrum, smoothing scale for the peak counts, and constraints from peaks of different heights. We find that combining peak counts with the traditional lensing power spectrum can improve the constraint on neutrino mass sum, \Omega_m$ and $A_s$ by 39% 32% and 60% respectively, over that from the power spectrum alone.
author_names: Zack Li

Jia Liu

Jose Manuel Zorrilla Matilla

William R Coulton
title: Constraining neutrino mass with tomographic weak lensing peak counts
venue: Physical Review D
year: 2019

abstract: This paper presents the design of a hybrid harmonic tuned solid state power amplifier (SSPA) for global positioning system (GPS) application. The SSPA provides peak output power of 160 W, with power added efficiency (PAE) of 61% based on a single packaged device from Sumitomo. The targeted power and PAE are obtained by properly tuning the source/load impedance at second and third harmonics also. The realized SSPA is characterized over a bandwidth of 50 MHz in L band (fc=1.575 GHz)
author_names: Abdul Ali

Elisa Cipriani

Paolo Colantonio
title: A single module compact efficient harmonic tuned 160 W power amplifier for GPS application
venue: 2018 22nd International Microwave and Radar Conference (MIKON)
year: 2018

abstract: Abstract Glyoxal (CHOCHO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) are organic trace gases that play an important role in tropospheric chemistry as oxidation products of a number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) In this study, we report year round daytime measurements of glyoxal and formaldehyde in the urban atmosphere of Madrid, Spain. Their vertical concentration profiles were retrieved using the Multi AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX DOAS) technique and a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) that simulates solar photon paths through the atmosphere. The diurnal variations of HCHO show two distinct peaks during the day, in the early morning and late afternoon in spring and summer, while the second peak is shifted towards noon in autumn and winter, due to lower photolysis rates and more effective boundary layer accumulation of HCHO in those seasons. The HCHO surface mixing ratios range from 6 ppbv to 27 ppbv in spring summer and from 10 ppbv to 30 ppbv in autumn winter. Monthly hourly averaged glyoxal surface mixing ratios in the early morning show higher values during winter, 2 ppbv, than in summer, 0.7 ppbv. We also evaluated the ratio between glyoxal and formaldehyde (RGF) surface mixing ratios, as an indicator of the nature of VOCs precursors. The RGF was also correlated with the measured NO2, which represents a direct signal of anthropogenic emissions, along with the VOCs emission inventories in Madrid. The RGF results yielded higher ratios in spring, 0.1 0.13, than in winter and autumn (in the range of 0.02 0.07) when NO2 levels were higher.
author_names: Nuria Benavent

David Garcia-Nieto

Shanshan Wang

Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
title: MAX DOAS measurements and vertical profiles of glyoxal and formaldehyde in Madrid, Spain
venue: Atmospheric Environment
year: 2019

abstract: Abstract We present the results of a comprehensive study of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) occurring over Europe during the total solar eclipse of 20 March 2015. For detection of wave structures and estimation of TID parameters, two remote sensing techniques were combined: incoherent scatter (IS) radars and European and Finnish dense GPS receiver networks. Similar procedures were applied for processing both IS and GPS data. We developed a new method enabling to analyze TEC data separately in the temporal and spatial domain. For the first time, we produced maps of band pass filtered TEC variations and reported both large and medium scale prevailing TIDs observed during this solar eclipse, both having similar periods of about 50 60 min. The downward phase progression indicates that TIDs were induced by atmospheric gravity waves generated at lower altitudes. The variations in IS power attained peak relative amplitudes of 0.22 (22% at 220 km over Tromso and of 0.17 (17% at 200 km over Kharkiv. The vertical phase velocity was about 57 m/s over Tromso. It increased from 25 to 170 m/s over Kharkiv with altitude increasing from 120 to 310 km. Over Western Europe, large scale TIDs (LSTIDs) had prevailing north east direction over the region from 45degto 50degN and 2degW to 8degE. Here, their average horizontal phase velocity V m was 803 281 m/s and the absolute amplitudes of TEC variations usually do not exceed 0.17 TECU. For this region, we found strong differences in LSTID propagation azimuth between the solar eclipse day and the two adjacent days of 19 and 21 March 2015, used as reference. This most likely indicates that these LSTIDs were directly caused by the solar eclipse through local heating/cooling processes occurring during the passing of the Moon penumbra. Over another region, limited by 44deg 50degN and 13deg 19degE, the LSTIDs had south east propagation. Over Finland, the LSTIDs also propagated southeastward having V m 774 202 m/s and TEC amplitudes up to 0.6 TECU. A possible evidence of LSTID generation at high latitudes indirectly by this solar eclipse through an excitation of slow magnetosonic waves was experimentally detected. Medium scale TIDs (MSTIDs) propagated southeastward over both regions having V m values of 144 54 m/s over Western Europe and of 104 43 m/s over Finland. Over Northern Europe, the maximum MSTID amplitudes were greater by a factor of 5 compared to those over Western Europe and reached 0.4 TECU. We did not detect a clear difference in MSTID propagation between solar eclipse and reference days. The IS and GPS results are in consistency with each other. The detected TID parameters of predominant periods, relative amplitudes, altitude range and MSTID horizontal propagation direction generally correspond to the results of other studies.
author_names: Sergii V Panasenko

Yuichi Otsuka

Max van de Kamp

Leonid Chernogor

Atsuki Shinbori

Takuya Tsugawa

Michi Nishioka
title: Observation and characterization of traveling ionospheric disturbances induced by solar eclipse of 20 March 2015 using incoherent scatter radars and GPS networks
venue: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics
year: 2019

abstract: In the last decade, important studies have demonstrated that GPS can be also used as an efficient tool for measuring the integrated water vapor (IWV) in the atmosphere which is a useful quantity for climatological and weather forecasting applications. This study presents the first results obtained by using the time series GPS stations of six local stations belonging to the continuously operating Algerian network, and 13 stations of the IGS (International GNSS Service) for the estimation of the value of the IWV locally. In this paper, tropospheric parameters are obtained from double difference processing of GPS observations, collected from 2008 to 2015, using the Bernese 5.2 software. For the validation of GPS IWV values, three approaches are used. In the first, the GPS IWV are compared with the corresponding ERA Interim values derived from interpolations in time and space. The results show a good agreement with correlation coefficients exceeding 85% and an RMS (root mean square) between 2.22 and 5.53 kg m 2. In the second approach, we compare GPS IWV and radiosondes over two stations, where the results showed an acceptable concordance and equivalent to those of the first approach. In the third approach, the GPS ZWD (zenith wet delay) roughly IWV, values are compared with the daily rainfall data provided by the Algerian Meteorological Office. The results show that the temporal variation of ZWD and the high rainfall collected by rain gauges (not far from those of GPS) present a perfect coincidence over the surrounding observed peaks. Finally, the analysis of the annual time cycle of ZWD and precipitation carried out on the data of geographically and climatically different GPS stations shows that these two parameters depend on the latitude of the site. The first experimental results of this study further strengthen the strong potential of GPS in meteorological applications.
author_names: Hassen Abdellaoui Hassen Abdellaoui

N Boutarek Zaourar

Salem Kahlouche
title: Contribution of permanent stations GPS data to estimate the water vapor content over Algeria
venue: Arabian Journal of Geosciences
year: 2019

abstract: When does large scale battery storage become economically feasible? To answer this question and put a value on the different services battery storage can provide, we performed techno economic analyses on the use of large scale battery storage in Norwegian electricity distribution systems. In the first use case we looked at the feasibility of batteries for peak load shaving and thereby network charge reduction under the power based tariff structure. In the second use case, battery storage was used to reduce both peak load and peak infeed in order to comply with the 100 kW max feed in rule that is part of the Norwegian prosumer regulation, the "Plusskundeordning" Both of these applications are far from economical at current prices. The third use case was about battery storage used to provide balancing power. This seems to be the most feasible application at the moment. We performed sensitivity analyses under different balancing prices, grid charges, battery degradation levels, battery rest value and capital costs, to identify where battery storage becomes profitable in the Norwegian market. We reference the description of new regulations, tariffs structures, the battery degradation model, the methodology used for the economic evaluation and the controller models for all use cases. The study was performed in the project IntegER.
author_names: Peter Ahcin

Kjersti Berg

Idar Petersen
title: Techno economic analyis of battery storage for peak shaving and frequency containment reserve
venue: 2019 16th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM)
year: 2019

abstract: Mobility and spatial interaction data have become increasingly available due to the widespread adoption of location aware technologies. Examples of mobile data include human daily activities, vehicle trajectories, and animal movements. In this study we focus on a special type of mobility data, i.e. origin destination (OD) pairs, and propose a new adapted chord diagram plot to reveal the urban human travel spatial temporal characteristics and patterns of a seven day taxi trajectory data set collected in Beijing; this large scale data set includes approximately 88.5 million trips of anonymous customers. The spatial distribution patterns of the pick up points (PUPs) and the drop off points (DOPs) on weekdays and weekends are analyzed first. The maximum of the morning and the evening peaks are at 8:00 10:00 and 17:00 19:00. The morning peaks of taxis are delayed by 0.5 1 h compared with the commuting morning peaks. Second, travel demand, intensity, time, and distance on weekdays and weekends are analyzed to explore human mobility. The travel demand and high intensity travel of residents in Beijing is mainly concentrated within the 6th Ring Road. The residents who travel long distances >10 km) and for a long time >60 min) mainly from outside the 6th Ring Road and the surrounding new towns of Beijing. The circular structure of the travel distance distribution also confirms the single center urban structure of Beijing. Finally, a new adapted chord diagram plot is proposed to achieve the spatial temporal scale visualization of taxi trajectory origin destination (OD) flows. The method can characterize the volume, direction, and properties of OD flows in multiple spatial temporal scales; it is implemented using a circular visualization package in R (circlize) Through the visualization experiment of taxi GPS trajectory data in Beijing, the results show that the proposed visualization technology is able to characterize the spatial temporal patterns of trajectory OD flows in multiple spatial temporal scales. These results are expected to enhance current urban mobility research and suggest some interesting avenues for future research.
author_names: Huihui Wang

Hong Huang

Xiaoyong Ni

Weihua Zeng
title: Revealing Spatial Temporal Characteristics and Patterns of Urban Travel: A Large Scale Analysis and Visualization Study with Taxi GPS Data
venue: ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf.
year: 2019

abstract: Thank you to NASA's GHRC, NOAA, Kyoto GIN, blitzortung, weather.us, and timeanddate.com for weather, lightning, precipitation, and geomagnetic data. (a) (b) Figure 3: Examples of two different methods used to locate lightning strikes. Figure 2.a is community sourced lightning map. It shows a six hour time lapse of August 9 starting from 18:00 UTC (Courtesy: blitzortung.org) Figure 2.b is the map of all lightning strikes from August 2018 to February 2019. This data is obtained from the International Space Station (ISS) The red square is one degree by one degree centered on the approximate longitude and latitude of Daytona Beach set at 29degN and 81degW (Courtesy: NASA's GHRC) Figure 1: Radar analysis of the approximate max. elevation of precipitation (echo tops) of thunderstorms on August 9, 2018. The actual cloud top of the storm usually reaches beyond the echo top. The storm shown is over 45000 ft (14 km) The times shown for these days correlate with scintillation observed on these days (Courtesy: weather.us) Figure 6: Sky Plot of the location of PRNs 2 (in blue) and 5 (in red) on August 9, 2018. The degrees on the outer circle represent the azimuth angle, and the inner circles represent the elevation of the satellites. Both PRN trajectories are limited by a 50deg elevation mask to help eliminate possible multipath. Figure 2: Plots from GPS satellite PRN 2 on August 8 10. Possible scintillation can be seen on August 9 two hours after 17:00 UTC and August 10 three and a half hours after 17:00 UTC. August 8 was a normal day used to rule out multipath. Figure 4: Plots from GPS satellite PRN 5 on August 8 10. August 8 and August 10 were used to compare and rule out multipath. Peaks, which are typically scintillation, are mainly seen in the power plot on August 9.
author_names: Julian T Herrera

Marissa Priore

Danayit T Mekonnen
title: Tropospheric Scintillation Signatures: Observations of the Possible Effect Thunderstorms have on GPS Signals
year: 2019