Search query:  Applied Photochemistry (Eds.: , P. Douglas, ), Springer, Amsterdam, 2013.

Related papers:

abstract: This chapter gives an introduction to the key ideas which underpin photochemistry: the nature of electromagnetic radiation, the nature of matter, and the way the two interact. After a discussion of ultraviolet and visible electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with the optical properties of materials, an account is given of the fundamental properties of the four components involved in photochemistry, the protons, neutrons and electrons which make up atoms, and the photon. The ideas of wave mechanics and its application to atomic structure are introduced in a non mathematical way, with atomic orbitals described in terms of quantum numbers, energies, degeneracies, shapes and symmetries. The role of electron spin in governing orbital occupancy is discussed, along with the structure of many electron atoms and the use of term symbols to identify the various spin, orbital, and total angular momenta of atomic states. The use of atomic orbitals as constructs for molecular orbitals and molecular bonding is described. Term symbols for small molecules are illustrated briefly using O2, which is particularly important in photochemistry, as an example. The concepts of a Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) are introduced, and the importance of these orbitals in photochemistry is explained. Bonding in conjugated systems, metals and semiconductors is described. The link between energy levels and electrochemical redox potentials is made. The various P. Douglas Chemistry Group, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK e mail: P.Douglas@swansea.ac.uk R. C. Evans School of Chemistry and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland e mail: raevans@tcd.ie H. D. Burrows Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal e mail: burrows@ci.uc.pt R. C. Evans et al. (eds. Applied Photochemistry, DOI: 10.1007/978 90 481 3830 2_1, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 1 energy states in atoms molecules and solids, and the way energy is distributed within these energy levels according to the Boltzmann equation, are described. Timescales for various physical and photochemical processes are given. The interaction of electronic energy states with ultraviolet and visible light is discussed in terms of absorption, emission and stimulated emission, using the Einstein A and B coefficients, transition probabilities, and absorption coefficients. The absorption process and the various selection rules which control the efficiency of absorption, and emission, are described, as are the common types of electronic transitions. Absorption in gas, solution, and solid phases, and the effect of aggregation on absorption in solution, are discussed. Unimolecular radiative and non radiative excited state deactivation processes are discussed in terms of the Jablonski diagram, and the ideas of, competition between decay routes, and quantum yield, are introduced. Bimolecular interactions, quenching and energy transfer are described, with Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and Dexter energy transfer discussed in some detail, and the analysis of bimolecular quenching kinetics using the Stern Volmer equation is given. The chapter finishes with brief discussions of excimers, exciplexes, delayed fluorescence and proton transfer.
author_names: P Douglas

Hugh D Burrows
title: Applied Photochemistry
year: 2013

abstract: Abstract Acetylene (C 2 H 2 and ethane (C 2 H 6 are by products of complex photochemistry in the stratosphere of Saturn. Both hydrocarbons are important to the thermal balance of Saturn's stratosphere and serve as tracers of vertical motion in the lower stratosphere. Earlier studies of Saturn's hydrocarbons using Cassini CIRS observations have provided only a snapshot of their behaviour. Following the vernal equinox in August 2009, Saturn's northern and southern hemispheres have entered spring and autumn, respectively, however the response of Saturn's hydrocarbons to this seasonal shift remains to be determined. In this paper, we investigate how the thermal structure and concentrations of acetylene and ethane have evolved with the changing season on Saturn. We retrieve the vertical temperature profiles and acetylene and ethane volume mixing ratios from D n 15.5 cm 1 Cassini CIRS observations. In comparing 2005 (solar longitude, L s 308deg) 2009 L s 3deg) and 2010 L s 15deg) results, we observe the disappearance of Saturn's warm southern polar hood with cooling of up to 17.1 K 0.8 K at 1.1 mbar at high southern latitudes. Comparison of the derived temperature trend in this region with a radiative climate model (Section 4 of Fletcher et al. 2010 and Greathouse et al. (2013, in preparation) indicates that this cooling is radiative although dynamical changes in this region cannot be ruled out. We observe a 21 12% enrichment of acetylene and a 29 11% enrichment of ethane at 25degN from 2005 to 2009, suggesting downwelling at this latitude. At 15degS, both acetylene and ethane exhibit a decrease in concentration of 6 11% and 17 9% from 2005 to 2010, respectively, which suggests upwelling at this latitude (though a statistically significant change is only exhibited by ethane) These implied vertical motions at 15degS and 25degN are consistent with a recently developed global circulation model of Saturn's tropopause and stratosphere( Friedson and Moses, 2012 which predicts this pattern of upwelling and downwelling as a result of a seasonally reversing Hadley circulation. Ethane exhibits a general enrichment at mid northern latitudes from 2005 to 2009. As the northern hemisphere approaches summer solstice in 2017, this feature might indicate an onset of a meridional enrichment of ethane, as has been observed in the southern hemisphere during/after southern summer solstice.
author_names: James A Sinclair

Patrick G J Irwin

Leigh N Fletcher

Julianne I Moses

Thomas K Greathouse

A James Friedson

Brigette E Hesman

J Hurley

Cecile Merlet
title: Seasonal variations of temperature, acetylene and ethane in Saturn's atmosphere from 2005 to 2010, as observed by Cassini CIRS
year: 2013

abstract: The Dutch Nao Team consists of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Bachelor and Master students, supported by a senior staff member. The Dutch Nao Team debuted in the Standard Platform League (SPL) competition at the German Open 2010 [1] Since their founding the Dutch Nao Team has beed qualified for the world cup competitions in Istanbul [2] Mexico City [3] and Eindhoven [4] The Intelligent Robotics Lab, a students initiative from the Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA) and Technische Universiteit Delft (TU Delft) is an initiative to guarantee the continuation of the Dutch Nao Team. It will act as a governing body for the Dutch Nao Team and teams from these universities participating in other leagues, such as RoboCup@Work and the Rescue Simulation League. This will enable collaboration by the teams, as most state of the art techniques in the field of Robotics can be applied in all RoboCup leagues.
author_names: Patrick M de Kok

Amogh Gudi

Chiel Kooijman

Georgios Methenitis

Sebastien Negrijn

Nikolaas Steenbergen

Camiel R Verschoor

Auke J Wiggers

Arnoud Visser

Dutch Nao Team

Tu Delft
title: Team Description for RoboCup 2013 in Eindhoven, the Netherlands
year: 2013

abstract: Background: Several observational studies assessed the relationship between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and the risk of cancer but results were inconclusive. Methods: We measured 25(OH)D concentrations in a population based cohort study of 9,949 men and women ages 50 to 74 years in Saarland, Germany. Comprehensively adjusted Cox regression models were applied to estimate HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between season standardized 25(OH)D concentrations and total and site specific cancer incidence. Results: Overall, during a median of 8 years of follow up, 873 subjects developed cancer; the most common being prostate (171) breast (137) lung (136) and colorectal (136) cancer. Low season standardized 25(OH)D <30, 35, 40, or 36 nmol/L in winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively) was neither significantly associated with total cancer incidence (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.93 1.30) nor with site specific cancer incidence. However, a significantly increased overall cancer risk was observed for low 25(OH)D among men, nonobese subjects and subjects reporting low fish consumption and for high 25(OH)D in nonsmokers and nonobese subjects. Accordingly, restricted cubic splines to investigate dose response relationships curves showed an inverse association of 25(OH)D levels and total cancer risk in men but not in women. Conclusions: 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly associated with overall cancer incidence in subgroups of this large cohort from Germany. No significant association was observed with site specific cancers but this could be due to a limited statistical power for these endpoints. Impact: Further research should clarify whether and to what extent specific risk groups might profit from vitamin D supplementation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(5) 905 16. (c)2013 AACR.
author_names: Jose M Ordonez-Mena

Ben Schottker

Ulrike Haug

Heiko Muller

Josef Kohrle

Lutz Schomburg

Bernd Holleczek

Hermann Brenner
title: Serum 25 Hydroxyvitamin D and Cancer Risk in Older Adults: Results from a Large German Prospective Cohort Study
venue: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention
year: 2013

abstract: There are numerous excellent volumes on the topic of biological invasions, some of which deal with conservation related issues to varying degrees. Almost 30 years since the last global assessment of alien plant invasions in protected areas during the SCOPE programme of the 1980s, the present book aims to provide a synthesis of the current state of knowledge of problems with invasive plants in protected areas. To set the scene we outline some of the major challenges facing the field of invasion biology. We discuss the extent and dimensions of problems that managers of protected areas deal with and what can be learnt from research and management interventions conducted in protected areas. A virtual tour through different regions of the world sheds light on the rapidly growing knowledge L.C. Foxcroft Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Private Bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa e mail: Llewellyn.foxcroft@sanparks.org D.M. Richardson Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa e mail: rich@sun.ac.za P. Pysek Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Pruhonice CZ 252 43, Czech Republic Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ 128 44 Vinicna 7, Prague 2, Czech Republic e mail: pysek@ibot.cas.cz P. Genovesi ISPRA, Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via V. Brancati 48, I 00144 Rome, Italy Chair IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, Rome, Italy e mail: piero.genovesi@isprambiente.it L.C. Foxcroft et al. (eds. Plant Invasions in Protected Areas: Patterns, Problems and Challenges, Invading Nature Springer Series in Invasion Ecology 7, DOI 10.1007/978 94 007 7750 7_1, (c) Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 3 base in different socio geographical settings, and applies such insights to the problems that managers face. We hope that this book captures the core concerns and creates the critical links that will be needed if the growing impacts of alien plant invasions on protected areas are to be managed effectively. We also aim to promote the role of protected areas as leaders and catalysts of global action on invasive species, and key study areas for basic and applied invasion science.
author_names: Llewellyn C Foxcroft

Petr Pysek

David M Richardson

Piero Genovesi
title: Plant Invasions in Protected Areas
venue: Invading Nature Springer Series in Invasion Ecology
year: 2013

abstract: Published online: 29 March 2013(c) Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013In the November 1, 2012 issue of the Applied Health Economics and Health Policy journal, Erder et al. [1] discussed the cost effectiveness of guanfacine extended release (GXR) versus atomoxetine (ATX) for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder using a match ing adjusted indirect comparison. We would like to alert you that, after careful review of this article, we noticed a couple of data inaccuracies in the reporting of publicly available ATX data that met the inclusion criteria for trial selection for the indirect comparison.The data that appear to have been reported inaccurately in the Erder et al. [1] article are listed under the ATX column in Table III 'Baseline characteristics before and after matching' (p. 390) Specifically, the mean baseline values for ADHD RS inattention subscale (16.9) and ADHD RS hyperactivity/impulsivity subscale (22.2) appear to have been erroneously transposed from the cor rect original values in the publicly available ATX data. The ATX data were originally presented under the 1.2 mg/kg/ day column in Table 2 'Baseline Symptom Severity' in the article by Michelson et al. [2] Specifically, the mean baseline value for ADHD RS inattentive subscale was listed as 22.2 while the mean baseline value for the ADHD RS hyperactive/impulsive subscale was listed as 16.9. Thus, these correct values appear to have been switched in the article by Erder et al. [1].Importantly, these data inaccuracies may have led to erroneous post match GXR subpopulations which likely produced results and conclusions that, at a minimum, would be unreliable. Accordingly, we respectfully would like to ask the journal and authors to comment on these inaccuracies and their effects on the research results and conclusions. Should these inaccuracies be confirmed by the journal or authors, we would kindly ask that a revised analysis be conducted and/or that a correction/erratum be published in accordance with ICMJE requirements.References1. Erder MH, Xie J, Signorovitch JE, Chen KS, Hodgkins P, Lu M, Wu EQ, Sikirica V. Cost effectiveness of guanfacine extended release versus atomoxetine for the treatment of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: application of a matching adjusted indirect comparison. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2012;10(6):381 95.2. Michelson D, Faries D, Wernicke J, Kelsey D, Atomoxetine ADHD Study Group, et al. Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity dis order: a randomized, placebo controlled, dose response study. Pediatrics. 2001;108(5):E83.Authors' Reply to Alatorre et al. "Cost Effectiveness of Guanfacine Extended Release Versus Atomoxetine for the Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Application of a Matching Adjusted Indirect Comparison"M. Haim Erder Jipan Xie James E. Signorovitch *Kristina S.
author_names: Carlos I Alatorre

Virginia S Haynes

Douglas E Faries

Himanshu P Upadhyaya

Douglas K Kelsey
title: Cost Effectiveness of Guanfacine Extended Release Versus Atomoxetine for the Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Application of a Matching Adjusted Indirect Comparison
venue: Applied Health Economics and Health Policy
year: 2013

abstract: Robinson, M. A. Cowbrough, M. J. Sikkema, P. H. and Tardif, F. J. 2013. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. tolerance to mixtures of herbicides and fungicides applied at different timings. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 491 501. Farmers commonly tank mix herbicides and fungicides to reduce application costs. In the spring of 2008, there were reports of winter wheat injury with the application of herbicide fungicide tank mixes early in the growing season. This study was established to determine the tolerance of winter wheat to herbicide fungicide mixtures as influenced by time of application. Field studies were conducted at four Ontario locations in 2009 and 2010 with three herbicides and four fungicides. Herbicide fungicide tank mixes were applied early, under cold conditions, and late at growth stage Zadoks 37 39. Dichlorprop/2,4 D mixed with tebuconazole caused up to 15% injury when applied early and up to 29% injury when applied late. Bromoxynil/MPCA mixed with tebuconazole injured wheat up to 15% when appli.
author_names: A RobinsonMelody

J CowbroughMichael

H SikkemaPeter

J TardifFrancois
title: Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. tolerance to mixtures of herbicides and fungicides applied at different timings
year: 2013

abstract: Abstract Lavadinovic V. Isajev V. Rakonjac L. Popovic V. Lucic A. Douglas fir provenance phenology observations. Ekologia (Bratislava) Vol. 32, No. 4, p. 376 382, 2013. Introduction of species involves adaptation, productivity and success in new types of environmental conditions. The introduction also includes confirmation to bring in only species which are superior on their natural habitat. In Canada and western North America, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii/Mirb./Franco) is one of the most ecologically and economically value trees. In Europe, New Zealand, Australia and Chile, Douglas fir is important as an exotic fast growing timber species. Douglas fir has one of the widest natural ranges of any tree species, extending from the Pacific Coast to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and from 19degN in Mexico to 55degN in western Canada. In Serbia, from the original seeds introduced from British Columbia and Canada, the experimental Douglas fir provenance is established in a few locations. One of the main dangers for the Douglas fir is its sensitivity to the occurrence of late frost in spring and early occurrence of frost in the autumn. The aim of the paper is to test the effect of environment on the expression of Douglas fir seed transfer. Bud burst phenology is closely related to genecology of introduced species. Douglas fir is susceptible to cold climate and most of its genetic structure and ability depends on its ecological adaptability. In order to avoid errors introduction of Douglas fir provenances that are sensitive to the occurrence of extreme temperature, applied are researching for buds phenological changes Douglas fir, as an introduced species, has to be tested at the provenance level before its introduction to the new sites in Serbia.
author_names: Vera Lavadinovic

Vasilije Isajev

Ljubinko Rakonjac

Vladan Popovic

Aleksandar Lucic
title: Douglas fir provenance phenology observations
year: 2013

abstract: A large pulse of water is planned to be released into the dry Colorado River channel in Mexico. This engineered experimental spring flood, which will flow from Lake Mead and pass through downstream reservoirs, is the culmination of decades of applied research. The pulse flow is a rare opportunity for research at the landscape scale [Glenn et al. 2013]
author_names: Karl W Flessa

Edward P Glenn

Osvel Hinojosa-Huerta

Carlos A de la Parra-Renteria

J Ramirez-Hernandez

John C Schmidt

Francisco Zamora-Arroyo
title: Flooding the Colorado River Delta: A Landscape Scale Experiment
year: 2013

abstract: Cost Based Pragmatic Inference about Referential Expressions Judith Degen (jdegen@bcs.rochester.edu) Michael Franke (m.franke@uva.nl) Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences University of Rochester Institute for Logic, Language and Computation Universiteit van Amsterdam Gerhard J"ager (gerhard.jaeger@uni tuebingen.de) Institute of Linguistics University of T"ubingen Abstract experimental data from referential language games. Its the oretical contribution is a novel probabilistic model of back and forth reasoning that synthesizes recent Bayesian models (Frank Goodman, 2012) and game theoretic approaches (Camerer, Ho, Chong, 2004; Rogers, Palfrey, Camerer, 2009; Franke, 2011; J"ager, 2013) Our experiments probed interlocutors' perspective taking ability in a task where an artificial language left some rel evant meaning features inexpressible or made some expres sions costly. When critical meaning features are inexpress ible, the situation is reminiscent of scalar implicature calcu lation (Grice, 1975) We manipulated how many steps of such reasoning were needed for communicative success and tested both comprehension (Exp. 1) and production (Exp. 2) to in vestigate question 1. Our design was chosen so as to im prove on previous related studies where non linguistic picto rial messages were used (Degen Franke, 2012) and where the availability of alternative expressions was not explicitly controlled (Stiller, Goodman, Frank, 2011; Frank Good man, 2012) In addition, rather than making some messages entirely unavailable, we investigated the effect of variable production costs on interpretation behavior to address ques tion 2 (Exp. 3) Rohde, Seyfarth, Clark, J"ager, and Kaufmann (2012) showed that listeners take into account message costs when messages are assigned an explicit dollar value. Here we investigate whether these results replicate when costs, as in real language use, are implicit. The data from our experiments is explained well by a probabilistic model of back and forth reasoning. The model parameterizes how deeply interlocutors reason about each other's perspective and how close they are to being ratio nal. Parameter values that best explain our data suggest that participants were reasonably rational and applied a small but non negligible amount of theory of mind reasoning and that they took production costs into account in comprehension. We present data from three experiments addressing how much theory of mind reasoning is involved in production and inter pretation of ambiguous referential expressions in an artificial language task, and how this interacts with the cost and avail ability of alternative utterances. When an unambiguous alter native is not available, listeners tend to draw simple Quantity inferences reminiscent of scalar implicatures (Grice, 1975) When an unambiguous alternative is available, fewer infer ences are observed, but gradiently more as the cost of unam biguous alternatives increase. We outline a novel game the oretic model of pragmatic reasoning based on probabilistic back and forth reasoning about interlocutors' rational choices and beliefs. The model provides a good fit to the data and raises interesting issues for future research. Keywords: Pragmatics; Game theory; Referential Expres sions; Language production; Language comprehension. Introduction People are lazy: when they speak, they like to save effort. But if speakers are too lazy and say too little, their listeners will not understand them. A good example is the choice and inter pretation of referential expressions. A rational speaker who wants to establish reference should choose the most economic (shortest, easiest, least effortful) description that, according to his beliefs about the listener's dispositions to interpret ut terances, will allow for the listener to safely infer the correct referent. A rational listener should take the speaker's produc tion costs 1 into account and so a rational speaker should in turn take that into account, etc. But this is an idealized pic ture. From an empirical point of view two related questions arise: 1) How much do speakers and listeners take into ac count each other's perspective? 2) How much influence do economy considerations have; do listeners weigh the speaker's production costs? When it comes to referential language use, the latter ques tion has not been investigated thoroughly, but the former question has been addressed in a variety of ways, both the oretically (Clark Marshall, 1981) as well as experimen tally (Hanna, Tanenhaus, Trueswell, 2003; Keysar, Barr, Brauner, 2000) This paper aims to adress both questions and to bring theoretical and empirical approaches closer to gether. The paper's empirical contribution is to report on Referential Language Games Referential communication can be conceived of as a signal ing game (Lewis, 1969) a sender (speaker) S knows which referent he wants to talk about, but a receiver (listener) R does not; S chooses a referential description; if R can identify the intended referent, communication is successful, otherwise a failure. Different games ensue for different sets of potential referents and referential expressions. In the critical trials of our experiments the referential games were isomorphic to the 1 Many factors have been identified as contributing to production preferences (see e.g. Jaeger Tily, 2011) Here we take partici pants' empirically estimated (Exp. 3) relative preference for shorter over longer messages as a measure of subjective production cost.
author_names: Judith Degen

Michael Franke

Gerhard Jager
title: Cost Based Pragmatic Inference about Referential Expressions
venue: CogSci
year: 2013