Search query: Thermoelectricity for IoT-A review

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abstract: Abstract We are witnessing an unprecedented expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) market, whose nodes are already outnumbering human population several times. Despite the huge popularity of IoT, its further expansion is slowed down by a lack of viable power supply methods capable to replace wires or batteries. Due to IoT demand for alternative supply, energy harvesting (EH) gathers attention from scientific groups all around the world. In particular, thermoelectricity (TE) seems to be a natural and intuitive candidate for IoT owing to magnitude and omnipresence of heat losses and amenability to direct, vibrationless, noiseless and reliable conversion. This review provides up to date comparison and evaluation of a recent progress in the field of thermoelectricity, resulting primarily from multidisciplinary optimization of materials, topologies and controlling circuitry. The improvement in materials integrates two trends: nanostructural modulation of pre existing, conventional thermoelectric materials and synthesis of novel ones. Regarding topology, TE responds better and better to miniaturization trend of semiconductor industry, driven by miniaturization trend, by proposing alternatives to conventional p type topology. And finally, recently developed controlling circuits consume extremely low power while idle, exhibit above 90% efficiency and start up with ultra low input voltages. Combined, these improvements position TE closer to marketization than ever before.
author_names: Maciej Haras

Thomas Skotnicki
title: Thermoelectricity for IoT A review
year: 2018

abstract: In our environment, the large availability of wasted heat has motivated the search for methods to harvest heat. As a reliable way to supply energy, SiGe has been used for thermoelectric generators (TEGs) in space missions for decades. Recently, micro thermoelectric generators (mTEG) have been shown to be a promising way to supply energy for the Internet of Things (IoT) by using daily waste heat. Combining the predominant CMOS compatibility with high electric conductivity and low thermal conductivity performance, Si nanowire and SiGe nanowire have been a candidate for mTEG. This review gives a comprehensive introduction of the Si, SiGe nanowires, and their possibility for mTEG. The basic thermoelectric principles, materials, structures, fabrication, measurements, and applications are discussed in depth.
author_names: You Li

Guilei Wang

Mehdi Akbari-Saatlu

Marcin Procek

Henry H Radamson
title: Si and SiGe Nanowire for Micro Thermoelectric Generator: A Review of the Current State of the Art
venue: Frontiers in Materials
year: 2021

abstract: In recent years, with the increase awareness towards environmental degradation due to the production, use and discharge of ChloroFluoro Carbons (CFCs) and Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as heat carrier fluids in conventional refrigeration systems has become a subject of great concern and resulted in extensive research into development of refrigeration technologies. Thermoelectric operated cooler provides a best alternative in refrigeration technology due to their distinct advantages. While using thermoelectric effect in system the efficiency of the system also increases. A small introduction of principal of thermoelectric cooling and thermoelectric materials has been presented in this paper. The purpose of this paper to review on application of thermoelectric phenomenon by using thermoelectric module technology
author_names: Sanket Baba Nikat

Vijay Jaywant Kshirsagar

Saikant Sudhir Purude

Siddhasen R Patil
title: Peltier Device thermoelectric Generator Based on IoT
year: 2018

abstract: In the past few years, triboelectric nanogenerator based (TENG based) hybrid generators and systems have experienced a widespread and flourishing development, ranging among almost every aspect of our lives, e.g. from industry to consumer, outdoor to indoor, and wearable to implantable applications. Although TENG technology has been extensively investigated for mechanical energy harvesting, most developed TENGs still have limitations of small output current, unstable power generation, and low energy utilization rate of multisource energies. To harvest the ubiquitous/coexisted energy forms including mechanical, thermal, and solar energy simultaneously, a promising direction is to integrate TENG with other transducing mechanisms, e.g. electromagnetic generator, piezoelectric nanogenerator, pyroelectric nanogenerator, thermoelectric generator, and solar cell, forming the hybrid generator for synergetic single source and multisource energy harvesting. The resultant TENG based hybrid generators utilizing integrated transducing mechanisms are able to compensate for the shortcomings of each mechanism and overcome the above limitations, toward achieving a maximum, reliable, and stable output generation. Hence, in this review, we systematically introduce the key technologies of the TENG based hybrid generators and hybridized systems, in the aspects of operation principles, structure designs, optimization strategies, power management, and system integration. The recent progress of TENG based hybrid generators and hybridized systems for the outdoor, indoor, wearable, and implantable applications is also provided. Lastly, we discuss our perspectives on the future development trend of hybrid generators and hybridized systems in environmental monitoring, human activity sensation, human machine interaction, smart home, healthcare, wearables, implants, robotics, Internet of things (IoT) and many other fields.
author_names: Qiongfeng Shi

Zhongda Sun

Zixuan Zhang

Chengkuo Lee
title: Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Hybridized Systems for Enabling Next Generation IoT Applications
venue: Research
year: 2021

abstract: As we are advancing our world to smart living, a critical challenge is increasingly pressing increased energy demand. While we need mega power supplies for running data centers and other emerging applications, we also need instant small scale power supply for trillions of electronics that we are using and will use in the age of Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Everything (IoE) Such power supplies must meet some parallel demands: sufficient energy supply in reliable, safe and affordable manner. In that regard, thermoelectric generators emerge as important renewable energy source with great potential to take advantage of the widely abundant and normally wasted thermal energy. Thanks to the advancements of nano engineered materials, thermoelectric generators' (TEG) performance and feasibility are gradually improving. However, still innovative engineering solutions are scarce to sufficiently take the TEG performance and functionalities beyond the status quo. Opportunities exist to integrate them with emerging fields and technologies such as wearable electronics, bio integrated systems, cybernetics and others. This review will mainly focus on unorthodox but effective engineering solutions to notch up the overall performance of TEGs and broadening their application base. First, nanotechnology's influence in TEGs' development will be introduced, followed by a discussion on how the introduction of mechanically reconfigurable devices can shape up the emerging spectrum of novel TEG technologies. (c) The Author(s) 2017. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY NC ND, http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by nc nd/4.0/ which permits non commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0081703jss] All rights reserved.
author_names: Jhonathan P Rojas

Devendra Singh

Salman Bin Inayat

Galo A Torres Sevilla

Hossain M Fahad

Muhammad Mustafa Hussain
title: Review Micro and Nano Engineering Enabled New Generation of Thermoelectric Generator Devices and Applications
year: 2017

abstract: Abstract Power costs increasing, environmental pollution and global warming are issues that we are dealing with in the present time. To reduce their effects, scientists are focusing on improving energy harvesting based power generators. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have demonstrated their ability to directly convert thermal energy into an electrical one via the Seebeck effect. Also, they are environmentally friendly because they do not contain chemical products, they operate silently because they do not have mechanical structures and/or moving parts, and they can be fabricated on many types of substrates like silicon, polymers, and ceramics. Furthermore, TEGs are position independent, present a long operating lifetime and are suitable for integration into bulk and flexible devices. This paper presents in depth analysis of TEGs, starting by an extensive description of their working principle, types (planar, vertical and mixed) used materials, figure of merit, improvement techniques including different thermoelectric materials arrangement (conventional, segmented and cascaded) and used technologies and substrates types (silicon, ceramics and polymers) This manuscript also describes the exploitation of TEGs in various fields starting from low power applications (medical and wearable devices, IoT: internet of things, and WSN: wireless sensor network) to high power applications (industrial electronics, automotive engines, and aerospace)
author_names: Nesrine Jaziri

A Boughamoura

Brahim Mezghani

Fares Tounsi

Mohammed N Ismail
title: A comprehensive review of Thermoelectric Generators: Technologies and common applications
year: 2019

abstract: Malware has become a widely used means in cyber attacks in recent decades because of various new obfuscation techniques used by malwares. In order to protect the systems, data and information, detection of malware is needed as early as possible. There are various studies on malware detection techniques that have been done but there is no method which can detect the malware completely and make malware detection problematic. Static Malware analysis is very effective for known malwares but it does not work for zero day malware which leads to the need of dynamic malware detection and the behaviour based malware detection is comparatively good among all detection techniques like signature based, deep learning based, mobile/IOT and cloud based detection but still it is not able to detect all zero day malware which shows the malware detection is very challenging task and need more techniques for malware detection. This paper describes a literature review of various methods of malware detection. A short description of each method is provided and discusses various studies already done in the advanced malware detection field and their comparison based on the detection method used, accuracy and other parameters. Apart from this we will discuss various malware detection tools, dataset and their sources which can be used in further study. This paper gives you the detailed knowledge of advanced malwares, its detection methods, how you can protect your devices and data from malware attacks and it gives the comparison of different studies on malware detection.
author_names: Heena Center of excellence in cybersecurity

Institute for Development

Research in Banking Technology

School of Materials Science

Information Sciences

University of Hyderabad
title: Advances In Malware Detection An Overview
year: 2021

abstract: Breakthrough discoveries in high throughput formulation of abundant materials and advanced engineering approaches are both in utter need as prerequisites for developing novel large scale energy conversion technologies required to address our planet's rising energy demands. Nowadays, the rapid deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) associated with a distributed network of power demanding smart devices, concurrently urges for miniaturized systems powered by ambient energy harvesting. Graphene and other related two dimensional materials (GRM) consist a perfect fit to drive this innovation owing to their extraordinary optoelectronic, physical and chemical properties that emerge at the limit of two dimensions. In this review, after a critical analysis of GRM's emerging properties that are beneficial for power generation, novel approaches are presented for developing ambient energy conversion devices covering a wide range of scales. Notable examples vary from GRM enabled large scale photovoltaic panels and fuel cells, smart hydrovoltaics and blue energy conversion routes, to miniaturized radio frequency, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesters. The insights from this review demonstrate that GRM enabled energy harvesters, apart from enabling the self powered operation of individual IoT devices, have also the potential to revolutionize the way that grid electricity is provided in the cities of the future. This approach is materialized by two complementary paradigms: cross coupled integration of GRM into firstly, a network consisted of a vast number of miniaturized, in series connected harvesters and secondly, into up scaled, multi energy hybrid harvesters, both approaches having the potential for on grid energy generation under all ambient conditions. At the end of the discussion, perspectives on the trends, limitations and commercialisation potential of these emerging, up scalable energy conversion technologies are provided. This review aims to highlight the importance of building a network of GRM based, cross scaled energy conversion systems and their potential to become the guideline for the energy sustainable cities of the future.
author_names: Konstantinos Rogdakis

Nikolaos Karakostas

Emmanuel Kymakis
title: Up scalable emerging energy conversion technologies enabled by 2D materials: from miniature power harvesters towards grid connected energy systems
year: 2021

abstract: Abstract The last decade has witnessed significant advances in energy harvesting technology for the realization of self charging electronics and self powered wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) To conquer the energy insufficiency issue of a single energy harvester, hybrid energy harvesting systems have been proposed in recent years. Hybrid harvesting includes not only scavenging energy from multiple sources, but also converting energy into electricity by multiple types of transduction mechanisms. A reasonable hybridization of multiple energy conversion mechanisms not only improves the space utilization efficiency but can also boost the power output significantly. Given the continuously growing trend of hybrid energy harvesting technology, herein we present a comprehensive review of recent progress and representative works, especially focusing on vibrational and thermal energy harvesters which play the dominant role in hybrid energy harvesting. The working principles and typical configurations for piezoelectric, electromagnetic, triboelectric, thermoelectric and pyroelectric transduction effects are briefly introduced. On this basis, a variety of hybrid energy harvesting systems, including mechanisms, configurations, output performance and advantages, are elaborated. Comparisons and perspectives on the effectiveness of hybrid vibrational and thermal harvesters are provided. A variety of potential application prospects of the hybrid systems are discussed, including infrastructure health monitoring, industry condition monitoring, smart transportation, human healthcare monitoring, marine monitoring systems, and aerospace engineering, towards the future Internet of Things (IoT) era.
author_names: Huicong Liu

Hailing Fu

Lining Sun

Chengkuo Lee

Eric M Yeatman
title: Hybrid energy harvesting technology: From materials, structural design, system integration to applications
year: 2020

abstract: At present, InGaAs and HgCdTe are still the primary choices of materials for 1 3mm short wavelength infrared (SWIR) photodetectors (photodiodes) Besides lattice matched 1.7mm cutoff standard InGaAs photodetectors, demands for extended wavelength (EW) InGaAs photodetectors (1.9 2.6mm cutoff) continue to grow in a broad range of markets such as Internet of Things (IoT) gas sensing, food processing, etc. This paper reviews recent progress in EW InGaAs photodetectors at Teledyne Judson Technologies (TJT) For 1.7mm cutoff at room temperature, InGaAs detectors generally have higher performance (lower dark current and higher shunt resistance) than the conventional SWIR HgCdTe detectors as characterized by the famous Rule 07 formula. In contrast, up to just recent years, EW InGaAs detectors generally had performance below the corresponding SWIR HgCdTe per Rule 07 for the same cutoff wavelength and operating temperature. The performance gap between the two materials became larger as the cutoff wavelength increases. This performance difference is primarily due to the lattice mismatch or strain induced defects in EW InGaAs materials. However, the recent progress in both EW InGaAs material growth and detector fabrication has resulted in dramatic improvement of EW InGaAs detector performance. The performance gap between the two materials is becoming much smaller or negligible at some wavelengths, while at other wavelengths, EW InGaAs even exceeds SWIR HgCdTe per Rule 07. In this paper, we will present recent detector performance data taken from EW InGaAs, as well as SWIR HgCdTe photodetectors, manufactured at TJT through state of the art technologies. These discrete frontside illuminated detectors have sizes ranging from <0.25mm up to 5mm dia. and operate at temperatures from thermoelectric cooled (TEC, 20degC to 85degC) to above room temperature. An in depth analysis of dark current density at reverse biases, as well as shunt resistance area product at zero bias (R0A) over a broad temperature range, is performed. The data is compared with Rule 07 over the wavelength and temperature ranges of interest. Other detector performance parameters, such as spectral responsivity (quantum efficiency) and capacitance, are also compared between the two materials.
author_names: Henry Yuan

Jiawen Zhang

Jongwoo Kim

David Bond

Joyce G Laquindanum

Joe Kimchi

Mary Grace DeForest
title: Recent progress in extended wavelength InGaAs photodetectors and comparison with SWIR HgCdTe photodetectors
venue: Optical Engineering Applications
year: 2019