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abstract: Abstract In 2016, the NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme funded research project "Engineering Silicon Carbide for Border and Port Security" E SiCure was launched, its objective being the development of radiation hard silicon carbide (SiC) based detectors of special nuclear materials (SNM) with the aim to enhance border and port security barriers. Detector prototypes based on SiC Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBDs) and neutron converter films were developed. This paper presents the results of a dedicated experimental testing campaign performed at the Jozef Stefan Institute (JSI) TRIGA reactor in which several SiC detector prototypes equipped with 10 B and 6 LiF converter films were irradiated in the Dry Chamber of the reactor. The obtained results demonstrate a clearly measurable neutron response, which varies linearly with the neutron flux. The measured particle spectra from the SiC detectors exhibit a clear structure, attributable to the nature and energy of secondary particles originating as reaction products from nuclear reactions involving 10 B and 6 Li isotopes. The determined sensitivity of the detectors, their active volume being 1 mm x 1 mm x 25 m m 1 mm x 1 mm x 69 m m and 1 mm x 1 mm x 170 m m was of the order of 2 x 10 5 counts per second, per unit of neutron flux [counts s 1 per n cm 2s 1] (for neutron energies between 0 and 5 eV) Scaling the detection sensitivity by a factor of 1 0 5 i.e. to an array with a surface of around 20 cm x 2 m, comparable to large B F 3 or 3 He detectors, would theoretically enable an overall sensitivity of around 2 counts s 1 per n cm 2s 1, which is already comparable to typical neutron sensitivity values of gas detectors, in the range from several to over 100 counts s 1 per n cm 2s 1. Due to its outstanding tolerance to harsh environments (including high temperatures and radiation fields) and superior electronic properties when compared to other semiconductors, SiC is a promising base material for the fabrication of solid state detectors with stable and long life time. Improvements in sensitivity combined with the capability of fabricating large modules (SiC arrays) could make SiC an important detection technology, applicable also in the context of border and port security barrier monitoring.
author_names: V Radulovic

Yuichi Yamazaki

Zeljko Pastuovic

Adam Sarbutt

Klemen Ambrozic

Robert Bernat

Zoran Eres

Jose Coutinho

Takeshi Ohshima

Ivana Capan

Luka Snoj
title: Silicon carbide neutron detector testing at the JSI TRIGA reactor for enhanced border and port security
year: 2020

abstract: In 2016, the "E SiCure" project (standing for Engineering Silicon Carbide for Border and Port Security) funded by the NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme, was launched. The main objective is to combine theoretical, experimental and applied research towards the development of radiation hard SiC based detectors of special nuclear materials (SNM) and by that way, to enhance border and port security barriers. Along the plan, material modification processes are employed firstly to study, and secondly to manipulate the most severe electrically active defects (which trap or annihilate free charge carriers) by specific ion implantation and defect engineering. This paper gives an overview of the experimental activities performed at the JSI TRIGA reactor in the framework of the E SiCure project. Initial activities were aimed at obtaining information on the radiation hardness of SiC and at the study of the energy levels of the defects induced by neutron irradiation. Several Schottky barrier diodes were fabricated out of nitrogen doped epitaxial grown 4H SiC, and irradiated under Cd filters in the PT irradiation channel in the JSI TRIGA reactor with varying neutron fluence levels. Neutron induced defects in the material were studied using temperature dependent current voltage (I V) capacitance voltage (C V) and Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements. Our prototype neutron detectors are configured as 4H SiC based Schottky barrier diodes for detection of secondary charged particles (tritons, alphas and lithium atoms) which are result of thermal neutron conversion process in 10 B and 6 LiF layers above the surface of the 4H SiC diodes. For field testing of neutron detectors using a broad beam of reactor neutrons we designed a standalone prototype detection system consisting of a preamplifier, shaping amplifier and a multichannel analyser operated by a laptop computer. The reverse bias for the detector diode and the power to electronic system are provided by a standalone battery powered voltage source. The detector functionality was established through measurements using an 241 Am alpha particle source. Two dedicated experimental campaigns were performed at the JSI TRIGA reactor. The registered pulse height spectra from the detectors, using both 10 B and 6 LiF neutron converting layers, clearly demonstrated the neutron detection abilities of the SiC detector prototypes.
author_names: V Radulovic

Klemen Ambrozic

Luka Snoj

Ivana Capan

Tomislav Brodar

Zoran Eres

Zeljko Pastuovic

Adam Sarbutt

Takeshi Ohshima

Yuichi Yamazaki

Jose Coutinho
title: E SiCure Collaboration Project: Silicon Carbide Material Studies and Detector Prototype Testing at the JSI TRIGA Reactor
year: 2020

abstract: This article studies the convenience of implementing the Coast Floating Barrier System as a solution to the terrorism, a potential global threat that has the capacity to make attacks from the sea to the following targets (ships, harbors, port stations, etc..This system protects contacts, port facilities and coast stations from any attack from the sea, which consists on a physical containment barrier that provides perimeter security, preventing the entry of any vessel with explosives against a ship or coast station and which has been effectively tested in other countries around the world. For the research, we used the qualitative descriptive study with phenomenological design. Three dimensions had been analyzed: ideological, military and economic. To measure the results, we used the following elements: semi structured interviews, which resulted in the attention of containment and protection measures by the State and Navy of Peru against activities and attacks by national and international terrorism. The sampling was the police personnel with experience in the field of terrorism and naval personnel with experience in the field of maritime domain. For the investigation, interviews with experts were carried out as an instrument and the validity of the contents was made through the judgment of experts, whose responses were analyzed with the Binomial statistician method.
author_names: Jorge Chang Gamero
title: Barreras Flotantes De Costa, una Seguridad Fisica efectiva contra ataques terroristas provenientes del Mar
year: 2020

abstract: Port security is one of the most important fields of Vocational Education and Training (VET) maritime studies. In this article, we propose the configuration of entities that are used to design a port security information system for VET education. Our work integrates recent maritime Information Technology (IT) concepts into VET. We record the initial design for building educational software for a school level security information system that can be used as an extension project for the existing maritime curriculum of VET. This plan, if implemented and completed, will strengthen and expand the boundaries of school knowledge and curriculum. This article describes the design part of the whole project.
author_names: Apostolos Kaltsas

Sofia Gompou

Dimitrios Kotsifakos
title: Entity Configuration for Designing a Port Security Information System: Proposed Extensions of the Vocational Education and Training Curriculum
year: 2020

abstract: Ensuring maritime port security a rapidly increasing concern in a post 9/11 world presents certain operational challenges. As batteries and electric motors grow increasingly lighter and more powerful, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been shown to be capable of enhancing a surveillance system's capabilities and mitigating its vulnerabilities. In this paper, we looked at the current role unmanned systems are playing in port security and proposed an image based method to enhance port security. The proposed method uses UAV real time videos to detect and identify humans via human body detection and facial recognition. Experiments evaluated the system in real time under differing environmental, daylight, and weather conditions. Three parameters were used to test feasibility: distance, height and angle. The findings suggest UAVs as an affordable, effective tool that may greatly enhance port safety and security.
author_names: Ruobing Zhao

Zanbo Zhu

Yueqing Li

Jing Zhang

Xiao Zhang
title: Use a UAV System to Enhance Port Security in Unconstrained Environment
venue: AHFE
year: 2020

abstract: Ports are organisationally complex critical infrastructures that have to deliver reliable movement of goods and the safe transport of people. The EU is concerned that there is an increasing number of cases where ports have been subject to combined attacks on their IT and physical infrastructure for criminal gain or other malign purposes. The European Commission has funded the SAURON project (Scalable multidimensionAl sitUation awaReness sOlution for protectiNg European ports) to help protect European ports from a physical, cyber or a combined cyber physical attack. The aim of this paper is to provide guidance on how port security needs to evolve to respond to the cyber physical security threat, drawing on concepts developed in SAURON. This paper reviews the current port security approaches and the cyber physical security threat and then assesses how new systems and technologies under development, including SAURON technologies, may help to reduce port vulnerabilities. For example, to detect combined attacks on port infrastructure in the physical and cyber domains and identify the cascading effects of an incident in both domains to enable effective countermeasures, the SAURON hybrid situational awareness tool incorporates inputs from the physical and cyber domains and analyses their interdependencies. The goal is that once a physical and/or cyber threat is detected, the potential consequences including cascading effects in both planes will be automatically shown to decision makers in order to give them integrated situational awareness of what is happening and how the situation could evolve, thus supporting decision making. The benefits of such approaches are described. Security technologies need to be complemented by effective security processes operated by personnel with appropriate training: the paper uses results of a table top exercise supported by analysis of port user requirements to identify the importance of multidisciplinary training in combatting complex combined cyber physical security threats.
author_names: N P H Adams

R J Chisnall

Chris Pickering

Stefan Schauer
title: How Port Security has to evolve to address the Cyber Physical Security Threat: lessons from the SAURON project
year: 2020

author_names: Carl J Reinhardt
title: 7. Global Port Security
year: 2020

abstract: Abstract In this study, we used a 10 year (2007 2016) mark recapture dataset to investigate the potential effects of flooding and port development on the population dynamics of Australian humpback dolphins (Sousa sahulensis) inhabiting the Fitzroy River and Port Curtis, within the southern Great Barrier Reef region. A Multisite Capture Recapture model was used to quantify population size and demographic parameters for both sexes and sites. Flood occurrence and intensity (both sites) and port development (Port Curtis) were included as explanatory variables. Abundance estimates indicated that about 77 adult dolphins were present in both sites, of which 69% were females. Most females (69% were resident with a yearly recruitment close to zero for most years. Most males and unsexed (68% individuals showed little evidence of long term residency. The abundances of males and unsexed individuals varied between 15 and 20 dolphins in the Fitzroy River and 19 26 in Port Curtis, but the accuracy was too low to assess changes. Female abundances started at 56 in both sites and declined to about 32 per site in 2011, coinciding with port development construction activities and a concurrent major flood. In Port Curtis, the number of females returned to their original levels once the port development was completed in 2013. In the Fitzroy River, the declining trend continued and reached the lowest estimated abundance of 29 in 2016. As port developments and floods are expected to increase along the Queensland coastal region over coming decades, the results of this study highlight increasing concerns about the vulnerability and long term sustainability of inshore dolphins in the GBR.
author_names: Daniele Db Cagnazzi

Guido J Parra

Peter L Harrison

Lyndon Owen Brooks

Robert William Rankin
title: Vulnerability of threatened Australian humpback dolphins to flooding and port development within the southern Great Barrier Reef coastal region
year: 2020

abstract: Fermi level managed barrier diodes (FMBDs) are packaged with WR 3 rectangular metallic waveguides to ensure J band (220 325 GHz) operation. A broadband amplifier is integrated in the packaged module to be used as a receiver for high speed communications applications. Wireless transmission experiments at around 300 GHz with data rates up to 32 Gbit/s have been conducted for both direct and coherent detection schemes by using photonically generated RF and LO signals.
author_names: Tadao Nagatsuma

Fumiya Ayano

Keita Toichi

Li Yi

Masamichi Fujiwara

Noriko Iiyama

Jun-ichi Kani

Hiroshi Ito
title: Wireless Communication Using Fermi level managed Barrier Diode Receiver with J band Waveguide input Port
venue: 2020 IEEE/MTT S International Microwave Symposium (IMS)
year: 2020

abstract: Abstract In June 2017 a wide ranging and protracted dispute between several members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) simmered over into the public sphere with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Bahrain and Saudi Arabia all severing diplomatic ties with Qatar. This diplomatic dispute is accompanied by a number of port state and coastal state measures which includes the denial of the use of ports and the denial of innocent passage to vessels either linked to Qatar or carrying cargo linked to Qatar. This paper will use the current law of the sea framework to analyse the legality of the UAE's, Bahrain's and Saudi Arabia's Qatar related restrictions upon international shipping. This paper concludes that in both cases the three GCC states have a valid jurisdictional basis to adopt such measures, but the limitations of customary international law and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) are arguably not being followed. The conclusion also touches upon whether the compulsory dispute settlement procedure found in Part XV of UNCLOS presents another avenue for flag states to challenge the restrictions on innocent passage imposed by Saudi Arabia and Bahrain as parties to UNCLOS.
author_names: Arron N Honniball
title: Port states, coastal states and national security: A law of the sea perspective on the 2017 Qatar Gulf crisis
year: 2020