Class Ruling CR 2021/85

What this ruling is about: 1. This Ruling sets out the tax consequences of an early retirement scheme implemented by the Department of Education and Training (DET). 2. Full details of this scheme are set out in paragraphs 9 to 30 of this Ruling. 3. All legislative references in this Ruling are to the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, unless otherwise indicated. Who this Ruling applies to 4. This Ruling applies to you if you are a DET employee who receives a payment under this scheme. When this Ruling applies 5. This Ruling applies from 2 December 2021 to 28 February 2023. 6. The Department of Education and Training early retirement scheme 2021-2023 (hereafter referred to as 'the Scheme') is an early retirement scheme for the purposes of section 83-180. 7. Accordingly, so much of the payment received by an eligible employee that exceeds the amount that could reasonably be expected to be received by the employee in consequence of voluntary termination of their employment at the time of the retirement will be an early retirement scheme payment. 8. In addition, so much of the Scheme payment as falls within the threshold calculated in accordance with section 83-170 is not assessable income and is not exempt income. 9. The following description of the Scheme is based on information provided by the applicant. If the Scheme is not carried out as described, this Ruling cannot be relied upon. 10. The Victorian Government 2021/22 Budget included investments to stimulate the economy, promote economic recovery, create jobs and invest in the implementation of the Victorian Government's reform agenda. 11. In the context of this changed economic landscape and increased expenditure to fund the health and economic response to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the Victorian Government is taking steps to progressively realign expenditure to target areas of highest priority. 12. The Victorian Government has endorsed a range of savings initiatives in the 2021/22 Budget which impacts funding across the Victorian Public Service (VPS) over the coming four years. 13. As a result of paragraphs 10 to 12 of this Ruling, there will be a significant change to DET operations that will necessitate DET to re-evaluate the size and composition of its workforce. DET will be required to implement the Scheme to rationalise and re-organise its operations in order to make a significant contribution to the initiatives being carried out by the Victorian Government, including the reduction in the number of employees engaged in the VPS. 14. DET is required to achieve a reduction in baseline expenditure and a total saving over five years (with four out of the five years remaining). Thus, it is necessary for DET to re-evaluate the size and composition of its workforce. 15. The class of employees to whom this Scheme applies are: 16. The following employees are specifically excluded from participating in the Scheme: 17. Following approval of the Scheme, DET will offer employees within the class the opportunity to retire early. Employees will have at least two weeks from the date of invitation to submit an EOI. 18. Employees will be notified of the outcome within 30 calendar days and will have two weeks to accept or decline the offer to participate in the Scheme. 19. Where the number of employees seeking to participate in the Scheme exceeds the number of packages available (such that the Scheme is oversubscribed), applications will be processed on the basis of employee cohorts, employee classification, length of continuous service and any compassionate circumstances with priority to be given to employees in the following order: 20. If the number of employees initially willing to participate in the Scheme is less than the number expected by DET, a second EOI process may be implemented by DET during the duration of the Scheme. 21. The Scheme will run for a period of up to 15 months in order to enable staff to exit in tranches and in line with the delivery of government savings that must be achieved over the five-year period. The timing of the exit under each tranche will occur as follows, unless otherwise agreed between DET and the employee: 22. Employees who retire under the Scheme will receive: 23. For ongoing part-time employees, payments for subparagraphs 22(a) and (b) of this Ruling will be calculated on a pro rata basis. For employees who have a period of part-time employment in the most recent years of continuous service, payment for subparagraph 22(c) of this Ruling will be calculated on a pro rata basis. 24. Employees will receive payment for any accrued statutory entitlements; however, these payments will not form part of the payment under the Scheme. 25. The Scheme payment will not be made in lieu of superannuation benefits. 26. Any employee who terminates employment other than under the proposed Scheme, will not be entitled to receive the payment. 27. Employees who retire under the Scheme and receive the early retirement payment will do so before they reach the pension age (as defined in the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 by reference to the Social Security Act 1991). 28. At the time of retirement, there will be no arrangement between DET and terminating employees, or between DET and any other person, for those employees to be employed after retirement. 29. An employee who participates in the Scheme will be restricted from working in the VPS for a period of 12 months. 30. There is no association between the eligible employees and DET. Accordingly, the employees and DET will be at arm's length. Commissioner of Taxation 1 December 2021 Requirements for an early retirement scheme 31. A scheme will be an early retirement scheme if it satisfies the requirements of subsection 83-180(3). 32. Subsection 83-180(3) states that: All applicants within a class approved by the Commissioner may participate in the scheme 33. In order to satisfy the first requirement of subsection 83-180(3), a scheme must be offered to all employees in a class approved by the Commissioner. 34. The class of employees to whom early retirement will be offered under the Scheme is set out in paragraph 15, subject to paragraph 16, of this Ruling. 35. The Commissioner considers that, for the purposes of paragraph 83-180(3)(a), this is an appropriate class of persons for the Scheme to be offered to. In approving this class of employees, the Commissioner has considered the nature of the rationalisation or re-organisation of the operations of DET. 36. Therefore, the first requirement of subsection 83-180(3) is satisfied. The employer's purpose in implementing the scheme is to rationalise or re-organise the employers operations in a way approved by the Commissioner 37. The proposed scheme must be implemented by the employer with a view to rationalising or re-organising the operations of the employer, as required by paragraph 83-180(3)(b). 38. Paragraphs 10 to 14 of this Ruling describe the nature of the rationalisation or re-organisation of the employer's operations. In approving the Scheme, the Commissioner has had regard to the changes in the operations and nature of the work force of DET. It is considered that the Scheme is to be implemented by DET with a view to rationalising or re-organising the operations of DET for the purposes of paragraph 83-180(3)(b). 39. Accordingly, the second requirement of subsection 83-180(3) has been met. The scheme must be approved by the Commissioner prior to its implementation 40. The Scheme is proposed to operate for a period from 2 December 2021 to 28 February 2023. 41. The Scheme will be in operation for a period considered appropriate due to the circumstances of the re-organisation. 42. As the approval provided by this Ruling was granted prior to implementation, the third requirement of subsection 83-180(3) is satisfied. Other relevant information 43. Under subsection 83-180(1), so much of the payment received by an employee because the employee retires under an early retirement scheme, as exceeds the amount that could reasonably be expected to be received by the employee in consequence of the voluntary termination of their employment at the time of termination is an early retirement scheme payment. 44. It should be noted that, in order for a payment to qualify as an early retirement scheme payment, it must also satisfy the following requirements (as set out in subsections 83-180(2), (5) and (6)): 45. The term 'pension age' has the meaning given by subsection 23(1) of the Social Security Act 1991. 46. The term 'arrangement' is defined in subsection 995-1(1) as meaning: 47. In accordance with section 83-170, an early retirement scheme payment that falls within the specified limit is referred to as the 'tax-free' amount and will not be assessable income and will not be exempt income. 48. For the 2021-22 income year, the tax-free amount is limited to $11,341 (base amount) plus $5,672 (service amount) for each whole year of completed employment service to which the early retirement scheme payment relates. It should be noted that six months, eight months or even 11 months do not count as a whole year for the purposes of this calculation. 49. For the 2022-23 income year, the base amount and the service amount are yet to be determined at the date of publication of this Ruling. Therefore, employees should check the ATO website for these indexed amounts at the relevant time. 50. The total of the amount received on the termination of employment calculated in accordance with paragraph 22 of this Ruling may qualify as an early retirement scheme payment. 51. The total payment calculated in accordance with paragraph 22 of this Ruling will be measured against the limit in accordance with the formula mentioned in paragraph 48 of this Ruling to determine the tax-free amount of the early retirement scheme payment. 52. The tax-free amount will not be: 53. Any payment in excess of this limit will be an ETP and will be split into tax-free and taxable components. The tax-free component of an ETP includes the pre-July 83 segment of the payment. The tax-free component is not assessable income and is not exempt income. 54. The taxable component of the ETP will be taxed at various rates depending on the person's age. It should be noted that the 'whole of income cap' does not apply to any part of the early retirement scheme payment. © AUSTRALIAN TAXATION OFFICE FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA You are free to copy, adapt, modify, transmit and distribute this material as you wish (but not in any way that suggests the ATO or the Commonwealth endorses you or any of your services or products). Not previously issued as a draft

Class of entities or scheme: 31. A scheme will be an early retirement scheme if it satisfies the requirements of subsection 83-180(3). 32. Subsection 83-180(3) states that: | All applicants within a class approved by the Commissioner may participate in the scheme: 33. In order to satisfy the first requirement of subsection 83-180(3), a scheme must be offered to all employees in a class approved by the Commissioner. 34. The class of employees to whom early retirement will be offered under the Scheme is set out in paragraph 15, subject to paragraph 16, of this Ruling. 35. The Commissioner considers that, for the purposes of paragraph 83-180(3)(a), this is an appropriate class of persons for the Scheme to be offered to. In approving this class of employees, the Commissioner has considered the nature of the rationalisation or re-organisation of the operations of DET. 36. Therefore, the first requirement of subsection 83-180(3) is satisfied. | The employer's purpose in implementing the scheme is to rationalise or re-organise the employers operations in a way approved by the Commissioner: 37. The proposed scheme must be implemented by the employer with a view to rationalising or re-organising the operations of the employer, as required by paragraph 83-180(3)(b). 38. Paragraphs 10 to 14 of this Ruling describe the nature of the rationalisation or re-organisation of the employer's operations. In approving the Scheme, the Commissioner has had regard to the changes in the operations and nature of the work force of DET. It is considered that the Scheme is to be implemented by DET with a view to rationalising or re-organising the operations of DET for the purposes of paragraph 83-180(3)(b). 39. Accordingly, the second requirement of subsection 83-180(3) has been met. | The scheme must be approved by the Commissioner prior to its implementation: 40. The Scheme is proposed to operate for a period from 2 December 2021 to 28 February 2023. 41. The Scheme will be in operation for a period considered appropriate due to the circumstances of the re-organisation. 42. As the approval provided by this Ruling was granted prior to implementation, the third requirement of subsection 83-180(3) is satisfied. | Other relevant information: 43. Under subsection 83-180(1), so much of the payment received by an employee because the employee retires under an early retirement scheme, as exceeds the amount that could reasonably be expected to be received by the employee in consequence of the voluntary termination of their employment at the time of termination is an early retirement scheme payment. 44. It should be noted that, in order for a payment to qualify as an early retirement scheme payment, it must also satisfy the following requirements (as set out in subsections 83-180(2), (5) and (6)): 45. The term 'pension age' has the meaning given by subsection 23(1) of the Social Security Act 1991. 46. The term 'arrangement' is defined in subsection 995-1(1) as meaning: 47. In accordance with section 83-170, an early retirement scheme payment that falls within the specified limit is referred to as the 'tax-free' amount and will not be assessable income and will not be exempt income. 48. For the 2021-22 income year, the tax-free amount is limited to $11,341 (base amount) plus $5,672 (service amount) for each whole year of completed employment service to which the early retirement scheme payment relates. It should be noted that six months, eight months or even 11 months do not count as a whole year for the purposes of this calculation. 49. For the 2022-23 income year, the base amount and the service amount are yet to be determined at the date of publication of this Ruling. Therefore, employees should check the ATO website for these indexed amounts at the relevant time. 50. The total of the amount received on the termination of employment calculated in accordance with paragraph 22 of this Ruling may qualify as an early retirement scheme payment. 51. The total payment calculated in accordance with paragraph 22 of this Ruling will be measured against the limit in accordance with the formula mentioned in paragraph 48 of this Ruling to determine the tax-free amount of the early retirement scheme payment. 52. The tax-free amount will not be: 53. Any payment in excess of this limit will be an ETP and will be split into tax-free and taxable components. The tax-free component of an ETP includes the pre-July 83 segment of the payment. The tax-free component is not assessable income and is not exempt income. 54. The taxable component of the ETP will be taxed at various rates depending on the person's age. It should be noted that the 'whole of income cap' does not apply to any part of the early retirement scheme payment. © AUSTRALIAN TAXATION OFFICE FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA You are free to copy, adapt, modify, transmit and distribute this material as you wish (but not in any way that suggests the ATO or the Commonwealth endorses you or any of your services or products). Not previously issued as a draft

Ruling: 1. This Ruling sets out the tax consequences of an early retirement scheme implemented by the Department of Education and Training (DET). 2. Full details of this scheme are set out in paragraphs 9 to 30 of this Ruling. 3. All legislative references in this Ruling are to the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, unless otherwise indicated. | Who this Ruling applies to: 4. This Ruling applies to you if you are a DET employee who receives a payment under this scheme. | When this Ruling applies: 5. This Ruling applies from 2 December 2021 to 28 February 2023. 6. The Department of Education and Training early retirement scheme 2021-2023 (hereafter referred to as 'the Scheme') is an early retirement scheme for the purposes of section 83-180. 7. Accordingly, so much of the payment received by an eligible employee that exceeds the amount that could reasonably be expected to be received by the employee in consequence of voluntary termination of their employment at the time of the retirement will be an early retirement scheme payment. 8. In addition, so much of the Scheme payment as falls within the threshold calculated in accordance with section 83-170 is not assessable income and is not exempt income. 9. The following description of the Scheme is based on information provided by the applicant. If the Scheme is not carried out as described, this Ruling cannot be relied upon. 10. The Victorian Government 2021/22 Budget included investments to stimulate the economy, promote economic recovery, create jobs and invest in the implementation of the Victorian Government's reform agenda. 11. In the context of this changed economic landscape and increased expenditure to fund the health and economic response to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the Victorian Government is taking steps to progressively realign expenditure to target areas of highest priority. 12. The Victorian Government has endorsed a range of savings initiatives in the 2021/22 Budget which impacts funding across the Victorian Public Service (VPS) over the coming four years. 13. As a result of paragraphs 10 to 12 of this Ruling, there will be a significant change to DET operations that will necessitate DET to re-evaluate the size and composition of its workforce. DET will be required to implement the Scheme to rationalise and re-organise its operations in order to make a significant contribution to the initiatives being carried out by the Victorian Government, including the reduction in the number of employees engaged in the VPS. 14. DET is required to achieve a reduction in baseline expenditure and a total saving over five years (with four out of the five years remaining). Thus, it is necessary for DET to re-evaluate the size and composition of its workforce. 15. The class of employees to whom this Scheme applies are: 16. The following employees are specifically excluded from participating in the Scheme: 17. Following approval of the Scheme, DET will offer employees within the class the opportunity to retire early. Employees will have at least two weeks from the date of invitation to submit an EOI. 18. Employees will be notified of the outcome within 30 calendar days and will have two weeks to accept or decline the offer to participate in the Scheme. 19. Where the number of employees seeking to participate in the Scheme exceeds the number of packages available (such that the Scheme is oversubscribed), applications will be processed on the basis of employee cohorts, employee classification, length of continuous service and any compassionate circumstances with priority to be given to employees in the following order: 20. If the number of employees initially willing to participate in the Scheme is less than the number expected by DET, a second EOI process may be implemented by DET during the duration of the Scheme. 21. The Scheme will run for a period of up to 15 months in order to enable staff to exit in tranches and in line with the delivery of government savings that must be achieved over the five-year period. The timing of the exit under each tranche will occur as follows, unless otherwise agreed between DET and the employee: 22. Employees who retire under the Scheme will receive: 23. For ongoing part-time employees, payments for subparagraphs 22(a) and (b) of this Ruling will be calculated on a pro rata basis. For employees who have a period of part-time employment in the most recent years of continuous service, payment for subparagraph 22(c) of this Ruling will be calculated on a pro rata basis. 24. Employees will receive payment for any accrued statutory entitlements; however, these payments will not form part of the payment under the Scheme. 25. The Scheme payment will not be made in lieu of superannuation benefits. 26. Any employee who terminates employment other than under the proposed Scheme, will not be entitled to receive the payment. 27. Employees who retire under the Scheme and receive the early retirement payment will do so before they reach the pension age (as defined in the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 by reference to the Social Security Act 1991). 28. At the time of retirement, there will be no arrangement between DET and terminating employees, or between DET and any other person, for those employees to be employed after retirement. 29. An employee who participates in the Scheme will be restricted from working in the VPS for a period of 12 months. 30. There is no association between the eligible employees and DET. Accordingly, the employees and DET will be at arm's length. Commissioner of Taxation 1 December 2021 | Requirements for an early retirement scheme: 31. A scheme will be an early retirement scheme if it satisfies the requirements of subsection 83-180(3). 32. Subsection 83-180(3) states that: | All applicants within a class approved by the Commissioner may participate in the scheme: 33. In order to satisfy the first requirement of subsection 83-180(3), a scheme must be offered to all employees in a class approved by the Commissioner. 34. The class of employees to whom early retirement will be offered under the Scheme is set out in paragraph 15, subject to paragraph 16, of this Ruling. 35. The Commissioner considers that, for the purposes of paragraph 83-180(3)(a), this is an appropriate class of persons for the Scheme to be offered to. In approving this class of employees, the Commissioner has considered the nature of the rationalisation or re-organisation of the operations of DET. 36. Therefore, the first requirement of subsection 83-180(3) is satisfied. | The employer's purpose in implementing the scheme is to rationalise or re-organise the employers operations in a way approved by the Commissioner: 37. The proposed scheme must be implemented by the employer with a view to rationalising or re-organising the operations of the employer, as required by paragraph 83-180(3)(b). 38. Paragraphs 10 to 14 of this Ruling describe the nature of the rationalisation or re-organisation of the employer's operations. In approving the Scheme, the Commissioner has had regard to the changes in the operations and nature of the work force of DET. It is considered that the Scheme is to be implemented by DET with a view to rationalising or re-organising the operations of DET for the purposes of paragraph 83-180(3)(b). 39. Accordingly, the second requirement of subsection 83-180(3) has been met. | The scheme must be approved by the Commissioner prior to its implementation: 40. The Scheme is proposed to operate for a period from 2 December 2021 to 28 February 2023. 41. The Scheme will be in operation for a period considered appropriate due to the circumstances of the re-organisation. 42. As the approval provided by this Ruling was granted prior to implementation, the third requirement of subsection 83-180(3) is satisfied. | Other relevant information: 43. Under subsection 83-180(1), so much of the payment received by an employee because the employee retires under an early retirement scheme, as exceeds the amount that could reasonably be expected to be received by the employee in consequence of the voluntary termination of their employment at the time of termination is an early retirement scheme payment. 44. It should be noted that, in order for a payment to qualify as an early retirement scheme payment, it must also satisfy the following requirements (as set out in subsections 83-180(2), (5) and (6)): 45. The term 'pension age' has the meaning given by subsection 23(1) of the Social Security Act 1991. 46. The term 'arrangement' is defined in subsection 995-1(1) as meaning: 47. In accordance with section 83-170, an early retirement scheme payment that falls within the specified limit is referred to as the 'tax-free' amount and will not be assessable income and will not be exempt income. 48. For the 2021-22 income year, the tax-free amount is limited to $11,341 (base amount) plus $5,672 (service amount) for each whole year of completed employment service to which the early retirement scheme payment relates. It should be noted that six months, eight months or even 11 months do not count as a whole year for the purposes of this calculation. 49. For the 2022-23 income year, the base amount and the service amount are yet to be determined at the date of publication of this Ruling. Therefore, employees should check the ATO website for these indexed amounts at the relevant time. 50. The total of the amount received on the termination of employment calculated in accordance with paragraph 22 of this Ruling may qualify as an early retirement scheme payment. 51. The total payment calculated in accordance with paragraph 22 of this Ruling will be measured against the limit in accordance with the formula mentioned in paragraph 48 of this Ruling to determine the tax-free amount of the early retirement scheme payment. 52. The tax-free amount will not be: 53. Any payment in excess of this limit will be an ETP and will be split into tax-free and taxable components. The tax-free component of an ETP includes the pre-July 83 segment of the payment. The tax-free component is not assessable income and is not exempt income. 54. The taxable component of the ETP will be taxed at various rates depending on the person's age. It should be noted that the 'whole of income cap' does not apply to any part of the early retirement scheme payment. © AUSTRALIAN TAXATION OFFICE FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA You are free to copy, adapt, modify, transmit and distribute this material as you wish (but not in any way that suggests the ATO or the Commonwealth endorses you or any of your services or products). Not previously issued as a draft


Appendix: Requirements for an early retirement scheme: 31. A scheme will be an early retirement scheme if it satisfies the requirements of subsection 83-180(3). 32. Subsection 83-180(3) states that: | All applicants within a class approved by the Commissioner may participate in the scheme: 33. In order to satisfy the first requirement of subsection 83-180(3), a scheme must be offered to all employees in a class approved by the Commissioner. 34. The class of employees to whom early retirement will be offered under the Scheme is set out in paragraph 15, subject to paragraph 16, of this Ruling. 35. The Commissioner considers that, for the purposes of paragraph 83-180(3)(a), this is an appropriate class of persons for the Scheme to be offered to. In approving this class of employees, the Commissioner has considered the nature of the rationalisation or re-organisation of the operations of DET. 36. Therefore, the first requirement of subsection 83-180(3) is satisfied. | The employer's purpose in implementing the scheme is to rationalise or re-organise the employers operations in a way approved by the Commissioner: 37. The proposed scheme must be implemented by the employer with a view to rationalising or re-organising the operations of the employer, as required by paragraph 83-180(3)(b). 38. Paragraphs 10 to 14 of this Ruling describe the nature of the rationalisation or re-organisation of the employer's operations. In approving the Scheme, the Commissioner has had regard to the changes in the operations and nature of the work force of DET. It is considered that the Scheme is to be implemented by DET with a view to rationalising or re-organising the operations of DET for the purposes of paragraph 83-180(3)(b). 39. Accordingly, the second requirement of subsection 83-180(3) has been met. | The scheme must be approved by the Commissioner prior to its implementation: 40. The Scheme is proposed to operate for a period from 2 December 2021 to 28 February 2023. 41. The Scheme will be in operation for a period considered appropriate due to the circumstances of the re-organisation. 42. As the approval provided by this Ruling was granted prior to implementation, the third requirement of subsection 83-180(3) is satisfied. | Other relevant information: 43. Under subsection 83-180(1), so much of the payment received by an employee because the employee retires under an early retirement scheme, as exceeds the amount that could reasonably be expected to be received by the employee in consequence of the voluntary termination of their employment at the time of termination is an early retirement scheme payment. 44. It should be noted that, in order for a payment to qualify as an early retirement scheme payment, it must also satisfy the following requirements (as set out in subsections 83-180(2), (5) and (6)): 45. The term 'pension age' has the meaning given by subsection 23(1) of the Social Security Act 1991. 46. The term 'arrangement' is defined in subsection 995-1(1) as meaning: 47. In accordance with section 83-170, an early retirement scheme payment that falls within the specified limit is referred to as the 'tax-free' amount and will not be assessable income and will not be exempt income. 48. For the 2021-22 income year, the tax-free amount is limited to $11,341 (base amount) plus $5,672 (service amount) for each whole year of completed employment service to which the early retirement scheme payment relates. It should be noted that six months, eight months or even 11 months do not count as a whole year for the purposes of this calculation. 49. For the 2022-23 income year, the base amount and the service amount are yet to be determined at the date of publication of this Ruling. Therefore, employees should check the ATO website for these indexed amounts at the relevant time. 50. The total of the amount received on the termination of employment calculated in accordance with paragraph 22 of this Ruling may qualify as an early retirement scheme payment. 51. The total payment calculated in accordance with paragraph 22 of this Ruling will be measured against the limit in accordance with the formula mentioned in paragraph 48 of this Ruling to determine the tax-free amount of the early retirement scheme payment. 52. The tax-free amount will not be: 53. Any payment in excess of this limit will be an ETP and will be split into tax-free and taxable components. The tax-free component of an ETP includes the pre-July 83 segment of the payment. The tax-free component is not assessable income and is not exempt income. 54. The taxable component of the ETP will be taxed at various rates depending on the person's age. It should be noted that the 'whole of income cap' does not apply to any part of the early retirement scheme payment. © AUSTRALIAN TAXATION OFFICE FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA You are free to copy, adapt, modify, transmit and distribute this material as you wish (but not in any way that suggests the ATO or the Commonwealth endorses you or any of your services or products). Not previously issued as a draft


What this Ruling is about | If this Ruling applies to you, and you correctly rely on it, we will apply the law to you in the way set out in this Ruling. That is, you will not pay any more tax or penalties or interest in respect of the matters covered by this Ruling. | ... any arrangement, agreement, understanding, promise or undertaking, whether express or implied, and whether or not enforceable (or intended to be enforceable) by legal proceedings.


Legislative references: ITAA 1997 82-135 ITAA 1997 82-135(e) ITAA 1997 83-170 ITAA 1997 83-180 ITAA 1997 83-180(1) ITAA 1997 83-180(2) ITAA 1997 83-180(3) ITAA 1997 83-180(3)(a) ITAA 1997 83-180(3)(b) ITAA 1997 83-180(5) ITAA 1997 83-180(6) ITAA 1997 995-1(1) TAA 1953 Social Security Act 1991 23(1)