Taxation Determination TD 2016/19
Date of effect: 14 December 2016

What this ruling is about: This publication (excluding appendixes) is a public ruling for the purposes of the Taxation Administration Act 1953. A public ruling is an expression of the Commissioner's opinion about the way in which a relevant provision applies, or would apply, to entities generally or to a class of entities in relation to a particular scheme or a class of schemes. If you rely on this ruling, the Commissioner must apply the law to you in the way set out in the ruling (unless the Commissioner is satisfied that the ruling is incorrect and disadvantages you, in which case the law may be applied to you in a way that is more favourable for you - provided the Commissioner is not prevented from doing so by a time limit imposed by the law). You will be protected from having to pay any underpaid tax, penalty or interest in respect of the matters covered by this ruling if it turns out that it does not correctly state how the relevant provision applies to you. Ruling 1. No. A beneficiary is not entitled to a deduction under section 25-35 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) for an amount of unpaid present entitlement (UPE) that the beneficiary purports to write off as a bad debt. This is because the amount of the unpaid entitlement is not included in the beneficiary's assessable income. Rather, the entitlement is used to determine the amount (if any) of the net income of the trust (as determined under subsection 95(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936)) included in the beneficiary's assessable income under Division 6 of Part III of the ITAA 1936. Consequently, the requirement in paragraph 25-35(1)(a) of the ITAA 1997 cannot be met. 2. In this Determination, a reference to a UPE is a reference to a beneficiary's right to receive an amount of trust income and/or capital that: Example 1 -simple unpaid entitlement 3. Archie is a beneficiary of the Woof Family Trust. In the 2009 income year, the trustee, Doggo Pty Ltd, derived $1,000 interest income. Pursuant to a power in the deed, Doggo Pty Ltd also chose to treat a $9,000 increase in the value of a trust asset as income of the trust for that year. Archie was made presently entitled to all of the income of the trust ($10,000). As a result he was assessed on all of the net income of the trust in that year ($1,000) under section 97 of the ITAA 1936. 4. The $10,000 entitlement was not paid to Archie but was recorded as a UPE. During the 2013-14 income year, Doggo Pty Ltd advised Archie that there was no likelihood his entitlement would be paid to him as the relevant asset is now worthless and the trust had no other property. 5. Archie determined that the $10,000 UPE was a bad debt and wrote it off. He cannot claim a deduction under section 25-35 of the ITAA 1997 for any part of the UPE. No part of his trust entitlement (his UPE) was included in his assessable income. Rather, Archie included his share of the net income of the trust in his assessable income. Example 2 - entitlement treated as a loan 6. The deed of the Meow Trust provides the trustee with a discretion to pay, apply or set aside the income, or any part of the income, to or for the benefit of the beneficiaries. Further, where the trustee resolves to distribute income, the deed provides that the payment, application or setting aside of income may be effectively made: 7. The trustee resolved to appoint all of the income of the Meow Trust for the 2011 year ($20,000) to Tio. No amount was paid to Tio. The effect of the deed is that any income appointed, but not paid, to Tio is loaned back to the trustee. 8. Tio included all of the net income of the trust ($20,000) in his assessable income. 9. Tio cannot claim a deduction under section 25-35 of the ITAA 1997 in respect of the $20,000 owed to him by the trustee if he later concludes that the loan is bad and he writes it off. The loan was not an amount that Tio included in his assessable income. Date of effect 10. This Determination applies to years of income commencing both before and after its date of issue. However, this Determination will not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of a settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of this Determination (see paragraphs 75 and 76 of Taxation Ruling TR 2006/10). Commissioner of Taxation 14 December 2016



Examples: Example 1: simple unpaid entitlement 3. Archie is a beneficiary of the Woof Family Trust. In the 2009 income year, the trustee, Doggo Pty Ltd, derived $1,000 interest income. Pursuant to a power in the deed, Doggo Pty Ltd also chose to treat a $9,000 increase in the value of a trust asset as income of the trust for that year. Archie was made presently entitled to all of the income of the trust ($10,000). As a result he was assessed on all of the net income of the trust in that year ($1,000) under section 97 of the ITAA 1936. 4. The $10,000 entitlement was not paid to Archie but was recorded as a UPE. During the 2013-14 income year, Doggo Pty Ltd advised Archie that there was no likelihood his entitlement would be paid to him as the relevant asset is now worthless and the trust had no other property. 5. Archie determined that the $10,000 UPE was a bad debt and wrote it off. He cannot claim a deduction under section 25-35 of the ITAA 1997 for any part of the UPE. No part of his trust entitlement (his UPE) was included in his assessable income. Rather, Archie included his share of the net income of the trust in his assessable income. | Example 2: entitlement treated as a loan 6. The deed of the Meow Trust provides the trustee with a discretion to pay, apply or set aside the income, or any part of the income, to or for the benefit of the beneficiaries. Further, where the trustee resolves to distribute income, the deed provides that the payment, application or setting aside of income may be effectively made: 7. The trustee resolved to appoint all of the income of the Meow Trust for the 2011 year ($20,000) to Tio. No amount was paid to Tio. The effect of the deed is that any income appointed, but not paid, to Tio is loaned back to the trustee. 8. Tio included all of the net income of the trust ($20,000) in his assessable income. 9. Tio cannot claim a deduction under section 25-35 of the ITAA 1997 in respect of the $20,000 owed to him by the trustee if he later concludes that the loan is bad and he writes it off. The loan was not an amount that Tio included in his assessable income. Date of effect 10. This Determination applies to years of income commencing both before and after its date of issue. However, this Determination will not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of a settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of this Determination (see paragraphs 75 and 76 of Taxation Ruling TR 2006/10). Commissioner of Taxation 14 December 2016 Background 11. You can deduct a debt (or part of a debt) that you write off as bad in an income year if it was included in your assessable income for that year or an earlier income year: paragraph 25-35(1)(a) of the ITAA 1997. 12. The equitable obligation on a trustee to pay the amount of a UPE to a beneficiary is not generally a debt at law. [1] However, regardless of whether or not the reference to a 'debt' in section 25-35 of the ITAA 1997 is intended, in context, to extend beyond common law debts to include relevant obligations due merely in equity, [2] a deduction is nonetheless not available under that section for a UPE that has been 'written off'. This is because paragraph 25-35(1)(a) of the ITAA 1997 requires the relevant debt to be included in the taxpayer's income in that year or in an earlier income year. [3] 13. Where a beneficiary is presently entitled to a share of the income of a trust estate, that income of the trust estate is not included in their assessable income under subsection 97(1) of the ITAA 1936. Rather, under that subsection the beneficiary's assessable income includes that same share or proportion of the trust's net income (subject to special rules concerning the streaming of capital gains [4] and franked distributions [5] that apply for the 2011 and later income years). 14. As the High Court recognised in Commissioner of Taxation v. Phillip Bamford & Ors; Phillip; Bamford & Anor v. Commissioner of Taxation, [6] a trust's 'income' and 'net income' are two subject matters which do not correspond. [7] 'Once the share of the distributable income to which the beneficiary is presently entitled is worked out, the notion of present entitlement to trust income has served its purpose, and the beneficiary is to be taxed on that share (or proportion) of the taxable income of the trust estate'. [8] 15. Even if the amounts of income and net income are the same numerically, it is not their share of trust income that is included in a beneficiary's assessable income. As the Full Federal Court observed in FC of T v. Greenhatch: 16. Note: the views expressed in this Determination are provided in the context of section 25-35 of the ITAA 1997. They should not be taken as expressing any view on whether a payment to a beneficiary from a trustee is of a non-assessable amount in the different statutory and policy setting of CGT event E4 in section 104-70 of the ITAA 1997. © AUSTRALIAN TAXATION OFFICE FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA You are free to copy, adapt, modify, transmit and distribute this material as you wish (but not in any way that suggests the ATO or the Commonwealth endorses you or any of your services or products). Previously released in draft form as TD 2015/D5

Appendix: Background: 11. You can deduct a debt (or part of a debt) that you write off as bad in an income year if it was included in your assessable income for that year or an earlier income year: paragraph 25-35(1)(a) of the ITAA 1997. 12. The equitable obligation on a trustee to pay the amount of a UPE to a beneficiary is not generally a debt at law. [1] However, regardless of whether or not the reference to a 'debt' in section 25-35 of the ITAA 1997 is intended, in context, to extend beyond common law debts to include relevant obligations due merely in equity, [2] a deduction is nonetheless not available under that section for a UPE that has been 'written off'. This is because paragraph 25-35(1)(a) of the ITAA 1997 requires the relevant debt to be included in the taxpayer's income in that year or in an earlier income year. [3] 13. Where a beneficiary is presently entitled to a share of the income of a trust estate, that income of the trust estate is not included in their assessable income under subsection 97(1) of the ITAA 1936. Rather, under that subsection the beneficiary's assessable income includes that same share or proportion of the trust's net income (subject to special rules concerning the streaming of capital gains [4] and franked distributions [5] that apply for the 2011 and later income years). 14. As the High Court recognised in Commissioner of Taxation v. Phillip Bamford & Ors; Phillip; Bamford & Anor v. Commissioner of Taxation, [6] a trust's 'income' and 'net income' are two subject matters which do not correspond. [7] 'Once the share of the distributable income to which the beneficiary is presently entitled is worked out, the notion of present entitlement to trust income has served its purpose, and the beneficiary is to be taxed on that share (or proportion) of the taxable income of the trust estate'. [8] 15. Even if the amounts of income and net income are the same numerically, it is not their share of trust income that is included in a beneficiary's assessable income. As the Full Federal Court observed in FC of T v. Greenhatch: 16. Note: the views expressed in this Determination are provided in the context of section 25-35 of the ITAA 1997. They should not be taken as expressing any view on whether a payment to a beneficiary from a trustee is of a non-assessable amount in the different statutory and policy setting of CGT event E4 in section 104-70 of the ITAA 1997. © AUSTRALIAN TAXATION OFFICE FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA You are free to copy, adapt, modify, transmit and distribute this material as you wish (but not in any way that suggests the ATO or the Commonwealth endorses you or any of your services or products). Previously released in draft form as TD 2015/D5


Consistently with the approach of Sundberg J in Zeta Force ... once the trust law distribution gave the share, it should not be used to determine, in a causative sense, the components of the s 97(1)(a) assessable income. [9]


Related rulings: TR 92/18 TR 2006/10 TR 2010/3 TR 2015/D2 TR 2015/4 TD 2015/20 SMSFR 2009/3
Legislative references: ITAA 1997 ITAA 1997 25-35 ITAA 1997 25-35(1)(a) ITAA 1997 104-70 ITAA 1997 Subdiv 115-C ITAA 1997 Subdiv 207-B ITAA 1936 ITAA 1936 Pt III Div 6 ITAA 1936 95(1) ITAA 1936 97 ITAA 1936 97(1) ITAA 1936 63 TAA 1953
Case references: Federal Commissioner of Taxation v. Bamford & Ors (2010) 75 ATR 1 [2010] HCA 10 (2010) 84 ALJR 266 (2010) 264 ALR 436 (2010) 2010 ATC 20-170 [2010] ALMD 5415 [2010] ALMD 5416 [2010] ALMD 5419 (2010) 240 CLR 481 (2010) 5 ASTLR 174