Class Ruling CR 2013/71
Date of effect: 1 January 2013

What this ruling is about: 1. This Ruling sets out the Commissioner's opinion on the way in which the relevant provisions identified below apply to the defined class of entities, who take part in the scheme to which this Ruling relates. Relevant provisions 2. The relevant provisions dealt with in this Ruling are: All legislative references in this Ruling are to the ITAA 1997 unless otherwise indicated. Class of entities 3. The class of entities to which this Ruling applies comprises full-time students of the University of Melbourne (the University) who: In this Ruling, a person belonging to this class of entities is referred to as a student. Qualifications 4. The Commissioner makes this Ruling based on the precise scheme identified in this Ruling. 5. The class of entities defined in this Ruling may rely on its contents provided the scheme actually carried out is carried out in accordance with the scheme described in paragraphs 8 to 23 of this Ruling. 6. If the scheme actually carried out is materially different from the scheme that is described in this Ruling, then:

Class of entities or scheme: 3. The class of entities to which this Ruling applies comprises full-time students of the University of Melbourne (the University) who: In this Ruling, a person belonging to this class of entities is referred to as a student. | Qualifications: 4. The Commissioner makes this Ruling based on the precise scheme identified in this Ruling. 5. The class of entities defined in this Ruling may rely on its contents provided the scheme actually carried out is carried out in accordance with the scheme described in paragraphs 8 to 23 of this Ruling. 6. If the scheme actually carried out is materially different from the scheme that is described in this Ruling, then: 7. This Ruling applies from 1 January 2013. However, this Ruling will not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of a settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of this Ruling (see paragraphs 75 and 76 of Taxation Ruling TR 2006/10). 8. The following description of the scheme is based on information provided by the applicant. The following documents, or relevant parts of them, form part of and are to be read with the description: Note: certain information has been provided on a commercial-in-confidence basis and will not be disclosed or released under Freedom of Information legislation. 9. The University offers the Scholarship to full-time students undertaking the Dairy Resident Training Program, referred to in the remainder of this Ruling as the Program. Students are required to undertake a double Masters course, consisting of a Master of Veterinary Science (Clinical) degree and Master of Veterinary Studies degree (formerly known as Advanced Clinical Practicum), over a term of three years. 10. The Program aims to ensure the ongoing supply of skilled dairy veterinarians in local practice and to increase on-farm research that will complement industry initiatives. The objective is to train graduate veterinarians in both clinical research and clinical skills relevant to the dairy industry. 11. Applications for participation in the Program and the Scholarship are assessed on merit. A student is eligible to apply for a Scholarship if the student: 12. Applicants enhance their application if they: 13. A student will be or will become ineligible for the Scholarship if they: 14. At the successful conclusion of the Program, students will have completed sufficient clinical and research training necessary for them to satisfy the credential requirements for a specialist as stipulated by the Australian Veterinary Boards Council. 15. Students are placed at an external Vet Practice to undertake the requisite practical clinical training component of the Program. The majority of Program time is spent performing evaluation and treatment of dairy cattle, under the supervision of experienced veterinary dairy practitioners. These cases enable the student to learn both specialist case management and specialist procedures in a hands-on environment. Students are required to keep an activity log of all such cases. 16. Students also complete university coursework subjects using videoconferencing, as well as a series of training modules. The remainder of the student's time is devoted to research. Students are required to submit progress reports to the University at specified times throughout the course. 17. Each student is required to have a Resident Supervisory Committee, consisting of, at a minimum, a qualified primary resident supervisor from within the discipline in which they are enrolled plus two additional staff members, at least one of whom should be from a different but related discipline with which the student has frequent interaction. Committee members may be sought from outside the University if appropriate staff are not available within the School. The purpose of the Committee is to provide advice, direction, support and feedback to the student. 18. The terms and conditions of the Program are set out in the Program Collaboration Agreement, 'Increasing Veterinary Capacity to the Dairy Industry' (the Agreement). The Agreement is made between the University and the Vet Practices, which have agreed to support the Program. 19. The University receives funding for the Program from Dairy Australia, the Geoffrey Gardiner Dairy Foundation and the Vet Practices. The contribution schedule for the Vet Practices is contained in the Agreement. Separate project agreements between the University and Dairy Australia, and the University and the Geoffrey Gardiner Dairy Foundation, outline the relevant funding provisions between these parties. 20. These external parties do not fund any individual scholarships directly, but rather contribute funds for the running of the Program to the University. The University pays all scholarships to students. 21. The Program will be overseen by a Steering Committee as outlined in the Agreement. The Steering Committee will ensure that review dates are met and form sub-committees if required. 22. A full-time Scholarship carries an annual Scholarship stipend of $40,000, paid to the student on a fortnightly basis via the University payroll system. The annual stipend may increase in line with the CPI. 23. Under the Program, students are also eligible to receive an educational allowance each year to assist with attendance at conference or training sessions at which they are presenting, or where attendance is deemed by their supervisor to be integral to their clinical training program. This allowance is available to all students enrolled in the Program. The educational allowance is paid up to a maximum of $2,000 a year (which may be adjusted annually) by way of a reimbursement of expenses on the production of receipts by the student. 24. The fortnightly stipend payments made by the University of Melbourne to students enrolled in the Dairy Resident Training Program, as described in this Ruling, would be assessable income to the student under subsection 6-5(1). However, these payments are exempt from income tax under item 2.1A of the table in section 51-10. 25. The education allowance payments are not assessable to the student as ordinary income under section 6-5; or as statutory income under section 6-10. Commissioner of Taxation 18 September 2013 26. A payment or other benefit received by a taxpayer is assessable income if it is: | Ordinary income: 27. Subsection 6-5(1) provides that the assessable income of a taxpayer includes income according to ordinary concepts (ordinary income). 28. The legislation does not provide specific guidance on the meaning of income according to ordinary concepts. However, a substantial body of case law exists which identifies likely characteristics. 29. In GP International Pipecoaters Pty Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation , [1] the Full High Court stated: 30. Amounts that are periodical, regular or recurrent, relied upon by the recipient for their regular expenditure and paid to them for that purpose are likely to be ordinary income, as are amounts that are the product in a real sense of any employment of, or services rendered by, the recipient. [2] Amounts paid in substitution for salary or wages foregone or lost may also be ordinary income. [3] 31. Ultimately, whether or not a particular receipt is ordinary income depends on its character in the hands of the recipient. [4] The whole of the circumstances must be considered [5] and the motive of the payer may be relevant to this consideration. [6] 32. Fortnightly stipend payments received by a student are considered to be ordinary income, being periodical receipts that are expected and relied upon by the student. 33. The educational allowance is a reimbursement of the student's actual expenses and not an allowance, as explained by Taxation Ruling TR 92/15 [7] which deals with the distinction between an allowance and a reimbursement for income tax and fringe benefits tax purposes: 34. It is considered that the educational allowance to attend conferences or training sessions integral to the Program is not assessable as ordinary income as it does not satisfy the criteria for ordinary income. The payments are a direct reimbursement of expenses incurred as part of the education course which are not the product of any employment or services rendered and not ordinary income in the hands of the student. | Statutory income: 35. Section 6-10 provides that a taxpayer's assessable income includes statutory income amounts that are not ordinary income but are included as assessable income by another provision. 36. Section 10-5 lists provisions about statutory income and included in this list is section 15-2. 37. Section 15-2 includes in a taxpayer's assessable income the value of all allowances, gratuities, compensation, benefits, bonuses and premiums provided to the taxpayer 'in respect of, or for or in relation directly or indirectly to, any employment of or services rendered by' the taxpayer. 38. The educational allowance is not provided to the student as an employee. Nor is it provided 'in respect of, or for or in relation directly or indirectly to' any services rendered by the student, as there is no element of reward in the educational allowance for any services the student might provide to the Vet Practice as an intern. [8] The educational allowance is paid solely to support the student's professional education and development in matters integral to the Program. Any amounts the student receives in reimbursement of costs incurred in attending conferences and training sessions are therefore not assessable income under section 15-2. | Exempt income: 39. Subsection 6-20(1) provides that an amount of ordinary income is exempt income if it is made exempt from income tax by a provision of the ITAA 1997 or another Commonwealth law. 40. Amounts of ordinary income and statutory income are exempt from income tax under section 51-1 if the amount is of a type listed in the tables in Division 51, subject to any exception or special condition. 41. Item 2.1A in the table in section 51-10 provides that payments are exempt from income tax if: 42. As the fortnightly stipend payments are ordinary income, it must be established whether or not they are exempt income under Division 51. This requires a consideration of these three conditions. 43. The educational allowance is neither ordinary nor statutory income and it is unnecessary to consider whether these payments are exempt from income tax. | Are scholarship holders full-time students at a school, college or university?: 44. Students undertaking a full-time course at university may undertake training or study at an external site. However there must be a sufficient connection between any study undertaken at external sites and the related university course. [9] Where a student engages in external work or study which only partially relates to a university course, it may be the case that the student is not considered to be studying at the university full-time. 45. In the present case, students are enrolled full-time at the University of Melbourne, however the majority of their time is spent externally at the Vet Practices for the purposes of clinical training. This practical training is a necessary and prescribed requirement of the university and an integral part of the Program. Necessary university subjects are completed using videoconferencing facilities. 46. Having regard to these circumstances, it is accepted that students undertaking the Program satisfy the condition of being a full-time university student. | Are the payments made by way of scholarship, bursary, educational allowance or educational assistance?: 47. The words 'scholarship, bursary, educational allowance or educational assistance' are not defined in the ITAA 1997. The Macquarie Dictionary , 1991, 2nd Revised Edition, defines 'scholarship' as 'the sum of money or other aid granted to a scholar' and 'scholar' as 'a student who, because of merit, etc, is granted money or other aid to pursue.....studies'. 'Student' is defined as 'one who is engaged in a course of study and instruction at a college, university, or professional or technical school' and 'one who studies a subject systematically or in detail'. 48. Paragraphs 34 to 48 of Taxation Ruling TR 93/39 Income tax : friendly society education funds discuss the meaning of the words 'scholarship, bursary, educational allowance or educational assistance' for the purposes of the former paragraph 23(z) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 . Paragraph 35 of TR 93/39 states that the words are no more '...than a description of rewards for merit attained as a result of competition or selection on the basis of general criteria...'. 49. In interpreting the meaning of the words 'scholarship, bursary, educational allowance or educational assistance', courts have determined that the relevant characteristics of a scholarship include: 50. To be awarded a Scholarship, students have to undertake a competitive selection process which involves them being assessed against a range of criteria such as their academic achievements and interpersonal skills. As such, it is accepted that selection for the Scholarship is merit based. 51. In Chesterman v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation [12] Isaacs J said that for purposes to be educational they must provide for the giving or imparting of instruction. 52. The Scholarship is paid to a student enrolled in the Program and the purpose of this Program is to enable graduate veterinarians to be trained in both clinical research and clinical skills. Students will be enrolled in coursework subjects and a series of training modules throughout the Program. It is accepted that the Scholarship has the requisite educational purpose. 53. Accordingly, it is accepted that payments made under the Scholarship are made by way of 'a scholarship, bursary, educational allowance or educational assistance'. | Do the exceptions in section 51-35 apply?: 54. Section 51-35 excludes the following payments from exemption: | Are the payments Commonwealth education or training payments?: 55. The payments made under the Scholarship are not of a kind covered by paragraphs 51-35(a), 51-35(b) or 51-35(f). | Are the payments made on the condition that the student will (or will if required) become or continue to be an employee of the payer?: 56. Paragraph 51-35(c) excludes payments from exemption if they represent: 57. The Federal Court has taken the view that the words 'upon condition that' do not require a contract between the parties to exist or any other form of legal relationship. [13] It was held that the exemption did not apply where, as a matter of ordinary language, it could be said that the receipt of the scholarship amount was conditional on the recipient working with the payer if the payer so required. 58. Under the Program, students are required to undertake evaluation and treatment of referred animal patients at a Vet Practice. This work is an integral part of the Program. 59. The terms of the Scholarship and the Agreement put the student under no obligation (whether or not legally binding) to become an employee of the University in the future, or to do so if required. 60. The payments under the Program are therefore not excluded from exemption under paragraph 51-35(c). Are the payments made on the condition that the student will (or will if required) enter into, or continue to be a party to, a contract with the payer that is wholly or principally for the labour of the student? 61. Paragraph 51-35(d) excludes payments from exemption if they represent: 62. Paragraph 51-35(d) imposes a similar requirement to that of paragraph 51-35(c) by excluding employment-like relationships, that is, contracts wholly or principally for labour. 63. It is recognised that work performed for an organisation can be part of an education program. [14] 64. In circumstances where work is carried out solely or primarily for an educational purpose and its results are not calculated to benefit the organisation but are incidental products of the study program, there is no contract wholly or principally for the labour of the student. 65. The case work undertaken by the student at the Vet Practice is a requirement of the Program. The terms of the Scholarship and the Agreement put the student under no obligation (whether or not legally binding) to enter into a contract wholly or principally for the student's labour in the future, or to do so if required. 66. The payments under the Program are therefore not excluded from exemption under paragraph 51-35(d). | Are the scholarships provided principally for educational purposes?: 67. The Scholarships are awarded to a student to enable them to complete the Program at the University. 68. It is accepted that in providing the Scholarships the University is doing so principally for educational purposes. The Scholarship payments are therefore not excluded from exemption by paragraph 51-35(e). | Conclusion: 69. Accordingly, the fortnightly stipend payments made to a student are exempt under item 2.1A of the table in section 51-10. 70. The following is a detailed contents list for this Ruling: © AUSTRALIAN TAXATION OFFICE FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA You are free to copy, adapt, modify, transmit and distribute this material as you wish (but not in any way that suggests the ATO or the Commonwealth endorses you or any of your services or products). Not previously issued as a draft

Ruling: 24. The fortnightly stipend payments made by the University of Melbourne to students enrolled in the Dairy Resident Training Program, as described in this Ruling, would be assessable income to the student under subsection 6-5(1). However, these payments are exempt from income tax under item 2.1A of the table in section 51-10. 25. The education allowance payments are not assessable to the student as ordinary income under section 6-5; or as statutory income under section 6-10. Commissioner of Taxation 18 September 2013


Appendix: 26. A payment or other benefit received by a taxpayer is assessable income if it is: | Ordinary income: 27. Subsection 6-5(1) provides that the assessable income of a taxpayer includes income according to ordinary concepts (ordinary income). 28. The legislation does not provide specific guidance on the meaning of income according to ordinary concepts. However, a substantial body of case law exists which identifies likely characteristics. 29. In GP International Pipecoaters Pty Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation , [1] the Full High Court stated: 30. Amounts that are periodical, regular or recurrent, relied upon by the recipient for their regular expenditure and paid to them for that purpose are likely to be ordinary income, as are amounts that are the product in a real sense of any employment of, or services rendered by, the recipient. [2] Amounts paid in substitution for salary or wages foregone or lost may also be ordinary income. [3] 31. Ultimately, whether or not a particular receipt is ordinary income depends on its character in the hands of the recipient. [4] The whole of the circumstances must be considered [5] and the motive of the payer may be relevant to this consideration. [6] 32. Fortnightly stipend payments received by a student are considered to be ordinary income, being periodical receipts that are expected and relied upon by the student. 33. The educational allowance is a reimbursement of the student's actual expenses and not an allowance, as explained by Taxation Ruling TR 92/15 [7] which deals with the distinction between an allowance and a reimbursement for income tax and fringe benefits tax purposes: 34. It is considered that the educational allowance to attend conferences or training sessions integral to the Program is not assessable as ordinary income as it does not satisfy the criteria for ordinary income. The payments are a direct reimbursement of expenses incurred as part of the education course which are not the product of any employment or services rendered and not ordinary income in the hands of the student. | Statutory income: 35. Section 6-10 provides that a taxpayer's assessable income includes statutory income amounts that are not ordinary income but are included as assessable income by another provision. 36. Section 10-5 lists provisions about statutory income and included in this list is section 15-2. 37. Section 15-2 includes in a taxpayer's assessable income the value of all allowances, gratuities, compensation, benefits, bonuses and premiums provided to the taxpayer 'in respect of, or for or in relation directly or indirectly to, any employment of or services rendered by' the taxpayer. 38. The educational allowance is not provided to the student as an employee. Nor is it provided 'in respect of, or for or in relation directly or indirectly to' any services rendered by the student, as there is no element of reward in the educational allowance for any services the student might provide to the Vet Practice as an intern. [8] The educational allowance is paid solely to support the student's professional education and development in matters integral to the Program. Any amounts the student receives in reimbursement of costs incurred in attending conferences and training sessions are therefore not assessable income under section 15-2. | Exempt income: 39. Subsection 6-20(1) provides that an amount of ordinary income is exempt income if it is made exempt from income tax by a provision of the ITAA 1997 or another Commonwealth law. 40. Amounts of ordinary income and statutory income are exempt from income tax under section 51-1 if the amount is of a type listed in the tables in Division 51, subject to any exception or special condition. 41. Item 2.1A in the table in section 51-10 provides that payments are exempt from income tax if: 42. As the fortnightly stipend payments are ordinary income, it must be established whether or not they are exempt income under Division 51. This requires a consideration of these three conditions. 43. The educational allowance is neither ordinary nor statutory income and it is unnecessary to consider whether these payments are exempt from income tax. | Are scholarship holders full-time students at a school, college or university?: 44. Students undertaking a full-time course at university may undertake training or study at an external site. However there must be a sufficient connection between any study undertaken at external sites and the related university course. [9] Where a student engages in external work or study which only partially relates to a university course, it may be the case that the student is not considered to be studying at the university full-time. 45. In the present case, students are enrolled full-time at the University of Melbourne, however the majority of their time is spent externally at the Vet Practices for the purposes of clinical training. This practical training is a necessary and prescribed requirement of the university and an integral part of the Program. Necessary university subjects are completed using videoconferencing facilities. 46. Having regard to these circumstances, it is accepted that students undertaking the Program satisfy the condition of being a full-time university student. | Are the payments made by way of scholarship, bursary, educational allowance or educational assistance?: 47. The words 'scholarship, bursary, educational allowance or educational assistance' are not defined in the ITAA 1997. The Macquarie Dictionary , 1991, 2nd Revised Edition, defines 'scholarship' as 'the sum of money or other aid granted to a scholar' and 'scholar' as 'a student who, because of merit, etc, is granted money or other aid to pursue.....studies'. 'Student' is defined as 'one who is engaged in a course of study and instruction at a college, university, or professional or technical school' and 'one who studies a subject systematically or in detail'. 48. Paragraphs 34 to 48 of Taxation Ruling TR 93/39 Income tax : friendly society education funds discuss the meaning of the words 'scholarship, bursary, educational allowance or educational assistance' for the purposes of the former paragraph 23(z) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 . Paragraph 35 of TR 93/39 states that the words are no more '...than a description of rewards for merit attained as a result of competition or selection on the basis of general criteria...'. 49. In interpreting the meaning of the words 'scholarship, bursary, educational allowance or educational assistance', courts have determined that the relevant characteristics of a scholarship include: 50. To be awarded a Scholarship, students have to undertake a competitive selection process which involves them being assessed against a range of criteria such as their academic achievements and interpersonal skills. As such, it is accepted that selection for the Scholarship is merit based. 51. In Chesterman v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation [12] Isaacs J said that for purposes to be educational they must provide for the giving or imparting of instruction. 52. The Scholarship is paid to a student enrolled in the Program and the purpose of this Program is to enable graduate veterinarians to be trained in both clinical research and clinical skills. Students will be enrolled in coursework subjects and a series of training modules throughout the Program. It is accepted that the Scholarship has the requisite educational purpose. 53. Accordingly, it is accepted that payments made under the Scholarship are made by way of 'a scholarship, bursary, educational allowance or educational assistance'. | Do the exceptions in section 51-35 apply?: 54. Section 51-35 excludes the following payments from exemption: | Are the payments Commonwealth education or training payments?: 55. The payments made under the Scholarship are not of a kind covered by paragraphs 51-35(a), 51-35(b) or 51-35(f). | Are the payments made on the condition that the student will (or will if required) become or continue to be an employee of the payer?: 56. Paragraph 51-35(c) excludes payments from exemption if they represent: 57. The Federal Court has taken the view that the words 'upon condition that' do not require a contract between the parties to exist or any other form of legal relationship. [13] It was held that the exemption did not apply where, as a matter of ordinary language, it could be said that the receipt of the scholarship amount was conditional on the recipient working with the payer if the payer so required. 58. Under the Program, students are required to undertake evaluation and treatment of referred animal patients at a Vet Practice. This work is an integral part of the Program. 59. The terms of the Scholarship and the Agreement put the student under no obligation (whether or not legally binding) to become an employee of the University in the future, or to do so if required. 60. The payments under the Program are therefore not excluded from exemption under paragraph 51-35(c). Are the payments made on the condition that the student will (or will if required) enter into, or continue to be a party to, a contract with the payer that is wholly or principally for the labour of the student? 61. Paragraph 51-35(d) excludes payments from exemption if they represent: 62. Paragraph 51-35(d) imposes a similar requirement to that of paragraph 51-35(c) by excluding employment-like relationships, that is, contracts wholly or principally for labour. 63. It is recognised that work performed for an organisation can be part of an education program. [14] 64. In circumstances where work is carried out solely or primarily for an educational purpose and its results are not calculated to benefit the organisation but are incidental products of the study program, there is no contract wholly or principally for the labour of the student. 65. The case work undertaken by the student at the Vet Practice is a requirement of the Program. The terms of the Scholarship and the Agreement put the student under no obligation (whether or not legally binding) to enter into a contract wholly or principally for the student's labour in the future, or to do so if required. 66. The payments under the Program are therefore not excluded from exemption under paragraph 51-35(d). | Are the scholarships provided principally for educational purposes?: 67. The Scholarships are awarded to a student to enable them to complete the Program at the University. 68. It is accepted that in providing the Scholarships the University is doing so principally for educational purposes. The Scholarship payments are therefore not excluded from exemption by paragraph 51-35(e). | Conclusion: 69. Accordingly, the fortnightly stipend payments made to a student are exempt under item 2.1A of the table in section 51-10.


What this Ruling is about | NOT LEGALLY BINDING SECTION: | A public ruling is an expression of the Commissioner's opinion about the way in which a relevant provision applies, or would apply, to entities generally or to a class of entities in relation to a particular scheme or a class of schemes. | If you rely on this ruling, the Commissioner must apply the law to you in the way set out in the ruling (unless the Commissioner is satisfied that the ruling is incorrect and disadvantages you, in which case the law may be applied to you in a way that is more favourable for you - provided the Commissioner is not prevented from doing so by a time limit imposed by the law). You will be protected from having to pay any underpaid tax, penalty or interest in respect of the matters covered by this ruling if it turns out that it does not correctly state how the relevant provision applies to you. | To determine whether a receipt is of an income or of a capital nature, various factors may be relevant. Sometimes the character of receipts will be revealed most clearly by their periodicity, regularity or recurrence; sometimes, by the character of a right or thing disposed of in exchange for the receipt; sometimes, by the scope of the transaction, venture or business in or by reason of which money is received and by the recipient's purpose in engaging in the transaction, venture or business. | A payment is a reimbursement when the recipient is compensated exactly (meaning precisely, as opposed to approximately), whether wholly or partly, for an expense already incurred although not necessarily disbursed. In general, the provider considers the expense to be its own and the recipient incurs the expenditure on behalf of the provider. | a payment by an entity or authority on the condition that the student will (or will if required) become, or continue to be, an employee of the entity or authority. | a payment by an entity or authority on the condition that the student will (or will if required) enter into, or continue to be a party to, a contract with the entity or authority that is wholly or principally for the labour of the student. | Appendix 2 - Detailed contents list


Related rulings: TR 92/15 TR 93/39 TR 2006/10
Legislative references: ITAA 1936 ITAA 1936 23(z) ITAA 1997 ITAA 1997 6-5 ITAA 1997 6-5(1) ITAA 1997 6-10 ITAA 1997 6-20(1) ITAA 1997 10-5 ITAA 1997 15-2 ITAA 1997 Div 51 ITAA 1997 51-1 ITAA 1997 51-10 ITAA 1997 51-35 ITAA 1997 51-35(a) ITAA 1997 51-35(b) ITAA 1997 51-35(c) ITAA 1997 51-35(d) ITAA 1997 51-35(e) ITAA 1997 51-35(f) TAA 1953
Case references: Chesterman v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1923) 32 CLR 362
Subject references: exempt income scholarships, fellowships & bursaries
Other references: The Macquarie Dictionary, 1991, 2nd revised Edition