Taxation Ruling TR 2018/3
Date of effect: 7 March 2018

What this ruling is about: This publication (excluding appendixes) is a public ruling for the purposes of the Taxation Administration Act 1953. A public ruling is an expression of the Commissioner's opinion about the way in which a relevant provision applies, or would apply, to entities generally or to a class of entities in relation to a particular scheme or a class of schemes. If you rely on this ruling, the Commissioner must apply the law to you in the way set out in the ruling (unless the Commissioner is satisfied that the ruling is incorrect and disadvantages you, in which case the law may be applied to you in a way that is more favourable for you - provided the Commissioner is not prevented from doing so by a time limit imposed by the law). You will be protected from having to pay any underpaid tax, penalty or interest in respect of the matters covered by this ruling if it turns out that it does not correctly state how the relevant provision applies to you.


Ruling: 4. In contracts which extend beyond one income year, it is not permissible to defer the bringing of profits or losses to account until the contract is completed. [See Unacceptable methods ] 5. The principles and practices which apply in recognising for income tax purposes, income derived from and expenses incurred in long term construction contracts are: | Consistency of method: 6. Whichever of the acceptable methods of determining taxable income from long term construction contracts is adopted by an entity, it is to be applied consistently to all years during which the particular contract runs and to all similar contracts entered into by the entity. (Service or maintenance contracts, being for the provision of services rather than for construction, are not within the scope of this Ruling and are not therefore 'similar contracts'.) | Basic approach: 7. All payments received or receivable are returned as assessable income in the year in which they are derived and expenditure is deductible in the year in which it is incurred. | Progress and final payments: 8. All progress and final payments received in a year should be included in assessable income and income tax deductions allowed for losses and outgoings to the extent permitted by the income tax law. [2] 9. Assessable income arising from long term construction contracts includes not only progress and final payments actually received in a year but also amounts billed or billable to customers in a year for work carried out and certified as acceptable for payment by the appropriate person authorised to do so in the contract. [3] A taxpayer cannot defer assessment of contract income by refraining from or postponing billing until after the close of the income year when there was an entitlement under the contract to bill before the year end. Nor can the assessment of contract income be deferred by refraining from or postponing the obtaining of certification from the relevant party. | Up-front payments: 10. For taxpayers who use the basic approach in determining taxable income, up-front payments [4] of contract price or advance progress payments are assessable income. 11. As a general rule an up-front payment or advance progress payment should be recognised as assessable income between its receipt and when the next progress payment is due. There may be situations where the circumstances surrounding an up-front payment warrant it being included in assessable income in a different period [5] or over a longer period. For example, if the payment was to enable the purchase of equipment etcetera, for use over the whole of the contract it would be proper to spread it over the whole period of the contract. | Retention clauses: 12. For taxpayers who use the basic approach in determining taxable income, amounts retained under a retention clause [6] should not be included in assessable income until the taxpayer either receives them or is entitled to receive them from the customer. [7] Symmetrically, if the taxpayer, being a contractor, retains amounts from sub-contractors, the amounts so retained are not deductible until such time as they are due to the sub-contractors. 13. Where retention money is conditionally [8] paid by the customer to the contractor before it is actually due, the money will not be assessable income until the contractor is entitled to it. 14. Where contractors obtain bank guarantees (in lieu of customers retaining amounts from progress or final payments), in which the customers are guaranteed payment by the bank if the contractors become liable under the terms of warranties during the retention period, the inclusion in assessable income of amounts due to the contractors should not be reduced by the amounts guaranteed. If a contractor is required to pay to a bank any amount under the terms of a guarantee arrangement the amount so paid will qualify for income tax deduction when it is paid. | Work-in-progress: 15. Work-in-progress does not represent trading stock. Work-in-progress is not on hand in the sense contemplated by Subdivision 70-C of the ITAA 1997. Property in it would normally belong to the client or customer, with the contractor having rights to sue for work done. | Expected costs: 16. Accounting standards and practices cannot supplant the income tax law in determining whether deductions are allowable. [9] Tax law does not permit deductions for costs or losses which are expected to arise in performance of long term construction contracts. For taxpayers who use the basic approach, it is only losses and outgoings which are incurred during an income year which may be allowed as deductions. | Estimated Profits Basis: 17. This basis permits a taxpayer to spread the ultimate profit or loss on a long term construction project over the years taken to complete the contract, provided the basis is reasonable, is in accordance with accepted accountancy practices and appropriate adjustments are made for tax purposes. 18. In this context, ' ultimate profit or loss ' refers to the overall taxable income expected to arise from a particular contract. It requires the total receipts expected to be received under the contract to be regarded as assessable income and income tax deductions to be allowed for expected losses and outgoings to the extent permitted by tax law, on the assumption that the losses and outgoings would actually be incurred over the period of the contract. In this context, 'ultimate profit or loss' does not mean: 19. Ultimate profit or loss is in effect notional taxable income expected to arise under a particular contract and it is the notional taxable income which may be spread over the years taken to complete the contract. Another way of determining notional taxable income is to begin with the expected overall net profit or loss for accounting purposes and make appropriate adjustments for income tax purposes. 20. Because the estimated profits basis focuses on the end result of a long term construction contract, the question of when an income tax liability attaches to up-front payments, advance progress payments and amounts withheld under retention clauses does not arise. | Accounting standard: 21. The estimated profits basis is similar to the accounting standard AASB 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers [10] but, as was held by the Full Federal Court in Grollo Nominees [11] and noted at paragraphs 18 and 19 of this Ruling, appropriate adjustments must be made for income tax purposes. 22. The introduction of AASB 15 does not necessarily bring into line the accounting recognition of revenue with the tax law. Revenue is recognised under accounting principles when performance obligations of the contract are satisfied, that is, when control has passed to the customer. [12] In contrast, the tax law recognises income when it is derived and expenses when they are incurred. | Costs taken into account: 23. Only costs that are identified as likely to be incurred over the period of the contract and which are properly deductible are taken into account in calculating notional taxable income. These costs are estimated relying upon the taxpayer's experience in the construction industry and using sound commercial or business principles. The estimations must be well documented and can vary from year to year. 24. Costs of materials and labour are examples of properly deductible costs. General claims for a 'management reserve' or for 'additional costs arising from wet weather, industrial disputes etcetera', are not sufficiently informative about the actual costs involved to be properly deductible. 25. It is not sufficient to make a general claim for unspecified costs likely to arise on the happening of some future event. The calculation of notional taxable income needs to be more exact. The likely effect those future events will have on costs must be quantified. For example, where operations are conducted in a region with an average historical rainfall of 500ml per year, it would be reasonable to estimate the impact of that weather on the project and calculate the delay costs in respect of the contract activities. 26. It is permissible to take into account a reasonable amount for probable costs in remedying defects etcetera, during the maintenance period. | Tender costs: 27. Tender costs are not taken into account in the estimated profits basis. [13] Although tender costs are attributable to the construction contract, they are severable from it and occur at a time before the beginning of the contract. | Methods of allocating notional taxable income: 28. There are a number of acceptable methods of allocating notional taxable income over the years taken to complete a long term construction contract. They each seek to recognise notional taxable income in a manner that reflects the progress of a contract. The particular method used will depend upon the nature of a contract. 29. In a cost plus contract [14] , the amount of notional taxable income to be included in assessable income in each year will be determined by ascertaining the percentage that notional taxable income bears to agreed cost and applying the percentage to costs incurred in a year. 30. In fixed price contracts, it will be a matter of determining the notional taxable income year by year and including an appropriate amount of the notional taxable income in assessable income of each year. 31. Any other method which achieves the same broad result would also be acceptable. Whatever method is used, it must be applied consistently. [See paragraph 6 of this Ruling.] 32. A basic principle of the income tax law is that liability to income tax is an annual event and, if it appears at the end of an income year that there is a profit element in a long term construction contract - regardless of the stage reached - the law operates so that an appropriate amount of the profit converted to notional taxable income must be returned. In the very early stages of a long term construction contract, it may not be apparent that any profits have been derived. | Recognising a loss: 33. An estimated contract loss is to be spread over the period taken to complete the contract in a manner that reflects the progress of the contract. Example 1 34. A construction company is in the fourth year of a five year contract. At the end of the fourth year it seems probable that the company will incur an ultimate loss of $1,000 from the contract. The contract at the end of this income year is 80% complete with 20% having been performed during this income year. The construction company will return in this income year a loss sufficient to recognise the company has completed 80% of the contract, that is, the loss returned will be an amount which, together with the amounts returned in the previous three years, will equal a loss of $800 representing 80% of the ultimate loss under the contract and thus reflecting progress on the contract. In the next income year, if the probable loss is realised, the company will return a loss of $200 representing the final 20% of the work on the contract. | Changes over the contract period: 35. In many cases, particularly where the contract price is fixed as a certain amount, the notional taxable income will not remain the same over the life of the contract. Estimates of costs and forecasts of profits prepared during contract negotiations are likely to change. The end result may differ markedly from initial expectations as a result of increases in costs, industrial issues, delays, inclement weather, disputes etcetera. 36. A taxpayer deriving income from long term construction projects is not irrevocably bound to the figure for profit or loss initially expected. It is something which can be adjusted from year to year, that is, in each year of the contract the amount of notional taxable income may be determined according to expectations existing at the close of each year. Example 2 37. If, using the figures in the below table, the notional taxable income had fallen to $200 in year 3, the amounts included in assessable income in years 1 and 2 (being $240 total) would have exceeded the total profit. The operation of subsection 170(9) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936) enables the over-assessment to be rectified. 38. If, on the other hand, it appeared in year 2 that the contract would result in a loss, it would not be possible at that time to amend the assessment for year 1 to exclude the profit assessed in that year. At the time the assessment for year 1 was made, it was correctly made. The only provision which would authorise amendment is subsection 170(9) of the ITAA 1936, which does not operate until the contract is complete. | Subsection 170(9): 39. Where the estimated profits basis is used, subsection 170(9) of the ITAA 1936 extends the period of time to amend an assessment where the ultimate taxable income from the contract differs from the previously anticipated amount that was used to calculate assessable income. The provision allows amendment of assessments to ensure that: 40. The provision contemplates the inclusion of an estimated amount of income derived by the taxpayer in the relevant year from an operation; the profit or loss in which was not ascertainable at the end of the year because the operation extended over more than one year. [15] 41. This provision ensures that a taxpayer's income tax liability is limited to the ultimate taxable income derived from the contract. | Unacceptable methods: 42. Neither the 'completed contracts basis' (which returns profits and losses on completion of a contract) nor the 'emerging profits basis' [16] is an acceptable method for determining taxable income from long term construction contracts. Liability to income tax has to be determined annually. In the case of long term construction projects it is the position at the end of each year that has to be taken into account. Subsection 170(9) of the ITAA 1936 is the mechanism provided in the income tax law to ensure that, in the end result, there is not an over assessment of income tax liability. 43. A variation of these methods, which claims deductions for expenditure incurred in the year in which it is incurred, but does not include amounts derived under the contract in assessable income until the year in which the contract is completed or substantially completed, is similarly unacceptable.


Appendix: Amending assessments under subsection 170(9): 45. Whether or not assessments should be amended in terms of subsection 170(9) of the ITAA 1936 will depend upon the circumstances of the case. In requesting an amended assessment, taxpayers engaged in long term construction projects should provide a statement reconciling the ultimate taxable income with the amounts of notional taxable income included in assessable income over the years taken to complete the contract. 46. In some cases, notwithstanding that the ultimate taxable income may equal the total of the amounts of notional taxable income; it may appear that the yearly allocation was not correct. Where the rates of tax payable over the period have not altered it is unlikely that amendment to the assessments concerned is necessary. In many cases variations of this nature in one contract will be offset by variations in other contracts. In other cases taxpayers may request amended assessments, for example, a proper allocation of profit to earlier years to absorb otherwise undeducted losses. In these cases assessments should be amended. | Estimated Profits Basis interacting with other provisions: 47. The term 'ultimate profit or loss', as explained in paragraphs 18 and 19 of this Ruling, refers to the overall taxable income expected to arise from a particular contract. It requires the receipts expected to be received under the contract to be regarded as assessable income and deductions to be allowed for expected losses and outgoings to the extent permitted by law (assuming the losses and outgoings are actually incurred). 48. A taxpayer who uses the Estimated Profits Basis may use notional taxable income to work out their income tax liability. It is not appropriate to use this notional amount for eligibility tests in the tax law that rely on other principles. For example, it is not appropriate to use notional taxable income in determining whether an entity is a 'base rate entity' within the meaning of section 23AA of the Income Tax Rates Act 1986 as that provision relies on 'aggregated turnover'. 'Turnover' requires the total receipts expected to be received under the contract to be regarded as assessable income.


Summary - what this ruling is about | NOT LEGALLY BINDING SECTION: | Appendix 1: Compliance approach | Appendix 2: Detailed contents list | Summary - what this ruling is about: 1. This Ruling explains the methods acceptable to the Commissioner for returning income derived and recognising expenses incurred in long term construction projects. This Ruling affirms that the completed contracts method remains unacceptable under the income tax law. | Definitions: 2. For the purposes of this Ruling, ' long term ' construction contracts refer to contracts under which construction work extends beyond one year of income. A construction contract which runs for less than twelve months, but straddles two or more income years is therefore regarded as a long term construction contract. The word ' construction ' takes its ordinary meaning. Income from long term construction contracts would include: income from construction of buildings, bridges, dams, pipelines, tunnels and other civil engineering projects; income from related activities such as demolition, dredging, heavy earth moving projects, etcetera; and income from the construction of major plant items including ships and transport vessels. It may also include income from similar contracts in associated fields depending on the facts and circumstances (that is, the contract and substance of the agreement), like air conditioning contracts, major electrical wiring or rewiring contracts, major refurbishment of hotels, stores, etcetera, major construction management contracts, etcetera. | 3. A long term construction contract does not include a contract for the sale and supply of what may ordinarily be regarded as the sale of trading stock, for example, it does not include a contract for the supply and installation of office furniture in a new building even though the furniture may need to be assembled upon delivery. [1] | (a) Estimated notional taxable income | (b) Percentage of contract completed | (c) Notional income to be returned = (a) × (b) | (d) Less income already returned | Date of effect: 44. This Ruling applies to years of income commencing both before and after 7 March 2018. However, this Ruling will not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of a settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of this Ruling (see paragraphs 75 and 76 of Taxation Ruling TR 2006/10). | Commissioner of Taxation 7 March 2018 | Appendix 1 - Compliance approach: This Appendix sets out a practical administration approach to assist taxpayers in complying with relevant tax laws. Provided you follow the advice in this appendix in good faith and consistently with the ruling section, the Commissioner will administer the law in accordance with this approach. | Appendix 2 - Detailed contents list: 49. The following is a detailed contents list for this Ruling: | Footnotes: Previously released in draft form as TR 2017/D8


Related rulings: TD 92/131 TD 92/186 TD 94/39 TD 94/65 TD 94/87
Legislative references: ITAA 1936 ITAA 1936 170(9) ITAA 1997 ITAA 1997 6-5 ITAA 1997 8-1 ITAA 1997 Subdiv 70-C TAA 1953 Income Tax Rates Act 1986 Income Tax Rates Act 1986 23AA
Case references: Arthur Murray (NSW) Pty Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1965) 114 CLR 314 (1965) 39 ALJR 262 (1965) 14 ATD 98 [1965] HCA 58
Other references: AASB 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers