Private ruling: Residency
Date of advice: 10 November 2022
Published: 16 January 2023
Ruling period: 30 June 20XX | 30 June 20XX
Date scheme commenced: 1 July 20XX

Ruling: Q1: Are you a resident of Australia for income tax purposes? | A1: No.

Relevant facts and circumstances: You were born in Australia and are an Australian citizen. You moved to XXX on XX 20XX to commence a new role with a subsidiary company of your former Australian employer. Your employment contract is for a fixed term from XXXX to XXXX. Your employer has indicated that a global role starting from XXXX (after the completion of your current employment contract) may be on offer. You are uncertain about your intention of returning to Australia to live for the foreseeable future. You have a visa which allows you to live and work in XXX and expires in XXX days. You are in the process of applying for a long-term visa which will allow you to live and work in XXX for up to 2 years. Your visa was supplied by your employer. You intend to make brief visits back to Australia on occasions to visit family and friends. You have no children or spouse. You cancelled your gym membership when you left Australia. You cancelled your private health insurance in Australia and plan to purchase a new health insurance policy in XXX. You own an apartment in XXX, State of AA, that you have rented out fully furnished to a non-related third party through a real estate agent. You have an investment property in XXX, State of AA, that continues to be leased out while you are overseas. You are not a member of the public sector super scheme or an eligible employee under the CSS. When travelling overseas and completing incoming or outgoing passenger cards, you state your place of residence as your address in XXX.

Relevant legislative provisions: Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Subsection 6-5(1) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 subsection 6(1) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 995-1 Detailed reasoning | Overview of the law | Section 995-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) defines an Australian resident for tax purposes as a person who is a resident of Australia for the purposes of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936). | The terms 'resident' and 'resident of Australia', as applied to an individual, are defined in subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936. | The definition offers four tests to ascertain whether each individual taxpayer is a resident of Australia for income tax purposes. These tests are: | • the resides test (also referred to as the ordinary concepts test) | • the domicile test | • the 183-day test, and | • the Commonwealth superannuation fund test. | The resides test is the primary test for deciding the residency status of an individual. This test considers whether an individual resides in Australia according to the ordinary meaning of the word 'resides'. | Where an individual does not reside in Australia according to ordinary concepts, they will still be an Australian resident if they meet the conditions of one of the other tests (the domicile test, 183-day test and Commonwealth superannuation fund test). | Our interpretation of the law in respect of residency is set out in Draft Taxation Ruling TR 2022/D2 Income tax: residency tests for individuals . | We have considered the statutory tests listed above in relation to your situation as follows: | The resides test | The ordinary meaning of the word 'reside' has been expressed as 'to dwell permanently or for a considerable time, to have one's settled or usual abode, to live, in or at a particular place': See Commissioner of Taxation v Miller (1946) 73 CLR 93 at 99 per Latham CJ, citing Viscount Cave LC in Levene v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1928] AC 217 at 222, citing the Oxford English Dictionary. Likewise, the Macquarie Dictionary defines 'reside' as 'to dwell permanently or for a considerable time; have one's abode for a time'. | The observations contained in the case of Hafza v Director-General of Social Security (1985) 6 FCR 444 are also important: | Physical presence and intention will coincide for most of the time. But few people are always at home. Once a person has established a home in a particular place - even involuntarily: see Commissioners of Inland Revenue v Lysaght [1928] AC 234 at 248 ; and Keil v Keil [1947] VLR 383 - a person does not necessarily cease to be resident there because he or she is physically absent. The test is whether the person has retained a continuity of association with the place - Levene v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1928] AC 217 at 225 and Judd v Judd (1957) 75 WN (NSW) 147 at 149 - together with an intention to return to that place and an attitude that that place remains "home": see Norman v Norman (No 3) (1969) 16 FLR 231 at 235 ... [W]here the general concept is applicable, it is obvious that, as residence of a place in which a person is not physically present depends upon an intention to return and to continue to treat that place as "home", a change of intention may be decisive of the question whether residence in a particular place has been maintained. | The Commissioner considers the following factors in relation to whether a taxpayer is a resident under the 'resides' test: | • period of physical presence in Australia | • intention or purpose of presence | • behaviour while in Australia | • family and business/employment ties | • maintenance and location of assets | • social and living arrangements. | It is important to note that no one single factor is decisive, and the weight given to each factor depends on each individual's circumstances. | Because the ordinary concepts test is whether an individual resides in Australia, the factors focus on the individual's connection to Australia. Having a connection with another country, or being a resident of another country, does not diminish any connection to Australia: Logan J in Pike v Commissioner of Taxation [2019] FCA 2185 at 57 reminds us that 'it is no part of the ordinary meaning of reside in the 1936 Act that there be a "principal" or even "usual" place of residence. ... It is important that ... "resident" not be construed and applied as if there were such adjectival qualifications.' For this reason, the test is not about dominance or exclusivity. Application to your situation | • You relocated to XXX in 20XX | • When you left Australia, you listed the address of the unit you are renting in XXX as your residential address | • You intend to be in XXX for the duration of your employment contract and the contract may be renewed | • You have cancelled your Australian health insurance and gym membership. You intend on purchasing an insurance policy in XXX. | You are not a resident of Australia under the resides test for the relevant period. | Although the law only requires you to be considered a resident under one test, for completeness the other tests are also considered. | You may still be an Australian resident if you meet the conditions of one of the other tests (the domicile test, 183-day test and Commonwealth superannuation fund test). | Domicile test | Under the domicile test, you are a resident of Australia if your domicile is in Australia unless the Commissioner is satisfied that your permanent place of abode is outside Australia. | Domicile | Whether your domicile is in Australia is determined by the Domicile Act 1982 and the common law rules on domicile. Your domicile is your domicile of origin (usually the domicile of your father at the time of your birth) unless you have a domicile of dependence or have acquired a domicile of choice elsewhere. To acquire a domicile of choice of a particular country you must be lawfully present there and hold the positive intention to make that country your home indefinitely. Your domicile continues until you acquire a different domicile. Whether your domicile has changed depends on an objective consideration of all relevant facts. | Application to your situation | • Your domicile of origin is Australia. | • You do not intend to apply for XXX citizenship or permanent residency. | • You are uncertain about whether you intend to return to Australia in the foreseeable future to live. | It is considered that you have not abandoned your domicile of origin as you do not have the right to legally reside in XXX indefinitely. Therefore, your domicile is still Australia. | Permanent place of abode | If you have an Australian domicile, you are an Australian resident unless the Commissioner is satisfied that your permanent place of abode is outside Australia. This is a question of fact to be determined in light of all the facts and circumstances of each case. | 'Permanent' does not mean everlasting or forever, but it is to be distinguished from temporary or transitory. | The phrase 'permanent place of abode' calls for a consideration of the physical surroundings in which you live, extending to a town or country. It does not extend to more than one country, or a region of the world. | The Full Federal Court in Harding v Commissioner of Taxation [2019] FCA 29 held at paragraphs 36 and 40 that key considerations in determining whether a taxpayer has their permanent place of abode outside Australia are: | • whether the taxpayer has definitely abandoned, in a permanent way, living in Australia | • whether the taxpayer is living in a town, city, region or country in a permanent way. | The Commissioner considers the following factors relevant to whether a taxpayer's permanent place of abode is outside Australia: | a) the intended and actual length of the taxpayer's stay in the overseas country; | b) whether the taxpayer intended to stay in the overseas country only temporarily and then to move on to another country or to return to Australia at some definite point in time; | c) whether the taxpayer has established a home (in the sense of dwelling place; a house or other shelter that is the fixed residence of a person, a family, or a household), outside Australia; | d) whether any residence or place of abode exists in Australia or has been abandoned because of the overseas absence; | e) the duration and continuity of the taxpayer's presence in the overseas country; and | f) the durability of association that the person has with a particular place in Australia, i.e. maintaining assets in Australia, informing government departments such as the Department of Social Security that he or she is leaving permanently and that family allowance payments should be stopped, place of education of the taxpayer's children, family ties and so on. | As with the factors under the resides test, no one single factor is decisive, and the weight given to each factor depends on the individual circumstances. | Application to your situation | We considered the following factors in forming our conclusion: | • You relocated to XXX to live and work | • When you left Australia, you listed the address of the unit you are renting in XXX as your residential address | • You intend to be in XXX for the duration of your employment contract and the contract may be renewed | • You have cancelled your Australian health insurance and gym membership. You intend on purchasing an insurance policy in XXX. | The Commissioner is satisfied that your permanent place of abode is outside Australia. | Therefore, you are not a resident under the Domicile test. | 183-day test | Where a person is present in Australia for 183 days or more during the year of income the person will be a resident, unless the Commissioner is satisfied that both: | • the person's usual place of abode is outside Australia, and | • the person does not intend to take up residence in Australia. | Application to your situation | You will not be present in Australia for 183 days or more during the 20XX or 20XX financial years. Therefore you are not a resident under this test. | Superannuation test | An individual is a resident of Australia if they are either a member of the superannuation scheme established by deed under the Superannuation Act 1990 or an eligible employee for the purposes of the Superannuation Act 1976, or they are the spouse, or the child under 16, of such a person. Application to your situation | You are not a member on behalf of whom contributions are being made to the Public Sector Superannuation Scheme (PSS) or the Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme (CSS) or a spouse of such a person, or a child under 16 of such a person. Therefore, you are not a resident under this test. | Conclusion | As you do not satisfy any of the four tests of residency, you are not a resident of Australia for income tax purposes for the 20XX or 20XX financial years.