Private ruling: Issue of subordinated notes
Date of advice: 14 December 2020
Published: March 2021
Ruling period: Year ending 30 June 20XX to 30 June 20XX
Date scheme commenced: 1 July 20XX

Ruling: Q1: Will the Notes satisfy the debt test in section 974-20 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 and therefore be debt interests within the meaning of subsection 974-15(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ? | A1: Yes | Q2: Will the Notes satisfy the equity test in subsection 974-70(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 and therefore be equity interests pursuant to subsection 974-70(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ? | A2: No | Q3: Will the Notes be financial arrangements pursuant to section 230-45 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ? | A3: Yes | Q4: Will XYZ be entitled to deductions pursuant to subsection 230-15(2) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 for the loss in respect of interest payable on the Notes? | A4: Yes | Q5: Will deductions in respect of the Notes be recognised on an accruals basis pursuant to subsection 230-100(3) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ? | A5: Yes, to the extent that such a loss is not taken into account under the balancing adjustment in Subdivision 230-G of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 . | Q6: Will subsection 230-15(5) or subsection 230-15(6) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 apply to limit the deductions in respect of the Notes under subsection 230-15(2) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ? | A6: No | Q7: Will XYZ be required to withhold an amount under section 12-245 of Subdivision 12-F of Part 2-5 of Schedule 1 to the Taxation Administration Act 1953 from interest payments made in respect of the Notes? | A7: No

Relevant facts and circumstances: XYZ is an Australian tax resident company. XYZ raised capital by issuing A$X million fully-paid unsecured subordinated notes (the Notes). The issue of the Notes will be used to support its general corporate purposes in carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income. The following Terms apply to the Notes: The Notes will have a term of more than XX years. During the term of the Notes, XYZ will make interest payments quarterly in arrears. The interest rate will increase at a prescribed rate on the relevant dates set out under the Terms. Interest may be deferred at the sole discretion of XYZ. Additional interest will accrue on the deferred interest at the same interest rate as the principal amount of the Notes and will be added to the deferred interest (and thereafter accumulate additional interest accordingly) on each interest payment date and will accumulate. Deferred interest will become due and payable subject to the Terms. The Notes will be redeemed by XYZ on the maturity date at their principal amount plus any interest accrued up to the maturity date, and any outstanding deferred interest payments (unless redeemed earlier). XYZ has the option to redeem the Notes early, subject to various requirements being satisfied. The Notes will be subordinated to all senior debt obligations of XYZ and rank ahead of ordinary shares in XYZ in a winding-up of XYZ. The Notes are not convertible into shares or carry any rights to acquire shares or any other securities in XYZ, or any rights to vote at general meetings of XYZ. If an event of default occurs, any holders of the Notes may give notice that the Notes held by the holder are, and they shall immediately become, due and payable at their principal amount plus any accrued but unpaid interest (including any deferred interest). A holder may initiate steps, actions or proceedings for the winding-up of XYZ and/or prove in the winding-up or claim in the liquidation of XYZ in respect of the Notes held by the holder. XYZ made an institutional offer of the Notes to investors in accordance with the offering circular. XYZ advertised the issue of the Notes through the offering circular to the market, which outlined the detailed terms of the Notes and was published and made available to the potential investors. Once published, XYZ (or its dealers) undertook marketing activities worldwide in respect of the Notes. The Notes were offered to more than XX unrelated institutional investors that carry on a business of providing finance or investing or dealing in securities in the course of operating in a financial market and who were not associates (as defined in subsection 128F(9) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936)) of one another. The Notes were not acquired either directly or indirectly by an associate (as defined in subsection 128F(9) of the ITAA 1936) of XYZ. XYZ has a history of paying distributions, and there is no indication that this will not continue with uninterrupted continuity. XYZ is subject to the Taxation of Financial Arrangement (TOFA) rules contained in Division 230 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997). There was no issuance of an ordinary debt interest with similar features to the Notes issued by XYZ immediately before the Notes. Based on calculations provided by XYZ, for the purposes of determining the present value of the financial benefits provided under the Notes the value in present value terms of the accrued interest (on the basis it is paid on the interest payment dates) and the principal amount (on the basis it is paid on the maturity date) of the Notes is greater than the principal amount of the Notes. The Notes were not acquired by a connected entity (as defined in subsection 995-1(1) of the ITAA 1997) of XYZ. Assumptions XYZ was a resident of Australia when the Notes were issued and will remain a resident of Australia when interest is paid on the Notes. The increase in the interest rate at the prescribed rate on the relevant dates set under the Terms will not impose an effectively non-contingent obligation on XYZ to redeem the Notes at that time or any other time prior to the maturity date. XYZ has not made and will not make any tax timing election for the purposes of the TOFA rules in Division 230 of the ITAA 1997. XYZ, if eligible, will not make a choice under paragraph 230-100(2)(c) of the ITAA 1997 in respect of the gain or loss arising from the Notes. The interest in respect of the Notes will not be paid to an associate (as defined in subsection 128F(9) of the ITAA 1936) of XYZ.

Relevant legislative provisions: Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Division 230 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Division 974 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 995-1(1) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 subsection 6(1) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 Division 11A | Taxation Administration Act 1953 section 12-245 | Taxation Administration Act 1953 section 12-300

Reasons for decision: Summary: All references are to the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) unless otherwise indicated. | Detailed Reasoning - Question 1:: Will the Notes satisfy the debt test in section 974-20 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 and therefore be debt interests within the meaning of subsection 974-15(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ? | Summary: The Notes satisfy the debt test in section 974-20 and therefore are debt interests within the meaning of subsection 974-15(1). | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: The object of Division 974 is to provide rules to determine whether various instruments are equity or debt for income tax purposes, irrespective of their legal form. The tests in Division 974 are intended to test the economic substance of the transaction or instrument in making this determination. The tax effects that generally flow from such a finding are that distributions on debt instruments will be deductible but unfrankable, and distributions on equity instruments will not be deductible but frankable. Whether the Notes are debt interests within the meaning of subsection 974-15(1) is determined generally in accordance with the tests contained in Subdivision 974-B. Pursuant to subsection 974-15(1), a scheme gives rise to a debt interest in an entity if the scheme, when it comes into existence, satisfies the debt test in subsection 974-20(1) in relation to the entity. Scheme is defined at subsection 995-1(1) as meaning any arrangement, or any scheme, plan, proposal, action, course of action or course of conduct, whether unilateral or otherwise. An arrangement is defined in subsection 995-1(1) as meaning any arrangement, agreement, understanding, promise or undertaking, whether express or implied, and whether or not enforceable (or intended to be enforceable) by legal proceedings. This is a broad definition covering a broad range of possible circumstances. As such, the Notes will constitute a scheme as defined in subsection 995-1(1). The debt test at subsection 974-20(1) provides: A *scheme satisfies the debt test in this subsection in relation to an entity if: (a) the scheme is a financing arrangement for the entity; and (b) the entity, or a connected entity of the entity, receives, or will receive, a financial benefit or benefits under the scheme; and (c) the entity has, or the entity and a connected entity of the entity each has, an effectively non-contingent obligation under the scheme to provide a financial benefit or benefits to one or more entities after the time when: (i) the financial benefit referred to in paragraph (b) is received if there is only one; or (ii) the first of the financial benefits referred to in paragraph (b) is received if there are more than one; and (d) it is substantially more likely than not that the value provided (worked out under subsection (2)) will be at least equal to the value received (worked out under subsection (3)); and (e) the value provided (worked out under subsection (2)) and the value received (worked out under subsection (3)) are not both nil. | Detailed Reasoning - Are the Notes financing arrangements for the purposes of paragraph 974-20(1)(a)?: Subsection 974-130(1) provides that a scheme is a financing arrangement if it is entered into or undertaken to raise finance for the entity (or a connected entity of the entity), to fund another scheme, or a part of another scheme, that is a financing arrangement, or to fund a return, or a part of a return, payable under or provided by or under another scheme, or a part of another scheme, that is a financing arrangement. The Notes are financing arrangements within the meaning given by section 974-130, as the issue of the Notes raised A$X million for XYZ, which will be used to support the general corporate purposes in carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income. As such, the condition in paragraph 974-20(1)(a) is satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - Did the entity receive a financial benefit under the Notes for the purposes of paragraph 974-20(1)(b)?: Subsection 974-160(1) defines financial benefit as (among other things) meaning anything of economic value. Under the transaction, XYZ will receive a cash amount of A$X million from holders for each Note issued to them. Pursuant to paragraph 974-160(1)(a), this is something of economic value. As such, the condition in paragraph 974-20(1)(b) is satisfied. Does the entity have an effectively non-contingent obligation under the Notes to provide a financial benefit for the purposes of paragraph 974-20(1)(c)? The term effectively non-contingent obligation (ENCO) is relevantly defined in subsections 974-135(1) to (3). Subsection 974-135(1) provides that there is an ENCO to take an action under a scheme if, having regard to the pricing, terms and conditions of the scheme, there is in substance or effect a non-contingent obligation to take that action. Subsection 974-135(3) provides that an obligation is non-contingent if it is not contingent on any event, condition or situation (including the economic performance of the entity having the obligation or a connected entity of that entity), other than the ability or willingness of that entity or connected entity to meet the obligation. In accordance with the Terms, XYZ will have an obligation under the scheme to provide the following financial benefits to the holders: the principal amount of the Notes, and interest calculated on the principal amount of the Notes at the prevailing interest rate, payable quarterly in arrears (subject to optional deferral). Under the Terms, the principal amount of the Notes must be paid (at the latest) on maturity date. Accordingly, there is an effectively non-contingent obligation to provide the principal amount. | Detailed Reasoning - Optional deferral of Interest: Though XYZ has the ability to defer interest payments under the Terms, this only goes to the timing of satisfying its obligation to pay such interest. There is no discretion for XYZ to legally avoid paying the interest altogether. Under the Terms it is a requirement that any outstanding deferred interest payments must be paid, at the latest, on maturity date together with the principal amount plus any interest accrued up to (but excluding) the maturity date. Any deferred interest is cumulative and will be compounded at the same interest rate as the principal amount of the Notes bears from time to time. Support for this position is expressed in ATO Interpretative Decision ATO ID 2006/125 Income tax: Term subordinated notes issue: deferred interest and the existence of an effectively non-contingent obligation (ATOID 2006/125). In ATOID 2006/125, a loan agreement allowed the borrower the option to either capitalise the interest falling due quarterly on the loan or to make cash payments. Whether the borrower had an ENCO was not affected if either option was chosen. It was a real amount which the borrower was required to pay or settle with the lender. | Detailed Reasoning - Change in interest rate: Certain instruments that give the issuer an unfettered discretion to reset the interest rate to any rate (including zero) will not constitute debt interests for income tax purposes because the payment of interest is contingent upon the issuer choosing to reset the interest rate (Taxation Determination TD 2006/1 Income tax: for the purposes of Division 974 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, if the issuer of an interest bearing instrument can change the rate of interest that will become payable to any rate (including zero) that it chooses at its sole discretion, does the issuer have an 'effectively non-contingent obligation' to provide 'financial benefits' as interest payments from the time that a change in the interest rate could take effect? ). Under the Terms of the Notes, the interest on the Notes is calculated according to a prescribed rate. At certain set times the interest will increase by a prescribed amount. Accordingly, XYZ does not have the discretion to reset the interest rate at any rate. | Detailed Reasoning - Subordination: The Terms provide that in the event of a winding-up, the holders' rights will be subordinate to the claims of the holders of senior obligations of XYZ. The subordination provisions of the Notes do not affect XYZ's obligations to pay the principal amount and accrued interest on the Notes (including any deferred interest payments). The obligations will ultimately become due and payable, as evidenced by the holders' ability to initiate proceedings for winding up of XYZ. The subordination merely operates to postpone enforcement of the obligation to a time that the senior obligations have been paid. The subordination of the Notes only relates to the priority on winding-up, rather than making the obligation to pay the principal amount and interest on the Notes contingent. | Detailed Reasoning - Optional early redemption: Pursuant to the Terms, XYZ may redeem the Notes prior to maturity date. As provided in paragraph 48 of Taxation Ruling TR 2008/3 Income tax: debt/equity - identification of any 'effectively non-contingent obligation' of an issuer of a convertible note to provide 'financial benefits' for the purposes of Division 974 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 if the note can be converted at any time at the issuer's discretion into shares that are equity interests in the issuer company (TR 2008/3), "...where the issuer does have an effectively non-contingent obligation to repay the amount of an investment, and to pay periodic returns on that amount as interest until the amount of the investment is repaid in form... the obligation to pay the interest attaches to or follows the effectively non-contingent obligation to repay the outstanding principal." The Terms do not impose an obligation on XYZ to redeem early, and the only consequence under the Terms of not redeeming at those times is that interest continues to the be paid on the Notes. As set out in the Assumptions, the increase in the interest rate at the prescribed rate on the relevant dates set under the Terms will not impose an ENCO to redeem the Notes at those dates or any other time prior to the maturity date. Accordingly, the optional early redemption does not make XYZ's obligation to pay interest on the Notes contingent. | Detailed Reasoning - Conclusion in respect of ENCO: On consideration of the above matters, in accordance with the Terms, the condition in paragraph 974-20(1)(c) is satisfied as there is an ENCO under the scheme to provide: the principal amount of the Notes, which must be paid (at the latest) on maturity date to holders, and interest calculated on the principal amount of the Notes at the prevailing interest rate, payable quarterly in arrears (subject to optional deferral) to holders. | Detailed Reasoning - Will the value of the financial benefits provided at least equal the value received by the entity for the purposes of paragraph 974-20(1)(d)?: Subsection 974-20(2) provides that the value provided is the value of the financial benefits to be provided under the scheme by the entity or a connected entity if there is only one, or the sum of the values of all the financial benefits provided or to be provided under the scheme by the entity or a connected entity of the entity if there are 2 or more. In respect of the value of the financial benefits received, paragraph 974-20(3)(a) provides that the value received is the value of the financial benefit received under the scheme by the entity. Subsection 974-20(4) provides that a financial benefit to be provided under the scheme by the entity is taken into account only if it is one that the entity has an ENCO to provide, and a financial benefit to be received under the scheme by the entity is taken into account only if it is one that another entity has an ENCO to provide. The value of the financial benefits is determined pursuant to subsection 974-35(1). Relevantly, the value of financial benefits provided or received under a scheme is to be calculated in present value terms if the performance period ends more than 10 years after the interest arising from the scheme is issued (subparagraph 974-35(1)(a)(ii)). Subsections 974-35(3) and (4) define the meaning of performance period. Under the Terms, the Notes have a maturity date that is more than 10 years from the issue date of the Notes. Given the performance period of the Notes will be more than 10 years, pursuant to subparagraph 974-35(1)(a)(ii) the financial benefits provided or received under the Notes must be valued in present value terms. Pursuant to subsection 974-35(2), the value of financial benefits provided or received under the Notes is calculated assuming that the interest arising from the scheme will continue to be held for the rest of its life. Section 974-40 further makes specific provision for cases in which there is a right or option to terminate the interest early. As there is no ENCO to exercise the option to redeem the Notes early, for the purposes of the Notes, it is assumed they will be held until the maturity date. Section 974-50 provides that the value of a financial benefit in present value terms is calculated using the formula at subsection 974-50(4) for each financial benefit separately. Subsection 974-50(3) provides that for the purpose of the formula at subsection 974-50(4), it is assumed that all amounts paid by an entity in respect of the interest are paid at the earliest time when the entity becomes liable to pay them. Accordingly, for the purpose of the Notes, it must be assumed interest will be paid at the interest payment dates and the principal amount will be paid at the maturity date. As set out in the Relevant facts and circumstances , there was no issuance of an ordinary debt interest with similar features to the Notes issued by XYZ immediately before the Notes. Based on calculations provided by XYZ, for the purposes of determining the present value of the financial benefits provided under the Notes, the subsequent value in present value terms of the accrued interest (on the basis it is paid on the interest payment dates) and the principal amount (on the basis it is paid on the maturity date) of the Notes is greater than the principal amount received on the Notes. As the present value of the financial benefits is greater than the principal amount received on the Notes, it is considered the present value of the financial benefits to be provided by XYZ in respect of the Notes (being the interest and principal amount) will exceed the value of the financial benefits received in respect of the Notes (being the issue price). As such, the condition in paragraph 974-20(1)(d) is satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - Will both the value of the financial benefits provided and the value received not be nil for the purposes of paragraph 974-20(1)(e)?: Both the value of the financial benefits to be provided by XYZ (being the interest and principal amount) and the value of the financial benefits to be received by XYZ (being the issue price) will be greater than nil. As such, the condition in paragraph 974-20(1)(e) is satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - Conclusion on the application of the debt test in subsection 974-20(1): As each of the requirements of the debt test under subsection 974-20(1) are satisfied, the Notes will be debt interests pursuant to subsection 974-15(1). | Detailed Reasoning - Question 2:: Will the Notes satisfy the equity test in subsection 974-70(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 and therefore be equity interests pursuant to subsection 974-70(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ? | Summary: The Notes will not satisfy the equity test in subsection 974-70(1) and therefore the Notes will not be equity interests pursuant to subsection 974-70(1). | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: The test for an equity interest in a company is contained in section 974-70 of Subdivision 974-C. | Detailed Reasoning - Are the Notes equity interests pursuant to subsection 974-70(1)?: Pursuant to subsection 974-70(1), a scheme gives rise to an equity interest in a company if: the scheme satisfies the equity test in subsection 974-75(1), and the interest is not characterised as a debt interest under Subdivision 974-B. As set out in the Detailed reasoning for Question 1, the Notes are characterised as debt interests under Subdivision 974-B. As such, they will not be equity interests in XYZ pursuant to subsection 974-70(1). | Detailed Reasoning - Are the Notes equity interests pursuant to subsection 974-70(2)?: The debt and equity test provisions include the concept of related schemes. An equity interest can also arise under subsection 974-70(2) if two or more related schemes give rise to a notional scheme with a combined effect of an equity interest. Having regard to the Relevant facts and circumstances , it is considered that there are no schemes related to the Notes that taken together give rise to an equity interest in XYZ. Accordingly, subsection 974-70(2) will not apply to characterise the Notes as equity interests. | Detailed Reasoning - Are the Notes equity interests pursuant to section 974-80?: An equity interest may also arise under section 974-80. Relevantly, section 974-80 requires that the interest is held by a connected entity of the company. A 'connected entity' is defined in section 995-1 to mean an associate of the entity or another member of the same wholly owned group if the entity is a company and is a member of such a group. An 'associate' is defined in section 318 of the ITAA 1936 and 'wholly owned group' has the meaning given by section 975-500. The Notes were not acquired by a connected entity (as defined in subsection 995-1(1)). As a result, the Notes will not satisfy the requirement at paragraph 974-80(1)(b), meaning the requirements of paragraphs 974-80(1)(a) to (d) will not all be present. Accordingly, section 974-80 will not apply to treat the Notes as equity interests in XYZ. | Detailed Reasoning - Question 3:: Will the Notes be financial arrangements pursuant to section 230-45 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ? | Summary: The Notes will be financial arrangements pursuant to section 230-45. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Division 230 deals with the tax treatment of gains and losses from financial arrangements. The Division provides for the recognition of gains and losses, as appropriate, over the life of a financial arrangement. For Division 230 to apply to the Notes, the Notes must be arrangements that satisfy the definition of financial arrangement. Section 230-45 is the general test to determine whether you have a financial arrangement. | Detailed Reasoning - Will the Notes constitute arrangements for the purposes of Division 230?: To determine whether the Notes are financial arrangements for the purposes of Division 230, it is first necessary to identify the relevant arrangement under section 230-55. Subsection 230-55(4) sets out factors that need to be considered when determining whether rights and/or obligations form a single arrangement or two or more separate arrangements for the purposes of Division 230. Whether a number of rights and/or obligations constitute one or more arrangements is a question of fact and degree. Having regard to the factors in subsection 230-55(4), on balance it is considered that each Note will constitute an arrangement for the purposes of Division 230. | Detailed Reasoning - Will the Notes constitute financial arrangements under section 230-45?: Pursuant to subsection 230-45(1), you have a financial arrangement if, broadly, you have, under an arrangement identified pursuant to section 230-55, a cash settlable right to receive or obligation to provide a financial benefit, or a combination of such rights and/or obligations, unless you have not insignificant other rights to receive or obligations to provide something which is not a financial benefit, or the other rights or obligations that are not cash settlable. | Detailed Reasoning - Are there cash settlable legal or equitable rights to receive or obligations to provide financial benefits under the Notes?: Subsection 230-45(2) specifies the circumstances in which a right to receive or obligation to provide a financial benefit that you have, is cash settlable. Under the Notes, the relevant rights and obligations that XYZ will have are: the right to receive the principal amount; an obligation to repay the principal amount, and an obligation to pay the interest amounts at the relevant interest rate. As set out in the Detailed reasoning to Question 1, paragraph 974-160(1)(a) provides that a 'financial benefit' means anything of economic value. Subsection 230-45(2) provides that a right you have to receive, or an obligation you have to provide, a financial benefit is cash settlable if, and only if, the benefit is money or a money equivalent. As each of the relevant rights and obligations that arise under the Notes are in respect of monetary amounts, the rights and obligations under the Notes constitute cash-settlable rights to receive or obligations to provide financial benefits. Paragraphs 230-45(1)(d), (e) and (f) will not apply to the Notes, as there are no non-insignificant non-cash settlable rights or obligations under the Notes. As the rights and obligations that arise under the Notes are all cash-settlable rights or obligations to receive or provide financial benefits, the Notes are financial arrangements under section 230-45. | Detailed Reasoning - Will the Notes constitute financial arrangements under section 230-50?: Section 230-50 provides two further tests for determining a financial arrangement, at subsection 230-50(1) and subsection 230-50(2). Subsection 230-50(1) provides that you also have a financial arrangementif you have an equity interest. Subsection 230-50(2) provides that you also have a financial arrangement if you have, under an arrangement, a legal or equitable right to receive, or obligation to provide (or a combination of one or more such rights and/or obligations) something that is a financial arrangement under section 230-50, and the right, obligation or combination does not constitute, or form part of, a financial arrangement under subsection 230-45(1). | Detailed Reasoning - Will the Notes constitute financial arrangements under subsection 230-50(1)?: An equity interest, as defined in Subdivision 974-C, is also a financial arrangement under subsection 230-50(1). Where an equity interest is also cash settlable, it may satisfy both subsection 230-50(1) and subsection 230-45(1). Taxation Determination TD 2011/12 Income tax: where an equity interest is a financial arrangement which satisfies both subsections 230-45(1) and 230-50(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, which provision applies? (TD 2011/12) provides the Commissioner's view on which provision takes precedence where an equity interest is a financial arrangement which satisfies both subsections 230-45(1) and 230-50(1). TD 2011/12 provides (at paragraph 10) that subsection 230-50(1) applies in preference to subsection 230-45(1). As such, in order to work out whether the Notes are financial arrangements under section 230-45, it is also necessary to determine whether the Notes satisfy subsection 230-50(1). Subsection 230-50(1) provides that the equity interest constitutes the financial arrangement. As set out in the Detailed reasoning to Question 2, the test for an equity interest in a company is contained in section 974-70 of Subdivision 974-C. As set out in the Detailed reasoning for Question 2, the Notes do not constitute equity interests under section 974-70 nor section 974-80. As such, they will not be financial arrangements under subsection 230-50(1). | Detailed Reasoning - Will the Notes constitute financial arrangements under subsection 230-50(2)?: No legal or equitable right to receive or obligation to provide (or a combination of one or more such rights and obligations) an equity interest arises under the Notes. As such, the Notes will not give rise to financial arrangements under subsection 230-50(2). | Detailed Reasoning - Subdivision 230-H (Exceptions): Division 230 does not apply to gains and losses from certain financial arrangements that are subject to exceptions under Subdivision 230-H. For completeness, having regard to the Relevant facts and circumstances , it is considered that none of these exceptions will apply to the Notes. | Detailed Reasoning - Question 4:: Will XYZ be entitled to deductions pursuant to subsection 230-15(2) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 for the loss in respect of interest payable on the Notes? | Summary: XYZ will be entitled to deductions pursuant to subsection 230-15(2) for the loss in respect of interest payable on the Notes. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: To determine whether a loss made from the Notes is deductible under Division 230, the loss must satisfy the requirements of subsection 230-15(2). Subsection 230-15(2) provides that you can deduct a loss you make from a *financial arrangement, but only to the extent that: you make it in gaining or producing your assessable income; or you necessarily make it in carrying on a *business for the purpose of gaining or producing your assessable income. As set out in the Detailed reasoning for Question 3, the Notes will be financial arrangements under section 230-45. The TOFA EM provides (at paragraph 3.72) that the rule in subsection 230-15(2) reflects the general deduction rule in section 8-1, in particular the nexus aspects. This means that case law in respect of the nexus aspects of section 8-1 is also relevant when determining whether losses made from a financial arrangement satisfy subsection 230-15(2). Taxation Ruling TR 95/25 Income tax: deductions for interest under section 8-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 following FC of T v. Roberts: FC of T v. Smith (TR 95/25) provides the Commissioner's view regarding the deductibility of interest expenses. TR 95/25 provides (at paragraph 21) that expenditure will be deductible if its essential character is that of expenditure that has a sufficient connection with the operations or activities which more directly gain or produce the taxpayer's assessable income. XYZ will use the funds raised from the issue of the Notes to support general corporate purposes in carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income. As such, XYZ will (subject to the response in respect of Question 6) be entitled to a deduction pursuant to subsection 230-15(2) for any loss made from the interest paid on the Notes, as it will be made in gaining or producing assessable income or necessarily made in carrying on its business for the purposes of gaining or producing assessable income. | Detailed Reasoning - Question 5:: Will deductions in respect of the Notes be recognised on an accruals basis pursuant to subsection 230-100(3) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997? | Summary: To the extent that such a loss is not taken into account under the balancing adjustment in Subdivision 230-G, deductions in respect of the Notes will be recognised on an accruals basis pursuant to subsection 230-100(3). | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Pursuant to section 230-40, the accruals and the realisation methods under Subdivision 230-B are the default methods which apply to financial arrangements that are not subject to any of the elective tax timing methods of Division 230. As set out in the Relevant facts and circumstances , it is assumedXYZ has not made any tax timing method elections under Subdivisions 230-C, 230-D, 230-E or 230-F. As a result, the default methods in Subdivision 230-B will apply to the Notes. The accruals method under subsection 230-100(2) (the overall gain or loss approach) or subsection 230-100(3) (the particular gain or loss approach) will apply where there is a sufficiently certain gain or loss from the financial arrangement. Where gains or losses are not sufficiently certain, the realisation method under subsection 230-100(5) will apply. To the extent that the balancing adjustment in Subdivision 230-G applies, neither the accruals method nor the realisation method will apply. The particular gain or loss approach (subsection 230-100(3)) is the default approach when applying the accruals method unless the taxpayer, if eligible, makes a choice to apply the accruals method to the overall gain or loss pursuant to paragraph 230-100(2)(c). As set out in the Relevant facts and circumstances , it is assumedXYZ, if eligible, will not make the choice under paragraph 230-100(2)(c), meaning the overall gain or loss approach will not apply to the Notes. To determine whether the particular gain or loss approach applies to the deductions arising under the Notes, it must be determined whether the loss arising from the interest paid on the Notes is a sufficiently certain particular loss. In deciding whether XYZ's gain or loss is sufficiently certain for the purposes of section 230-110, XYZ can only have regard to those financial benefits under the Notes that are sufficiently certain financial benefits. | Detailed Reasoning - Are there sufficiently certain financial benefits under the Note?: Whether a financial benefit is sufficiently certain is determined pursuant to section 230-115. Subsection 230-115(1) relevantly provides: In deciding for the purposes of this Subdivision whether it is sufficiently certain at a particular time that you make, or will make, a gain or loss from a *financial arrangement: (a) have regard only to: (i) *financial benefits that you are sufficiently certain to receive; and (ii) financial benefits that you are sufficiently certain to provide; and (b) have regard to those financial benefits only to the extent that the amount or value of the benefits is, at that time, fixed or determinable with reasonable accuracy. Subsection 230-115(2) relevantly provides: A *financial benefit that you are to receive or provide is to be treated as one that you are sufficiently certain to receive or to provide only if: (a) it is reasonably expected that you will receive or provide the financial benefit (assuming that you will continue to have the *financial arrangement for the rest of its life); and (b) at least some of the amount or value of the benefit is, at that time, fixed or determinable with reasonable accuracy. Where a calculation of a financial benefit relies on a certain type of variable, the taxpayer is required to assume that the variable will remain constant at the value it had at the particular time at which the 'sufficiently certain' test in subsection 230-115(2) is applied (subsection 230-115(4)). Under the Terms, the interest amount payable on any interest payment date shall be calculated by applying the applicable interest rate to the principal amount of each Note. Though the payment of the interest amounts may be deferred, they must be paid (at the latest) on the maturity date, and any deferred interest is cumulative and will be compounded at the same interest rate as the principal amount of the Notes bears from time to time. As such, the interest amounts are financial benefits that XYZ is sufficiently certain to provide and the amount or value is fixed and determinable with reasonable accuracy at the start of the financial arrangement. The interest amounts are therefore sufficiently certain financial benefits pursuant to section 230-115. Under the Terms, XYZ must redeem the Notes (at the latest) on the maturity date and provide the principal amount. The principal amount is a financial benefit that XYZ is sufficiently certain to provide, and the amount or value is fixed and determinable with reasonable accuracy at the start of the financial arrangement. The principal amount is therefore a sufficiently certain financial benefit pursuant to section 230-115. | Detailed Reasoning - Does XYZ have a sufficiently certain particular gain or loss under section 230-110?: Section 230-110 identifies when a gain or loss is a sufficiently certain particular gain or loss from a particular event. Subsection 230-110(1) relevantly provides that you have a sufficiently certain particular gain or loss from a financial arrangement at a particular time if it is sufficiently certain at that time that a gain or loss, of at least a particular amount, will be made upon the receipt or provision of a financial benefit, or upon the cessation of a right or obligation, under the arrangement. Assuming the Notes are redeemed at the maturity date, XYZ will not make a sufficiently certain particular gain or loss in respect of the principal amount as the net amount will be zero. At the time the interest amounts are provided, it is sufficiently certain that XYZ will make a sufficiently certain particular loss of a particular amount. As such, pursuant to section 230-110, XYZ will make a particular loss of a particular amount in respect of each interest amount. | Detailed Reasoning - Balancing adjustment under Subdivision 230-G: The balancing adjustment under Subdivision 230-G applies to any gains or losses that arise when the taxpayer either transfers some or all of the rights and obligations under the arrangement to another person, or all of the taxpayer's rights or obligations under the arrangement otherwise cease. Pursuant to subsection 230-40(2), where the balancing adjustment under Subdivision 230-G is applied to take into account a gain or loss, that gain or loss cannot be taken into account under the methods set out in Subdivision 230-B. As a result, where any of the circumstances in subsection 230-435(1) occurs (including when the Notes are redeemed), a balancing adjustment under Subdivision 230-G will occur, and neither the accruals method nor the realisation method will apply. | Detailed Reasoning - Will XYZ be permitted to apply the particular gain or loss approach under subsection 230-100(3)?: The particular gain or loss approach at subsection 230-100(3) is the default approach when applying the accruals method. Pursuant to section 230-110, XYZ will make a particular loss of a particular amount in respect of each interest amount. Accordingly, the accruals method will apply to any loss made from the interest paid on the Notes pursuant to subsection 230-100(3) to the extent that such a loss is not taken into account under the balancing adjustment in Subdivision 230-G. | Detailed Reasoning - Question 6:: Will subsection 230-15(5) or subsection 230-15(6) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 apply to limit the deductions in respect of the Notes under subsection 230-15(2) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ? | Summary: Neither subsection 230-15(5) nor subsection 230-15(6) will apply to limit the deductions in respect of the Notes under subsection 230-15(2). | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Subsection 230-15(4) modifies the operation of subsection 230-15(2). Pursuant to subsection 230-15(4), a loss made from a debt interest is not prevented from being deductible merely because the loss is contingent on economic performance or secures a permanent or enduring benefit. The loss must still otherwise satisfy the requirements of subsection 230-15(2) to be deductible under this provision. If subsection 230-15(4) is relied upon to enable the nexus in subsection 230-15(2) to be satisfied, a loss is deductible under subsection 230-15(2) to the extent that the internally compounded internal rate of return on the debt interest does not exceed the benchmark rate of return plus 150 basis points pursuant to subsection 230-15(5) or as specified by regulation if made pursuant to subsection 230-15(6). | Detailed Reasoning - Is the financial arrangement a debt interest that is deductible under subsection 230-15(2)?: As set out in the Detailed Reasoning forQuestion 1, the Notes are debt interests as defined under Subdivision 974-B. As set out in the Detailed Reasoning forQuestion 3, the Notes are financial arrangements under section 230-45. As set out in the Detailed Reasoning forQuestion 4, XYZ is entitled to a deduction under subsection 230-15(2) for any loss made from the interest paid on the Notes. | Detailed Reasoning - Will the loss arising from the interest satisfy the requirement at subsection 230-15(4)(a)?: Subsection 230-15(4)(a) will apply if one or more of the financial benefits that are taken into account in working out the amount of the loss are contingent on aspects of the economic performance (whether past, current or future) of XYZ or part of its activities, or a connected entity of XYZ or part of the activities of a connected entity of XYZ. As set out in the Detailed Reasoning for Question 1, paragraph 974-160(1)(a) provides that a 'financial benefit' means anything of economic value. The interest provided under the Notes will be a financial benefit that will be taken into account in working out the amount of loss. Pursuant to subsection 974-85, a right, or the amount of a return, is contingent on aspects of the economic performance of an entity, or a part of the entity's activities, if the right or return is contingent on the economic performance of that entity, or that part of those activities, but not solely because of the ability or willingness of an entity to meet the obligation to satisfy the right to the return, or the receipts or turnover of the entity or the turnover generated by those activities. The interest on the Notes is not contingent on aspects of the economic performance (as defined in section 974-85), as the interest paid on the Notes: will be payable at the specified rate rather than the Notes carrying a return based on a percentage of XYZ' (or any associate entity's) income or profit will not be subject to available profits or cash flows, and though interest may be deferred, any deferred interest must be paid at maturity date and is cumulative and will compound at the same interest rate as the principal amount of the Notes. As such, the interest is not linked to the economic performance of any particular business or asset, and the loss arising in respect of the interest will not satisfy the requirement at paragraph 230-15(4)(a). | Detailed Reasoning - Will the loss arising from the interest satisfy the requirement at subsection 230-15(4)(b)?: Under the Terms of the Notes, the Notes are not perpetual and have a set maturity date, at which the principal amount and any accrued interest and outstanding deferred interest payments must be paid to the holders. The Notes will not secure a permanent or enduring benefit for XYZ or any connected entity. As such, the loss arising in respect of the interest will not satisfy the requirement at paragraph 230-15(4)(b). | Detailed Reasoning - Conclusion: Accordingly, any loss made from the interest paid on the Notes that is otherwise deductible under subsection 230-15(2) is deductible under subsection 230-15(2) without having to rely on subsection 230-15(4) and subsections 230-15(5) and (6) do not apply to limit the deduction available under subsection 230-15(2). | Detailed Reasoning - Question 7:: Will XYZ be required to withhold an amount under section 12-245 of Subdivision 12-F of Part 2-5 of Schedule 1 to the Taxation Administration Act 1953 from interest payments made in respect of the Notes? | Summary: XYZ will not be required to withhold an amount under section 12-245 of Subdivision 12-F of Part 2-5 of Schedule 1 to the Taxation Administration Act 1953 (TAA 1953) from interest payments made in respect of the Notes. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Section 12-245 of Subdivision 12-F of Part 2-5 of Schedule 1 to the TAA 1953 provides that an entity is required to withhold an amount from certain payments of interest if: the recipient or any of the recipients has an address outside Australia, or the payer is authorised to pay the interest at a place outside Australia (whether to the recipient or any of the recipients or to anyone else). Interest is defined for the purposes of Division 11A of Part III of the ITAA 1936 at subsection 128A(1AB) of the ITAA 1936 as including an amount that is in the nature of interest. As under the Notes XYZ will pay interest amounts that are interest within the meaning of Division 11A of Part III of the ITAA 1936, pursuant to section 12-245 of the TAA 1953, XYZ may be required to withhold an amount from interest payments it makes to certain holders of the Notes. Section 12-300 of Schedule 1 to the TAA 1953 provides for limits on the amount to be withheld. Relevantly, paragraph 12-300(a) provides Subdivision 12-F of Schedule 1 of the TAA 1953 does not require an entity to withhold an amount from a dividend, from interest (within the meaning of Division 11A of Part III of the ITAA 1936) or from a royalty if no withholding tax is payable in respect of the dividend, interest or royalty. Accordingly, XYZ will not be required to withhold an amount from the interest payments it makes to certain holders of the Notes if no withholding tax is payable in respect of the interest payments. | Detailed Reasoning - Payments exempt from withholding tax: Section 128B of Division 11A of Part III of the ITAA 1936 deals with liability to withholding tax. Broadly, a non-resident is liable to pay withholding tax under subsection 128B(5) of the ITAA 1936 where a non-resident derives income that consists of interest and the requirements of subsection 128B(2) of the ITAA 1936 are satisfied in relation to that income. Subsection 128B(2) of the ITAA 1936 will be satisfied where (subject to exemptions at subsection 128B(3) of the ITAA 1936) income: is derived, on or after 1 January 1968, by a non-resident, and consists of interest that is paid to the non-resident by a person to whom this section applies and is not an outgoing wholly incurred by that person in carrying on business in a country outside Australia at or through a permanent establishment of that person in that country. Of the exemptions at subsection 128B(3) of the ITAA 1936, relevantly subparagraph 128B(3)(h)(iv) of the ITAA 1936 provides that section 128B of the ITAA 1936 does not apply to income that consists of interest to which sections 128F, 128FA or 128GB of the ITAA 1936 apply. Subsection 128F(1) of the ITAA 1936 provides an exemption from withholding tax for interest paid by a company in respect of a debenture or debt interest in the company if: (a) the company was a resident of Australia when it issued the debenture or debt interest; and (b) the company is a resident of Australia when the interest is paid; and (c) for a debt interest other than a debenture - the debt interest: (i) is a non-equity share; or (ii) consists of 2 or more related schemes (within the meaning of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ) where one or more of them is a non-equity share; or (iii) is a syndicated loan; or (iv) is prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this section; and (d) either: (i) the issue of the debenture or debt interest satisfies the public offer test set out in subsection (3) or (4); or (ii) for a syndicated loan - the invitation to become a lender under the relevant syndicated loan facility satisfies the public offer test set out in subsection (3A). | Detailed Reasoning - Debt interest or debenture: Section 128F of the ITAA 1936 applies to interest paid by a company in respect of a debenture or debt interest in the company. As set out in the Detailed reasoning for Question 1 , the Notes will be debt interests pursuant to the debt test in section 974-20. The Notes may also be debentures. 'Debenture' is defined subsection 128F(9) of the ITAA 1936 as including a promissory note or a bill of exchange (in addition to the things mentioned in the definition of debenture in subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936). Subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936 defines 'debenture' as, in relation to a company, including debenture stock, bonds, notes and any other securities of the company, whether constituting a charge on the assets of the company or not. XYZ issued the Notes in the form of fully-paid unsecured subordinated notes. As they are notes, it follows that the Notes will also be considered debentures pursuant to subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936. | Detailed Reasoning - Company resident of Australia when debenture or debt interest is issued and when the interest is paid: As set out in the Relevant facts and circumstances , it is assumed that XYZ was a resident for Australian income tax purposes when the Notes were issued and will remain a resident when interest is paid on the Notes. As such, paragraphs 128F(1)(a) and (b) of the ITAA 1936 will be satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - Debt interest other than a debenture: Paragraph 128F(1)(c) of the ITAA 1936 will apply where the debt interest is not a debenture. As provided above, the Notes will be debt interests that are also debentures. Accordingly, paragraph 128F(1)(c) of the ITAA 1936 will not apply to the Notes. | Detailed Reasoning - Public offer test: Paragraph 128F(1)(d) of the ITAA 1936 provides that the issue of the debenture must satisfy the public offer test set out in subsections (3) or (4). Subsection 128F(4) of the ITAA 1936 is not relevant as it applies to global bonds. Accordingly, the Notes must satisfy the requirements of subsection 128F(3) of the ITAA 1936. Subsection 128F(3) of the ITAA 1936 contains five public offer tests. One of these tests must be satisfied. The first public offer test at paragraph 128F(3)(a) of the ITAA 1936 states the issue of a debenture or debt interest by a company satisfies the public offer test if the issue resulted from the debenture or debt interest being offered for issue to at least 10 persons each of whom: was carrying on a business of providing finance, or investing or dealing in securities, in the course of operating a financial market, and was not known, or suspected, by the company to be an associate (see subsection (9)) of any of the other persons covered by this paragraph. | Detailed Reasoning - Were the Notes offered for issue?: In order to satisfy the first public offer test, the issue of the debenture or debt interest must have resulted from the debenture or debt interest being 'offered' for issue. The term 'offered' is not defined in the legislation. Taxation Determination TD 1999/24 Income tax: interest withholding tax exemption under section 128F of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 - how may a company satisfy the introductory requirements in paragraphs 128F(3)(a) and 128F(3)(b) that a debenture must be offered on a 'debenture by debenture' basis? (TD 1999/24) considers the phrase 'offered for issue' in subsection 128F(3) of the ITAA 1936 for the purposes of the first and second public offer test in paragraphs 128F(3)(a) and 128F(3)(b) of the ITAA 1936 . Paragraphs 3 and 4 of TD 1999/24 provide: 3. For the purposes of the introductory words of paragraphs 128F(3)(a) and 128F(3)(b), 'offered' is not limited to meaning 'offer' in the context of a contractual offer. Rather, the word includes invitations or inducements to potential investors to make offers. For example, the placement of an advertisement that the company wishes to issue debentures, is an attempt to induce offers from potential investors rather than an offer itself (in other words, it is an 'invitation to treat'). 4. Therefore, the introductory words are satisfied where the debentures are advertised for issue or other invitations or inducements are made in accordance with their respective public offer test, giving potential investors the opportunity to make an offer to the company for the acquisition of the debenture/s. The XYZ Group advertised the issue of the Notes through issuing the offering circular to the market. The issuing of the offering circular constitutes an invitation or inducement to potential investors and therefore constitutes an offer for the purposes of subsection 128F(3) of the ITAA 1936. | Detailed Reasoning - Were the Notes offered to at least 10 persons?: Paragraph 128F(3)(a) of the ITAA 1936 requires that the debenture or debt interest must be offered for issue to at least 10 persons that are carrying on a business of providing finance, or investing or dealing in securities, in the course of operating in financial markets, and are not known by the company to be associates of one another. As set out in the Relevant facts and circumstances , the Notes were offered to more than ten institutional investors that are carrying on a business of providing finance or investing or dealing in securities in the course of operating in a financial market and that are not known by XYZ to be associates (as defined in subsection 128F(9) of the ITAA 1936) of one another. Therefore, the first public offer test contained in paragraph 128F(3)(a) of the ITAA 1936 will be satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - Will the exemptions to the public offer test apply?: For the purpose of determining whether public offer test in subsection 128F(3) of the ITAA 1936 is satisfied, it is also necessary to consider subsection 128F(5) of the ITAA 1936, which specifies when the issue of debentures or debt interests does not satisfy the public offer test. Subsection 128F(5) of the ITAA 1936 provides, broadly, that the issue of a debenture or debt interest by a company does not satisfy the public offer test if, at the time of the issue, the company knew, or had reasonable grounds to suspect, that: the debenture, an interest in the debenture or the debt interest was being, or would be, acquired either directly or indirectly by an associate of the company, and either: the associate is a non-resident and the debenture or interest, or the debt interest, was not being, or would not be, acquired by the associate in carrying on a business in Australia at or through a permanent establishment of the associate in Australia, or the associate is a resident of Australia and the debenture or interest, or the debt interest, was being, or would be, acquired by the associate in carrying on a business in a country outside Australia at or through a permanent establishment of the associate in that country. As set out in the Relevant facts and circumstances , the Notes were not acquired either directly or indirectly by an associate (as defined in subsection 128F(9) of the ITAA 1936) of XYZ. Accordingly, subsection 128F(5) of the ITAA 1936 will not apply, and the public offer test at subsection 128F(3) of the ITAA 1936 is satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - No exemption for interest paid to certain associates of the issuing company: Subsection 128F(6) of the ITAA 1936 provides that there is no exemption from liability to interest withholding tax where amounts are paid to associates of the issuing company. Subsection 128F(6) of the ITAA 1936 is an ongoing test. In order for the test to be satisfied, the entity must ensure that it meets the requirements in subsection 128F(6) each time it makes an interest payment. As set out in the Relevant facts and circumstances , it is assumed , the interest paid in respect of the Notes will not be paid to an associate (as defined in subsection 128F(9) of the ITAA 1936) of XYZ. Accordingly, subsection 128F(6) of the ITAA 1936 will not apply to exclude the interest paid on the Notes from the exemption from withholding tax. | Detailed Reasoning - Conclusion: Based on the above, section 128F of the ITAA 1936 will exempt the interest paid on the Notes from withholding tax under Division 11A of the ITAA 1936. Accordingly, XYZ will not be required to withhold an amount from interest paid on the Notes under section 12-245 of Schedule 1 to the TAA 1953.