Private ruling: Sovereign immunity
Date of advice: 10 April 2024
Published: 20 May 2024
Ruling period: 1 July 20xx to 30 June 20yy
Date scheme commenced: 1 July 20xx

Ruling: Q1: Is the ordinary and statutory income derived by the Bank from its Australian investments not assessable and not exempt income under section 880-105 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997)? | A1: Yes. | Q2: Will any capital gain arising to the Bank in respect of the equity investment assets be disregarded pursuant to section 880-115 of the ITAA 1997? | A2: Yes. | Q3: Does paragraph 128B(3)(n) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936) apply to exclude the Bank from liability to withholding tax on income that is non-assessable non-exempt income due to the operation of Division 880 of the ITAA 1997? | A3: Yes.

Relevant facts and circumstances: In connection with the management of the Country X foreign exchange reserves, Entity A acts as an agent of the Bank in making investments with such foreign exchange reserves. The beneficial owner of all the accounts opened or transactions entered into for the purpose of investment with such foreign exchange reserves is the Bank and all the income arising from such activities belongs to the Bank, rather than Entity A. The Bank The Bank is the central bank of Country X. The Bank formulates and implements monetary policy, prevents and mitigates financial risks, and maintains the financial stability. The objective of the monetary policy is to maintain the stability of the value of the currency and thereby promote economic growth. The Bank undertakes the following functions: a. Formulates and implements monetary policy. b. Issues currency and manages its circulation. c. Controls and oversees the inter-bank lending market and the inter-bank bond market. d. Executes foreign exchange administration, regulate and supervise the inter-bank foreign exchange market. e. Holds, administers and manages the Country X foreign exchange reserves. f. Manages the Country X treasury. g. Safeguards normal operation of the payment and settlement systems. h. Organises anti-money laundering work in the financial sector and supervising the movement of funds for anti-money laundering purpose; i. Conducts statistics, surveys, analysis, and forecasts of the financial industry. j. Participates in related international financial activities in the capacity of the central bank of Country X. k. Performs other functions assigned by Country X. The Bank reports to Country X its decisions concerning annual monetary supply, interest rates, exchange rate and other important issues specified by Country X for approval before they are implemented. All of the capital of the Bank is funded by and owned by Country X. The Bank has one Member and a certain number of Deputy Members chosen by Country X representatives. The Bank may deal in Country X bonds, other government bonds, and financial bonds and foreign exchange on the open market in order to implement monetary policies. The Bank will also manage the Country X treasury. The Bank exercises independent control over its budget. The Bank after withdrawing funds for its general reserve will turn over to the Country X treasury the entire net profit reaming from its income in an accounting year minus expenses.

Relevant legislative provisions: Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Division 880

Reasons for decision: Summary: Ordinary and statutory income derived by the Bank as a return on the investments is not assessable and not exempt income due to the operation of section 880-105 of the ITAA 1997. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Section 880-105 of the ITAA 1997 provides that amounts of ordinary and statutory income derived by a sovereign entity are not assessable and not exempt income if certain conditions are met. Those conditions are listed in subsection 880-105(1) of the ITAA 1997: (a) the sovereign entity is covered by section 880-125; and (b) the amount is a return on any of the following kinds of interest that the sovereign entity holds in another entity (the test entity ): (i) a *membership interest; (ii) a *debt interest; (iii) a *non-share equity interest; and (c) the test entity is: (i) a company that is an Australian resident at the time (the income time ) when the amount becomes ordinary or statutory income of the sovereign entity; or (ii) a *managed investment trust in relation to the income year in which the income time occurs; and (d) the *sovereign entity group of which the sovereign entity is a member satisfies the portfolio interest test in subsection (4) in relation to the test entity: (i) at the income time; and (ii) throughout any 12-month period that began no earlier than 24 months before that time and ended no later than that time; and (e) the sovereign entity group of which the sovereign entity is a member does not have influence of a kind described in subsection (6) in relation to the test entity at the income time. These conditions are considered below. | Detailed Reasoning - The Bank is a covered sovereign entity: Section 880-125 of the ITAA 1997 states: A *sovereign entity is covered by this section if it satisfies all of the following requirements: (a) the entity is funded solely by public monies; (b) all returns on the entity's investments are public monies; (c) the entity is not a partnership; (d) the entity is not any of the following: (i) a *public non-financial entity; (ii) a *public financial entity (other than a public financial entity that only carries on central banking activities). These conditions are considered below. | Detailed Reasoning - The Bank is a sovereign entity: For an entity to be covered by section 880-125 of the ITAA 1997, it must be a sovereign entity. Section 880-15 of the ITAA 1997 defines a sovereign entity to be any of the following: (a) a body politic of a foreign country, or a part of a foreign country; (b) a *foreign government agency; (c) an entity: (i) in which an entity covered by paragraph (a) or (b) holds a *total participation interest of 100%; and (ii) that is not an Australian resident; and (iii) that is not a resident trust estate for the purposes of Division 6 of Part III of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 . A 'foreign government agency' is defined in subsection 995-1(1) of the ITAA 1997 as: (a) the government of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country; or (b) an authority of the government of a foreign country; or (c) an authority of the government of part of a foreign country. The Bank as the central bank of Country X. The Bank among other central banking activities holds, administers and manages the Country X foreign exchange reserves. The Bank is under the leadership of, and reports its activities to, Country X. Specifically, it reports its decisions concerning the money supply and exchange rates. The Bank has one Member and a certain number of Deputy Members chosen by Country X representatives. Based on the above facts, the Bank is a foreign government agency as defined in subsection 995-1(1) of the ITAA 1997 and is therefore a sovereign entity under paragraph 880-15(b) of the ITAA 1997. Therefore, this requirement is satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - The Bank is funded solely by public monies: The phrase 'public monies' is not defined and as such takes its ordinary meaning. In the context of Division 880 of the ITAA 1997, this phrase essentially means monies raised by a foreign government (or part of a foreign government) for a public purpose which form part of the foreign government's (or part of the foreign government's) equivalent to Australia's Consolidated Revenue Fund ( Roy Morgan Research Pty Ltd v FC of T & Anor [2011] HCA 35). This would ordinarily include general tax revenue, proceeds from the issue of government bonds, the proceeds of privatisations etc. All the capital of the Bank is funded and owned by Country X. The Bank is therefore funded solely by public monies. All returns on Bank's investments are public monies The Bank's budget is reviewed by the fiscal authority and becomes part of the Country X government budget. The Bank surrenders to the central budget its net profit each accounting year after the fiscal authority makes provisions for the Bank. Losses of the Bank are covered by fiscal appropriation from the central budget. Therefore, all returns on the Bank's investments are public monies. The Bank is not a partnership The Bank was established by Country X law. It is not a partnership. As such, it satisfies this requirement. The Bank is not a public non-financial entity or public financial entity Subsection 880-130(1) of the ITAA 1997 defines the term public non-financial entity: An entity is a public non-financial entity if its principal activity is either or both of the following: (a) producing or trading non-financial goods; (b) providing services that are not financial services. Subsection 880-130(2) of the ITAA 1997 defines the term public financial entity: An entity is a public financial entity if any of the following requirements are satisfied: (a) it trades in financial assets and liabilities; (b) it operates commercially in the financial markets; (c) its principal activities include providing any of the following financial services: (i) financial intermediary services, including deposit-taking and insurance services; (ii) financial auxiliary services, including brokerage, foreign exchange and investment management services; (iii) capital financial institution services, including financial services in relation to assets or liabilities that are not available on open financial markets. It is noted that subparagraph 880-125(d)(ii) of the ITAA 1997 excludes public financial entities that only carry on central banking activities from being excluded as a covered sovereign entity. Paragraph 81 of LCR 2020/3 lists the following as 'central banking activities': • monetary policy development • issuing national currency • acting as custodian of international reserves, and • providing banking services to government. Paragraph 83 of the LCR 2020/3 also states: Whether a public financial entity is 'only' carrying on central banking activities is a question of fact. It is important to note that a public financial entity may carry on both central banking activities and non-central banking activities (for example, commercial banking). Where this is the case, the public financial entity is not excluded from subparagraph 880-125(d)(ii). When determining whether an activity constitutes the exercise of governmental functions, it is necessary to examine the nature of the activity conducted by the foreign government or its instrumentality. Whether an operation or activity is commercial in nature will depend on the facts of each particular case. The Bank was established by Country X to conduct its central banking activities. The Bank does not produce or trade non-financial goods and does not provide services that are not financial services. Whilst the Bank trades in financial assets and liabilities, and undertakes the activities listed in paragraph 880-130(2)(c) of the ITAA 1997, it does so as the central bank of the Bank. As such it is excluded from being a public financial entity under subparagraph 880-125(d)(ii) of the ITAA 1997. Therefore, the Bank is not a public non-financial entity nor a public financial entity and passes the condition in paragraph 880-125(d) of the ITAA 1997. As the Bank satisfies each of the requirements in paragraphs 880-125(a) through (d) of the ITAA 1997 it is considered a sovereign entity that is covered by section 880-125 of the ITAA 1997 for the purposes of paragraph 880-105(1)(a) of the ITAA 1997. | Detailed Reasoning - The Bank's return is received on a relevant interest in the test entities: For an amount of ordinary income or statutory income of a sovereign entity to satisfy paragraph 880-105(1)(b) of the ITAA 1997, it must be a 'return on' a membership interest, debt interest or non-share equity interest held by the sovereign entity in the test entities. As detailed in paragraph 4.37 of the Explanatory Memorandum to the Making Sure Foreign Investors Pay Their Fair Share of Tax in Australia and Other Measures) Act 2019 ('the EM'), a 'return on' a membershipinterest for the purposes of paragraph 880-105(1)(b) of the ITAA 1997 will include: 1. dividends - including non-share dividends and dividends that pass through a managed investment trust (MIT) 2. interest - including interest that passes through a MIT 3. fund payments made by a MIT (other than fund payments that are attributable to non-concessional MIT income), and 4. revenue gains made on the disposal of an interest in the test entity - including revenue gains that pass through a MIT. The test entities for the purposes of this ruling are the publicly-traded companies and MITs in which the Bank holds shares and units respectively (which meet the requirements of being membership interests as defined by the interaction of sections 960-135 and 960-130 of the ITAA 1997) or debt interests and pay to the Bank: • MIT fund payments, including interest components of trust distributions • Dividends • Interest. As such, the Bank will receive amounts which satisfy the requirements of paragraph 880-105(1)(b) of the ITAA 1997. | Detailed Reasoning - The Bank's income is received from Australian resident companies or MITs: For an amount of ordinary income or statutory income of a sovereign entity to satisfy paragraph 880-105(1)(c) of the ITAA 1997, it must be received from an entity that is either: i. a company that is an Australian resident at the time (the income time ) when the amount becomes ordinary or statutory income of the sovereign entity; or ii. a *managed investment trust in relation to the income year in which the income time occurs. The test entities are Australian resident companies and MITs. As such, the Bank receives income from entities which satisfy the requirements of paragraph 880-105(1)(c) of the ITAA 1997. | Detailed Reasoning - The Bank satisfies the portfolio interest test: For an amount of ordinary income or statutory income of a sovereign entity to satisfy paragraph 880-105(1)(d) of the ITAA 1997, the sovereign entity and the sovereign entity group to which it belongs must satisfy the portfolio interest test in relation to the test entity/ies at both the income time and throughout any 12 month period that began no earlier than 24 months before that time and ended no later than that time. The portfolio interest test is outlined in subsection 880-105(4) of the ITAA 1997, which states: A *sovereign entity group satisfies the portfolio interest test in this subsection in relation to the test entity at a time if, at that time, the sum of the *total participation interests that each *member of the group holds in the test entity: (a) is less than 10%; and (b) would be less than 10% if, in working out the *direct participation interest that any entity holds in a company: (i) an *equity holder were treated as a shareholder; and (ii) the total amount contributed to the company in respect of *non-share equity interests were included in the total paid-up share capital of the company. Section 880-20 of the ITAA 1997 provides the definition of sovereign entity group. Broadly, sovereign entities of the same foreign government will be members of the same sovereign entity group and sovereign entities of the same part of a foreign government will be members of the same sovereign entity group. The Bank is unaware of any entity in its sovereign entity group that holds interests in the Australian investments. The Bank and its sovereign entity group holds less than 10% of the total shares on issue of each Australian company and less than 10% of the total units on issue of each Australian trust. As such, the Bank's interest in the test entities satisfy the requirements of paragraph 880-105(d) of the ITAA 1997. | Detailed Reasoning - The Bank does not have influence of a kind described in subsection 880-105(6) of the ITAA 1997: For an amount of ordinary income or statutory income of a sovereign entity to satisfy paragraph 880-105(1)(e) of the ITAA 1997, at the income time the sovereign entity group to which the sovereign entity belongs must not have influence over the test entity of a kind described in subsection 880-105(6) of the ITAA 1997. Subsection 880-105(6) of the ITAA 1997 states: A *sovereign entity group has influence of a kind described in this subsection in relation to the test entity at a time if any of the following requirements are satisfied at that time: a) a *member of the group: (i) is directly or indirectly able to determine; or (ii) in acting in concert with others, is directly or indirectly able to determine; the identity of at least one of the persons who, individually or together with others, make (or might reasonably be expected to make) the decisions that comprise the control and direction of the test entity's operations; b) at least one of those persons is accustomed or obliged to act, or might reasonably be expected to act, in accordance with the directions, instructions or wishes of a member of the group (whether those directions, instructions or wishes are expressed directly or indirectly, or through the member acting in concert with others). As such, there are two distinct sub-tests within the influence test. Sub-test 1 of the influence test, as contained in paragraph 880-105(6)(a), assesses whether the sovereign entity group is able to determine the identity of at least one of the persons who, individually or together with others, makes or is reasonably expected to make, decisions comprising the control and direction of the test entity's operations. This includes situations where the sovereign entity group is able to act in concert with others to determine the identity of a relevant decision-maker in the test entity. Sub-test 1 also extends to situations where the sovereign entity group, in its own right, holds the ability to approve or veto decisions which go to the control or direction of the test entity. Sub-test 2 of the influence test, as contained in paragraph 880-105(6)(b) of the ITAA 1997, assesses whether at least one of the relevant decision-making persons of the test entity is accustomed or obliged to act, or might reasonably be expected to act, in accordance with the directions, instructions or wishes of the sovereign entity group. In relation to the Bank's investments in the Australian companies and trusts: (a) the Bank has no involvement in the day to day management of the business of any of the Australian companies or trusts (b) the Bank has no right to appoint a director to the Board of Directors of any of the Australian companies and has no right to appoint a director to the Board of Directors of any of the trustee companies for the trusts (c) the Bank has no right to representation on any investor representative or advisory committee (or similar) of any of the Australian companies or trusts (d) the Bank has no ability to direct or influence the operation of the Australian company or trust outside of the ordinary rights conferred by the share or unit interest held, and (e) the Bank only holds rights to vote as a shareholder or unitholder in proportion to its share interest in the Australian companies or trusts. In relation to the Bank's investments in the debt investments: (a) the Bank has no involvement in the day to day management of the business of any the Australian debt issuers (b) the Bank has not acquired the right to appoint a director to the Board of Directors of any issuing Australian debt issuer (c) the Bank have not acquired the right to representation on any investor's representative or advisory committee (or similar) of the Australian Debt Issuer (d) the Bank has no ability to direct or influence the operation of the Australian debt issuer outside of the ordinary rights conferred by the debt interest held (e) the Bank has no voting rights in respect of the debt investments held, and (f) there are no special relationships or arrangements between the Bank, and the issuers of the Australian debt investments held which affect the amount of interest income that is paid from those investments. Based upon the above, the sovereign entity group of the Bank does not have influence of a kind described in subsection 880-105(6) of the ITAA 1997 and will, therefore, satisfy the requirements of paragraph 880-105(1)(e) of the ITAA 1997. | Detailed Reasoning - Conclusion: As all of the conditions listed in subsection 880-105(1) of the ITAA 1997 have been satisfied, section 880-105 of the ITAA 1997 will apply so that amounts of ordinary and statutory income derived by the Bank's from its investments in the Australian investments are not assessable and not exempt income. | Detailed Reasoning - Question 2: Will any capital gain arising to the Bank in respect of the equity investment assets be disregarded pursuant to section 880-115 of the ITAA 1997? | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed Reasoning: Section 880-115 of the ITAA 1997 provides that a capital gain of a sovereign entity from a CGT event that happens in relation to a CGT asset is disregarded if the following conditions are met: (a) the sovereign entity is covered by section 880-125; and (b) the CGT asset is a membership interest, non-share equity interest or debt interest in another entity; and (c) the requirements in paragraphs 880-105(1)(c), (d) and (e) would be satisfied, on the assumptions that: (i) the capital gain were an amount of ordinary income or statutory income; and (ii) the amount mentioned in subparagraph (i) became ordinary income or statutory income of the sovereign entity immediately before the time the CGT event happened; and (iii) references in those paragraphs to the test entity were references to the other entity mentioned in paragraph (b) of this section. The Bank is a sovereign entity as covered by section 880-125 of the ITAA 1997 As noted in Question 1, the Bank is considered a sovereign entity for the purposes of section 880-125 of the ITAA 1997. Therefore, this requirement is satisfied. CGT asset is a membership interest, non-share equity interest or debt interest in another entity As noted in Question 1, the assets are membership interests in Australian resident companies and MITs. Therefore, this requirement is satisfied. The requirements of paragraphs 880-105(c) to (e) of the ITAA 1997 have been satisfied. For the reasons outlined in the answer to Question 1, the requirements in paragraphs 880-105(c), (d) and (e) of the ITAA 1997 are satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - Conclusion: As all the requirements in section 880-115 of the ITAA 1997 are satisfied, the Bank will be entitled to disregard the capital gain in respect to the investment outlined. | Detailed Reasoning - Question 3: Does paragraph 128B(3)(n) of the ITAA 1936 apply to exclude the Bank from liability to withholding tax on income that is non-assessable non-exempt income due to the operation of Division 880 of the ITAA 1997? | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Section 128B of the ITAA 1936 imposes liability to withholding tax on income derived by a non-resident that consists of dividend income (subsection 128B(1) of the ITAA 1936), interest income (subsection 128B(2) of the ITAA 1936) as well as other income prescribed in that section. Subsection 128B(3) of the ITAA 1936 notes that section 128B of the ITAA 1936 will not apply to prescribed categories of income. Relevantly, paragraph 128B(3)(n) of the ITAA 1936 states that this includes 'income that is non-assessable non-exempt income because of Division 880 of the ITAA 1997 or Division 880 of the ITAA 1997.' The income derived by the Bank as a return on its Australian investment assets is considered non-assessable non-exempt income under Division 880 of the Income Tax (Transitional Provisions) Act 1997 . Therefore, the Bank is excluded from liability to withholding tax on its interest and/or dividend income under paragraph 128B(3)(n) of the ITAA 1936.

Other relevant facts: The Bank is not in the business of trading securities. | The Bank's address is in Country X. | The Bank is not aware of any other members of its sovereign entity group which hold investments in the Australian investments. | The Bank's investments in Australia: In performing its official responsibilities as a central bank of Country X, the Bank invests portion of the foreign exchange reserves of Country X in investments made in Australia, being: | l. bank deposits, deposits in banks in the interbank market | m. equities including depositary receipts | n. management investment funds or unit trusts, and | o. foreign exchange or any other financial or derivative transactions. | The Australian equity investments held by the Bank include shares in Australian companies and units in Australian MITs with the following characteristics: | a. All investments are listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). | b. The Bank holds less than 10% of the total equity interests on issue of each Australian company / MIT. | c. The Bank has no involvement in the day to day management of the business of any of the Australian companies / MITs. | d. The Bank has no right to appoint a director to the Board of Directors of the Australian company or equivalent role in a MIT. | e. The Bank has no right to representation on any investor's representative or advisory committee (or similar) of the Australian company or MIT. | f. The Bank has no ability to direct or influence the operation of the Australian company or MIT outside of the ordinary rights conferred by the equity interest held. | g. The Bank only holds rights to vote in proportion to their equity interest in each Australian company or MIT. | The Australian debt investments are made up of corporate, securitised, index linked and Government bonds and treasuries from which ordinary income is derived in the form of interest. The debt investments have the following characteristics: | a. All investments are listed on the ASX. | b. The investments are corporate, securitised, index linked and Government bonds and treasuries from which it ordinarily derives income in the form of interest. | c. The Bank holds less than 10% of the total equity interests on issue of each Australian debt issuer. | d. The Bank have no involvement in the day to day management of the business of any the Australian debt issuers. | e. The Bank have not acquired the right to appoint a director to the Board of Directors of any issuing Australian debt issuer. | f. The Bank have not acquired the right to representation on any investor's representative or advisory committee (or similar) of the Australian Debt Issuer. | g. The Bank has no ability to direct or influence the operation of the Australian debt issuer outside of the ordinary rights conferred by the debt interest held. | h. The Bank has no voting rights in respect of the debt investments held. | i. There are no special relationships or arrangements between the Bank, and the issuers of the Australian debt investments held which affect the amount of interest income that is paid from those investments. | Is the ordinary and statutory income derived by the Bank from its Australian investments not assessable and not exempt income under section 880-105 of the ITAA 1997?