Private ruling: PAYG withholding - payments to casual referees
Date of advice: 28 November 2022
Published: 30 January 2023
Ruling period: Income year ended 30 June 20XX | Income year ended 30 June 20XX | Income year ended 30 June 20XX | Income year ended 30 June 20XX
Date scheme commenced: 1 July 20XX

Ruling: Q1: Does the recreational organisation have an obligation to withhold from payments made to casual referees who officiate in tournaments under section 12-35 of Schedule 1 to the Taxation Administration Act 1953 (TAA)? | A1: No.

Relevant facts and circumstances: The recreational organisation administers tournaments that require match officials. These tournaments provide an opportunity for experienced and/or accomplished hobbyists to referee a quality skilled game. The recreational organisation refers to such referees as 'casual referees'. There is no contract of employment nor is a guarantee provided to any appointed casual referee on how many matches they will officiate. All training, local travel, meals and incidentals are incurred by the casual referee. The rates payable are reflective of the role and responsibility assumed by the officials on a per match basis. These rates are: • Assistant Referee: a maximum of $X • Television Match Official: a maximum of $X • Referee: a maximum of $X It is expected that the recreational organisations employed referees will assume the most senior appointment of 'Referee' per match where possible, but a casual referee may be assigned to this role. In rare instances, a casual referee will officiate outside their local area. This confines the maximum number of matches officiated by casual referees to approximately X games per annum. The recreational organisation has anticipated the maximum a casual referee will earn is $X per annum, however the majority will not earn over $X.

Relevant legislative provisions: Taxation Administration Act 1953 Section 12-35 of Schedule 1

Reasons for decision: Summary: The recreational organisation is not required to withhold pay as you go (PAYG) withholding amounts from payments made to casual referees who officiate in tournaments in accordance with section 12-35 of Schedule 1 to the TAA. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Section 12-35 of Schedule 1 to the TAA requires an entity to 'withhold an amount from salary, wages, commission, bonuses or allowances it pays to an individual as an employee (whether of that or another entity)'. The withheld amount is referred to as 'PAYG withholding'. Taxation Ruling TR 2005/16 Income tax: Pay As You Go - withholding from payments to employees (TR 2005/16) discusses the Commissioner's view on whether an individual is paid as an employee for the purposes of section 12-35 of Schedule 1 to the TAA. Paragraph 14 of TR 2005/16 states that there must be: 1. an employee 2. a payment of salary, wages etc to an employee 3. a payment made as a consequence of his/her employment, and 4. a payment made by an 'entity'. In terms of the first condition, it is necessary to determine whether or not the casual referees are employees of the recreational organisation. The term 'employee' is not defined in the TAA and for the purposes of withholding under section 12-35 of Schedule 1 to the TAA, the word 'employee' has its ordinary meaning. In some cases, it is self-evident whether an employee and employer relationship exists. In other cases, it can be difficult to discern the true character of the relationship. There is no single factor which is determinative of a contractual relationship. The totality of the relationship must be considered to determine whether, on balance, an individual is an employee. The Courts have considered the common law relationship between parties in many situations, and a substantial and well-established body of case law has developed on the issue, from which a range of indicia has arisen. Paragraphs 26 to 52 of TR 2005/16 sets out the various indicators the Courts have considered in establishing whether a person engaged by another individual or entity is an employee within the common law meaning of the term. These indicators include: • The control test: the degree of control which the payer can exercise over the payee. • The organisation or integration test: whether the worker operates on their own account or in the business of the payer. • The results test: whether the worker is free to employ their own means and is paid to achieve the contractually specified outcome. • The delegation test: whether the work can be delegated or subcontracted (with or without the approval or consent of the principal). • The risk test: whether the worker bears the legal responsibility and expense for the rectification or remedy in the case of unsatisfactory performance. • Which party provides tools, equipment and payment of business expenses? | Detailed Reasoning - Control: The test for determining the nature of the relationship between a person who engages another to perform work and the person so engaged is the degree of control which the former can exercise over the latter. A common law employee is told not only what work is to be done, but how and where it is to be done. The importance of control lays not so much in its actual exercise as in the right of the employer to exercise it. A high degree of discretion or latitude in the manner in which a task is performed does not, of itself, indicate a contract for services. Further, although it is not uncommon for a contract to specify how the contracted services are to be performed, this does not necessarily imply an employment relationship. A high degree of direction and control is not uncommon in contracts of service. In contractual arrangements any control or direction must be expressed in terms of the contract only, otherwise the contractor is free to exercise their own discretion, because they work for themselves. | Detailed Reasoning - Organisation or integration: In an employment relationship, tasks are performed at the request of the employer and the employee is said to be working in the business of the employer. An independent contractor carries on a trade or business of their own. An independent contractor enters into a contract to perform specific tasks and has a high level of discretion and flexibility about how the work is to be performed, even if the contract contains precise terms about methods of performance. An employee works in the business of the employer and the work performed may be said to be integral to that business. An independent contractor works for the payer's business but the work is not integrated into the business; rather it is an accessory to it. | Detailed Reasoning - Results: Where the substance of a contract is for the production of a given result, there is a strong indication that the contract is one for services. 'The production of a given result' means the performance of a service by one party for another where the first-mentioned party is free to employ their own means (such as third-party labour, plant and equipment) to achieve the contractually specified outcome. Satisfactory completion of the specified services is the 'result' for which the parties have bargained. The consideration is often a fixed sum on completion of the particular job as opposed to an amount paid by reference to hours worked. If remuneration is payable when, and only when, the contractual conditions have been fulfilled, the remuneration is usually made for producing a given result. | Detailed Reasoning - Delegation: The power to delegate or subcontract is a significant factor in deciding whether a worker is an employee or independent contractor. If a person is contractually required to personally perform the work, this is an indication that the person is an employee. Whereas if an individual has unfettered power to delegate the work to others (with or without approval or consent of the principal), this is a strong indication that the person is engaged as an independent contractor. The contractor is free to arrange for their employees to perform all or some of the work or may subcontract all or some of the work to another service provider. In these circumstances, the contractor is the party responsible for remunerating the replacement worker. A common law employee may frequently 'delegate' tasks to other employees, particularly where the employee is performing a supervisory or managerial role. However, this 'delegation' exercised by an employee is fundamentally different to the delegation exercised by a contractor outlined above. When an employee asks a colleague to take an additional shift or responsibility, the employee is not responsible for paying that replacement worker, rather the workers have merely organised a substitution or shared the work load. This is not delegation consistent with that exercised by a contractor. | Detailed Reasoning - Risk: An employee bears little or no risk of the costs arising out of injury or defect in carrying out their work. An independent contractor bears the commercial risk and responsibility for any poor workmanship or injury sustained in the performance of work. An independent contractor is usually expected to take out their own insurance and indemnity policies. Whether the worker is contractually obliged to accept liability for the cost, in terms of time or money, for the rectification of faulty or defective work is a relevant consideration in determining if that worker should be regarded as an employee or independent contractor. Commonly, an independent contractor or entity would solely bear the risk and responsibility of liability for their work if it does not meet an agreed standard and would be required to either rectify this defective work in their own time or at their own expense. An employee on the other hand, would bear no such responsibility and the liability for any defective work of the employee, either to a third party or otherwise, would fall to the employer in terms of the burden of cost or time for rectification. | Detailed Reasoning - Provision of tools and equipment and payment of business expenses: The provision of assets, equipment and tools by an individual and the incurring of expenses and other overheads is an indicator that the individual is an independent contractor. However, the provision of necessary tools and equipment is not necessarily inconsistent with an employment relationship. The provision and maintenance of tools and equipment and payment of business expenses should be significant for the individual to be considered an independent contractor. There are situations where very little or no tools of trade or plant and equipment are necessary to perform the work. This fact by itself will not lead to the conclusion that the individual engaged is as an employee. The weight or emphasis given to this indicator (as with all the other indicators) depends on the particular circumstances and the context and nature of the contractual work. Further, an employee, unlike an independent contractor, is often reimbursed (or receives an allowance) for expenses incurred in the course of employment, including for the use of their own assets such as a car. Upon weighing the facts in the current circumstances against the above indicators, the Commissioner considers that casual referees are not employees of the recreational organisation. As the casual referees are not employees of the recreational organisation, amounts paid to casual referees are not paid as a consequence of employment. Therefore, there is no obligation to withhold from payments made to them under section 12-35 of Schedule 1 to the TAA.