Private ruling: obligation to withhold from payment under PAYG legislation
Published: August 2014
Ruling period: Year ending 30 June 2015
Date scheme commenced: 1 July 2014

Ruling: Q1: Is there an obligation on the entity to withhold from payments made to individuals under section 12-35 of Schedule 1 to the Taxation Administration Act 1953 (TAA)? | A1: No


Relevant legislative provisions: Taxation Administration Act 1953 section 12-35 to Schedule 1

Reasons for decision: Summary: Section 12-35 of Schedule 1 to the TAA provides that you must withhold an amount from a payment of salary, wages, commission, bonuses or allowances you pay to an individual as an employee. A determination of whether an individual under a specific arrangement is an employee must be made by a consideration of the total factual circumstances in light of all of the indicators determining the status of that individual. It is the totality of the relationship that needs to be considered. Taxation Ruling TR 2005/16 considers the various indicators the Courts have considered in establishing whether a person engaged by another individual or entity is an employee within the common law meaning of the term. These indicators include: • The control test: the degree of control which the payer can exercise over the payee. • The organisation or integration test: whether the worker operates on their own account or in the business of the payer. • The results test: whether the worker is free to employ their own means and is paid to achieve the contractually specified outcome. • The delegation test: whether the work can be delegated or subcontracted (with or without the approval or consent of the principal). • The risk test: whether the worker bears the legal responsibility and expense for the rectification or remedy in the case of unsatisfactory performance. • Which party provides tools, equipment and payment of business expenses? | Detailed Reasoning - Control: The test for determining the nature of the relationship between a person who engages another to perform work and the person so engaged is the degree of control which the former can exercise over the latter. A common law employee is told not only what work is to be done, but how and where it is to be done. The importance of control lays not so much in its actual exercise as in the right of the employer to exercise it. A high degree of discretion or latitude in the manner in which a task is performed does not, of itself, indicate a contract for services. Further, although it is not uncommon for a contract to specify how the contracted services are to be performed, this does not necessarily imply an employment relationship. A high degree of direction and control is not uncommon in contracts of service. In contractual arrangements any control or direction must be expressed in terms of the contract only, otherwise the contractor is free to exercise their own discretion, because they work for themselves. In this case individuals provide specific services at their homes. You do not supervise the individuals other than to do spot checks to ascertain whether they are following regulations and service policies etc. Individuals are free to engage assistants or helpers in order for them to efficiently operate their services. Individuals engage directly with third parties in relation to services provided and fees charged. Some conditions are placed upon individuals in order that they are entitled to receive funding from the Department (via you). Individuals are free to exercise their own discretion in how they operate the service they provide within the guidelines the Department places upon them. | Detailed Reasoning - Organisation or integration: In an employment relationship, tasks are performed at the request of the employer and the employee is said to be working in the business of the employer. An independent contractor carries on a trade or business of their own. An independent contractor enters into a contract to perform specific tasks and has a high level of discretion and flexibility about how the work is to be performed, even if the contract contains precise terms about methods of performance. An employee works in the business of the employer and the work performed may be said to be integral to that business. An independent contractor works for the payers business but the work is not integrated into the business rather is an accessory to it. In this case individuals provide services to third parties. You merely administer the scheme on behalf of the Department and pass on funds to the individuals. Individuals are not integrated into your business as they operate their own businesses. | Detailed Reasoning - Results: Where the substance of a contract is for the production of a given result, there is a strong indication that the contract is one for services. 'The production of a given result' means the performance of a service by one party for another where the first-mentioned party is free to employ their own means (such as third party labour, plant and equipment) to achieve the contractually specified outcome. Satisfactory completion of the specified services is the 'result' for which the parties have bargained. The consideration is often a fixed sum on completion of the particular job as opposed to an amount paid by reference to hours worked. If remuneration is payable when, and only when, the contractual conditions have been fulfilled, the remuneration is usually made for producing a given result. In this case individuals are paid by the Department (via you). The Department pays the individuals for a result i.e. providing services. | Detailed Reasoning - Delegation: The power to delegate or subcontract is a significant factor in deciding whether a worker is an employee or independent contractor. If a person is contractually required to personally perform the work, this is an indication that the person is an employee. Whereas if an individual has unfettered power to delegate the work to others (with or without approval or consent of the principal), this is a strong indication that the person is engaged as an independent contractor. The contractor is free to arrange for their employees to perform all or some of the work or may subcontract all or some of the work to another service provider. In these circumstances, the contractor is the party responsible for remunerating the replacement worker. A common law employee may frequently 'delegate' tasks to other employees, particularly where the employee is performing a supervisory or managerial role. However, this 'delegation' exercised by an employee is fundamentally different to the delegation exercised by a contractor outlined above. When an employee asks a colleague to take an additional shift or responsibility, the employee is not responsible for paying that replacement worker, rather the workers have merely organised a substitution or shared the work load. This is not delegation consistent with that exercised by a contractor. In this case individuals are able to employ any assistants or helpers needed to provide the service. | Detailed Reasoning - Risk: An employee bears little or no risk of the costs arising out of injury or defect in carrying out their work. An independent contractor bears the commercial risk and responsibility for any poor workmanship or injury sustained in the performance of work. An independent contractor is usually expected to take out their own insurance and indemnity policies. Whether the worker is contractually obliged to accept liability for the cost, in terms of time or money, for the rectification of faulty or defective work is a relevant consideration in determining if that worker should be regarded as an employee or independent contractor. Commonly, an independent contractor or entity would solely bear the risk and responsibility of liability for their work if it does not meet an agreed standard and would be required to either rectify this defective work in their own time or at their own expense. An employee on the other hand, would bear no such responsibility and the liability for any defective work of the employee, either to a third party or otherwise, would fall to the employer in terms of the burden of cost or time for rectification. In this case the individuals bear all risk whilst doing their activities. They are also responsible for ensuring they have a public liability insurance policy and work cover. | Detailed Reasoning - Provision of tools and equipment and payment of business expenses: The provision of assets, equipment and tools by an individual and the incurring of expenses and other overheads is an indicator that the individual is an independent contractor. However, the provision of necessary tools and equipment is not necessarily inconsistent with an employment relationship. The provision and maintenance of tools and equipment and payment of business expenses should be significant for the individual to be considered an independent contractor. There are situations where very little or no tools of trade or plant and equipment are necessary to perform the work. This fact by itself will not lead to the conclusion that the individual engaged is as an employee. The weight or emphasis given to this indicator (as with all the other indicators) depends on the particular circumstances and the context and nature of the contractual work. Further, an employee, unlike an independent contractor, is often reimbursed (or receives an allowance) for expenses incurred in the course of employment, including for the use of their own assets such as a car. In this case individuals provide the venue for their activity and all equipment required and are also responsible for all associated costs. | Detailed Reasoning - Conclusion: After assessing the facts against the indicators in TR 2005/16, it is considered that there is no obligation on you to withhold from payments made to individuals as they are not employees.

Relevant facts: The entity operates a government approved business. | The entity registers and coordinates individuals in their businesses. | Registering with a government approved entity helps ensure that these businesses are abiding by all relevant laws and regulations for this industry. | All individuals work under their own ABN as sole traders. | Individual's income comes from fees which are set by them and payable by third parties. To assist third parties, a Government Department provides subsidies. | The individual's time sheets are submitted by the entity to the Department for processing. The Department then calculates the subsidy for each third party. Individuals then receive the payment advice which includes a payment summary of the Government subsidies and deductions taken out from the subsidy amount. | The subsidy amount is then paid to the entity which is then forwarded onto the individuals. | Individuals bear the full risk while undertaking their activities and pay for and maintain public liability insurance. | The entity has representatives who constantly monitor whether the individuals are following regulations and service policies etc. | The individuals are free to engage their own workers. | These workers have to be registered with the service. | Individuals can choose what days they work and choose an hourly rate in accordance with the entity's fee schedule which is based on an individual's qualifications and experience.