Private ruling: Tax integrity measures - forestry managed investment schemes
Date of advice: 25 February 2026
Published: 20 April 2026

Ruling: Q1: Is the Project a 'forestry managed investment scheme' as defined in subsection 394-15(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997)? | A1: Yes. | Q2: Will Person A be carrying on an enterprise for the purposes of subsection 9-20(1) of the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 (GST Act), subject to the exclusions listed in subsection 9-20(2) of the GST Act? | A2: Yes. | Q3: Will Person A be carrying on a business of primary production for income tax purposes if they stay in the Project until it is completed and does not obtain finance other than the finance arrangement offered by Company A in connection with the Project? | A3: Yes. | Q4: Has the Commissioner decided that on 30 June 2026 it will be reasonable to expect that the '70% DFE Rule' under section 394-35 of the ITAA 1997 will be satisfied by the Project? | A4: Yes. | Q5: Will Person A be entitled to a deduction for the Establishment Services Fees paid to Company A under section 394-10 of the ITAA 1997? | A5: The Establishment Services Fees paid per Timberlot is $XX and includes GST. Under section 394-40 of the ITAA 1997, the GST amount is not treated as a payment under the forestry managed investment scheme. Consequently, the amount of $YY per Timberlot, which is the amount of the Establishment Services Fees exclusive of GST, is deductible under section 394-10 of the ITAA 1997. | Q6: Will Person A be entitled to a deduction under section 394-10 of the ITAA 1997 in the year of income during which insurance premiums, council rates and other statutory charges are paid out of the Project Sinking Fund (the Sinking Fund)? | A6: Yes. | Q7: Will deductions previously allowed to Person A under subsection 394-10(1) of the ITAA 1997 be disallowed pursuant to paragraph 394-10(1)(f) and subsection 394-10(4) of the ITAA 1997 where the Trees intended to be established in accordance with the Project have not all been established by 31 December 2027, or pursuant to subsection 394-10(5) of the ITAA 1997 where a CGT event happens to their forestry interest before or on 30 June 2030? | A7: Yes. | Q8: For each of the income years ended 30 June 2026 to 30 June 20XX, will the Commissioner exercise the discretion in subsection 35-55(1) of the ITAA 1997 for Person A where: (a) they carried on their business of forestry during the income year; (b) the business activity carried on is not materially different to the relevant facts and circumstances described in this ruling; and (c) they have incurred a tax loss for the income year from carrying on that business activity? | A8: Yes. | Q9: Will sections 82KZL to 82KZMF of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 ( ITAA 1936 ) apply to affect the timing of amounts deductible to Person A under section 394-10 of the ITAA 1997? | A9: No. | Q10: Will the general anti-avoidance provisions in Part IVA of the ITAA 1936 apply to cancel a tax benefit obtained by Person A in connection with the scheme (including the assumptions listed) as described in this ruling? | A10: No.

Relevant facts and circumstances: Person A is a resident for Australian tax purposes and a wholesale client within the meaning of that term as defined in section 761G of the Corporations Act 2001 . The 'Timber Project' will be comprised of separate Projects, each one (including the Project) established for a separate Investor Group. The Project will be regulated by a number of Project Documents, draft versions of which were provided to the Commissioner. These are the: • Information Memorandum for the Timber Project (the Information Memorandum); • Application Form attached to the Information Memorandum; • Forestry Management Agreement for the Project; • Land Trust Constitution for the Project; • Timberlot Agreement for the Project; • One Year Interest Free Company A Loan Deed for the Project; • Forestry Management Contracts for the Project with Company C and Company D; • Project Sinking Fund Trust Deed (the Sinking Fund Trust Deed); • Joint Venture Deed relating to the Project; • Project Roading Harvest Haulage and Pruning Trust Deed (the RHHP Trust Deed); and • Definitions and Interpretations Deed for the Project 1 . Other relevant documents for the Project, also provided to the Commissioner, are the: • Draft Loan Agreement between Company A and trustees for the Project - Land Trust (the Land Trust); • Independent Forester Report; • Projected cash flow model for Growers; • Land Valuation Report; • Land Trust Unit Valuation; and • Direct forestry expenditure calculations. The Project will be an unregistered managed investment scheme under the Corporations Act 2001 , the purpose of which will be to establish and tend trees for felling in Australia over a period of ZZ years (subject to any decision to extend the term of the Project for up to 5 years) on land that will be acquired by Company A on or before 30 September 2027 and will comply with the Project's Land Selection Protocols. The offer in respect of the Project, made through the Information Memorandum, will be for X hectares, equating to X Timberlots (subject to any final decision by Company A to increase or decrease the size of the Project). Company A has confirmed that sufficient land will be secured to meet any excess demand under the Project. Participation in the Project will only be available to wholesale clients within the meaning of that term as defined in section 761G of the Corporations Act 2001 . An entity that participates in the Project as a Grower will do so by acquiring a minimum of one Timberlot in the Project on or before 30 June 2026, each X hectares in size. On or before 30 June 2026, Person A will apply to participate in the: • Project as a Grower by acquiring one or more Timberlots in the Project, and one or more Sinking Fund Units in the Sinking Fund; and • Land Trust as a Land Trust Unit Holder by acquiring one or more Land Trust Units in the Land Trust. To do so, Person A will complete the Application Form attached to the Information Memorandum and pay the Application Price in full. By signing the Application Form, Person A will grant a power of attorney authorising Company A and Company B in its capacity as trustee of the RHHP Trust, as required, to execute the following documents on their behalf: • Forestry Management Agreement; • Timberlot Agreement; • Sinking Fund Trust Deed; • Land Trust Unit subscription; • Definitions and Interpretations Deed; and • One Year Interest Free Company A Loan Deed. The Application Price, being the cost of one Timberlot, one Sinking Fund Unit and one Land Trust Unit payable on or before 30 June 2026, will be $AA, comprising of: • Establishment Services Fees of $XX (inclusive of GST); • a Sinking Fund Payment of $SS (exclusive of GST); and • Land Trust Unit subscription of $LL (exclusive of GST). Once an Application is accepted and each of the relevant Project Documents requiring execution on or by 30 June 2026 are executed 2 , the Application Price (exclusive of GST) is transferred from the Applications Bank Account maintained by Company A to the Joint Venture Bank Account opened and operated pursuant to the Joint Venture Deed, a deed pursuant to which a Joint Venture is formed between Company A and Company B in its capacity as trustee of the RHHP Trust to act on behalf of Growers in respect of the Project: The Application Price will then be transferred from the Joint Venture Bank Account to Company A and the RHHP Trust on their own behalf and in the proportions governed by the Joint Venture Deed, that is: • the amount of $GG per Timberlot will be transferred to the RHHP Trust to apply in payment of the Roading, Harvest and Haulage Costs and the Pruning Costs; and • the amount of $FF per Timberlot will be transferred to Company A to enable it to carry out and meet other obligations under the Project, including the transfer of the portion of the Application Price attributable to: - a Sinking Fund Payment to the Sinking Fund, and - the Land Trust Unit subscription to the Land Trust. The GST portion of the Establishment Services Fees (i.e. $QQ per Timberlot) will be retained in the Joint Venture Bank Account to remit to the ATO. Forestry Management Agreement Under the Forestry Management Agreement, Person A will engage the Joint Venture as independent contractors to perform the Establishment Services on their Timberlot(s). The Establishment Services to be provided by the Joint Venture 3 are listed in the Definitions and Interpretations Deed. Services which are not provided by the Joint Venture, but which may be able to be provided by separate agreement, are also listed in the Definitions and Interpretations Deed. 'Establishment Services' is defined to include: • site preparation, application of fertiliser, planting and replanting areas, to meet a minimum stocking rate of X stems per Plantable Hectare; • managing and maintaining the Plantation; • arranging for the Harvest of Plantation Produce at first and second Thinnings and Final Harvest; • paying the Roading, Harvest and Haulage Costs and Pruning Costs; and • Rehabilitation of the Plantation Land after Final Harvest. Planting will be completed no later than 31 December 2027. As part of the Establishment Services, Person A will also engage the Joint Venture to provide all Roading, Harvest and Haulage Services in respect of any Thinning and Final Harvest and Pruning Services. Roading, Harvest and Haulage Services are defined in the Definitions and Interpretation Deed to mean 'all services associated with road construction, road maintenance, harvest and haulage of Trees to mills and processing facilities for each Thinning and Final Harvest'. In consideration of the Joint Venture agreeing to carry out the Establishment Services, Person A will agree to pay the Joint Venture the Establishment Services Fees of $XX per Timberlot by 30 June 2026. The Establishment Services Fees will be the only fee paid by Person A to the Joint Venture in return for the Establishment Services. The Joint Venture will establish, for and on behalf of Growers (as Sinking Fund Unit Holders), the Sinking Fund for the purpose of meeting the costs payable by the Growers over the term of the Project in relation to council rates and other applicable statutory charges associated with the Plantation Land. The Sinking Fund will also be used to pay the cost of insuring the Trees and arranging public liability cover during the first 7 years of the Project. In addition to the $SS payable upon Application (and comprised within the Application Price), Sinking Fund Payments include an additional payment of $TT per Timberlot payable by Growers within 14 business days after receipt by the Joint Venture of the Plantation Produce of the first Thinning of the Plantation. Person A will also agree to pay the Joint Venture any additional amounts called upon by the Joint Venture to cover any shortfall in the Sinking Fund. Any amount in the Sinking Fund after Final Harvest will be distributed by the Joint Venture to a Grower by reference to the Grower's Proportion (i.e. the proportion of the area that all the Grower's Forestry Right Land bears to the area of the Plantation Land of all Growers in all projects established under the Information Memorandum, expressed as a percentage). Company A will be entitled to all Carbon Sequestration Rights, Carbon Sequestration Benefits, Salinity Credits and Salinity Credit Benefits (if any) produced by or derived from Person A's Forestry Rights and related Plantation Produce. Person A will own the Trees and Timber on the Planted Land and all of the Plantation Produce for that land. Person A will also be entitled to all proceeds from the sales of Plantation Produce gross of all costs of Harvest, transportation and other associated costs for a Thinning or Final Harvest. Person A will authorise the Joint Venture to collect for distribution to Person A the Harvest Proceeds from sale of the Plantation Produce to which Person A is entitled. The Joint Venture will notify Person A when the Planted Land is ready for any Thinning or Final Harvest and will act as agent for Person A to market the Plantation Produce for sale and to consolidate and mix the Plantation Produce of their Timberlot(s) with that of other Growers from all of the Plantations established under the Information Memorandum to maximise its sale value. After deducting certain amounts owed to the Joint Venture (including Rehabilitation expenses and any other costs for which Person A is or will be liable under the Forestry Management Agreement or Timberlot Agreement), Person A will be entitled to a pro rata sum referable to their entitlement to the Plantation Produce. This means that Person A's share of the proceeds of sale will be calculated by reference to their Grower's Proportion, and then adjusted for any Grower who has suffered a loss or destruction of Plantation Produce on their Timberlots. The Joint Venture will provide Person A with a reconciliation of the amounts owed as soon as reasonably practicable after the sale of the Plantation Produce and distribute the proceeds of sale within 30 days after receiving the last receipt attributable to the relevant Harvest activity. The Forestry Management Agreement also sets out provisions relating to the termination of the Project. Forestry Management Contracts Company A will engage Company C and/or Company D, under separate Forestry Management Contracts, as independent contractors to Company A to perform the Forestry Services as set out in the Forestry Management Contracts and as a disclosed agent of Company A to perform the Agency Services listed in the Forestry Management Contracts in respect of the Project. The Forestry Services set out in Schedule 1 of the Forestry Management Contracts include: • Preparation Services and Planting Services to be conducted between 1 July 2026 and • 31 December 2027; • Ongoing forestry services to be performed after 31 December 2027 (including the harvesting of Timber and Plantation Produce at first Thinning, second Thinning and Final Harvest); and • Ongoing forestry management and maintenance services to be performed at all times prior to Final Harvest. In consideration for the Forestry Services and Agency Services, Company A will pay Company C and Company D a management fee. Timberlot Agreement Under the Timberlot Agreement, Company A will grant Person A a forestry right over the Forestry Right Land (Forestry Right (Timber)). The particulars of the Forestry Right (Timber) to be granted to Person A are: • the right to enter the Forestry Right Land; • the right to establish, maintain and Harvest a crop of Trees on the Forestry Right Land; and • the right to construct and use such buildings, works and facilities as may be necessary or convenient to enable Person A to establish, maintain and Harvest a crop of Trees on the Forestry Right Land. Person A will punctually pay all rates, taxes and other charges levied on the Forestry Right Land and will be required to Rehabilitate the Forestry Right Land following the Final Harvest. RHHP Trust The RHHP Trust, to be established by the RHHP Trust Deed on or before 30 June 2026, will (in accordance with Recital A of the RHHP Trust Deed) be 'a charity with a purpose of advancing the safety of the Australian public by distributing its income to support community based fire and emergency services that protect the communities and environment in Australia from the impact of fire and emergencies', and for the benefit of the persons specified in the RHHP Trust Deed as beneficiaries. Recital B of the RHHP Trust Deed provides that to satisfy its charitable purpose, the RHHP Trust will hold and invest its assets to enable it to earn a surplus after meeting its obligations to pay for Roading, Harvest and Haulage Costs and Pruning Costs. Under the Joint Venture Deed, Company B as trustee of the RHHP Trust agrees to pay for Roading, Harvest and Haulage Costs that apply to any Thinning and Final Harvest and the Pruning Costs as set out in the Forestry Management Agreement. The portion of the Application Price allocated to the RHHP Trust (i.e. $GG per Timberlot) will be invested by the RHHP Trust to cover its obligations to pay these costs. Beneficiaries of the RHHP Trust are: (a) Primary Beneficiaries comprised of: i. Specified Beneficiaries under Schedule 1 Part A of the RHHP Trust Deed being the NSW Rural Fire Service established under the Rural Fires Act 1997 . ii. Any person being: 1. any society, trust, charity, association or club or other organisation the funds of which, in the Trustee's opinion, are used totally or mainly for charitable, community, cultural or other benevolent purposes in or beyond Australia; or 2. any school, body, institution, foundation or company created for educational purposes. (b) Default Beneficiaries under Schedule 1 Part B of the RHHP Trust Deed, being an entity to which Division 50 of the ITAA 1997 applies. Ineligible Persons and any Grower (or any Related Entity) cannot be beneficiaries. The Trustee may, by decision, remove any persons as an Ineligible Person. The RHHP Trust Deed states the following in relation to benefit ineligibility: (a) ( Benefit exclusion ): The assets of the Trust Fund at any time shall be held by the Trustee and any vested interest of any Primary Beneficiary in those assets at any time shall be beneficially possessed by that Primary Beneficiary to the entire exclusion of, and exclusion of any benefit to, any Ineligible Person or Grower (or any Related Entity) or class of Ineligible Persons or class of Grower (or any Related Entity) as at that time, whether by trust or agreement or otherwise. (b) ( Payments ): The Trustee shall not at any time pay or advance any assets of the Trust Fund, whether by way of remuneration or in any other manner or circumstances of any nature or description, directly or indirectly, to or in favour or for the benefit of any Ineligible Person or class of Ineligible Persons as at that time. (c) ( Powers ): The Trustee shall not at any time exercise, or be capable of exercising, any power conferred upon the Trustee by this Deed or any law, directly or indirectly, or in any manner or circumstances of any nature or description, for the benefit of any Ineligible Person or class of Ineligible Persons as at that time. The decision powers of the Trustee, as stated in the RHHP Trust Deed, includes (among other things): ... (e) ( distribution ): at any time prior to the Vesting Date by irrevocable deed: i. distribution of the Trust Fund to be held upon the trusts of any eligible trust decided by the Trustee; ii. transfer to the trustees for the time being if that eligible trust the property comprised in that distribution; and iii. by that transfer, exclusion of that property from the Trust Fund and vesting that property in that eligible trust to be governed by the proper law of that eligible trust, whether or not the same as the proper law applicable to the Trust; (f) ( ineligible variations ): at any time prior to the Vesting Date, inclusion or removal by express written decision of any person as an Ineligible Person or Grower (or any Related Entity) in or from any class of Ineligible Persons or Grower (or any Related Entity), except that this provision shall not apply to remove the Settlor or the Trustee as an Ineligible Person or Grower (or any Related Entity); ... Any money remaining in the RHHP Trust at the vesting date will be distributed to the beneficiaries identified in the RHHP Trust Deed. The RHHP Trust will not under any circumstances (directly or indirectly) loan any money to Person A (or other Growers in the Timber Project) from the funds contributed to Company B as trustee of the RHHP Trust under the Project. Land Trust Via execution of the Land Trust Constitution Company A, as trustee, will establish an unregistered managed investment scheme referred to as the Land Trust for the purpose of acquiring the Plantation Land (with funds borrowed from Company A under the terms of a draft Loan Agreement provided to the Commissioner). After Final Harvest the Land Trustees may sell or lease the Plantation Land and will pay Company A for any amount outstanding for the Plantation Land, after the land is sold or leased and before any distribution to Land Trust Unit Holders. The balance of any proceeds from sale or lease of the Plantation Land will be distributed to Land Trust Unit Holders in accordance with the number of units they hold relative to the total number of units issued to all Land Trust Unit Holders. Company A Loan Deed Company A will offer one finance facility to Approved Applicants to fund up to (but not exceeding) 100% of the Application Price in respect of each Timberlot, Sinking Fund Unit and Land Trust Unit applied for. The finance facility offered by Company A under the Company A Loan Deed will: • have a term of one year, such that 100% of the Secured Money must be repaid by 30 June 2027; • be interest free, subject to any Event of Default not happening; • be full recourse, secured by the Grower's present and future right, title and interest in and to, and all entitlements and benefits arising from, the Project Documents; and • not include application fees. Any loan to Person A will be made from Company A's own cash resources or from Company A's credit facilities. Person A will not enter into a finance arrangement with Company A, or any of its related entities, which is inconsistent with the Company A Loan Deed provided to the Commissioner. This ruling will not apply if the finance facility to be offered by Company A under the Company A Loan Deed has any of the following features: • split loan features of a type referred to in Taxation Ruling TR 98/22; 4 • indemnity arrangements or other collateral agreements in relation to the loan designed to limit the borrower's risk; • additional benefits that are or will be granted to the Grower for the purpose of section 82KL of the ITAA 1936, or funding arrangements which transform the Project into a scheme to which Part IVA of the ITAA 1936 may apply; • terms that are non-arm's length; • repayments of the principle and payments of interest that are linked to the derivation of income from the Project; • the funds borrowed, or any part of them, will not be available for the conduct of the Project but will be transferred (by any mechanism, directly or indirectly) back to the lender or any associate of the lender; • the lender does not have the capacity under the loan deed, or a genuine intention, to take legal action against defaulting borrower; or • an entity associated with the Project, other than Company A, is involved or becomes involved in the provision of finance to the Growers for the Project. Direct Forestry Expenditure of the Project Based on the information provided to the Commissioner by Company A, the Commissioner is satisfied that: • the net present value as at 30 June 2026 of direct forestry expenditure per Timberlot under the Project is projected to be $DFE; and • the net present value as at 30 June 2026 of payments that all participants in the Project have paid or will pay per Timberlot under the Project is projected to be $PP. Cash flows to Person A Based on the forecasted cash flows prepared and provided by Company A to the Commissioner, Person A is expected to receive (on a per Timberlot basis): • $FT in proceeds from the sale of the first Thinning; • $ST in proceeds from the sale of the second Thinning; and • $FH in proceeds from the Final Harvest. The final distribution estimated to be made to the Land Trust Unit Holders upon completion of the Final Harvest and possible sale of the Plantation Land at market value, is $FD per Land Unit. Assumptions 1. At the time of entering the Project, Person A has a reasonable expectation and genuine intention to earn a profit or gain from their participation in the Project. 2. Person A will not enter into any finance arrangement directly or indirectly through associates or any related entities, with Company A, or any associates of Company A or any related entities, other than the Company A Loan Deed provided to the Commissioner. 3. Any principal borrowed under the Company A Loan Deed will be repaid in full by Person A within 12 months. Any funds used to repay any principal borrowed under the Company A Loan Deed cannot be obtained from any further loans from Company A or any associates of Company A or any related entities. 4. No amendment of the RHHP Trust Deed shall be made which would allow loans or payments to be made by the Trustee of the RHHP Trust to Person A.

Relevant legislative provisions: A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 section 9-20 | A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 subsection 9-20(1) | A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 paragraph 9-20(1)(a) | A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 subsection 9-20(2) | A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 section 23-10 | Corporations Act 2001 | Corporations Act 2001 section 761G | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 Subdivision H of Division 3 of Part III | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 section 82KL | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 section 82KZL | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 section 82KZMF | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 section 170 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 Part IVA | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 subsection 177A(1) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 section 177C | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 subsection 177D(1) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 8-1 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 8-5 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 8-10 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 12-5 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Division 35 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 35-10 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 35-10(2) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 35-10(2C) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 35-10(2E) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 35-30 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 35-35 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 35-40 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 35-45 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 35-55(1) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 paragraph 35-55(1)(b) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 paragraph 35-55(1)(c) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Division 50 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 50-1 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Division 394 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 394-10 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-10(1) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 paragraph 394-10(1)(a) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 paragraph 394-10(1)(b) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 paragraph 394-10(1)(c) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 paragraph 394-10(1)(d) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 paragraph 394-10(1)(e) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 paragraph 394-10(1)(f) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-10(2) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-10(4) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-10(5) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-10(5A) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-10(6) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-15(1) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-15(2) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-15(3) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-15(5) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 394-20 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 394-25 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 394-35 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-35(1) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-35(2) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-35(3) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-35(4) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-35(5) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-35(6) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-35(7) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 394-35(8) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 394-40 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 paragraph 394-40(d) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 394-45 | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 section 995-1 | Tax Administration Act 1953 section 394-10 of Schedule 1

Reasons for decision: Summary: The Project is a forestry managed investment scheme as defined in subsection 394-15(1) of the ITAA 1997 5 . | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Subsection 394-15(1) states that: A *scheme is a forestry managed investment scheme if the purpose of the scheme is for establishing and tending trees for felling in Australia. The Project will qualify as a 'forestry managed investment scheme' because its purpose is to establish and tend trees for felling in Australia. In return for payment of the Establishment Services Fees required under the Forestry Management Agreement, Person A will, pursuant to subsection 394-15(3), hold a 'forestry interest' in that forestry managed investment scheme (i.e. a right to benefits produced by the Project, including a right to share in the Harvest Proceeds). As Person A will obtain the forestry interest from Company A, and the payment of the Establishment Services Fees by Person A to obtain the forestry interest will result in the establishment of the Trees, Person A will hold their forestry interest as an 'initial participant' in the Project pursuant to subsection 394-15(5). Note: Land Trust Units in the Land Trust will not form part of the forestry managed investment scheme for the purposes of subsection 394-15(1) because the Land Trust Unit subscription costs to be incurred by Person A will not be concerned with establishing and tending trees for felling in Australia. | Summary: Person A will be carrying on an enterprise for the purposes of subsection 9-20(1) of the GST Act, subject to the exclusions listed in subsection 9-20(2) of the GST Act. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Section 23-10 of the GST Act provides that an entity may be registered for GST if it is carrying on an enterprise. The term 'enterprise' is defined in section 9-20 of the GST Act and includes an activity, or series of activities, done in the form of a business (paragraph 9-20(1)(a) of the GST Act). The use of the phrase 'in the form of' has been interpreted to indicate a wider meaning than the word 'business' in isolation. However, subsection 9-20(2) of the GST Act provides that the term 'enterprise' does not include an activity, or series of activities, done by an individual or partnership without a reasonable expectation of profit or gain. Miscellaneous Taxation Ruling MT 2006/1 6 sets out the Commissioner's views on when an entity is carrying on an enterprise for the purposes of section 9-20 of the GST Act. Application of the principles set out in MT 2006/1 to the Project leads to the conclusion that Person A will be carrying on an enterprise for the purpose of section 9-20 of the GST Act where there is a reasonable expectation of profit or gain from their participation in the Project. | Summary: If Person A stays in the Project until it is completed and does not obtain finance other than the finance arrangement offered by Company A under the Company A Loan Deed referred to in this ruling, Person A will be considered to be carrying on a business of primary production for income tax purposes. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: The general indicators used by the courts in determining whether an entity is carrying on a business are set out in Taxation Ruling TR 97/11. 7 In relation to a managed investment scheme similar to this Project, the Full Federal Court in Hance v Commissioner of Taxation [2008] FCAFC 196 at [90] applied these principles to conclude that the participants in that scheme were carrying on a business of producing almonds. Application of these principles to the Project leads to the conclusion that Person A will be carrying on a business of primary production involving forestry activities if they stay in the Project until its completion and does not obtain finance to fund the Application Price other than under the terms of the Company A Loan Deed offered by Company A, as described in this ruling. | Summary: It is reasonable to expect that the 70% DFE Rule under section 394-35 will be satisfied on 30 June 2026 by the Project. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: The threshold test for Growers in the Project to be entitled to deductions under subsection 394-10(1) is the 70% DFE rule in paragraph 394-10(1)(c). Under that rule it must be reasonable to expect that on 30 June 2026 the amount of 'direct forestry expenditure' (as defined in section 394-45) under the scheme will be no less than 70% of the amount of payments under the scheme (subsection 394-35(1)). 8 Subsection 394-35(2) provides that the amount of direct forestry expenditure under the scheme is the amount of the net present value (on 30 June 2026) of all direct forestry expenditure under the scheme that Company A and the RHHP Trust, as the 'forestry managers' 9 of the Project, has paid or will pay under the scheme. Subsection 394-35(3) states that the 'amount of payments under the scheme' is the amount of the net present value (on 30 June 2026) of all amounts that all current and future participants in the scheme have paid or will pay under the scheme. The amounts referred to in subsection 394-35(2) and (3) are determined as at 30 June 2026 taking into account: • the timing requirements in subsections 394-35(4) and 394-35(5); • any amounts that can reasonably be expected to be recouped (subsection 394-35(6)); • the discount rate in subsection 394-35(7); and • the market value rule in subsection 394-35(8) for the purposes of subsection 394-35(2). Based on the information provided by Company A, the Commissioner has determined that the Project will satisfy the 70% DFE rule on 30 June 2026. | Summary: Person A will be entitled to a deduction for the GST exclusive portion (i.e. $YY per Timberlot) of the Establishment Services Fees paid to Company A under section 394-10. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Section 8-5 allows certain specific deductions to be claimed against the assessable income of a taxpayer. The list of specific deductions is shown in a table in section 12-5 and includes payments under a forestry managed investment scheme that meet the requirements of subsection 394-10(1). Subsection 394-10(1) provides: You can deduct an amount if: (a) you hold a *forestry interest in a *forestry managed investment scheme; and (b) you pay the amount under the scheme; and (c) the scheme satisfies the *70% DFE rule (see section 394-35) on 30 June in the income year in which a *participant in the scheme first pays an amount under the scheme; and (d) you do not have day to day control over the operation of the scheme (whether or not you have the right to be consulted or give directions); and (e) at least one of these conditions is satisfied: (i) there is more than one participant in the scheme; (ii) the *forestry manager of the scheme, or an *associate of the forestry manager, manages, arranges or promotes similar schemes; and (f) the condition in subsection (4) is satisfied. The requirements of paragraphs 394-10(1)(a) and (b) will be met as Person A will hold a forestry interest in the Project 10 and will pay an amount under the Project. As outlined at question 4, paragraph 394-10(1)(c) is met. The requirement of paragraph 394-10(1)(d) will be met as it is clear from the Project Documents that Growers in the Project (including Person A) will not have day-to-day control over the operation of the Project. The requirement of paragraph 394-10(1)(e) relating to the number of Growers in the scheme and/or the forestry manager's role in other managed investment schemes will also be met. To meet the requirement of paragraph 394-10(1)(f), all of the Trees intended to be established under the Project must be established within 18 months of the end of the income year in which an amount is first paid under the Project by a participant in the Project (i.e. within 18 months of 30 June 2026), per the condition in subsection 394-10(4). As part of the Establishment Services required to be delivered by the Joint Venturers in accordance with the terms of the Forestry Management Agreement, all the Trees required to be established under the Project will be planted on the Plantation Land at the average rate of X Trees per hectare by DDMMYYYY. Accordingly, subject to the qualifications addressed in question 7 of this ruling, the Establishment Services Fees (exclusive of GST) to be paid by Person A to Company A in relation to their forestry interests will satisfy all of the requirements of subsection 394-10(1). This amount (excluding the GST component 11 ) is an allowable deduction in the income year in which it is paid (subsection 394-10(2) and section 394-20). 12 Amounts that are allowable deductions under Division 394 cannot also be claimed as deductions under section 8-1 (section 8-10). | Summary: Person A will be entitled to a deduction under section 394-10 in the year of income during which insurance premiums, council rates and other statutory charges are paid out of the Sinking Fund. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Subject to the qualifications addressed in question 7 of this ruling, insurance premiums, council rates and other statutory charges to be paid out of the Sinking Fund will similarly satisfy all the requirements of subsection 394-10(1). A deduction for these amounts will not be available to Person A until Company A pays for them from the Sinking Fund (subsection 394-10(2) and section 394-20). Company A will advise Person A of the amounts paid from the Sinking Fund and their Grower's Proportion in relation to those amounts. | Summary: Deductions previously allowed to Person A under subsection 394-10(1) will be disallowed pursuant to paragraph 394-10(1)(f) and subsection 394-10(4) where the Trees intended to be established in accordance with the Project have not all been established by 31 December 2027, or pursuant to subsection 394-10(5) where a CGT event happens to their forestry interest on or before 30 June 2030. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Two situations may lead to a disallowance of deductions previously allowed to Person A under subsection 394-10(1). The first of these situations will occur if the Company A fail to establish the Trees on the Plantation Land within 18 months of 30 June 2026 (as required by paragraph 394-10(1)(f) and subsection 394-10(4)). Where this occurs the forestry manager is required to notify the Commissioner within 3 months of the end of the 18 month period (section 394-10 of Schedule 1 to the Taxation Administration Act 1953 ). The second situation where Person A may have deductions disallowed is where a CGT event happens to their forestry interest within 4 years after 30 June of the income year in which they first paid an amount under the scheme, i.e. on or before 30 June 2030 (see subsection 394-10(5)). For the purposes of giving effect to subsection 394-10(5), the Commissioner is able to amend the assessment of Person A within 2 years after the relevant CGT event. The Commissioner's power to amend in these circumstances applies despite section 170 of the ITAA 1936 (subsection 394-10(6)). Where a CGT event happens to the forestry interest of Person A within 4 years after 30 June 2026, the market value of the forestry interest at the time of the CGT event, or any decrease in the market value of the forestry interest as a result of the CGT event, is still included in the assessable income of Person A by section 394-25. The amount must be included in assessable income even where an amendment has disallowed, or may disallow, the deductions previously allowed under section 394-10. However, subsection 394-10(5) will have no application where the CGT event happens because of circumstances outside Person A's control and Person A could not reasonably have foreseen the CGT event happening when they acquired the forestry interest (subsection 394-10(5A)). | Summary: The Commissioner will exercise the discretion in subsection 35-55(1) for Person A. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: Based on information provided by Company A to the Commissioner, a Grower who is an individual and is accepted into the Project in the year ended 30 June 2026 and who carries on a business of forestry (alone or in partnership), is expected to incur losses from their participation in the Project which will be subject to Division 35. These losses will be subject to the loss deferral rule in section 35-10 unless an exception applies or, for each income year in which losses are incurred, the Commissioner exercises the discretion in subsection 35-55(1) on 30 June of that specific income year. Where a Grower with income for Division 35 purposes of less than $250,000 (that is, a Grower who satisfies the income requirement in subsection 35-10(2E)) incurs a loss in an income year ended 30 June 2026 to 30 June 20XX from carrying on their business activity in a way that is not materially different to the relevant facts and circumstances described in this ruling, the Commissioner will exercise the discretion for that year under paragraph 35-55(1)(b) on the basis that: • it is because of its nature that the business activity of the Grower will not satisfy one of the 4 tests set out in section 35-30, 35-35, 35-40 or 35-45; and • there is an objective expectation that within a period that is commercially viable for the forestry industry, the Grower's business activity will satisfy one of those tests or produce assessable income for an income year greater than the deductions attributable to it for that year (apart from the operation of subsections 35-10(2) and 35-10(2C)). Where a Grower with income for Division 35 purposes of $250,000 or more (that is, a Grower who does not satisfy the income requirement in subsection 35-10(2E)) incurs a loss in an income year ended 30 June 2026 to 30 June 20XX from carrying on their business activity in a way that is not materially different to the relevant facts and circumstances described in this ruling, the Commissioner will exercise the discretion for that year under paragraph 35-55(1)(c) on the basis that: • it is because of its nature that the business activity of the Grower will not produce assessable income greater than the deductions attributable to it; and • there is an objective expectation that within a period that is commercially viable for the forestry industry, the Grower's business activity will produce assessable income for an income year greater than the deductions attributable to it for that year (apart from the operation of subsections 35-10(2) and 35-10(2C)). A Grower will satisfy the income requirement in subsection 35-10(2E) where the sum of the following amounts is less than $250,000: • taxable income for that year (ignoring any loss arising from participation in the Project or any other business activity, and ignoring any assessable FHSS released amount for that year); • reportable fringe benefits total for that year; • reportable superannuation contributions for that year; and • total net investment losses for that year. In each year in which the Commissioner's discretion is exercised in relation to the business carried on by a Grower, the Grower, who would otherwise be required to defer any loss arising from their participation in the Project under section 35-10 until a later income year, is able to offset that loss against their other assessable income. The Commissioner will exercise the discretion in subsection 35-55(1) for Person A. Person A will therefore be able to offset the losses from the Project against other assessable income. | Summary: Sections 82KZL to 82KZMF of the ITAA 1936 will not apply to affect the timing of amounts deductible to Person A under section 394-10. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: The prepayment provisions contained Subdivision H of Division 3 of Part III of the ITAA 1936 affect the timing of deductions for certain prepaid expenditure. These provisions apply to certain expenditure incurred under an agreement in return for the doing of a thing under the agreement that will not be wholly done within the same year of income as the year in which the expenditure is incurred. Subdivision H of Division 3 of Part III of the ITAA 1936 does not apply to affect the timing of deductions available under section 394-10, and therefore will not apply to affect the timing of amounts deductible to Person A under section 394-10 in relation to the Project. | Summary: The general anti-avoidance provisions under Part IVA of the ITAA 1936 will not apply to cancel any tax benefit obtained by Person A in connection with their investment in the scheme (including the assumptions listed) described in this ruling. | Detailed Reasoning - Detailed reasoning: For Part IVA of the ITAA 1936 to apply, there must be a scheme (subsection 177A(1) of the ITAA 1936), a tax benefit (section 177C of the ITAA 1936) and a dominant purpose of entering into the scheme to obtain a tax benefit (subsection 177D(1) of the ITAA 1936). Provided that the scheme (including the assumptions listed) entered into and carried out is as described in this ruling, it is accepted that Part IVA of the ITAA 1936 will not apply to cancel any tax benefit obtained by Person A in connection with their investment in that scheme. 1 The Definitions and Interpretations Deed sets out the meaning and interpretations of terms and expressions and miscellaneous clauses used throughout the Project Documents. All references to definitions in this ruling are a reference to definitions provided under this Deed unless otherwise stated. 2 Each of the Project Documents will be executed on or by 30 June 2026, except for the Timberlot Agreement which will be executed on or before 30 September 2027. 3 The respective responsibilities allocated to each Joint Venturer in connection with the Establishment Services is set out in the Joint Venture Deed. 4 Income tax: the taxation consequences for taxpayers entering into certain linked or split loan facilities . 5 All subsequent legislative references are to the ITAA 1997, unless otherwise stated. 6 The New Tax System: the meaning of entity carrying on an enterprise for the purposes of entitlement to an Australian Business Number . 7 Income Tax: am I carrying on a business of primary production? 8 Section 394-40 outlines the payments that are not included as payments under a forestry managed investment scheme. 9 Defined in subsection 394-15(2). 10 Confirmed at question 1 of this ruling. 11 Person A cannot treat the GST component of the Establishment Services Fees as a payment under a forestry managed investment scheme, per paragraph 394-40(d). 12 This requires cash to flow from Person A, or from Company A on Person A's behalf, to the Applications Bank Account in the year in which the deduction is claimed.