Private ruling: Withholding tax
Date of advice: 17 March 2025
Published: 19 May 2025
Ruling period: 1 July 20XX to 30 June 20XX
Date scheme commenced: 1 July 20XX

Ruling: Q1: Are the Defined Benefit Plans investing through the Fund excluded from liability to withholding tax on dividend income derived from its Australian investments in accordance with paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936)? | A1: Yes.

Relevant facts and circumstances: 1. The Fund is an indefinitely continuing fund that was established by foreign legislation to provide retirement allowances and other benefits for employees of participating employers. 2. The Fund is responsible for administering a cost-sharing, multiple-employer defined pension plan for various employer agencies of X, along with X other defined benefit pension plans, three defined contribution plans, and a custodial fund. Investment Structure 3. Contributions from members and employers under the Defined Benefit Plans go to each of the relevant plans or funds rather than directly to the Common Investment Fund. Each plan or fund also pays out benefits from their own accounts and is legally separate from the others. Other than having separate deposit accounts for liquidity purposes, all investments of the Defined Benefit Plans are made through the Common Investment Fund. 4. The Common Investment Fund is a unitised investment mandate structure and units are allocated to each of the relevant plans and funds based upon the costs of assets contributed. Additional units are allocated to the plans and funds are based on the market value of the pooled Common Investment Fund at the date of contribution. 5. The Common Investment Fund receives dividends and interest from its underlying investments directly. The Fund then allocates the net income of the Common Investment Fund to the plans and funds on a monthly basis. The net income is based upon the number of units outstanding during the month and the distribution payments are net of administration fees. Defined Benefit Plans 6. Investments of the Defined Benefit Plans pooled together through a 'Common Investment Fund', which is administered and governed by the Fund. Plan A 7. Plan A is a fiduciary fund of the Fund and was created under legislation. 8. Plan A is a cost-sharing multiple-employer defined benefit pension plan established for the purpose of providing retirement allowances for employees of X. Board of Trustees 9. Plan A is directed by a 7 member Board of Trustees, who are responsible for the administration and proper operation of the retirement system. The Board of Trustees are the trustees of the funds and has full power to invest and reinvest the assets of the retirement system. 10. All meetings of the Board of Trustees are held outside of Australia. Membership 11. Plan A supports three benefit tiers. Contributions 12. Contributions to Plan A are made by both members and employers according to a complex set of rules. The amount of the contributions generally depends on the relevant membership tier and the employee's salary. Retirement Eligibility 13. There are three different types of Service Retirement in Plan A: Retirement Amount 14. The amount of the benefit is dependent on a number of factors including the member's salary, Service, tier of membership. Disability Retirement Benefits may be payable to a member if that member is unable to perform their job due to a permanent medical condition. Death Benefits 15. Benefits may be paid to a member's beneficiaries upon that member's death. The amount of the death benefits depends on the circumstances of the member. Plan B 16. Plan B was created under legislation. 17. Plan B is directed by a 9 member Board of Trustees, who are responsible for the administration and proper operation of the retirement system. The Board of Trustees are the trustees of the funds and has full power to invest and reinvest the assets of the retirement system. 18. All meetings of the Board of Trustees are held outside of Australia. Membership 19. Membership in Plan B is a condition of employment for people who are employees of X. Contributions 20. The retirement benefits paid through Plan B are funded through Employee Contributions and Employer Contributions. Service Retirement 21. There are three different types of Service Retirement a Member can apply for in Plan B. 22. The amount of the benefit is dependent on the member's Creditable Service. Disability Retirement 23. Benefits may be payable to a member if that member is unable to perform their job due to a permanent medical condition. Death Benefits 24. Benefits may be paid to a member's beneficiaries upon that member's death. The amount of the death benefits depends on the circumstances of the member. Plan C 25. Plan C was created under legislation. 26. Plan C is directed by a 7 member Board of Trustees, who are responsible for the administration and proper operation of the retirement system. The Board of Trustees are the trustees of the funds and has full power to invest and reinvest the assets of the retirement system. 27. All meetings of the Board of Trustees are held outside of Australia. Membership 28. Membership in Plan C is optional for X members. Contributions 29. The retirement benefits paid through Plan C are funded through Employee Contributions and Employer Contributions. Service Retirement 30. There are three different types of Service Retirement a Member can apply for in Plan C. 31. The amount of the benefit is dependent on the member's Creditable Service. Death Benefits 32. The benefits payable to a Member's beneficiary upon their death is dependent upon the Member's Benefits may be paid to a member's beneficiaries upon that member's death. The amount of the death benefits depends on the circumstances of the member. Plan D 33. Plan D was created under legislation. 34. Plan D is directed by a 10 member Board of Trustees, who are responsible for the administration and proper operation of the retirement system. The Board of Trustees are the trustees of the funds and has full power to invest and reinvest the assets of the retirement system. 35. All meetings of the Board of Trustees are held outside of Australia. Membership 36. Generally, membership in Plan D is a condition of employment. Contributions 37. The benefits paid by the plan are funded through Employee Contributions and Employer Contributions. Retirement Benefit 38. There are two different types of Service Retirement a Member can apply for in Plan D. 39. The amount of the benefit is dependent on the member's Creditable Service and Salary. Disability Retirement 40. Benefits may be payable to a member if that member is unable to perform their job due to a permanent medical condition. Death Benefits 41. Benefits may be paid to a member's beneficiaries upon that member's death. The amount of the death benefits depends on the circumstances of the member. Plan E 42. Plan E was created under legislation. 43. Plan E is directed by a 10 member Board of Trustees, who are responsible for the administration and proper operation of the retirement system. The Board of Trustees are the trustees of the funds and has full power to invest and reinvest the assets of the retirement system. 44. All meetings of the Board of Trustees are held outside of Australia. Membership 45. If a person is an employee of the participating employer they will automatically be a member of Plan E. Contributions 46. The retirement benefits paid through Plan E are funded entirely through Employer Contributions. Retirement Benefit 47. The amount of the benefit is dependent on the member's Creditable Service. Plan F 48. Plan F is a multiple-employer defined benefit pension plan established for the purpose of providing retirement benefits. 49. Plan F was created under legislation. 50. Plan F is directed by a Board of Trustees, who are responsible for the administration and proper operation of the retirement system. The Board of Trustees are the trustees of the funds and has full power to invest and reinvest the assets of the retirement system. 51. All meetings of the Board of Trustees are held outside of Australia. Other Information 52. The Fund provided a letter to the Commissioner, stating: a. the entity is an indefinitely continuing fund and a provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund; b. the entity was established in a foreign country; c. the entity was established, and is maintained, only to provide benefits for individuals who are not Australian residents; d. the central management and control of the entity is carried on outside of Australia by entities none of whom is an Australian resident; e. an amount paid to the entity or set aside for the entity has not been or cannot be deducted under the ITAA 1997; and f. the income of the Fund is not non-assessable non-exempt income of the Fund because of: i. Subdivision 880-C of the ITAA 1997; or ii. Division 880 of the Income Tax (Transitional Provisions) Act 1997. 53. The Fund is a resident of a country other than Australia. Investments in Australia 54. The Fund provided a list of investments in Australian equity interests. The Australian equity investments of the Fund have the following characteristics: a. The equity investments are listed on the ASX. b. The Fund holds less than 10% of the total equity interests on issue of the Australian companies in which it invests. c. The Fund has no involvement in the day to day management of the business of the Australian companies. d. The Fund has no right to appoint a director to the Board of Directors of the Australian companies. e. The Fund has no right to representation on any investor representative or advisory committee (or similar) of the Australian companies. f. The Fund has no ability to direct or influence the operation of the Australian companies outside of the ordinary rights conferred by the equity interests held. g. The Fund does not have the ability to direct or influence the operation of the company or otherwise provide the Fund with anything that would constitute influence under section 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936. 55. The Fund will receive dividend income from companies who are residents of Australia for tax purposes.

Relevant legislative provisions: Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 Paragraph 128B(3)(jb) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 Section 128D | Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Section 118-520

Reasons for decision: Summary: Section 128B of the ITAA 1936 imposes liability to withholding tax on income derived by a non-resident that consists of dividend income (subsection 128B(1) of the ITAA 1936), interest income (subsection 128B(2) of the ITAA 1936) as well as other income prescribed in that section. Subsection 128B(3) of the ITAA 1936 notes that section 128B of the ITAA 1936 will not apply to prescribed categories of income. Relevantly, paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936 provides an exclusion from withholding tax on interest, dividends and non-share dividends derived by a superannuation fund for foreign residents (subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions). For the exclusion to apply, the interest, dividend and/or non-share dividend income must be: • derived by a superannuation fund for foreign residents (as defined in section 118-520 of the ITAA 1997), and • exempt from income tax in the country in which the superannuation fund for foreign residents arise. | Detailed Reasoning - Non-resident requirement: The Fund and the Defined Benefit Plans are not a resident of Australia for tax purposes. The Fund and the Defined Benefit Plans it administers were established outside of Australia, and its management is completely based there. Therefore, the Fund and the Defined Benefit Plans satisfy this requirement. | Detailed Reasoning - A superannuation fund for foreign residents: Superannuation fund for foreign residents is a defined term in the ITAA 1936. Subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936 states: Superannuation fund for foreign residents has the meaning given by subsection 995-1(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 . Subsection 995-1(1) of the ITAA 1997 sets out the following: Superannuation fund for foreign residents has the meaning given by section 118-520. The term 'superannuation fund for foreign residents' is defined in section 118-520 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) as follows: | Detailed Reasoning - 118-520 Meaning of superannuation fund for foreign residents: (1) A fund is a superannuation fund for foreign residents at a time if: (a) at that time, it is: (i) an indefinitely continuing fund; and (ii) a provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund; and (b) it was established in a foreign country; and (c) it was established, and is maintained at that time, only to provide benefits for individuals who are not Australian residents; and (d) at that time, its central management and control is carried on outside Australia by entities none of whom is an Australian resident. (2) However, a fund is a not a superannuation fund for foreign residents if: (a) an amount paid to the fund or set aside for the fund has been or can be deducted under this Act; (b) a tax offset has been allowed or is allowable for such an amount. Consequently, for the Defined Benefit Plans to be considered a superannuation fund for foreign residents for the purposes of paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936, it must be established that: • the Plans is an indefinitely continuing fund • the Plans is a provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund • the Plans was established in a foreign country • the Plans was established and maintained only to provide benefits for individuals who are not Australian residents • the central management and control of the Plans is carried on outside of Australia by entities none of whom are Australian residents • no amount paid to the Plans or set aside for the Plans has been or can be deducted under the ITAA 1997, and • no tax offsets have been allowed or would be allowable for an amount paid to the Plans or set aside for the Plans. | Detailed Reasoning - Indefinitely continuing fund: The term 'indefinitely continuing fund' is not defined in either the ITAA 1997 or the ITAA 1936. Therefore, it should be given its ordinary meaning subject to the context in which it appears and having regard to any relevant case law authorities. The Australian Oxford Dictionary , 2004, Oxford University Press, Melbourne defines the term 'fund' as 1 a permanent stock of something ready to be drawn upon ... 2 a stock of money, especially one set apart for a purpose. In Scott v. FC of T (No 2) (1966) 14 ATD 333; (1966) 10 AITR 290 ( Scott ), Windeyer J expressed the view that 'fund' in the context of 'superannuation fund' ordinarily meant 'money (or investments) set aside and invested, the surplus income therefrom being capitalised'. Windeyer J's views in Scott were cited with approval by Hill J in Walstern Pty Ltd v. Commissioner of Taxation (2003) 138 FCR 1; 2003 ATC 5076; (2003) 544 ATR 423 who stated that 'for present purposes, the point is the need for "money" or "other property" to constitute a fund'. The general view is that an indefinitely continuing fund does not have to continue forever, but rather that the governing rules should not fix an express termination date. The Fund is governed by legislation and internal policies. The Fund's annual report shows that it is still in a position to meet its ongoing obligation to members and their beneficiaries. There is sufficient evidence to accept that the Defined Benefit Plans will continue to operate in accordance with the relevant governing legislation and Fund policies. Further, the Fund provided a letter to the Commissioner, which states that the Fund is an indefinitely continuing fund. Therefore, this requirement is satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - A provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund: The phrase 'a provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund' under paragraph 118-520(1)(a)(ii) is not defined in either the ITAA 1997 or the ITAA 1936. However, the phrase has been subject to judicial consideration. In Scott , the High Court examined the terms 'superannuation fund' and 'fund'. Justice Windeyer stated at ATD 351; AITR 312; ALJR 278 that: ... I have come to the conclusion that there is no essential single attribute of a superannuation fund established for the benefit of employees except that it must be a fund bone fide devoted as its sole purpose to providing for employees who are participants money benefits (or benefits having a monetary value) upon their reaching a prescribed age. In this connexion "fund", I take it, ordinarily means money (or investments) set aside and invested, the surplus income there from being capitalised. The conventional meaning adopted by courts was expressed by Justice Jessup in Cameron Brae Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [2006] FCA 918; ATC 4433; 63 ATR 488, as follows: ... as a matter of common understanding, it would seem that a superannuation fund is a fund which has as its sole purpose the provision of benefits to participating employees upon their reaching a prescribed age or upon their retirement, death or other cessation of employment. In Mahony v. Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) (1967) 41 ALJR 232; (1967) 14 ATD 519; 10 AITR 463 ( Mahony ), the High Court took a similar view as in Scott , Justice Kitto expressed the view at ALJR 232; (1967) ATD 520; AITR 464 that: All that need be recognised is that just as 'provident' and 'superannuation' both referred to the provision of a particular kind of benefit - in the one case a provision against contemplated contingencies, and in the other case a provision, to arise of an employee's retirement or death or other cessation of employee, of a subvention for him or his estate or persons towards whom he may have stood in some kind of relation commonly giving rise to a legal or moral responsibility - so 'benefit' must have meant a benefit, not a general sense, but characterised by some specific future purpose. The court found that the expression takes its meaning from past usage and the meaning of the several expressions must be arrived at in light of their ordinary usage. As such, the term 'benefit' requires a purpose narrower than conferring benefits in a completely general sense. The benefit must be characterised by some future purpose. Likewise, a provident fund must not refer to the provision of funds in a general sense but must relate to a provision against contemplated contingencies. The abovementioned case emphasises that the benefits must be provided for a specific purpose and require that there is a connection between the benefit received and provision by the fund for retirement or death of a member or against 'contemplated contingencies', such as death, disability or serious illness. The Defined Benefit Plans sole purpose is to provide the relevant participant employees monetary benefits upon reaching either the prescribed age, the employee's retirement, their death or other cessation of employment, including to survivors of the employee. The amounts collected by the Defined Benefit Plans are not used for any purposes other than providing benefits to Plan members, former members and their beneficiaries. Therefore, this satisfies this requirement. | Detailed Reasoning - Established in a foreign country: The Defined Benefit Plans were established outside of Australia. Therefore, this requirement is satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - Established and maintained only to provide benefits for individuals who are not Australian residents: The Fund and its participating Defined Benefit Plans were established to provide benefits to members who are/were employees. Such Plans do not provide benefits to Australian residents. Accordingly, the Commissioner accepts that these Plans were established and maintained only to provide benefits for individuals who are not Australian residents. It is considered that the possibility of a very small number of members being returned residents or becoming Australian residents after ceasing eligible employment is incidental and should not be taken to conclude that these Plans have not been established and is not maintained only to provide benefits for non-residents, based on the rules and operation of the specific Plans. Therefore, this requirement is satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - Central management and control is carried on outside of Australia by entities none of whom is an Australian resident: Paragraph 20 and 21 of Taxation Ruling TR 2008/9 Income tax: meaning of 'Australian superannuation fund' in subsection 295-95(2) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (TR 2008/9) states in respect of the central management and control (CM&C) of a superannuation fund: 20. The CM&C of a superannuation fund involves a focus on the who, when and where of the strategic and high level decision making processes and activities of the fund. In the context of the operations of a superannuation fund, the strategic and high level decision making processes includes: • formulating the investment strategy for the fund; • reviewing and updating or varying the fund's investment strategy as well as monitoring and reviewing the performance of the fund's investments; • if the fund has reserves - the formation of a strategy for their prudential management; and • determining the how the assets of the fund are to be used to fund member benefits. 21. The other principal areas of operation of a superannuation fund that form part of the day-to-day or operational side of the fund's activities will not constitute CM&C. These activities do not form part of the CM&C of the fund because they are not of a strategic or high level nature. Rather, these activities are of a more formalistic or administrative nature. Examples of such activities include the acceptance of contributions that are made on a regular basis, the actual investment of the fund's assets, the fulfilment of administrative duties and the preservation, payment and portability of benefits. Furthermore, paragraphs 10 and 11 of Taxation Ruling TR 2018/5 Income tax: central management and control test of residency (TR 2018/5) states: 10. Central management and control refers to the control and direction of a company's operations. It does not refer to a physical location in which the control and direction of a company is located and may ultimately be exercise in more than one location. 11. The key element in the control and direction of a company's operations is the making of high-level decisions that set the company's general policies and determine the direction of its operations and the type of transactions it will enter. The Fund and each of the Defined Benefit Plans are administered by a Board of Trustees, in line with legislation. The decisions and meetings of the Board of Trustees takes place outside of Australia. Based on the above, it is reasonable to conclude that the central management and control of the Defined Benefit Funds occurs outside of Australia by entities that are not Australian residents. The Commissioner is satisfied in these circumstances that the central management and control of the Fund and these Plans is outside of Australia and is carried out by individuals who are not Australian residents. Therefore, this requirement is satisfied. No amount paid to the Fund or set aside for the Fund has been or can be deducted under the ITAA 1936 or ITAA 1997 and no tax offset has been allowed or is allowable for such an amount Pursuant to subsection 118-520(2) of the ITAA 1997, a fund is not a superannuation fund for foreign residents if: a) an amount paid to the fund or set aside for the fund has been or can be deducted under the Act; or b) a tax offset has been allowed or is allowable for such an amount. The contributors to the Defined Benefit Plans, consisting of employees and employers, are based outside of Australia and make contributions in respect of their employment undertaken outside of Australia. Therefore, contributions to these Plans are neither eligible for deductions nor allowed as offsets under the ITAA 1936 or ITAA 1997. The Fund has also confirmed that no amount paid to these Plans can be deducted under the ITAA 1936 or ITAA 1997. Therefore, this requirement is satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - Conclusion: As all of the above requirements are satisfied, the Defined Benefit Plans meet the requirements of being a superannuation fund for foreign residents as defined by section 118-520 of the ITAA 1997 for the purposes of subparagraph 128B(3)(jb)(i) of the ITAA 1936. | Detailed Reasoning - The income, consisting of dividend income, is derived by the Fund: Subsection 128(3CA) of the ITAA 1936, along with paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936 requires the superannuation fund for foreign residents to derive the dividends paid by Australian resident companies. This requires consideration of the relationship between the Fund and the Defined Benefit Plans and what type of relationship this is for Australian tax purposes. It is considered the relationship between the Fund and the Defined Benefit Plans constitutes a trust relationship. Income received by the Fund is income of a trust estate. It must then be determined whether the Defined Benefit Plans derive the relevant income. Relevant to this analysis is subsection 128A(3) of the ITAA 1936 which provides: For the purposes of this Division, a beneficiary who is presently entitled to a dividend, to interest, or to a royalty included in the income of a trust estate shall be deemed to have derived income consisting of that dividend, interest or royalty at the time when he or she became so entitled. The Commissioner has accepted that subsection 128A(3) of the ITAA 1936 can apply to deem beneficiaries of a non-resident trust estates to have derived the relevant income in limited circumstances. ATO Interpretative Decision ATO ID 2008/61 Withholding Tax Exemption: interest and dividends paid by an Australian resident and received by a Dutch Stichting as unit holder in an Irish Common Contractual Fund (ATO ID 2008/61) is an example of this. In this ATO ID, an Irish CCF was found to be a trust for Australian income tax purposes. The terms of the deed stated that income of the CCF accrued to unitholders as it arose. As such, the unitholder would have a present legal right to demand and receive payment of the income, and therefore was presently entitled to the dividend and interest income received by the CCF. The requirements in subsection 128A(3) were therefore satisfied, and the unitholder was deemed to have derived the income at the time when it became presently entitled. Being an entity entitled to be excluded from withholding tax under paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936, the unitholder was subsequently exempt from withholding tax. As such, the critical fact is to determine whether the Defined Benefit Plans are 'presently entitled' to the income of the Fund. | Detailed Reasoning - Present entitlement: The requirement in subsection 128A(3) of the ITAA 1936 of present entitlement to a share of the income of the trust estate refers to a present vested right to demand and receive payment of the whole part of what has been received by the trustee as income and, retaining that character in the trustee's hands, is legally available to be distributed to those entitled to it as beneficiaries under the trusts. Having considered the circumstances of the Fund, the Defined Benefit Plans and the Trust Arrangement, the Commissioner accepts that the Defined Benefit Plans are presently entitled to the dividend income as it arises to the Fund. As such, for the purposes of Division 11A of the ITAA 1936 these amounts retain their character when the Plans become presently entitled. Therefore, these Plans are deemed to have derived the relevant dividend income for the purposes of Division 11A of the ITAA 1936. As such, these Plans are considered to have derived dividend income for the purposes of determining a withholding tax liability. The Fund, with its presently entitled beneficiaries, will receive investment income from companies who are residents of Australia for tax purposes. Therefore, this requirement is satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - Exempt from income tax in the country in which the non-resident resides: The Fund provided a letter to the Commissioner confirming the Fund is exempt from taxation in the county in which it resides and is a resident of that country for taxation purposes. Therefore, this requirement is satisfied. | Detailed Reasoning - Otherwise non-assessable non-exempt: The income received by the Fund will not be non-assessable non-exempt income because of Subdivision 880-C of the ITAA 1997 or Division 880 of the Income Tax (Transitional Provisions) Act 1997. Income derived by the Fund would not be otherwise treated as not assessable and not exempt income by virtue of the above provisions. Accordingly, the above exclusion should not apply to exclude the Fund from entitlement to the withholding tax exemption for superannuation funds for foreign residents. | Detailed Reasoning - Assets acquired after 27 March 2018: The Treasury Laws Amendment (Making Sure Foreign Investors Pay Their Fair Share of Tax in Australia and Other Measures) Act 2019 introduced extra requirements that must be met for paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936 to apply from 1 July 2019 onwards. Relevantly: i. The Defined Benefit Plans must satisfy the 'portfolio interest test' in relation to the test entity (subsection 128B(3CC)), ii. The Defined Benefit Plans must satisfy the 'influence test' (subsection 128B(3CD)) in relation to the test entity, and iii. The income cannot otherwise be non-assessable non-exempt income of the Defined Benefit Plans because of: a. Subdivision 880-C of the ITAA 1997, or b. Division 880 of the Income Tax (Transitional Provisions) Act 1997 . | Detailed Reasoning - The Plans satisfy the 'portfolio interest test': Subsection 128B(3CC) of the ITAA 1936 states: A superannuation fund satisfies the portfolio interest test in this subsection in relation to the test entity at a time if, at that time, the total participation interest (within the meaning of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997) the superannuation fund holds in the test entity: (a) is less than 10%; and (b) would be less than 10% if, in working out the direct participation interest (within the meaning of the Act) that any entity holds in a company: (i) an equity holder were treated as a shareholder; and (ii) the total amount contributed to the company in respect of non-share equity interests were included in the total paid-up share capital of the company. Subsection 128B(3CB) defines the test entity to be either the entity that paid the interest, dividends or non-share dividends or, if subsection 128A(3) of the ITAA 1936 applies in relation to a resident trust estate, that trust estate. Subsection 995-1(1) of the ITAA 1997 defines total participation interest to have the meaning given by subsection 960-180 of the ITAA 1997, which states: An entity's total participation interest at a particular time in another entity is the sum of: (a) the entity's *direct participation interest in the other entity at that time; and (b) the entity's *indirect participation interest in the other entity at that time. A 'direct participation interest' that the Fund will have in a test entity is defined in the table in subsection 960-190(1) of the ITAA 1997 and depends on what type of entity the other entity is. Item 1 of the table in subsection 960-190(1) and subsection 960-190(2) of the ITAA 1997 provides that a direct participation interest in a company is the 'direct control interest' (within the meaning of section 350 of the ITAA 1936 excluding the operation of subsection 350(6) and (7)) that the first entity holds in the other entity. Subsection 350(1) of the ITAA 1936 provides that an entity holds a direct control interest in a company at a particular time equal to the percentage of: (a) total paid up share capital, (b) voting rights, or (c) rights to distributions of capital or profits that it holds in the company. Where there are different percentages in each of the above, the direct control interest is the greater or greatest of those percentages. Subsection 350(2) of the ITAA 1936 provides that where an entity holds different percentages of total rights to vote for the purposes of (b) above, the highest of those percentages applies in establishing the direct control interest. Subsection 960-185(1) of the ITAA 1997 provides that an entity's indirect participation interest in a test entity is established by multiplying it direct participation interest in an intermediate entity by the sum of the intermediate entity's direct and indirect participation interests in the test entity. In these circumstances, the Commissioner is satisfied that the total participation interest that the Defined Benefit Plans hold in the test entities: • is less than 10% pursuant to paragraph 128B(3CC)(a) of the ITAA 1936 at all relevant times; and • would be less than 10% in the circumstances detailed in paragraph 128B(3CC)(b) of the ITAA 1936 at all relevant times. These Plans therefore satisfy the 'portfolio interest test' in respect of its current Australian investments. The Plans do not have influence of a kind described in subsection 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936 in relation to the test entity at the time the income was derived Subsection 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936 states: A superannuation fund has influence of a kind described in this subsection in relation to the test entity at a time if any of the following requirements are satisfied at that time: (a) the superannuation fund: (i) is directly or indirectly able to determine; or (ii) in acting in concert with other, is directly or indirectly able to determine; the identity of at least one of the persons who, individually or together with others, make (or might reasonably be expected to make) the decisions that comprise the control and direction of the test entity's operations; (b) at least one of those persons is accustomed or obliged to act, or might reasonably be expected to act, in accordance with the directions, instructions or wishes of the superannuation fund (whether those directions, instructions or wishes are expressed directly or indirectly, or through the superannuation fund acting in concert with others). As such, there are two distinct sub-tests within the influence test. Sub-test 1 of the influence test, as contained in paragraph 128B(3CD)(a) of the ITAA 1936, assesses whether the Defined Benefit Plans are able to determine the identity of at least one of the persons who, individually or together with others, makes or is reasonable expected to make, decisions comprising the control and direction of the test entity's operations. This includes situations where these Plans are able to act in concert with others to determine the identity of a relevant decision-maker in the test entity. Sub-test 1 also extends to situations where these Plans, in their own rights, holds the ability to approve or veto decisions which go to the control or direction of the test entity. Sub-test 2 of the influence test, as contained in paragraph 128B(3CD)(b) of the ITAA 1936, assesses whether at least one of the relevant decision-making persons of the test entity is accustomed or obliged to act, or might reasonably be expected to act, in accordance with the directions, instructions or wishes of the Defined Benefit Plans. Relevantly, in respect of the Australian investments held by the Defined Benefit Plans: (a) The equity investments are listed on the ASX. (b) The Plans hold less than 10% of the total equity interests on issue of the Australian companies in which it invests. (c) The Plans have no involvement in the day-to-day management of the business of the Australian companies. (d) The Plans have no right to appoint a director to the Board of Directors of the Australian companies. (e) The Plans have no right to representation on any investor representative or advisory committee (or similar) of the Australian companies. (f) The Plans have no ability to direct or influence the operation of the Australian company outside of the ordinary rights conferred by the equity interests held. (g) In addition to the above, the Plans do not have the ability to direct or influence the operation of the companies, or otherwise provide the Plans with anything that would constitute influence under subsection 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936. Accordingly, the Plans do not have influence of a kind described in subsection 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936 in respect of its Australian investments. The Plans do not have capacity to influence (either directly or indirectly) the day-to-day management or the operations of their investments. Consequently, the Commissioner accepts that the Defined Benefit Plans do not have influence of a kind described in subsection 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936. The income received by the Fund is not non-assessable and non-exempt income of the Fund because of Subdivision 880-C of the ITAA 1997 or Division 880 of the Income Tax (Transitional Provisions) Act 1997 The income received by the Fund will not be non-assessable non-exempt income because of Subdivision 880-C of the ITAA 1997 or Division 880 of the Income Tax (Transitional Provisions) Act 1997 . The Fund satisfies this condition in respect of its current Australian investments. | Detailed Reasoning - Conclusion: As the Fund and the Defined Benefit Plans it administers have met both the pre-existing and extra requirements under paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936, the Fund and these Plans are excluded from withholding tax in relation to the unfranked dividend income derived from its current Australian investments. | Detailed Reasoning - Franked dividends: Section 128B of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936) imposes liability to withholding tax on income derived by a non-resident that consists of dividend income (subsection 128B(1) of the ITAA 1936) as well as other income prescribed in that section. Paragraph 128B(3)(ga) of the ITAA 1936 prescribes that section 128B of the ITAA 1936 will not apply to income that consists of the franked part of a dividend. Therefore, if dividends paid by a company are franked, then there is no withholding tax claimable as a refund.