Private ruling: Residency of Australia for taxation purposes
Date of advice: 11 June 2021
Published: August 2021
Ruling period: Year ending 30 June 20XX
Date scheme commenced: 1 July 20XX

Ruling: Q1: Will you be a non-resident of Australia for taxation purposes after leaving Australia during July 20XX? | A1: Yes.

Relevant facts and circumstances: You are a dual citizen of the Country Y and Australia. You were born in Country Y. You moved to Australia in 20YY. You have obtained employment with a Country Z based company. The terms of your employment include the requirements that you are based in Country Z and will be paid in Country Z dollars into a Country Z based bank account. You intend to move to Country Z in mid 20XX. You have been granted a Country Z visa which is valid for X years with the option to renew it. You intend to remove your name from the Australian electoral roll. You will notify Australian banks, Medicare and your private health insurer that you are relocating to Country Z. You intend to cancel your credit cards and Australian organisation memberships. You have a spouse and children. Your family intend to relocate to Country Z around early 20XY. You intend to find and establish a home or apartment for your family to live in prior to their move to Country Z. You will take the majority or your personal possessions with you when you relocate to Country Z. You intend to open a Country Z based bank account. You will make a number of trips to Australia for family matters, holidays and to help your family relocate to Country Z. You will spend less than 183 days in Australia in the 20XX financial year. Your spouse is employed full time in Australia and does not need financial support. Your employer will allow you to work remotely during any periods of hotel quarantine required in Australia. You and your spouse are not a contributing member of the Public Sector Superannuation Scheme or the Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme.

Relevant legislative provisions: Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 subsection 995-1(1) | Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 subsection 6(1)

Reasons for decision: Summary: Section 6-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) provides that where you are a resident of Australia for taxation purposes, your assessable income includes income gained from all sources, whether in or out of Australia. However, if you are a foreign resident, your assessable income includes only income derived from an Australian source (subsection 6-5(3) of the ITAA 1997). The terms resident and resident of Australia, regarding an individual, are defined in subsection 6(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936). The definition provides four tests to ascertain whether a taxpayer is a resident of Australia. These tests are: 1. the resides test 2. the domicile tests 3. the 183-day test 4. the superannuation tests The primary test for deciding the residency status of an individual is whether the individual resides in Australia according to the ordinary meaning of the word resides. However, where an individual does not reside in Australia according to ordinary concepts, they may still be a resident of Australia for tax purposes if they meet the conditions of one of the other three tests. | Detailed Reasoning - 1. The resides test: The resides test considers whether an individual is residing in Australia according to the ordinary meaning of the word 'reside'. As the word 'reside' is not defined in Australian taxation law, it takes its ordinary meaning for the purposes of subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936. The ordinary meaning of the word 'reside', according to the Macquarie Dictionary , 2001, rev. 3rd edition, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, NSW, is 'to dwell permanently or for a considerable time; having one's abode for a time', and according to the Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (1987), is 'to dwell permanently, or for a considerable time, to have one's settled or usual abode, to live in or at a particular place'. In considering the definition of 'reside', the High Court of Australia, in Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Miller (1946) 73 CLR 93 at page 99-100, per Latham CJ, noted the term 'reside' should be given a wide meaning for the purposes of section 6(1) of the ITAA 1936. Similarly, in Subrahmanyam v Commissioner of Taxation 2002 ATC 2303, Deputy President Forgie said at paragraphs 43 and 44 that the widest meaning should be attributed to the word 'reside'. The question of whether an individual 'resides' in a country is a question of fact and degree and not of law. In deciding this question, the courts have consistently referred to and considered the following factors as being relevant: (i) physical presence in Australia; (ii) nationality; (iii) history of residence and movements; (iv) habits and 'mode of life'; (v) frequency, regularity and duration of visits to Australia; (vi) purpose of visits to or absences from Australia; (vii) family and business ties with Australia compared to the foreign country concerned; and (viii) maintenance of a place of abode. The weight given to each factor varies with individual circumstances and no single factor is necessarily decisive. In Shand v Federal Commissioner of Taxation 2003 ATC 2080, the Tribunal stated (at 35): Questions of residence, domicile, permanent place of abode, have frequently been found by the courts and tribunals to be difficult to assess on a factual level and not easy to define in concrete legal terms. You are moving to Country Z to live in mid 20XX. You have a work permit to enter Country Z which can be renewed. You will initially live in a serviced apartment for X weeks before obtaining long term accommodation for you and your family. You have acquired employment in Country Z and resigned from your Australian based employment. You do not intend to return to Australia other than for vacations or short term family visits. You will take your personal possessions with you to Country Z. Based on the information provided to the commissioner, you are not residing in Australia according to ordinary concepts as you have broken your connection with Australia, and it is your intention not to return to Australia. You are not a resident under this test. | Detailed Reasoning - 2. The domicile test: If a person's domicile is Australia, they will be an Australian resident unless the Commissioner is satisfied, they have a permanent place of abode outside of Australia. In order to show that a new domicile of choice in a country outside of Australia has been adopted, the person must be able to prove an intention to make his or her home indefinitely in that country. The concept of Domicile was discussed in the Marriage of Hall (1980) 5 Fam LR 662: A person may abandon his domicile of origin and acquire a domicile of choice but in order to establish a change of domicile there must be clear evidence of an intention to abandon the domicile of origin and to make a new permanent home in the country to which the person has removed. In my view a person cannot be said to acquire a new domicile until there has been a firm intention of establishing a permanent residence in another country and also the confirmation of that intention by actual residence in that country. Declarations as to intention are rightly regarded in determining the question of a change of domicile, but they must be examined by considering the person to whom, the purposes for which, and the circumstances in which they are made and they must further be fortified and carried into effect by conduct and action consistent with the declared expression. The Commissioner's view on how a domicile of choice may be acquired can be found in Taxation Ruling IT 2650 Income Tax: Residency - permanent place of abode outside Australia , at paragraph 21: In order to show that a new domicile of choice in a country outside Australia has been adopted, the person must be able to prove an intention to make his or her home indefinitely in that country e.g., through having obtained a migration visa. A working visa, even for a substantial period of time such as 2 years, would not be sufficient evidence of an intention to acquire a new domicile of choice. Ross v Ross [1930] AC 1 at 6-7 per Lord Buckmaster... Where the court finds that at a relevant point of time there is a conflict between the actual conduct of the party concerned and the verbal expression of his intention doubtless the court will in most cases prefer the act to the word - as an ancient proverb puts it: "what you do speaks so loudly that I cannot hear what you say." Further, in Fremlin v Fremlin (1913) 16 CLR 212; [1913] HCA 25 ( Fremlin v Fremlin ) Per Barton J: In Winans v. Attorney-General , Lord Halsbury L.C. said:-"Now the law is plain, that where a domicile of origin is proved it lies upon the person who asserts a change of domicile to establish it, and it is necessary to prove that the person who is alleged to have changed his domicile had a fixed and determined purpose to make the place of his new domicile his permanent home." In the much older case of Udny v. Udny Lord Westbury said: - "Domicile of choice is a conclusion or inference which the law derives from the fact of a man fixing voluntarily his sole or chief residence in a particular place, with an intention of continuing to reside there for an unlimited time. This is a description of the circumstances which create or constitute a domicile, and not a definition of the term. There must be a residence freely chosen, and not prescribed or dictated by any external necessity, such as the duties of office, the demands of creditors, or the relief from illness; and it must be residence fixed not for a limited period or particular purpose, but general and indefinite in its future contemplation. It is true that residence originally temporary, or intended for a limited period, may afterwards become general and unlimited, and in such a case so soon as the change of purpose, or animus manendi, can be inferred the fact of domicile is established." Lord Curriehill in the case of Donaldson v. M'Clure says: -"To abandon one domicile for another means something far more than a mere change of residence. It imports an intention not only to relinquish those peculiar rights, privileges and immunities which the law and constitution of the domicile confer on the denizens of the country in their domestic relations, in their business transactions, in their political and municipal status, and in the daily affairs of common life, but also the laws by which the succession to property is regulated after death. The abandonment or change of a domicile is therefore a proceeding of a very serious nature, and an intention to make such an abandonment requires to be proved by satisfactory evidence." Lord Halsbury, in Marchioness of Huntly v. Gaskell , expressed strong approval of Lord Curriehill's judgment, quoting this passage. While your domicile of origin is the Country Y, your domicile of choice became Australia when you moved here in 2008. You have not taken any steps to change your domicile to Country Z at this time. Therefore, your domicile of choice remains Australia. | Detailed Reasoning - Permanent place of abode: The expression 'place of abode' refers to a person's residence, where they live with their family and sleep at night. In essence, a person's place of abode is that person's dwelling place or the physical surroundings in which a person lives. A permanent place of abode does not have to be 'everlasting' or 'forever'. It does not mean an abode in which a person intends to live for the rest of his or her life. An intention to return to Australia in the foreseeable future to live does not prevent the taxpayer in the meantime setting up a permanent place of abode elsewhere. The Full Federal Court in Harding stated at 41 that it favoured the construction of the phrase 'permanent place of abode' as used at first instance in Applegate v Commissioner of Taxation [1978] 1 NSWLR 126 at 134: "place of abode" may mean the house in which a person lives or the country, city or town in which he is for the time being to be found. I am of the view that the latter is the meaning of the expression used in s. 6(1.) of the Act. The Full Federal Court at 40 summarised its thoughts on 'permanent place of abode' as follows: • the word 'place' in the context of the phrase 'outside Australia' involves a consideration of the town or country in which a person is physically residing 'permanently'; • so long as the taxpayer has 'definitely abandoned' his or her residence in Australia, it is not necessary for the taxpayer to be permanently located at a particular house or flat in a particular town within a foreign country or for the person to live in one particular town, suburb or village within a given country; • the word 'place' should accordingly be read as including a reference to a country or state; • moving between foreign countries is not the same as being permanently in one country; and • the words 'permanent place' require the identification of a country in which the taxpayer is living permanently. Consequently, it is considered that the Full Federal Court in Harding provides two key considerations in determining whether a taxpayer has their permanent place of abode outside Australia. These are: (1) whether the taxpayer has definitely abandoned, in a permanent way, their Australian residence, and (2) whether the taxpayer is living permanently in a specific country, rather than moving between foreign countries. The Commissioner is satisfied that you set up a permanent place of abode outside Australia for the following reasons: • You are moving to Country Z to live in mid 20XX. • You will initially live in a serviced apartment for X weeks before obtaining long term accommodation for you and your family. • You will take your personal possessions with you to Country Z. • You will maintain a level of connection to Australia while your family remain in the country, however, you do not intend to stay in Australia except for short term holidays and to assist in your family relocating to Country Z. The Commissioner is satisfied that you will have left your home in Australia and made your home outside Australia. You are not a resident under this test. | Detailed Reasoning - 3. The 183-day test: Under the 183-day test, a person is a resident of Australia if they are actually physically present in Australia for more than 183 days in an income year unless the Commissioner is satisfied that their usual place of abode is outside of Australia and they have no intention of taking up residence here. You do not intend to be in Australia for more than 183 days during the financial year after leaving Australia in mid 20XX. You will not be a resident under this test. | Detailed Reasoning - 4. The superannuation tests: This test covers Commonwealth government employees - members of the Commonwealth superannuation funds (as well as their spouses and children under 16 years of age). A person is a resident under this test if they are: • a member of the superannuation scheme established by deed under the Superannuation Act 1990 ; or • an eligible employee for the purposes of the Superannuation Act 1976 ; or • the spouse, or a child under 16, of a person covered by either of the above. You are not a resident under this test. | Detailed Reasoning - Your residency status: You are not a resident of Australia for taxation purposes after you move to Country Z in mid 20XX.

This ruling applies for the following period: