simonko912/slovak-scrape huggingface dataset:
Memorize the most common words in Slovak
An effective method for memorizing the most common words in Slovak is based on muscle memory. By repeatedly typing the words, you enhance your ability to remember them. Dedicate 10 minutes of practice each day, and you could learn all the essential words within two-three months.
Why the First 1000 Words in Slovak Are Crucial
There's no magic number of Slovak words that will unlock conversational fluency, as language proficiency hinges on multiple factors. These include the intrinsic complexity of Slovak, the specific scenarios in which you aim to communicate, and your skill in applying the language creatively and flexibly. Nonetheless, in the realm of Slovak language learning, the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) offers a guideline for gauging language proficiency levels.
The CEFR's A1 tier, labeled as the Beginner level, corresponds to a basic familiarity with Slovak. At this initial stage, a learner is equipped to grasp and employ common, day-to-day expressions as well as elementary phrases designed for meeting immediate needs. This includes self-introduction, fielding and posing questions about personal details, and engaging in straightforward interactions, assuming the conversation partner speaks slowly, articulately, and is patient. While the exact vocabulary for an A1 level student may differ, it often ranges from 500 to 1,000 words, a foundation robust enough for crafting simple sentences and framing queries related to numbers, dates, essential personal details, commonplace objects, and uncomplicated activities in Slovak.
Further analysis suggests that a vocabulary tallying at the A2 level is where basic conversational fluency in Slovak begins to crystallize. At this stage, having a command of roughly 1,200 to 2,000 words may suffice for elementary dialogue encompassing familiar subjects.
Hence, accruing a lexicon of 1,000 Slovak words is deemed a highly effective strategy for a broad understanding of written and spoken contexts, alongside the capability to articulate oneself in a swath of routine scenarios. Achieving this lexicon is to equip yourself with the critical vocabulary needed for communicating with a measure of ease and is a tangible target for most learners of the language.
It's important to note that mere knowledge of individual Slovak words won't suffice. The key to language mastery lies in the ability to weave these words into coherent, meaningful exchanges and to navigate conversations with confidence in Slovak. This includes not only vocabulary but also a grasp of basic Slovak grammar principles, pronunciation patterns, and familiar expressions—all vital elements to truly leveraging your 1,000-word arsenal.
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The biggest online dictionary
Glosbe is the biggest community-built dictionary. It supports ALL languages in the world! Join us today!
Glosbe is a platform providing free dictionaries with in-context translations (translated sentences - the so-called translation memory). You will find here:
- billions of translated phrases
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Glosbe is developed thanks to the efforts of many people who add new content every day. Join us and share your knowledge!
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Slovakia in History
| Subject | History of Slovakia |
|---|---|
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Slovakia in History is an edited collection of essays on the history of Slovakia in English published by Cambridge University Press in 2011, covering the period between the Duchy of Nitra in the first millennium and the 1993 dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The volume was edited by Cambridge University professor Mikuláš Teich and Dušan Kováč of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. Most of the contributors are historians with the Slovak Academy of Sciences. It received mixed reviews.[1][2][3] James Mace Ward noted that book's coverage of twentieth-century history was much more in depth than its coverage of prior eras, and that non-Slovak peoples who lived in the territory of present-day Slovakia were ignored.[2] The book was praised in Denník SME, which stated that it was the first time that an overview of Slovak history had been published by such a prestigious press in English and also felt that it was an evenhanded and objective book.[4] However, Slovenské národné noviny criticized the book, arguing that the contributors were biased.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Kirschbaum, Stanislav (2012). "Review of Slovakia in History, Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 54 (1/2): 274–276. ISSN 0008-5006. JSTOR 41710617.
- ^ a b Ward, J. M. (2 January 2013). "Slovakia in History, ed. Mikulas Teich, Dusan Kovac, and Martin D. Brown". The English Historical Review. 128 (530): 202–204. doi:10.1093/ehr/ces352.
- ^ Slobodova, Zuzana. British Czech and Slovak Review.
{{cite journal}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Otčenáš, Igor (14 April 2011). "Nie politika, ale objektívna historická interpretácia". SME.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 19 February 2020.
- ^ Sabol, Milan. "Zhrbení historici píšu zhrbenú históriu, SNN 49". Slovenské národné noviny. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
Further reading
[edit]- Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin D., eds. (2011). Slovakia in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49494-6.
A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival
This classic book offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date history of Slovakia, from its establishment on the Danubian Plain to the present. While paying tribute to Slovakia's resilience and struggle for survival, it describes contributions to European civilization in the Middle Ages; the development of Slovak consciousness in response to Magyarization; its struggle for autonomy in Czechoslovakia after the Treaty of Versailles; its resistance, as the first Slovak Republic, to a Nazi-controlled Europe; its reaction to Communism; and the path that led to the creation of the second Slovak Republic. Now fully updated to the present day, the book examines the vagaries of Slovak post-Communist politics that led to Slovakia's membership in NATO and the European Union.
A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Slovakia
Summary
In July 1992, Slovakia declared itself a sovereign state and began negotiations with the Czech Republic to disband the country that had been Czechoslovakia. Once parliament approved, on January 1, 1993, Slovakia and the Czech Republic became two separate autonomous countries. The United States formally recognized the establishment of Slovakia on that same date.
Recognition
U.S. Recognition of Slovak Independence, 1993.
On January 1, 1993, the U.S. formally recognized both the Slovak and Czech Republic as separate, sovereign states. A public statement was made indicating that an ambassador to the Slovak Republic would be appointed shortly thereafter.
Diplomatic Relations
Establishment of Diplomatic Relations and the American Embassy in Bratislava, 1993.
Diplomatic relations and the U.S. Embassy in Bratislava were established on January 4, 1993, with the appointment of Paul Hacker as Chargé d’Affaires ad interim. The first U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia, Theodore E. Russell, presented his credentials on November 22, 1993.
The territory of Slovakia has been settled from the oldest times. Several cultures inhabited its territory until they were dominated by the expandingÂ CeltsÂ in the 4th century BC followed by theÂ German-Roman rivalryÂ at the turn of the Eras. In time of Migration of Nations the firstÂ SlavsÂ arrived here. The Samo`s Domain existing in the mid-7th century with the territory of Slovakia as its central part was followed by establishment of the Nitra Principality at the beginning of the 9th century and finally theÂ Great Moravian EmpireÂ was established in 833 ADÂ â the first common state of the Slovak and Czechs ancestors. After the fall of Great Moravia the Old Hungarian tribes invaded the territory of Slovakia, and the territory of Slovakia with its inhabitants became part of the Kingdom of Hungary for the long thousand years.
TheÂ Hungarian stateÂ was consolidated after centuries of internal struggle between the nobility and the ruler and economic growth occurred also in the territory of today`s Slovakia, which was also the result of the thrivingÂ mining townsÂ or the trade centres. In what is now the city of Bratislava, the first university of Slovakia,Â AcademiaÂ IstropolitanaÂ was established in 1467. The royal house, which ruled the country after the invasion the Turks undertook in Europe, was that of Habsburgs which withheld the throne until 1918. From the perspective of the Slovak nation, the crucial period in their history was theÂ 19th centuryÂ when the Slovaks formulated their own political programme for the first time. The promising development of the national movement though, was mutilated by the Austrian-Hungarian Compromise signed in 1867 and the followingÂ period of MagyarisationÂ which lasted full 50 years. Only the First World War activated the anti-Austrian-Hungarian resistance, which culminated in 1918 by the declaration on the joining of the Slovak nation with the Czech nation into a wholeÂ â theÂ Czechoslovak Republic.
The independentÂ Slovak StateÂ was established in Slovakia in 1939 as an outcome of international events, however, the end of the Second World War brought about restoration ofÂ Czechoslovakia. The communist party gradually seized power in the country and the communist dictatorship was overthrown only through the Velvet Revolution inÂ 1989. The democratic process exposed several problems, which resulted in the break-up of the common state of the Czechs and Slovaks and the establishment of the independentÂ Slovak RepublicÂ (1 January 1993).Â
Slovakia is a member of theÂ European UnionÂ fromÂ May 2004.Â In December 2007, itÂ became part of theÂ Schengen AreaÂ and fromÂ 1/1/2009, upon the adoption of the single European currencyÂ Euro, Slovakia also became one of the countries of theÂ European Monetary Union.
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Slovakia History Index https://workmall.com/wfb2001/slovakia/slovakia_history_index.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies
NOTE: The information regarding Slovakia on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Slovakia History information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Slovakia History should be addressed to the Library of Congress. |
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Janez Vajkard Valvasor
| Janez Vajkard Valvasor | |
| Född | 28 maj 1641[1] Ljubljana[1] |
|---|---|
| Död | 19 september 1693[2][3][1] (52 år) Krško[1] |
| Medborgare i | Tysk-romerska riket |
| Sysselsättning | Kartograf, universalgeni[1], förläggare[1], samlare[1], författare, geograf, heraldiker, aristokrat |
| Barn | Alojzij Valvasor (f. 1679)[1] |
| Utmärkelser | |
| Fellow of the Royal Society | |
| Redigera Wikidata |
Janez Vajkard Valvasor, född 1641 i Ljubljana, död 1693 i Krško, var en slovensk baron och författare. Han var också vetenskapsman, resenär och soldat. Han var intresserad av olika naturfenomen som han observerade. Mellan åren 1641-1693 ägde han det kranjska slottet Bogenšperk (tyska:Wagensberg)
Valvasor författade det illustrerade historisk-topografiska verket Die Ehre deβ Hertzogthums Crain (fyra folioband 1689, omtryckt 1877-79), som har grundläggande betydelse för utforskande av slovenska folkets historia, språk, sedvänjor m.m.
Valvasor tillbringade mycket tid vid sjön Cerknica som ligger i inre Kranj. Det är en s.k. intermittent sjö som helt plötsligt kan försvinna och lika plötsligt återkomma. Han tillbringade en stor del av sin tid vid sjön mellan åren 1684-1685 där han skrev sitt omfattande verk på 3532 sidor kallat ”Slava vojvodine Kranjske”/"Die Ehre deβ Hertzogthums Crain". I sitt arbete beskrev han bl.a. sjön Cerknicas vattensystem. Hans verk publicerades i Nürnberg år 1689.
Hans beskrivning av den intermittenta sjön gjorde också att han blev medlem av ”English Royal Society” i London, ett kungligt sällskap och en förening för forskning och diskussion.
På sitt slott Bogenšperk (tyska:Wagensberg)hade han ett eget tryckeri, men dog i armod. Av sina sydslaviska samtida blev han mycket firad för sitt patriotiska mecenatskap och sin genom utländska studieresor vunna lärdom.
Källor
[redigera | redigera wikitext]- Valvazor, Jan Vajkart i Nordisk familjebok (andra upplagan, 1921)
- Bok Rado Omota, Slovenien från urtid till nutid, 1991
- Tidskriften Slovenija Quarterly Magazine, 1994, No 1
Noter
[redigera | redigera wikitext]- ^ [a b c d e f g h] Slovenska biografija, Znanstvenoraziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti, Slovenska biografija-ID: 759993.[källa från Wikidata]
- ^ Benezit Dictionary of Artists, Oxford University Press, 2006 och 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7, Benezit-ID: B00188246, läst: 9 oktober 2017.[källa från Wikidata]
- ^ RKDartists, RKDartists-ID: 461013, läst: 9 oktober 2017.[källa från Wikidata]
Externa länkar
[redigera | redigera wikitext]
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Information on Urban History and Urban Historical Research in Slovakia
by Juraj Šedivý
1. Associations and Societies on Urban History
- Sekcia pre dejiny miest Slovenskej historickej spoločnosti (Section of Urban History at the Slovak Historical Society‘).
2. City Archives
- Archív mesta Bratislavy (‘Municipal Archives of Bratislava’).
- Archiv mesta Košice (‘City Archives of Košice’).
Other important archives with fonds/collections concerning the urban history:
- Section for Archives at the Ministry.
- Slovenský národný archív (‘Slovak National Archive’), Fb.
Online: www.PamMap.sk: a comprehensive memory portal for the history of Slovak cities – Fb
3. Journals
- Mesto a dejiny (‘City and History’ – two times a year, ed. Institute for History, P. J. Šafárik-University in Košice).
- Bratislava. Zborník Múzea mesta Bratislavy (‘Bratislava. Yearbook of a Municipal Museum of Bratislava’ – annually, ed. Municipal Museum of Bratislava).
- Woch (‘Woch /name of a first known citizen of Pressburg/Bratislava/’ – annually, ed. Association for Embelishment of Bratislava).
- Pamiatky Trnavy a Trnavského kraja (journal for history of the city Trnava and its region).
4. Journals for Regional History including relevant contributions on Urban History
- Bibliography of regional journals and historical works relevant for western part of Slovakia is available online: František Gahér: Prehľad literatúry k dejinám a pamiatkam západného Slovenska (‘Overview of Literature to the History and Monuments of Western Slovakia’). In: Historica 49, 2015, p. 77 – 84.
The journals with most impact:
- Záhorie (journal of the region in the west od Low Carpathians).
- Historika (journal of the Low-Carpathian-region between Bratislava and Smolenice).
- Gemer-Malohont (annual studies from the region in the south of Middle-Slovakia, no web-information).
5. Main Reference Works on Urban History in Slovakia:
- Lexikon stredovekých miest na Slovensku (‘Lexicon of Mediaeval Cities in Slovakia’), ed. Martin Štefánik – Ján Lukačka, Bratislava 2010.
- Dejiny Bratislavy 1-5 (‘History of Bratislava 1-5), ed. Juraj Šedivý (project in progress since 2012).
- Historický atlas miest Slovenska (‘Historical Towns Atlas of Slovakia’), ed. Juraj Šedivý (project in progress officially since 2017).
6. Bibliographies:
- Bibliografia dejín Slovenska (Bibliography of Slovak History)
- A Guide to Historiography in Slovakia, ed. by Elena Mannová and David P. Daniel, Bratislava 1995.
- Survey about the last 100 years focussed on Medieval and Early Modern History of the Capital City Bratislava, see: Juraj Šedivý: Moderná a postmoderná koncepcia urbánnych dejín na príklade Bratislavy (‘Modern and Postmodern Concept of Urban History – Case Study Bratislava’). In: Jak psát dějiny velkých měst (‘How to write the History of big Cities’), ed. Radana Červená, Brno 2016, p. 51-72.
7. Preparing activities for a Historical Town Atlas – Slovakia:
- Juraj Šedivý: Map Portals and Databasis of Towns in Central Europe. An Appendix or Substitution for printed Historical Town Atlases? In: Cittá e Storia 10, 2015, s. 261-280.
-
Brižinski spomeniki (po 972—najpozneje 1039)
Celovški rokopis
Stiški rokopis (po 1411–pred 1436)
Starogorski rokopis -
Primož Trubar (1508–1586)
Adam Bohorič (pribl. 1520–1598)
Sebastijan Krelj (1538–1567)
Jurij Dalmatin (pribl. 1547–1589) -
Tomaž Hren (1560–1630)
Janez Čandek (1581–1624) -
Janez Svetokriški (1647–1714)
Janez Vajkard Valvasor (1641–1693)
Romuald Štandreški (1676–1748) -
Žiga Zois (1747–1819)
Anton Tomaž Linhart (1756–1795)
Valentin Vodnik (1758–1819)
Štefan Küzmič (1723–1779)
Marko Pohlin (1735–1801)
Mikloš Küzmič (1737–1804)
Jurij Japelj (1744–1807)
Jožef Košič (1788–1867) -
Jernej Kopitar (1780–1844)
Janez Cigler (1792–1867)
Miha Kastelic (1796–1868)
Matija Čop (1797–1835)
Jovan Vesel Koseski (1798–1884)
France Prešeren (1800–1849)
Anton Martin Slomšek (1800–1862)
Janez Bleiweis (1808–1881)
Andrej Smole (1800–1840)
Stanko Vraz (1810–1851) -
Janez Trdina (1830–1905)
Fran Levstik (1831–1887)
Josipina Turnograjska (1833–1854)
Simon Jenko (1835–1869)
Josip Jurčič (1844–1881)
Josip Stritar (1836–1923)
Janko Kersnik (1852–1897)
Simon Gregorčič (1844–1906)
Anton Aškerc (1856–1912)
Ivan Tavčar (1851–1923)
Fran Erjavec (1834–1887)
Fran Celestin(1843–1895) -
Dragotin Kette (1876–1899)
Josip Murn Aleksandrov (1879–1901)
Oton Župančič (1878–1949)
Ivan Cankar (1876–1918)
Avgust Pavel (1886–1946) Alojz Gradnik (1882–1967)
Izidor Cankar (1886–1958) -
Ekspresionizem in slovenske zgodovinske avantgarde:
Anton Podbevšek (1898–1981)
Srečko Kosovel (1904–1926)
Miran Jarc (1900–1942)
Božo Vodušek (1905–1978)
Ivan Pregelj (1883–1960)
Slavko Grum (1901–1949)
Anton Vodnik (1901–1965) Socialni realizem:
France Bevk (1890–1970)
Mile Klopčič (1905–1984)
Ciril Kosmač (1910–1980)
Miško Kranjec (1908–1983)
Bratko Kreft (1905–1996)
Tone Seliškar (1900–1969)
Prežihov Voranc (1893–1950)
Vladimir Bartol (1903–1967)
Fran Saleški Finžgar (1871–1962) -
Karel Destovnik – Kajuh (1922–1944)
Matej Bor (1913–1993)
France Balantič (1921–1943)
Ivan Hribovšek (1923–1945) -
Hrad Bodoň je postavený na výraznej skalnej vyvýšenine okrúhleho tvaru v nadmorskej výške 855,2 m n.m. Má niekoľko názvov – okrúhly tvar skaly dal hradu názov aj Kerekku (Okrúhla skala) v stredoveku. Slovanské obyvateľstvo blízkeho okolia ho pre zvláštny tvar pomenovalo Makovica. Tretím názvom je Bodoň, podľa jeho zakladateľa – šľachtica Buduna z Ploského. Prvá písomná zmienka o hrade pochádza z roku 1285. Podľa zachovalých listín sa tu ukrývali jeho rodinní príslušníci počas tatárskych vpádov koncom 13. a začiatkom 14. storočia.
Osídlenie v stredoveku nebolo dlhodobé. Archeologický výskum odkryl niekoľko stavieb a to najmä základy hlavnej veže. Hrad Bodoň je svojou nadmorskou výškou jedným z najvyššie položených stredovekých hradov na Slovensku. Výška skalných stien je až 20 metrov a slúžia aj ako cvičné steny pre skalolezcov.
K Hradu Bodoň vedie chodník z obce Zlatá Baňa. Návštevníkovi sa cestou črtajú možnosti výstupu na vrch Makovica, návšteva obce Abranovce či prechádzka Rácovou dolinou až do sedla Heteť.
HRAD BODOŇ je tiež súčasťou kampane
| Typ publikácie | Vysokoškolská učebnica |
| Rok vydania | 2018 |
| Vydavateľstvo | Vydavateľstvo Belianum, Univerzita Mateja Bela, Banská Bystrica |
| Autor (podľa obálky) | Peter Mičko - Miroslav Kmeť |
| Autori z UMB | Mičko Peter, doc. PhDr., PhD.; Kmeť Miroslav, doc. PaedDr., PhD. |
| ISBN | 978-80-557-1494-3 |
| ISSN | |
| Počet strán | 186 |
Špecifikom vysokoškolskej učebnice, ktorú spracovala dvojica autorov je skutočnosť, že spracováva dejiny Slovákov na domácom území, ale aj v zahraničných enklávach, čo je nóvum v súčasnej ponuke učebných textov venujúcich sa dejinám Slovenska v prvej polovici 20. storočia. Vysokoškolské učebné texty Dejiny Slovenska a Slovákov (1918 – 1945), by tak mali dať v konečnom dôsledku čitateľovi odpoveď predovšetkým na otázku vzniku nového štátu po skončení prvej svetovej vojny a následné štátoprávne zmeny, ktoré boli v prvej polovici 20. storočia spôsobené predovšetkým mocenskými ambíciami nacistického Nemecka. Súčasne druhá časť vysokoškolskej učebnice mapuje život Slovákov v zahraničí, ktorí sa po rozpade Rakúsko-Uhorska stali súčasťou viacerých novovzniknutých štátov, príp. vytvorili vlastné komunity v (západo-)európskom zahraničí a v zámorí v dôsledku sociálnej migrácie.
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