Explanations about the declension of numerals in Slovak
Numerals in Slovak, like in other Slavic languages, are a complex topic: they are declined, sometimes agree in gender, and knowing which case must follow a numeral is not always simple. Textbooks rarely have detailed explanations about this, so here is everything I could find about the expression of numbers in Slovak and their declension.
See also this tool which automatically declines numerals.
Cardinal numerals
Simple numerals
The first numeral, 1, is declined pretty much like an adjective.
| Number | Singular | Plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
| Animate | Inanimate | Animate | Inanimate | |||||
| Nominative | jeden | jedno | jedna | jedni | jedny | |||
| Genitive | jedného | jednej | jedných | |||||
| Dative | jednému | jednej | jedným | |||||
| Accusative | jedného | jeden | jedno | jednu | jedných | jedny | ||
| Locative | jednom | jednej | jedných | |||||
| Instrumental | jedným | jednou | jednými |
The fact that 1 has a plural can be surprising, but it is actually used with pluralia tantum (see “Collective numerals”) and to mean “some, a few”.
2 has three different forms in the nominative and accusative: one for masculine animate, one for masculine inanimate and one for both neuter and feminine. The two possible instrumental forms are interchangeable. Note that oba and obidva (both) are declined like dva.
| Case | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animate | Inanimate | |||
| Nominative | dvaja | dva | dve | |
| Genitive | dvoch | |||
| Dative | dvom | |||
| Accusative | dvoch | dva | dve | |
| Locative | dvoch | |||
| Instrumental | dvoma / dvomi |
3 and 4 have similar declensions: the only gender distinction is between masculine animate and the rest. Here too, the two instrumental forms for 3 are interchangeable.
| Case | Masculine animate | Other |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | traja | tri |
| Genitive | troch | |
| Dative | trom | |
| Accusative | troch | tri |
| Locative | troch | |
| Instrumental | troma / tromi |
| Case | Masculine animate | Other |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | štyria | štyri |
| Genitive | štyroch | |
| Dative | štyrom | |
| Accusative | štyroch | štyri |
| Locative | štyroch | |
| Instrumental | štyrmi |
The numerals from 5 to 20, as well as the multiples of ten up to 90, are declined in the same way. The nominative masculine animate form is facultative. The accusative is not indicated in the table below because it is either identical to the genitive (masculine animate) or the nominative (other genders).
Pay attention to a few details:
- pätnásť, šestnásť, devätnásť are spelled with a t (not a ť).
- 20, 30 and 40 are formed with the suffix -dsať, multiples of ten from 50 with -desiat.
- The declension causes a vowel lengthening: a, ä, e, o become respectively ia, ia, ie, ô.
| Case | Nominative | Genitive / Locative | Dative | Instrumental | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Masculine animate | ||||
| 5 | päť | piati | piatich | piatim | piatimi |
| 6 | šesť | šiesti | šiestich | šiestim | šiestimi |
| 7 | sedem | sedmi | sedmich | sedmim | sedmimi |
| 8 | osem | ôsmi | ôsmich | ôsmim | ôsmimi |
| 9 | deväť | deviati | deviatich | deviatim | deviatimi |
| 10 | desať | desiati | desiatich | desiatim | desiatimi |
| 11 | jedenásť | jedenásti | jedenástich | jedenástim | jedenástimi |
| 12 | dvanásť | dvanásti | dvanástich | dvanástim | dvanástimi |
| 13 | trinásť | trinásti | trinástich | trinástim | trinástimi |
| 14 | štrnásť | štrnásti | štrnástich | štrnástim | štrnástimi |
| 15 | pätnásť | pätnásti | pätnástich | pätnástim | pätnástimi |
| 16 | šestnásť | šestnásti | šestnástich | šestnástim | šestnástimi |
| 17 | sedemnásť | sedemnásti | sedemnástich | sedemnástim | sedemnástimi |
| 18 | osemnásť | osemnásti | osemnástich | osemnástim | osemnástimi |
| 19 | devätnásť | devätnásti | devätnástich | devätnástim | devätnástimi |
| 20 | dvadsať | dvadsiati | dvadsiatich | dvadsiatim | dvadsiatimi |
| 30 | tridsať | tridsiati | tridsiatich | tridsiatim | tridsiatimi |
| 40 | štyridsať | štyridsiati | štyridsiatich | štyridsiatim | štyridsiatimi |
| 50 | päťdesiať | päťdesiati | päťdesiatich | päťdesiatim | päťdesiatimi |
| 60 | šesťdesiať | šesťdesiati | šesťdesiatich | šesťdesiatim | šesťdesiatimi |
| 70 | sedemdesiať | sedemdesiati | sedemdesiatich | sedemdesiatim | sedemdesiatimi |
| 80 | osemdesiať | osemdesiati | osemdesiatich | osemdesiatim | osemdesiatimi |
| 90 | deväťdesiať | deväťdesiati | deväťdesiatich | deväťdesiatim | deväťdesiatimi |
The bigger numbers are easier: the numeral sto (100) is not declined. Tisíc (1,000) can be either declined like päť or, usually, not be declined.
Milión (1,000,000), miliarda (1,000,000,000) and nula (0) are actually nouns and are declined as such.
Compound numerals
To form numers 21…29, 31…39, etc., up to 99, you just have to put the multiple of ten and the unit next to each other. For numerals ending in 2, the form dve is not used (dva is used for all genders).
Numerals ending in -jeden (21, 31, etc.) are not declined. For other numerals, there are two possibilities:
- not declining them,
- declining both parts, and in this case they are written separately.
For instance, 56 can be either päťdesiatšesť in all cases or päťdesiati šiesti (masculine animate nominative — optional), päťdesiatich šiestich (genitive, locative, masculine animate accusative), päťdesiatim šiestim (dative), päťdesiatimi šiestimi (instrumental).
Hundreds are formed as follows: sto, dvesto, tristo, … deväťsto.
Thousands are: tisíc, dvetisíc, tritisíc, … deväťtisíc.
Hundreds and thousands are not declined. They are written together with the remainder of the number (unless it is declined). Note that dve- is used for 200 and 2,000.
Milión (million) and miliarda (billion) are nouns, so their case depends on the previous numeral (see “Case after a numeral”). “One million” and “one billion” are translate as jeden milión and jedna miliarda (“one” is expressed just like in English).
Here is an example of a random huge numeral (413,697,804,256) declined in all cases:
| Nominative | štyristotrinásť miliárd šesťstodeväťdesiatsedem miliónov osemstoštyritisícdvestopäťdesiatšesť |
|---|---|
| Genitive | štyristo trinástich miliárd šesťsto deväťdesiatich siedmich miliónov osemstoštyritisícdvesto päťdesiatich šiestich |
| Dative | štyristo trinástim miliardám šesťsto deväťdesiatim siedmim miliónom osemstoštyritisícdvesto päťdesiatim šiestim |
| Accusative | = N / G |
| Locative | štyristo trinástich miliardách šesťsto deväťdesiatich siedmich miliónoch osemstoštyritisícdvesto päťdesiatich šiestich |
| Instrumental | štyristo trinástimi miliardami šesťsto deväťdesiatimi siedmimi miliónmi osemstoštyritisícdvesto päťdesiatimi šiestimi |
Or, if multiples of tens and units are not declined, then only milión and miliarda change:
| Nominative | štyristotrinásť miliárd šesťstodeväťdesiatsedem miliónov osemstoštyritisícdvestopäťdesiatšesť |
|---|---|
| Genitive | štyristotrinásť miliárd šesťstodeväťdesiatsedem miliónov osemstoštyritisícdvestopäťdesiatšesť |
| Dative | štyristotrinásť miliardám šesťstodeväťdesiatsedem miliónom osemstoštyritisícdvestopäťdesiatšesť |
| Accusative | štyristotrinásť miliárd šesťstodeväťdesiatsedem miliónov osemstoštyritisícdvestopäťdesiatšesť |
| Locative | štyristotrinásť miliardách šesťstodeväťdesiatsedem miliónoch osemstoštyritisícdvestopäťdesiatšesť |
| Instrumental | štyristotrinásť miliardami šesťstodeväťdesiatsedem miliónmi osemstoštyritisícdvestopäťdesiatšesť |
Ordinal numerals
Ordinal numerals (first, second, thousandth, etc.) behave like usual adjectives and are declined as such. The Slovak abbreviation for ordinals is a dot (10. = 10th).
Ordinals up to 99 are:
- 1. prvý
- 2. druhý
- 3. tretí
- 4. štvrtý
- 5. piaty
- 6. šiesty
- 7. siedmy
- 8. ôsmy
- 9. deviaty
- 10. desiaty
- 11. jedenásty
- …
- 19. devätnásty
- 20. dvadsiaty
- 30. tridsiaty
- 40. štyridsiaty
- 50. päťdesiaty
- 60. šesťdesiaty
- 70. sedemdesiaty
- 80. osemdesiaty
- 90. deväťdesiaty
For compound numerals between 21 and 99, both parts are in the ordinal form:
- 21. dvadsiaty prvý
- 42. štyridsiaty druhý
- 98. deväťdesiaty ôsmy
“Hundredth” and “thousandth” are respectively stý and tisíci, but their multiples from 2 to 4 are formed with different prefixes that are usually found in compound words:
- 200. dvojstý
- 300. trojstý
- 400. štvorstý
- 2 000. dvojtisíci
- 3 000. trojtisíci
- 4 000. štvortisíci
For higher numbers, the process is regular: päťstý (500.), šesťtisíci (6 000.), päťdesiattisíci (50 000.).
Hundreds and thousands are in the ordinal form is they are followed by something else: sto prvý (101.), dvesto päťdesiaty šiesty (256.), osemdesiatštyritisícšesťsto osemdesiaty (84 680.).
“Millionth” and “billionth” are respectively miliónty and miliardtý.
Collective numerals
The collective numerals are:
- 2. dvoje
- 3. troje
- 4. štvoro
- 5. pätoro
- 6. šestoro
- 7. sedmoro
- 8. osmoro
- 9. devätoro
- 10. desatoro
- 11. jedenástoro
- 12. dvanástoro
- 13. trinástoro
- 20. dvadsatoro
- 30. tridsatoro
Collective numerals from 14 to 19 as well as multiples of ten from 40 to 90 seem theoretically possible, but I couldn’t find them in any dictionary. There are no collective numerals for 21…29, 31…39, etc.
Collective numerals are not declined and they are used with plural-only nouns (pluralia tantum: nouns that exist only in the plural, even though they designate a single object) as well as objects that come in pairs or groups: dvoje očí (two pairs of eyes), pätoro dverí (five doors), troje sardiniek (three cans of sardines).
Other kinds of numerals
There are other kinds of numerals in Slovak, but most of them are limited and do not present grammatical problems because they are adjectives or adverbs, such as multiplicative numerals (dvojnásobný: double). Notice the -krát suffix that means “times” and can be used after any numeral: dvakrát (twice), koľkokrát (how many times), prvýkrát (for the first time).
Indefinite numerals can behave:
- are cardinals: mnoho (many), veľa (many), málo (few), viac (more), niekoľko (some);
- as ordinals: koľký (“how manieth”);
- other types of numerals: mnohokrát (many times), viacnásobný (multiple).
There are also nouns derived from numerals that do not really have an English equivalent (usually, the ordinal is used):
- 1. jednotka
- 2. dvojka
- 3. trojka
- 4. štvorka
- 5. päťka
- 6. šestka
- 7. sedmička
- 8. osmička
- 9. deviatka
- 10. desiatka
- 11. jedenástka
- 12. dvanástka
- …
- 20. dvadsiatka
- 21. dvadsaťjednotka
- 22. dvadsaťdvojka
- …
- 30. tridsiatka
- 40. štyridsiatka
- 50. päťdesiatka
- …
- 100. stovka
- 1 000. tisícka
These words can mean: a number, an object designed by the number (bus, playing card, hotel room, grade at school, banknote, meal in a menu…) or an approximate number: stovka is “(more or less) a hundred”.
Variations are possible for these words: for 5, there is the synonym pätorka, and for 9 I have often heard devinka, which I couldn’t find in any dictionary.
Case after a numeral
Although Slovak is not as crazy as Russian, choosing the right case after a numeral can seem complicated. It’s actually not that bad. You have to distinguish several possibilities:
- 1 is an adjective: what comes after is agrees in gender, case and number (jedna žena, pre jedného človeka, o jedných nožniciach).
- With 2, 3 and 4, what follows is in the plural and in the same case (dve mestá, troch chlapov, pred štyrmi rokmi).
- For cardinal numbers from 5 as well as collective numerals :
- If the numeral is in the nominative (except for the optional different masculine inanimate variant) or the accusative (except for masculine animate), then it is followed by genitive plural (päť dní, tridsať stupňov, troje nohavíc).
- If the numeral is in another case (indluding masculine animate nominative, for numerals that have an optional different form), then what follows is in the same case, in the plural (pred desiatimi rokmi, piati muži, s dvetisíc obyvateľmi).
Indefinite numerals such as koľko or mnoho are followed by the genitive when they are in the nominative and the accusative, and by the same case when they are in another case, but the number depends on whether the noun is countable or uncountable (just like in English, e.g. “a lot of trees” vs. “a lot of water”): koľko rokov, málo času, pred mnoho rokmi, s veľa jedlom.
When the subject of the sentence is a cardinal numeral equal or greater than 5, a collective numeral or a word like mnoho, the verb is in the third personal singular neuter: päť ľudí zomrelo.