silkski/ENERAD huggingface dataset:
In goal - oriented requirements engineering methodologies , goals are structured into refinement trees from high - level system - wide goals down to fine - grained requirements assigned to specific software/ hardware / human agents that can realise them . Functional goals assigned to software agents need to be operationalised into specification of services that the agent should provide to realise those requirements . In this paper , we propose an approach for operationalising requirements into specifications expressed in the Event - B formalism . Our approach has the benefit of aiding software designers by bridging the gap between declarative requirements and operational system specifications in a rigorous manner , enabling powerful correctness proofs and allowing further refinements down to the implementation level . Our solution is based on verifying that a consistent Event - B machine exhibits properties corresponding to requirements .
We present here some of the scientific objectives which can be achieved by a single seismic station on Mars , equipped with a 3 axis VBB seismometer and a 3 axis Short Period Seismometer . We assume that this station is also equipped with meteorological sensors , including infra - sound and pressure , in order to perform a complete meteorological noise correction . The science objectives are listed in order of increasing difficulty .
A consortium has been formed to address seal problems in the Aerospace sector of Allied Signal , Inc. The consortium is represented by makers of Propulsion Engines , Auxiliary Power Units , Gas Turbine Starters , etc . The goal is to improve Face Seal reliability , since Face Seals have become reliability drivers in many of our product lines . Several research programs are being implemented simultaneously this year . They include : Face Seal Modeling and Analysis Methodology ; Oil Cooling of Seals ; Seal Tracking Dynamics ; Coking Formation & Prevention ; and Seal Reliability Methods .
During the period spanning the second Enceladus flyby in July 2005 through the eleventh Titan encounter in January 2006 , the Cassini spacecraft was successfully navigated through eight close - targeted satellite encounters . Three of these encounters included the 500 km flybys of the icy satellites Hyperion , Dione and Rhea and five targeted flybys of Saturn 's largest moon , Titan . This paper will show how our refinements to Saturn 's satellite ephemerides have improved orbit determination predictions . These refinements include the mass estimates of Saturn and its satellites by better than 0.5 % . Also , it will be shown how this better orbit determination performance has helped to eliminate several statistical maneuvers that were scheduled to clean - up orbit determination and/or maneuver - execution errors .
A review of the research accomplished in 2009 in the System - Level Design , Analysis and Simulation Tools ( SLDAST ) of the NASA 's Airspace Systems Program is presented . This research thrust focuses on the integrated system - level assessment of component level innovations , concepts and technologies of the Next Generation Air Traffic System ( NextGen ) under research in the ASP program to enable the development of revolutionary improvements and modernization of the National Airspace System . The review includes the accomplishments on baseline research and the advancements on design studies and system - level assessment , including the cluster analysis as an annualization standard of the air traffic in the U.S. National Airspace , and the ACES - Air MIDAS integration for human - in - the - loop analyzes within the NAS air traffic simulation .
The Cohen & Strand model for AP composite propellants is applied as boundary conditions , one for AP and one for binder , in solving the heat conduction equation in each to compute linear and non - linear combustion response properties for each and for the aggregate propellant . Iterations couple AP and binder through the quasi - steady flame processes . Illustrative results for linear response functions ( pressure - coupled and velocity - coupled ) are presented for a monomodal AP propellant varying AP size , pressure and crossflow speed , and examples of non - linear responses to arbitrary waveforms are shown . A quantitative comparison with response function data is limited to one well - characterized research formulation . Mechanistic implications are discussed , including recommendations for future modeling work .
The Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Laboratory at Oak Ridge , Tennessee has been conducting routine probing of the lower troposphere and comparing the results with those obtained with turbidity photometers and a distant suspended particulate station . The change in scale height , K ( sub z ) divided by v ( sub s ) , with time permits the vertical turbulence coefficient K ( sub z ) to be estimated if v ( sub s ) is known or assumed . Extremely high monthly correlations of turbidity versus the log of backscatter at 100 meters have been obtained . In addition , high correlations of suspended particulate matter at Chattanooga and Oak Ridge suggest that the bulk of particulate matter is of natural , rather than industrial , origin .
This slide presentation summarizes the status of the various elements of the first stage of the Ares I vehicle . It includes views of the first stage in relation to the complete Ares rocket , details of the first stage , upgrades for the Ares , the Avionics system , and the thrust oscillation system . There are also pictures from the testing .
NASA Glenn Research Center is investigating hybrid electric and turboelectric propulsion concepts for future aircraft to reduce fuel burn , emissions , and noise . Systems studies show that the weight and efficiency of the electric system components need to be improved for this concept to be feasible . However , advances in motor component materials such as soft magnetic materials , hard magnetic materials , conductors , thermal insulation , and structural materials are expected in the coming years , and should improve motor performance . This study investigates several motor types for a one megawatt application , and projects the motor performance benefits of new component materials that might be available in the coming decades .
Titanium 15 - 3 - 3 - 3 and Kevlar 49 are highly desired materials for structural components in cryogenic applications due to their low thennal conductivity at low temperatures . Previous tests have indicated that titanium 15 - 3 - 3 - 3 becomes increasingly brittle as the temperature decreases . Furthermore , little is known regarding the mechanical properties of Kevlar 49 at low temperatures , most specifically its Young 's modulus . This testing investigates the mechanical properties of both materials at cryogenic temperatures through cryogenic mechanical tensile testing to failure . The elongation , ultimate tensile strength , yield strength , and break strength of both materials are provided and analyzed here .
NASA is developing solar sail propulsion for use by small robotic interplanetary spacecraft . Solar sails use sunlight to derive useful thrust by reflecting solar photons from a large , mirror - like sail made of a lightweight , highly reflective material . Using reflected sunlight to obtain thrust instead of relying on the use of reaction mass has many advantages for exploring the inner solar system , including extremely large total delta V ( velocity difference ) and significant launch window flexibility .
Future astrophysical missions will require fabrication technology capable of producing high angular resolution x - ray optics . A full - shell direct fabrication approach using modern robotic polishing machines has the potential for producing high resolution , light - weight and affordable x - ray mirrors that can be nested to produce large collecting area . This approach to mirror fabrication , based on the use of the metal substrates coated with nickel phosphorous alloy , is being pursued at MSFC . The design of the polishing fixtures for the direct fabrication , the surface figure metrology techniques used and the results of the polishing experiments are presented .
Topics include : NASA Centers around the country , launching a legacy ( Explorer I ) , Marshall 's continuing role in space exploration , MSFC history , lifting from Earth , our next mission STS 133 , Space Shuttle propulsion systems , Space Shuttle facts , Space Shuttle and the International Space Station , technologies / materials originally developed for the space program , astronauts come from all over , potential future missions and example technologies , significant accomplishments , living and working in space , understanding our world , understanding worlds beyond , from exploration to innovation , inspiring the next generation , space economy , from exploration to opportunity , new program assignments , NASA 's role in education , and images from deep space including a composite of a galaxy with a black hole , Sagittarius A , Pillars of Creation , and an ultra deep field
Water management on ISS is responsible for the provision of water to the crew for drinking water , food preparation , and hygiene , to the Oxygen Generation System ( OGS ) for oxygen production via electrolysis , to the Waste & Hygiene Compartment ( WHC ) for flush water , and for experiments on ISS . This paper summarizes water management activities on the ISS US Segment , and provides a status of the performance and issues related to the operation of the Water Processor Assembly ( WPA ) and Urine Processor Assembly ( UPA ) . This paper summarizes the on - orbit status as of June 2012 , and describes the technical challenges encountered and lessons learned over the past year .
The following issues are addressed in this essay : a ) Models of Technology Trends : A discussion of why nanotechnology and related advanced technologies are inevitable . The underlying technologies are deeply integrated into our society and are advancing on many diverse fronts ; and b ) The Economic Imperatives of the Law of Accelerating Returns : The exponential advance of technology , including the accelerating miniaturization of technology , is driven by economic imperative , and , in turn , has a pervasive impact on the economy .
Contact Graph Routing ( CGR ) is a dynamic routing system that computes routes through a time - varying topology composed of scheduled , bounded communication contacts in a network built on the Delay - Tolerant Networking ( DTN ) architecture . It is designed to support operations in a space network based on DTN , but it also could be used in terrestrial applications where operation according to a predefined schedule is preferable to opportunistic communication , as in a low - power sensor network . This paper will describe the operation of the CGR system and explain how it can enable data delivery over scheduled transmission opportunities , fully utilizing the available transmission capacity , without knowing the current state of any bundle protocol node ( other than the local node itself ) and without exhausting processing resources at any bundle router .
The best coatings for corrosion protection provide not only barriers to the environment , but also a controlled release of a corrosion inhibitor , as demanded by the presence of corrosion or mechanical damage . NASA has developed pH sensitive microcapsules ( patent pending ) that can release their core contents when corrosion starts . The objectives of the research presented here were to encapsulate non - toxic corrosion inhibitors , to incorporate the encapsulated inhibitors into paint formulations , and to test the ability of the paints to control corrosion . Results showed that the encapsulated corrosion inhibitors , specifically Ce(NO3)3 , are effective to control corrosion over long periods of time when incorporated at relatively high pigment volume concentrations into a paint formulation .
X - ray micro - tomography is used to support the research on materials carried out at NASA Ames Research Center . The technique is applied to a variety of applications , including the ability to characterize heat shield materials for planetary entry , to study the Earth- impacting asteroids , and to improve broadcloths of spacecraft parachutes . From micro - tomography images , relevant morphological and transport properties are determined and validated against experimental data .
A study underway at Marshall Space Flight Center is further characterizing the effects of shock on isotopic ages . The study was inspired by the work of L. Nyquist et al . [ 1 , 2 ] , but goes beyond their work by investigating the spatial distribution of elements in lunar ferroan anorthosites ( FANs ) and magnesium - suite ( Mg - suite ) rocks in order to understand the processes that may influence the radioisotope ages obtained on early lunar samples . This paper discusses the first data set ( major elements ) obtained on FANs 62236 and 67075 .
Volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) inevitably accumulate in enclosed habitats such as the International Space Station and the Crew Exploration Vehicle ( CEV ) as a result of human metabolism , material off - gassing , and leaking equipment . Some VOCs can negatively affect the quality of the crew 's life , health , and performance ; and consequently , the success of the mission . Air quality must be closely monitored to ensure a safe living and working environment . Currently , there is no reliable air quality monitoring system that meets NASA 's stringent requirements for power , mass , volume , or performance . The ultimate objective of the project -- the development of a Real - Time , Miniaturized , Autonomous Total Risk Indicator System ( RT.MATRIX).is to provide a portable , dual - function sensing system that simultaneously determines total organic carbon ( TOC ) and individual contaminants in air streams .
Affordable and convenient access to electrical power is essential for all spacecraft and is a critical design driver for the next generation of smallsats , including CubeSats , which are currently extremely power limited . The Lightweight Integrated Solar Array ( LISA ) , a concept designed , prototyped , and tested at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center ( MSFC ) in Huntsville , Alabama provides an affordable , lightweight , scalable , and easily manufactured approach for power generation in space . This flexible technology has many wide - ranging applications from serving small satellites to providing abundant power to large spacecraft in GEO and beyond . By using very thin , ultraflexible solar arrays adhered to an inflatable or deployable structure , a large area ( and thus large amount of power ) can be folded and packaged into a relatively small volume .
An object - oriented multi - disciplinary analysis and optimization ( MDAO ) tool has been developed at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center to automate the design and analysis process and leverage existing commercial as well as in - house codes to enable true multidisciplinary optimization in the preliminary design stage of subsonic , transonic , supersonic and hypersonic aircraft . Once the structural analysis discipline is finalized and integrated completely into the MDAO process , other disciplines such as aerodynamics and flight controls will be integrated as well . Simple and efficient model tuning capabilities based on optimization problem are successfully integrated with the MDAO tool . More synchronized all phases of experimental testing ( ground and flight ) , analytical model updating , high - fidelity simulations for model validation , and integrated design may result in reduction of uncertainties in the aeroservoelastic model and increase the flight safety .
On August 5 , 2012 , the Mars Science Laboratory ( MSL ) mission successfully delivered the Curiosity rover to its intended target . It was the most complex and ambitious landing in the history of the red planet . A key component of the landing system , the requirements for which were driven by the mission ambitious science goals , was the Guidance , Navigation , and Control ( GN&C ) system . This paper will describe the technical challenges of the MSL GN&C system , the resulting architecture and design needed to meet those challenges , and the development process used for its implementation and testing .
The presentation is divided into two major components . First , I will give an overview of space weather phenomenon and their associated impacts . Then I will describe the comprehensive list of products and tools that NASA Space Weather Center has developed by leveraging more than a decade long modeling experience enabled by the Community Coordinated Modeling Center ( CCMC ) and latest scientific research results from the broad science community . In addition , a summary of the space weather activities we have been engaged in and our operational experience will be provided .
Newly found biomorphic microstructures from the Upper Archaean ( lopian ) rocks from Northern Karelia are described . The presence of various microorganisms of bacterial nature and even cyanobacteria ( and possibly eukaryotic forms ) is suggested . The necessity of employing methods of electron microscopy , as well as traditional methods , while studying the very early manifestations of life in Archaean and Early Proterozoic is noted .