silkski/ENERAD huggingface dataset:
The Laser - Enhanced Mission Communications Navigation and Operational Services ( LEMNOS ) office at Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ) manages two NASA optical communication related projects , the Orion EM-2 Optical Communications Terminal ( O2O ) and the Integrated Laser Communications Relay Demonstration ( LCRD ) Low - Earth Orbit ( LEO ) User Modem and Amplifier Terminal ( ILLUMA - T ) projects . The main goal of LEMNOS project is to implement optical communications technologies on NASA missions starting with demonstrations of operational utility on Orion EM-2 and the International Space Station .
Measurements of dynamic friction forces at the gear tooth contact were undertaken using strain gages at the root fillets of two successive teeth . Results are presented from two gear sets over a range of speeds and loads . The results demonstrate that the friction coefficient does not appear to be significantly influenced by the sliding reversal at the pitch point , and that the friction coefficient values found are in accord with those in general use . The friction coefficient was found to increase at low sliding speeds . This agrees with the results of disc machine testing .
Building on the legacy of the Space Shuttle and other NASA space exploration initiatives , the propulsion for the Ares I First Stage will be a Shuttle derived reusable solid rocket motor . Significant progress has been made to date by the Ares First Stage Team . This brief status provides an update on the design and development of the Ares First Stage propulsion system .
Tests are planned in the 15 cm x 15 cm supersonic wind tunnel at NASA Glenn to demonstrate the applicability of micro - ramp flow control to the management of shock wave boundary layer interactions . These tests will be used as a database for computational fluid dynamics ( CFD ) validation and Design of Experiments ( DoE ) design information . Micro - ramps show potential for mechanically simple and fail - safe boundary layer control .
At Brown University , we are developing the use of magnetic body forces as a means to simulate variable gravity body forces on biological systems . This tool promises new means to probe gravi - sensing and the gravi - response of biological systems . It also has the potential as a technique for screening future systems for space flight experiments .
As a general trend , the complexities of modern spacecraft are increasing to include more ambitious mission goals with tighter timing requirements and on - board autonomy . As a byproduct , the protective features that monitor the performance of these systems have also increased in scope and complexity . Given cost and schedule pressures , there is an increasing emphasis on understanding the behavior of the system at design time . Formal test - driven verification and validation ( V&V ) is rarely able to test the significant combinatorics of states , and often finds problems late in the development cycle forcing design changes that can be costly . This paper describes the approach the SMAP Fault Protection team has taken to address some of the above - mentioned issues .
The Magnetospheric Multiscale ( MMS ) mission is a formation flying mission that consists of four distinct phases : phases 1 and 2 are low - inclination highly elliptical orbits ( HEO ) , phase 3 is a double - lunar swingby which transfers phase 2 to phase 4 , a high - inclination HE0 orbit . Phase 2 is designed to reach the first lunar swingby of phase 3 in the most efficient fashion . It is shown that when the orientation of the line of apsides of phase 2 is properly chosen , no extra Delta - V is required beyond what is typically needed to raise apogee to lunar distance .
We have developed a new , adaptive cross - correlation ( ACC ) algorithm to estimate with high accuracy the shift as large as several pixels in two extended - scene images captured by a Shack - Hartmann wavefront sensor ( SH - WFS ) . It determines the positions of all of the extended - scene image cells relative to a reference cell using an FFT - based iterative image shifting algorithm . It works with both point - source spot images as well as extended scene images . We have also set up a testbed for extended0scene SH - WFS , and tested the ACC algorithm with the measured data of both point - source and extended - scene images . In this paper we describe our algorithm and present out experimental results .
The importance of the electron dissipation effect on the reconnection rate is investigated in the general case of asymmetric collisionless magnetic reconnection . Contrary to the standard collisionless reconnection model , it is found that the reconnection rate , and them acroscopic evolution of the reconnecting system , crucially depend on the nature of the dissipation mechanism and that the Hall effect alone is not able to sustain fast reconnection .
Magnetic gearing is an alternative to mechanical gearing , where torque is transferred through magnetic force as opposed to contact force . The technology has the potential to be used in aircraft applications , without the lubrication , noise , and maintenance issues that can exist with mechanical gearing . Initial design and prototype development work was done at NASA to create a foundational understanding of the technology and the factors that influence its specific torque . The specific torque achieved through design optimization was found to be less than that of high - torque mechanical aircraft transmissions , but may be comparable to that of lower torque mechanical transmissions for electrified vertical takeoff and landing aircraft . The lessons learned from NASA 's initial technology development and the direction of NASA 's future work in field are discussed .
We have been modeling landscape evolution on the Galilean satellites driven by volatile transport . Our work directly addresses some of the most fundamental issues pertinent to deciphering icy Galilean satellite geologic histories by employing techniques currently at the forefront of terrestrial , martian , and icy satellite landscape evolution studies [ e.g. , 1 - 6 ] , including modeling of surface and subsurface energy and volatile exchanges , and computer simulation of long - term landform evolution by a variety of processes . A quantitative understanding of the expression and rates of landform erosion , and of volatile redistribution on landforms , is especially essential in interpreting endogenic landforms that have , in many cases , been significantly modified by erosion [ e.g. , 7 - 9 ] .
Experienced systems engineers are adept at more than implementing systems engineering processes : they utilize systems thinking to solve complex engineering problems . Within the space industry demographics and economic pressures are reducing the number of experienced systems engineers that will be available in the future . Collaborative systems thinking within systems engineering teams is proposed as a way to integrate systems engineers of various experience levels to handle complex systems engineering challenges . This paper uses the GOES - R Program Systems Engineering team to illustrate the enablers and barriers to team level systems thinking and to identify ways in which performance could be improved . Ways NASA could expand its engineering training to promote team - level systems thinking are proposed .
The purpose of our research is to test the capability of ROMS in simulating tides . The research also serves as a necessary exercise to implement tides in an operational ocean   forecasting system . In this paper , we emphasize the validation of the model tide simulation . The characteristics and energetics of tides of the region will be reported in separate   publications .
The relationships between a resistance curve ( R - curve ) , the corresponding fracture process zone length , the shape of the traction / displacement softening law , and the propagation of fracture are examined in the context of the through - the - thickness fracture of composite laminates . A procedure that accounts for R - curve toughening mechanisms by superposing bilinear cohesive elements is proposed . Simple equations are developed for determining the separation of the critical energy release rates and the strengths that define the independent contributions of each bilinear softening law in the superposition . It is shown that the R - curve measured with a Compact Tension specimen test can be reproduced by superposing two bilinear softening laws . It is also shown that an accurate representation of the R - curve is essential for predicting the initiation and propagation of fracture in composite laminates .
Rotational energy transfer between two N2 molecules is a fundamental process of some importance . Exchange is expected to play a role , but its importance is somewhat uncertain . Rotational energy transfer cross sections of N2 also have applications in many other fields including modeling of aerodynamic flows , laser operations , and linewidth analysis in nonintrusive laser diagnostics . A number of N2 - N2 rigid rotor potential energy surface ( PES ) has been reported in the literature .
This project analyzed the viability of a photovoltaic power source for technology demonstration mission to demonstrate Mars in - situ resource utilization ( ISRU ) to produce propellant for a future human mission , based on technology available within the next ten years . For this assessment , we performed a power - system design study for a scaled ISRU demonstrator lander on the Mars surface based on existing solar array technologies .
Trajectories for rapid access to the interstellar medium ( ISM ) with a Kuiper Belt Object ( KBO ) flyby , launching between 2022 and 2030 , are described . An impulsive - patched - conic broad search algorithm combined with a local optimizer is used for the trajectory computations . Two classes of trajectories , ( 1 ) with a powered Jupiter flyby and ( 2 ) with a perihelion maneuver , are studied and compared . Planetary flybys combined with leveraging maneuvers reduce launch C3 requirements ( by factor of 2 or more ) and help satisfy mission - phasing constraints . Low launch C3 combined with leveraging and a perihelion maneuver is found to be enabling for a near - term potential mission to the ISM .
We have carried out both theoretical and experimental studies of the sensitivity of dark hole contrast to the control bandwidth and dark - hole dimensions in high - contrast broadband stellar coronagraphy . We have evaluated the performance of DM actuator solutions in the presence of occulting mask defects using one to five 2 % -wide bands spanning a 10 % bandpass . We have also investigated the dependence of the HCIT contrast performance on the size of dark -hole area including large dark holes formed at the Nyquist limit of the DM .
This study examined 182 ramp operations incident reports from the Aviation Safety Reporting System ( ASRS ) database , to determine which factors influence ramp operation incidents . It was found that incidents occurred more often during aircraft arrival operations than during departure operations ; incidents occurred most often at the gate stop area , less so at the gate entry / exit areas , and least on the ramp fringe areas ; and reporters cited fewer incidents when more ground crew were present . The authors offer suggestions for both airline management and flight crews to reduce the rate of ramp incidents .
Both TOMS ( Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ) and UARS ( Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite ) have operated over an extended period , and generated data sets of sufficient accuracy to be of use in determining ozone change ( TOMS ) and some of the underlying causes ( UARS ) . The basic scientific products have been used for model validation and assimilation to extend our understanding of stratospheric processes . TOMS on Nimbus-7 , Earth - Probe , and QuikTOMS , and UARS have led to the next generation of instruments onboard the EOS platforms . Algorithms used for TOMS and UARS are being applied to the new data sets and extended to analysis of European satellite data ( e.g. , GOME )
There are currently three operational lidar systems orbiting the Earth , the Moon and the planet Mercury gathering scientific data and images to form a better understanding of our Earth and solar system . In this paper we will present an overview of the spacebome laser programs and offer insights into future spacebome lasers for remote sensing applications .
Rosat observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud ( LMC ) show a large scale unbounded diffuse X - ray emission , as well as an enhanced emission within large shell structures . These observations allow the distribution of hot ionized medium in the LMC to be examined . Moreover , the hot interior of supernova shells and superbubbles , supernova remnants and the multi - phase structure of the interstellar medium ( ISM ) can be investigated .
This viewgraph presentation gives a detailed review of the Direct Methanol Based Fuel Cell ( DMFC ) stack and investigates the Ruthenium that was found at the exit of the stack . The topics include : 1 ) Motivation ; 2 ) Pathways for Cell Degradation ; 3 ) Cell Duration Testing ; 4 ) Duration Testing , MEA Analysis ; and 5 ) Stack Degradation Analysis .
This viewgraph presentation reviews Dryden 's efforts to develop in - flight monitoring based on Fiber Optics . One of the motivating factors for this development was the breakup of the Helios aircraft . On Ikhana the use of fiber optics for wing shape sensing is being developed . They are being used to flight validate fiber optic sensor measurements and real - time wing shape sensing predictions on NASA 's Ikhana vehicle ; validate fiber optic mathematical models and design tools ; Assess technical viability and , if applicable , develop methodology and approach to incorporate wing shape measurements within the vehicle flight control system , and develop and flight validate advanced approaches to perform active wing shape control .
Activity measurements of selected soil enzymes ( cellulase , glucosidase , amidohydrolase , phosphatase , arylsulfatase ) involved in carbon , nitrogen , phosphorus , and sulfur cycling in the biosphere , hold potential as early and sensitive indicators of soil ecological stress and restoration , These measurements are advantageous because the procedures are simple , rapid , and reproducible over time . Enzyme activities are sensitive to short - term changes in soil and kind - use management . Enzyme activities have also been observed to be closely related to soil organic matter proposed as an index of soil quality .
Friction Stir Welding ( FSW ) and near net spin forming of FSW aluminumn blanks were investigated for large - scale pressure vessel applications . With a specific focus on very thin gage 2xxx and 7xxx aluminum alloys , the program concentrated on the following : the criteria used for material selection , a potential manufacturing flow , and the effectiveness and associated risks of near net spin forming . Discussion will include the mechanical properties of the friction stir welds and the parent material from before and after the spin forming process . This effort was performed under a NASA Space Exploration initiative focused on increasing the affordability , reliability and performance of pressure vessels larger than 10 ft . diameter .
The James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) will extend the discoveries of the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) and the Spitzer Space Telescope ( SST ) by deploying a large cooled infrared telescope around the Sun - Earth Lagrange point L2 . With a 6 m aperture and three instruments covering the wavelength range from 0.6 to 28 microns , it will provide sensitivities orders of magnitude better than any other facilities . It is intended to observe the light from the first galaxies and the first supernovae , the assembly of galaxies , and the formation and evolution of stars and planetary systems . In this talk I will review the scientific objectives and the ability of the system to meet them . I will close with a summary of possible future IR space missions , ranging from the far IR to planet - finding coronagraphs and interferometers
Fiber - reinforced composites are increasingly replacing metallic alloys as structural materials for primary components of fracture - critical structures . This trend is a result of the   growing understanding of material behavior and recognition of the desirable properties of composites .   A research program was conducted on NDE methods for   determining the elastic   properties of composites .
This paper is to present a concept of a modular and scalable High Temperature Boost ( HTB ) Power Processing Unit ( PPU ) capable of operating at temperatures beyond the standard military temperature range . The various extreme environments technologies are also described as the fundamental technology path to this concept . The proposed HTB PPU is intended for power processing in the area of space solar electric propulsion , where reduction of in - space mass and volume are desired , and sometimes even critical , to achieve the goals of future space flight missions . The concept of the HTB PPU can also be applied to other extreme environment applications , such as geothermal and petroleum deep - well drilling , where higher temperature operation is required .
A viewgraph presentation describing an analytical thermal model used to enable research on autonomous soaring for a small UAV aircraft is given . The topics include : 1 ) Purpose ; 2 ) Approach ; 3 ) SURFRAD Data ; 4 ) Convective Layer Thickness ; 5 ) Surface Heat Budget ; 6 ) Surface Virtual Potential Temperature Flux ; 7 ) Convective Scaling Velocity ; 8) Other Calculations ; 9 ) Yearly trends ; 10 ) Scale Factors ; 11 ) Scale Factor Test Matrix ; 12 ) Statistical Model ; 13 ) Updraft Strength Calculation ; 14 ) Updraft Diameter ; 15 ) Updraft Shape ; 16 ) Smoothed Updraft Shape ; 17 ) Updraft Spacing ; 18 ) Environment Sink ; 19 ) Updraft Lifespan ; 20 ) Autonomous Soaring Research ; 21 ) Planned Flight Test ; and 22 ) Mixing Ratio .
We present a cost - effective scalable real - time wavefront control architecture based on off - the - shelf graphics processing units hosted in an ultra - low latency , high - bandwidth interconnect PC cluster environment composed of modules written in the component - oriented language of nesC. The architecture enables full - matrix reconstruction of the wavefront at up to 2 KHz with latency under 250 us for the PALM-3000 adaptive optics systems , a state - of - the - art upgrade on the 5.1 meter Hale Telescope that consists of a 64 x 64 subaperture Shack - Hartmann wavefront sensor and a 3368 active actuator high order deformable mirror in series with a 241 active actuator tweeter DM . The architecture can easily scale up to support much larger AO systems at higher rates and lower latency .
A new generation falling sphere , designed to measure winds and temperatures , is described . This sphere combines nanotechnology accelerometers and GaAs radiofrequency transmitters in a 100 g to 150 g package . This new instrumentation can be added to the standard inflatable sphere launched by a rocket or separately deployed from a larger rocket in which it is carried as part of a much larger scientific instrument package .
KSC International Space Station ( ISS ) payload processing and facilities have changed significantly from what was utilized for many years to prepare Spacelab experiment payloads for the Shuttle . Presented will be an overview of the processes and facilities to be used for preparing payloads to be launched on the Shuttle to the ISS .
The basic kinetic and thermodynamic concepts of crystal growth will be revisited in view of recent AFM and interferometric findings . These concepts are as follows : 1 ) The Kossel crystal model that allows only one kink type on the crystal surface . The modern theory is developed overwhelmingly for the Kessel model ; 2 ) Presumption that intensive step fluctuations maintain kink density sufficiently high to allow applicability of Gibbs - Thomson law ; 3 ) Common experience that unlimited step bunching ( morphological instability ) during layer growth from solutions and supercooled melts always takes place if the step flow direction coincides with that of the fluid .
The Genesis project conducted a detailed breakup / burnup analysis before the Earth return to determine if any spacecraft component could survive and reach the ground intact in case of an   off - nominal entry .   In addition , an independent JPL team was chartered with the responsibility of analyzing several definitive breakup scenarios to verify the official project analysis .    This paper presents the analysis and results of this independent team .
Prior works show exfoliated layered silicate reinforcement improves polymer composite properties . However , achieving full clay exfoliation in high performance thermoset polyimides remains a challenge . This study explores a new method of clay exfoliation , which includes clay intercalation by lower molecular weight PMR monomer under conditions of low and high shear and sonication , clay treatments by aliphatic and aromatic surfactants , and clay dispersion in primary , higher molecular weight PMR resin . Clay spacing , thermal , and mechanical properties were evaluated and compared with the best results available in literature for PMR polyimide systems .
Founded in 2002 at the National Space Science Technology Center at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville , AL . Focused on transitioning unique NASA and NOAA observations and research capabilities to the operational weather community to improve short - term weather forecasts on a regional and local scale . NASA directed funding ; NOAA funding from Proving Grounds ( PG ) . Demonstrate capabilities experimental products to weather applications and societal benefit to prepare forecasters for the use of data from next generation of operational satellites . Objective of this poster is to highlight SPoRT 's research to operations ( R2O ) paradigm and provide examples of work done by the team with legacy instruments relevant to GPM in order to promote collaborations with groups developing GPM products .
The X-38 is a technology demonstration project for the proposed International Space Station Crew Return Vehicle . The project consists of several atmospheric flight vehicles and an unmanned spacecraft . This paper will discuss the design , development , and testing of a Retractable Trunnion Pin Mechanism used to mount the spacecraft in the payload bay of the space shuttle orbiter for launch .
The DART is a new telescope architecture consisting of a single aperture formed from two cylindrical parabolic reflectors .   The system is ideally suited to using tensioned membranes for   the reflective surfaces , owing to the zero Gaussian curvature of a cylindrical parabola .   In this paper , we present experimental measurements for shaping the membranes by using curved   boundary elements to achieve coarse shaping , and a pair of precision rails shaped by moments and forces at the ends , and lightly pushed into the surface , to provide fine shape control .
Experimental LII ( laser - induced incandescence ) measurements were performed in a laminar gasjet flame to test the sensitivity of different LII signal collection strategies to particle size . To prevent introducing a particle size dependent bias in the LII signal , signal integration beginning with the excitation laser pulse is necessary . Signal integration times extending to 25 or 100 nsec after the laser pulse do not produce significant differences in radial profiles of the LII signal due to particle size effects with longer signal integration times revealing a decreased sensitivity to smaller primary particles . Long wavelength detection reduces the sensitivity of the LII signal to primary particle size . Excitation of LII using 1064 nm light is recommended to avoid creating photochemical interferences thus allowing LII signal collection to occur during the excitation pulse without spectral interferences .