silkski/ENERAD huggingface dataset:
Accurate air mass zero ( AM0 ) measurement is essential for the evaluation of new photovoltaic ( PV ) technology for space solar cells . The NASA Glenn Research Center ( GRC ) has flown an experiment designed to measure the electrical performance of several solar cells onboard NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 's ( GSFC ) Robotic Refueling Missions ( RRM ) Task Board 4 ( TB4 ) on the exterior of the International Space Station ( ISS ) . Four industry and government partners provided advanced PV devices for measurement and orbital environment testing . The experiment was positioned on the exterior of the station for approximately eight months , and was completely self - contained , providing its own power and internal data storage . Several new cell technologies including four - junction ( 4J ) Inverted Metamorphic Multi - junction ( IMM ) cells were evaluated and the results will be compared to ground - based measurement methods .
On January 14 , 2004 President George W. Bush announced a new Vision for Space Exploration calling for NASA to return humans to the moon . In 2005 NASA decided to use a Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ) rendezvous strategy for the lunar missions . A Discrete Event Simulation ( DES ) based model of this strategy was constructed . Results of the model were then used for subsequent analysis to explore the ramifications of the LEO rendezvous strategy .
Fatal loss - of - control ( LOC ) accidents have been directly related to in - flight airframe icing . The prototype system presented in this paper directly addresses the need for real - time onboard envelope protection in icing conditions . The combinations of a - priori information and realtime aerodynamic estimations are shown to provide sufficient input for determining safe limits of the flight envelope during in - flight icing encounters . The Icing Contamination Envelope Protection ( ICEPro ) system has been designed and implemented to identify degradations in airplane performance and flying qualities resulting from ice contamination and provide safe flight - envelope cues to the pilot . Components of ICEPro are described and results from preliminary tests are presented .
The nutritional requirements for short - term space flights which are most likely to be affected by the expected stressors and operational malfunctions or both , especially that of the Environmental Control System , are water and calories . Evidence accumulated under simulated or analogous situations on Earth would indicate that calcium and protein imbalance may occur . Experiments have been proposed to study selected nutritional parameters during Gemini missions of increasing duration .
As the lead - off presentation for the topic of nonlinear waves and their evolution , we will illustrate some prominent examples of waves in space plasmas .   We will describe recent   observations detected within planetary foreshocks , near comets and in interplanetary space .   It is believed that the nonlinear LF plasma wave features discussed here are part of and may   be basic to the development of plasma turbulence .   In this sense , this is one area of space plasma physics that is fundamental , with applications to fusion physics and astrophysics as   well .   It is hoped that the reader(s ) will be stimulated to study nonlinear wave development themselves , if he / she is not already involved .
The accretion of ice in the compression system of commercial gas turbine engines operating in high ice water content conditions is a safety issue being studied by the aviation community . While most of the research focuses on the underlying physics of ice accretion and the meteorological conditions in which accretion can occur , a systems - level perspective on the topic lends itself to potential near - term operational improvements . Here a detection algorithm is developed which has the capability to detect the impact of ice accretion in the Low Pressure Compressor of an aircraft engine during steady flight as well as during changes in altitude . Unfortunately , the algorithm as implemented was not able to distinguish throttle changes from ice accretion and thus more work remains to be done .
This paper describes fabrication of glass and plastic microfluidic devices for protein separations . Although the long - term goal is to develop a microfluidic device for two - dimensional gel electrophoresis , this paper focuses on the first dimension - isoelectric focusing ( IEF ) . A laser - induced fluorescence ( LIF ) imaging system has been built for imaging an entire channel in an IEF device . The whole - channel imaging eliminates the need to migrate focused protein bands , which is required if a single - point detector is used . Using the devices and the imaging system , we are able to perform IEF separations of proteins within minutes rather than hours in traditional bench - top instruments .
The constitutive properties of a cross - linked single - walled carbon nanotube material are predicted with a multi - scale model . The material is modeled as a transversely isotropic solid using concepts from equivalent - continuum modeling . The elastic constants are determined using molecular dynamics simulation . Some parameters of the molecular force field are determined specifically for the cross - linker from ab initio calculations . A demonstration of how the cross - linked nanotubes may affect the properties of a nanotube / polyimide composite is included using a micromechanical analysis .
The Peer - to - Peer Human - Robot Interaction ( P2P - HRI ) project is developing techniques to improve task coordination and collaboration between human and robot partners . Our work is motivated by the need to develop effective human - robot teams for space mission operations . A central element of our approach is creating dialogue and interaction tools that enable humans and robots to flexibly support one another . In order to understand how this approach can influence task performance , we recently conducted a series of tests simulating a lunar construction task with a human - robot team . In this paper , we describe the tests performed , discuss our initial results , and analyze the effect of intervention on task performance .
The microorganisms of soda Mono Lake and other similar athalassic hypersaline alkaline soda lakes are of significance to Astrobiology . The microorganisms of these regimes represent the best known terrestrial analogs for microbial life that might have inhabited the hypersaline alkaline lakes and evaporites confined within closed volcanic basins and impact craters during the late Noachian and early Hesperian epochs ( 3.6 - 4.2 Gya ) of ancient Mars . We have investigated the anaerobic microbiota of soda Mono Lake in northern California . In this paper we discuss the astrobiological significance of these ecosystems and describe several interesting features of two novel new species of anaerobic halo - alkaliphilic bacteria ( Spirochaeta americana , sp . nov . and Desulfonatronum paiuteum , sp . nov ) that we have isolated from Mono Lake .
To investigate space nuclear reactor technologies , NASA has awarded several contracts under Project Prometheus , the Nuclear Systems Program . The effort described in this paper was performed under one of those contracts ( the Brayton NRA ) . Like all power conversion systems , nuclear power conversion systems operate at efficiencies less than 100 % resulting in the need to reject waste heat to space . Several different HRSs ( Heat Rejection Systems ) potential designs have been identified for rejecting NEP ( Nuclear Electric Power ) waste heat and several of them for a CBC ( Closed Brayton Cycle ) power conversion system are described herein and the results of their initial analyses presented . The analyses presented were performed as part of an initial trade study to recommend a promising HRS for advancement of its TRL .
The potential of unbiased high galactic latitude surveys in X - rays with Chandra will be laid out . The specifics of the surveys approved for AO1 ( GO+GTO ) will be used to predict source numbers and accuracy in the very soft , ' ROSAT ' , and hard X - ray bands . If Chandra flight data is available by the time of the meeting examples will be shown and actual performance compared with predictions .
Recent efforts in extreme short takeoff and landing aircraft configurations have renewed the interest in circulation control wing design and optimization . The key to accurately designing and optimizing these configurations rests in the modeling of the complex physics of these flows . This paper will highlight the physics of the stagnation and separation regions on two typical circulation control airfoil sections .
Developing the technological response to realizing an efficient atmosphere revitalization system for future crewed spacecraft and space habitats requires identifying and describing functional trade spaces . Mission concepts and requirements dictate the necessary functions ; however , the combination and sequence of those functions possess significant flexibility . Us - ing a closed loop environmental control and life support ( ECLS ) system architecture as a starting basis , a functional unit operations approach is developed to identify trade spaces . Generalized technological responses to each trade space are discussed . Key performance parameters that apply to functional areas are described .
On 1 August 2005 , a Boeing Company 777 - 200 aircraft , operating on an international passenger flight from Australia to Malaysia , was involved in a significant upset event while flying on autopilot . The Australian Transport Safety Bureau 's investigation into the event discovered that an anomaly existed in the component software hierarchy that allowed inputs from a known faulty accelerometer to be processed by the air data inertial reference unit ( ADIRU ) and used by the primary flight computer , autopilot and other aircraft systems . This anomaly had existed in original ADIRU software , and had not been detected in the testing and certification process for the unit . This paper describes the software aspects of the incident in detail , and suggests possible implications concerning complex , safety - critical , fault - tolerant software .
A superior solar conjunction occurs when the sun lies near the signal path of a source as observed from the Earth . Interplanetary spacecraft sent to the planets typically encounter one   or more solar conjunctions during their mission lifetimes . During these periods , the signals sent to and from the spacecraft encounter degradation due to the intervening charged   particles of the solar corona .
This viewgraph presentation reviews a study that aimed at a characterization of the Quasi - CW Laser Diode Arrays . NASA 's requirements for high reliability , high performance satellite laser instruments have driven the investigation of many critical components ; specifically , 808 nm laser diode array ( LDA ) pump devices . Performance and comprehensive characterization data of Quasi - CW , High - power , laser diode arrays is presented
JPL is developing an innovative compact , low mass , Electro - Optic Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer ( E - O IFTS ) for hyperspectral imaging applications . The spectral region of this spectrometer will be 1 - 2.5 micron ( 1000 - 4000 / cm ) to allow high - resolution , high - speed hyperspectral imaging applications . One application will be the remote sensing of the measurement of a large number of different atmospheric gases simultaneously in the same airmass . Due to the use of a combination of birefringent phase retarders and multiple achromatic phase switches to achieve phase delay , this spectrometer is capable of hyperspectral measurements similar to that of the conventional Fourier transform spectrometer but without any moving parts . In this paper , the principle of operations , system architecture and recent experimental progress will be presented .
This paper offers a detailed review and analysis of more than 100 papers on the physics and chemistry of scramjet ignition and flameholding combustion processes , and the known effects of air vitiation on these processes . The paper attempts to explain vitiation effects in terms of known chemical kinetics and flame propagation phenomena . Scaling methodology is also examined , and a highly simplified Damkoehler scaling technique based on OH radical production / destruction is developed to extrapolate ground test results , affected by vitiation , to flight testing conditions . The long term goal of this effort is to help provide effective means for extrapolating ground test data to flight , and thus to reduce the time and expense of both ground and flight testing .
The Gas Analysis and Testing Laboratory is an integral part of the testing performed at the NASA Johnson Space Center . The Gas Analysis and Testing Laboratory is a high performance laboratory providing real time analytical instruments to support manned and unmanned testing . The lab utilizes precision gas chromatographs , gas analyzers and spectrophotometers to support the technology development programs within the NASA community . The Gas Analysis and Testing Laboratory works with a wide variety of customers and provides engineering support for user - specified applications in compressed gas , chemical analysis , general and research laboratory
In May 2008 , the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology ( ALHAT ) Project conducted a helicopter field test of a commercial flash lidar to assess its applicability to safe lunar landing . The helicopter flew several flights , which covered a variety of slant ranges and viewing angles , over man - made and natural lunar - like terrains . The collected data were analyzed to assess the performance of the sensor and the performance of two algorithms : Hazard Detection ( HD ) and Hazard Relative Navigation ( HRN ) . The collected flash lidar data were also used to validate a high fidelity flash lidar software model used in ALHAT Monte Carlo simulations . The field test results , combined with prior simulation results , advanced the technology readiness level of the HD algorithm to TRL 5 and the HRN algorithm to TRL 4 .
An assessment of the role of fluid dynamic resistance and/or aerodynamic drag and the relationship to energy use in the United States is presented . Existing data indicates that up to 25 % of the total energy consumed in the United States is used to overcome aerodynamic drag , 27 % of the total energy used in the United States is consumed by transportation systems , and 60 % of the transportation energy or 16 % of the total energy consumed in the United States is used to overcome aerodynamic drag in transportation systems . Drag reduction goals of 50 % are proposed and discussed which if realized would produce a 7.85 % total energy savings . This energy savings correlates to a yearly cost savings in the $ 30Billion dollar range .
Edward C. Polhamus joined the NACA Langley Research Center staff in 1944 and was active in a broad range of aerodynamic research related to high - speed aircraft technology , aerodynamic prediction methods , and cryogenic wind - tunnel development . This lecture will focus on his ' leading - edge suction analogy ' for the prediction of vortex - lift effects on slender wings . Briefer treatment of his contributions to variable - sweep aircraft and cryogenic wind tunnels is also included .
Superelasticity in austenitic B2 - NiTi is of great technical interest and has been studied in the past by several researchers [ 1 ] . However , investigation of temperature dependent deformation in B2 - NiTi is equally important since competing mechanisms of stress - induced martensite ( SIM ) , retained martensite , plastic and deformation twinning can lead to unusual mechanical behaviors . Identification of the role of various mechanisms contributing to the overall deformation response of B2 - NiTi is imperative to understanding and maturing SMA - enabled technologies . Thus , the objective of this work was to study the deformation of polycrystalline Ni49.9Ti50.1 ( at . % ) above A(sub f ) ( 105 C ) in the B2 state at temperatures between 165 - 440 C , and generate a B2 deformation map showing active deformation mechanisms in different temperature - stress regimes .
We present an algorithm that uses the Oriented Bounding Box ( OBB ) and a new primitive called the Oriented Bounding Prism ( OBP ) to detect potential self - collisions and collisions with   terrain object sensed with the rover 's on - board stereo camera ; the algorithm thus has both model - based and sensor - based components .
Convection speeds of turbulent velocities in jets , including multi - stream jets with and without flight stream , were measured using an innovative application of time - resolved particle image velocimetry . The paper describes the unique instrumentation and data analysis that allows the measurement to be made . Extensive data is shown that relates convection speed , mean velocity , and turbulent velocities for multiple jet cases . These data support the overall observation that the local turbulent convection speed is roughly that of the local mean velocity , biased by the relative intensity of turbulence .
The evolution of the field entropy in the two - photon JCM in the presence of the Stark shift is investigated , and the effects of the dynamic Stark shift on the evolution of the field entropy and entanglement between the atom and field , are examined . The results show that the dynamic Stark shift plays an important role in the evolution of the field entropy in two - photon processes .
A coupling toolkit has been developed to reduce the complexity of model component coupling , in particular among hierarchical model components . The toolkit provides the services of data registration , data matching , data filtering , and model component coupling . In addition , it can generate diagrams to reveal the " producer"-to-"consumer " relations among the components . We have tested this toolkit with the operational NASA Goddard Earth Observing System ( GEOS-5 ) , which is built on the Earth System Modeling Framework ( ESMF ) and consists of several - level Earth system components .
The development of arrays of infrared bolometers that are suitable for use in the Far Infrared and Submillimeter Telescope ( FIRST ) mission is reported . The array architecture is based on the silicon nitride micromesh bolometer currently baselined for use in the case of the Planck mission . This architecture allows each pixel to be efficiently coupled to one or both polarizations and to one or more spatial models of radiation . Micromesh structures are currently being developed , coupled with transistor - edge sensors and read out by a SQUID amplifier . If these devices are successful , then the relatively large cooling power available at 300 mK may enable a SQUID - based multiplexer to be integrated on the same wafer as the array , creating a monolithic , fully multiplexed , 2D array with relatively few connections to the sub - Kelvin stage .
Windowing of design space is considered in order to reduce the bias errors due to low - order polynomial response surfaces ( RS ) . Standard design space windowing ( DSW ) uses a region of interest by setting a requirement on response level and checks it by a global RS predictions over the design space . This approach , however , is vulnerable since RS modeling errors may lead to the wrong region to zoom on . The approach is modified by introducing an eigenvalue error measure based on point - to - point mean squared error criterion . Two examples are presented to demonstrate the benefit of the error - based DSW .
On June 11 , 2009 , a workshop that included internal and external experts was convened to determine the risk of changes in microorganisms that could alter host - microorganism interactions during a mission . The evidence is based in part on multiple flight experiments which indicate altered virulence in Salmonella typhimurium when cultured in flight . The workshop participants were tasked to determine if adequate information was available to initiate changes in NASA 's current approach to infectious disease risk assessment and medical operations . The consensus of the participants is that the current evidence was not adequate to provide direction for operational changes ; however , the evidence is compelling and clearly indicates that changes to microorganisms were occurring during spaceflight and further research is required .
The effects of a 2.0 at.% addition of Ta to a model Ni - Al - Cr superalloy aged at 1073 K are assessed using scanning electron microscopy and atom - probe tomography . The addition of Ta results in appreciable strengthening , and the morphology is found to evolve from a bimodal distribution of spheroidal precipitates , to cuboidal precipitates aligned along the elastically soft < 001>-type directions . Tantalum is observed to partition preferentially to the gamma -precipitate phase and decreases the mobility of Ni in the gamma- matrix sufficiently to cause an accumulation of Ni on the gamma - matrix side of the gamma -precipitate / gamma - matrix heterophase interface .
A correlation between the spectral and temporal structure in gamma ray bursts was presented elsewhere , where it was discovered that the duration of the constituent subpulses of the time profile of a given gamma ray burst have a well - defined power law dependence , of approximately index 0.45 , on the energy of the observed photons . Two models are presented which account for the observed correlation . These models involve : the impulsive injection of a population of relativistic electrons ; their subsequent cooling by synchrotron radiation ; the impulsive injection of mono - energetic high energy photons in a medium of a Thomson depth of approximately 5 , and their subsequent downgrading in energy due to electron scattering . Arguments are presented for distinguishing between these two models from the existing data .
This presentation presents work on numerical investigations of nonlinear acoustic phenomena in resonators that can generate high - pressure waves using acoustic forcing of the flow . Time - accurate simulations of the flow in a closed cone resonator were performed at different oscillation frequencies and amplitudes , and the numerical results for the resonance frequency and fluid pressure increase match the GRC experimental data well . Work on cone resonator assembly simulations has started and will involve calculations of the flow through the resonator assembly with and without acoustic excitation . A new technique for direct calculation of resonance frequency of complex shaped resonators is also being investigated . Script - driven command procedures will also be developed for optimization of the resonator shape for maximum pressure increase .
Adaptive low - dissipative high order filter finite difference methods for long time wave propagation of shock / turbulence / combustion compressible viscous MHD flows has been constructed . Several variants of the filter approach that cater to different flow types are proposed . These filters provide a natural and efficient way for the minimization of the divergence of the magnetic field [ divergence of B ] numerical error in the sense that no standard divergence cleaning is required . For certain 2 - D MHD test problems , divergence free preservation of the magnetic fields of these filter schemes has been achieved .
The development of new and efficient algorithms for multibody dynamics has been an important research area . These algorithms are used for modeling , simulation , and control of systems such as spacecraft , robotic systems , automotive applications , the human body , manufacturing operations , and micro - electromechanical systems ( MEMS ) . At JPL 's Dynamics and Real Time Simulation ( DARTS ) Laboratory we have developed software that serves as a computational workbench for these algorithms . This software utilizes the mathematical perspective of the spatial operator algebra , which allows the development of dynamics algorithms and new insights into multibody dynamics .