context: We doubt that John left the apple. It is likely that Mary grabbed the milk. There is almost no chance that Bill is in the school. There is almost no chance that if either Bill is in the school, or John left the apple, then Winona is a mouse. It is certain that if Bill is in the school, or Mary grabbed the milk, then Julius is a swan. Chances are about even that if Mary grabbed the milk, or Bill is in the school, then Bernhard is white.
hypothesis: It is probable that bernhard is white, and Bill is in the school.
valid_hypothesis: There is almost no chance that bernhard is white, and Bill is in the school.
invalid_hypothesis: It is probable that bernhard is white, and Bill is in the school.
hypothesis_assertion: Bernhard is white, and Bill is in the school.