Line spacing (leading) is at least space-and-a-half within paragraphs, and paragraph spacing is at least 1.5 times larger than the line spacing. Text can be resized without assistive technology up to 200 percent in a way that does not require the user to scroll horizontally to read a line of text on a full-screen window. Understanding 1.4.8 Show Hide techniques and failures for 1.4.8 Sufficient Advisory Failures Sufficient Techniques for Success Criterion 1.4.8 Note: Other techniques may also be sufficient if they meet the success criterion. See Understanding Techniques. First Requirement: Techniques to ensure foreground and background colors can be selected by the user C23: Specifying text and background colors of secondary content such as banners, features and navigation in CSS while not specifying text and background colors of the main content OR C25: Specifying borders and layout in CSS to delineate areas of a Web page while not specifying text and text-background colors OR G156: Using a technology that has commonly-available user agents that can change the foreground and background of blocks of text OR G148: Not specifying background color, not specifying text color, and not using technology features that change those defaults OR G175: Providing a multi color selection tool on the page for foreground and background colors OR Second Requirement: Techniques to ensure width is no more than 80 characters or glyphs (40 if CJK) G204: Not interfering with the user agent's reflow of text as the viewing window is narrowed OR C20: Using relative measurements to set column widths so that lines can average 80 characters or less when the browser is resized Third Requirement: Techniques to ensure text is not justified (aligned to both the left and the right margins) C19: Specifying alignment either to the left OR right in CSS OR G172: Providing a mechanism to remove full justification of text OR G169: Aligning text on only one side Fourth Requirement: Techniques to ensure line spacing (leading) is at least space-and-a-half within paragraphs, and paragraph spacing is at least 1.5 times larger than the line spacing G188: Providing a button on the page to increase line spaces and paragraph spaces OR C21: Specifying line spacing in CSS Fifth Requirement: Techniques to ensure text can be resized without assistive technology up to 200 percent in a way that does not require the user to scroll horizontally to read a line of text on a full-screen window Not interfering with the user agent's reflow of text as the viewing window is narrowed G146: Using liquid layout AND using measurements that are relative to other measurements in the content by C12: Using percent for font sizes OR C13: Using named font sizes OR C14: Using em units for font sizes OR C24: Using percentage values in CSS for container sizes OR SCR34: Calculating size and position in a way that scales with text size G206: Providing options within the content to switch to a layout that does not require the user to scroll horizontally to read a line of text Failures for Success Criterion 1.4.8 F24: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.3, 1.4.6 and 1.4.8 due to specifying foreground colors without specifying background colors or vice versa F88: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.8 due to using text that is justified (aligned to both the left and the right margins) Back to top 1.4.9 Images of Text (No Exception) Level AAA Images of text are only used for pure decoration or where a particular presentation of text is essential to the information being conveyed.