There are about 150 ombudsman offices located throughout the federal government. About a third of them are statutorily authorized. The others were created through executive action. Although there are differences among them in terms of their origin, staffing, funding, and organizational structure, they are all tasked with receiving and helping to resolve disputes in an impartial manner. Some ombudsman offices are limited to helping to resolve disputes that arise within the federal agency in which they are housed. Others are limited to helping to resolve disputes received from the agency's clients. Still others may help to resolve disputes that arise both within the federal agency and from the agency's clients. The Office of the National Ombudsman, housed within the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), is fairly unique in that it is authorized to help resolve disputes received from the public across federal agencies. It was created in 1996 as part of P.L. 104-121 , the Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996 (Title II, the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 [SBREFA]). It is a relatively small office, with authorization for up to seven employees. It currently has five employees: a Deputy National Ombudsman (Mina Wales), an administrative officer, an external outreach manager, and two case management specialists. The National Ombudsman position, which is currently vacant, is appointed by the SBA Administrator. The Office of the National Ombudsman's primary purpose is to provide small businesses, small government entities (those serving populations of less than 50,000), and small nonprofit organizations that believe they have experienced unfair or excessive regulatory compliance or enforcement actions (such as repetitive audits or investigations, excessive fines, and retaliation by federal agencies) a means to comment about such actions. As an impartial liaison, the Office of the National Ombudsman "directs reported regulatory fairness matters to the appropriate agency for high-level fairness review, and works across government to address those concerns, reduce regulatory burdens, and help small businesses succeed." SBREFA also created a five-person Small Business Regulatory Fairness Board in each of the SBA's 10 regions to advise the National Ombudsman on matters related to federal regulatory enforcement activities affecting small businesses. Specifically, SBREFA directs the SBA Administrator to designate an ombudsman to work with each federal agency with regulatory authority over small businesses to ensure that small businesses that receive or are subject to an audit, on-site inspection, compliance assistance effort, or other enforcement-related communication or contact by federal agency personnel are provided a means to comment on those regulatory compliance and enforcement activities; receive comments from small businesses regarding actions by federal agency employees conducting small business regulatory compliance or enforcement activities; refer comments to the affected federal agency's inspector general in appropriate circumstances and maintain the confidentiality of the person or small business making these comments; based on substantiated comments received from small businesses and Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards, annually report to Congress and affected federal agencies an evaluation of the federal agency's regulatory compliance and enforcement activities, including a rating of the agency's responsiveness to small businesses; provide the affected federal agency with an opportunity to comment on the National Ombudsman's annual report to Congress prior to publication and include in the final report a section in which the affected federal agency may comment on issues that are not addressed by the National Ombudsman in revisions to the draft; and coordinate and report annually on the Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards' activities, findings, and recommendations to the SBA Administrator and the heads of affected federal agencies. This report examines the Office of the National Ombudsman's origin and history; describes its organizational structure, funding, functions, and current activities; and discusses a recent legislative effort to enhance its authority. During the 115 th Congress, S. 1146 , the Small Business Regulatory Relief Act of 2017, would have, among other provisions, expanded the National Ombudsman's authority to work with federal agencies on the development of best practices for educating, training, and assisting small entities in understanding and complying with federal regulations; authorized the National Ombudsman to evaluate federal agency regulatory compliance guides, ensure that those guides are available to small business development centers and other SBA management and training resource partners, conduct small business customer service surveys on an ongoing basis to assess the timeliness and quality of federal agency regulatory activities, and develop an outreach program to promote awareness of the National Ombudsman's activities; and authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out these additional responsibilities. On March 19, 1996, the Senate passed, 100-0, S. 942 , the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996. The bill, which included provisions creating the Office of the National Ombudsman and 10 regional Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards, was later incorporated into P.L. 104-121 , the Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996. The bill was based on recommendations of the 1995 White House Conference on Small Business. The 1995 White House Conference on Small Business, like its 1980 and 1986 predecessors, was preceded by state conferences and regional meetings. The 1,904 delegates to the 1995 White House Conference on Small Business considered more than 150 policy recommendations forwarded from the regional meetings and six petitions. Through a series of votes, the delegates narrowed the list of policy recommendations to 60, which were sent to the President and Congress for consideration. Improving the Regulatory Flexibility Act was the 3 rd highest vote-getter (1,398 votes) at the conference and paperwork and regulatory reform was the 25 th highest vote-getter (1,046 votes). SBREFA addressed both recommendations. The Office of the National Ombudsman and the Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards were created to address the recommendation concerning federal regulatory reform. During Senate floor debate, the bill's proponents argued that the Office of the National Ombudsman was part of the bill's overall effort to create a "more cooperative and less punitive regulatory environment between agencies and small business that is less threatening and more solution-oriented than we have achieved in the past." They argued that it would "help small businesses get fair and legal treatment from the government if they have been treated unfairly" and "also assist small businesses in recovering legal fees as a result of unfair Government actions." During floor debate, Senator John Glenn indicated that he supported the legislation but was concerned that the Office of the National Ombudsman and the Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards could "end up creating a one-sided record of complaints that will distort the broad public mission of our agencies." He also indicated that federal agencies are not "the enemy when they carry out the laws passed by the people's representatives in Congress" and was "happy, at least, that in the final version of the bill before us, the Ombudsman will focus on general agency enforcement activity and not attempt to evaluate or rate the performance of individual agency personnel." Senator Carl Levin also supported the legislation but argued that "the committee [on Small Business] should have taken more time to look at the pros and cons of placing an ombudsman in each regulatory agency, rather than relying on a lone ombudsman in the Small Business Administration to cover all agencies." Initially, the Office of the National Ombudsman was located in Chicago and had a three-person staff. The first National Ombudsman (Peter Barca) was appointed in November 1996, and 50 small business owners were appointed to the 10 Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards in that same month. The Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards were all chartered by February 1997, and became operational in June 1997. During its first year, the Office of the National Ombudsman also created its first small business appraisal form to receive small business comments, developed a structure to evaluate federal agency regulatory compliance and enforcement activities, instructed Small Business Fairness Board members about SBREFA, published a brochure, established its toll-free 1-888-REGFAIR telephone number, created a website, and held 10 public hearings across the nation "to enable small businesses to publicly bring forth their concerns of the regulatory enforcement structure." The Office of the National Ombudsman also received 735 telephone calls, had more than 56,000 hits on its website, and had 110 small businesses initiate an appraisal form. Fifty filed a completed appraisal form, and 33 of these forms were forwarded to federal agencies for responses. To the dismay of some Members, the Office of the National Ombudsman did not issue a report card on federal agency compliance and enforcement practices in its first annual report to Congress, dated December 31, 1997, primarily because the National Ombudsman felt that the office had not had sufficient small business participation to grade the agencies' performance. Instead, the National Ombudsman provided synopses of 12 small business appraisal forms that illustrated what the National Ombudsman identified as "four common themes in the regulatory environment" that are faced by small businesses: "(1) agencies change their rules in the middle of the game; (2) agencies disregard the economic and other consequences of their actions on small businesses; (3) small businesses often get ensnarled in conflicting regulatory requirements when two federal agencies' jurisdiction overlap; and (4) small businesses fear federal agency retaliation." In FY1998, the SBA provided the Office of the National Ombudsman its first annual budget (see Table 1 ). The SBA provided $500,000 ($351,000 was actually spent that year), sufficient to hire seven staff members (a writer, clerk or receptionist, agency investigator, attorney, public information officer, special assistant, and policy coordinator), and pay for travel, printing, and overhead expenses (photocopying, telephone line, postage, supplies, etc.). Actual staffing levels have varied somewhat over the years. Including the National Ombudsman, there were 3 staff members in FY1997, 11 in FY1999, 9 in FY2000, 8 in FY2002, 7 from FY2007 to FY2014, 4 from FY2015 to FY2017, 6 in FY2018, and 5 in FY2019. As mentioned previously, the Office of the National Ombudsman has authorization for up to seven employees (including the National Ombudsman position, which is currently vacant). The Office of the National Ombudsman's annual report to Congress subsequently included its mandated report card on federal agency regulatory performance, and that section of the report became the focus of congressional hearings, primarily because several federal agencies received relatively low grades, especially in the timeliness of their responses to small business comments. The National Ombudsman added a "best practices" section to the annual report to Congress "so one agency would know what the other agencies are doing and have that dialogue going on, and to encourage them" to do better. Peter Barca left the National Ombudsman position in July 1999, leaving the position vacant until January 2000 when Gail A. McDonald was appointed the second National Ombudsman. Shortly after her appointment, the SBA's Administrator at that time, Aida Alvarez, decided to relocate the Office of the National Ombudsman from Chicago to SBA's headquarters in Washington, DC, reportedly in an effort to increase the office's "visibility" within the administration. The physical relocation was completed in August 2001. In 2002, the Office of the National Ombudsman entered into a memorandum of understanding with the SBA Office of Advocacy in which both parties "pledged the highest degree of cooperation" and the Office of Advocacy (which focuses on issues related to the development of federal regulations and their impact on small businesses) agreed "to offer the services of its Regional Advocates in planning the Ombudsman's regional fairness board hearings." In 2003, the third National Ombudsman, Michael L. Barrera, testified during a congressional hearing that "as public awareness of ONO [Office of the National Ombudsman] grows, cooperation among the small business community and Federal regulatory agencies is [also] growing." He noted that federal agency attendance at Small Business Regulatory Fairness Board hearings "has improved dramatically" and pointed out that the Internal Revenue Service, through its Taxpayer Advocate system, "now attends every RegFair Hearing and Roundtable conducted by ONO." In 2006, the Office of the National Ombudsman renewed its previous memorandum of understanding with the SBA Office of Advocacy "to foster increased cooperation between the offices as they both work to provide a more small business friendly regulatory environment." Specifically, the Office of the National Ombudsman agreed to receive comments and concerns regarding the impact of regulations on small business and the burden of regulatory compliance and federal regulatory enforcement; where appropriate, forward such comments to the Office of Advocacy; provide information and materials generated through the Office of the National Ombudsman's activities that are more appropriately within the Office of Advocacy's jurisdiction; and promote the SBA's programs and services, including the Office of Advocacy's regulatory and research role, through its various hearings and roundtables and "include the Office of Advocacy Regional Advocates in the planning and implementation of those activities as appropriate." The SBA Office of Advocacy, which has a larger budget and more staff than the Office of the National Ombudsman, agreed to provide material that may be distributed to participants in the Office of the National Ombudsman's Regulatory Fairness Program; and provide the National Ombudsman with regulatory complaints and other information generated by small business interests that are more appropriately within the Office of the National Ombudsman's jurisdiction. The Office of Advocacy's FY2019 appropriation is $9.120 million and it has authorization for 52 full-time equivalent employees. In recent years, Congress has focused increased attention on the Office of the National Ombudsman's efficacy in helping small businesses resolve their regulatory disputes with federal agencies, as opposed to focusing on how many small businesses contacted the office, submitted a formal comment, or participated in one of the office's hearings and roundtable discussions. For example, in 2016, the House Committee on Small Business noted that the National Ombudsman "has no investigative capacity nor authority to overrule, stop or delay a federal action" and asked the National Ombudsman to report back to the committee the percentage of cases that were referred to federal agencies for resolution in FY2014 (420) that resulted in a favorable outcome for the small businesses, "such as reduction of a penalty." The National Ombudsman reported that 41 of the 420 small businesses (about 10%) that had a regulatory compliance or enforcement dispute forwarded to a federal agency in FY2014 for resolution received a favorable outcome. As noted previously, the Office of the National Ombudsman has authorization for seven employees (including the National Ombudsman position, which is vacant) and currently has five employees: a Deputy National Ombudsman, an administrative officer, an external outreach manager, and two case management specialists. The 10 Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards are required to meet at least annually to advise the National Ombudsman on matters related to federal agency small business regulatory activities, report substantiated instances of excessive federal enforcement actions against small businesses, and prior to publication, comment on the National Ombudsman's annual report to Congress. The boards are composed of five volunteers who are an owner, operator, or officer of a small business. Board members are appointed by the SBA Administrator, after receiving the recommendations of the chair and ranking minority member of the House Committee on Small Business and the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. No more than three board members may be of the same political party, they cannot be a federal officer or employee, in either the executive branch or Congress, and they serve at the pleasure of the SBA Administrator for terms of three years or less. The boards are based in the SBA's 10 regions Region 1 (serving Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont); Region 2 (serving New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands); Region 3 (serving Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia); Region 4 (serving Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); Region 5 (serving Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin); Region 6 (serving Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas); Region 7 (serving Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska); Region 8 (serving Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming); Region 9 (serving Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, and the territories of Guam and American Samoa); and Region 10 (serving Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington). As shown in Table 1 , the SBA provided the Office of the National Ombudsman $1.313 million in FY2018, and an estimated $1.143 million in FY2019. The SBA has requested $1.438 million for FY2020. Unlike the SBA's Office of Advocacy, which is also tasked with serving as an independent advocate for small businesses in the regulatory process (but primarily at the developmental stage), the Office of the National Ombudsman does not have its own funding account. The SBA funds the Office of the National Ombudsman through its salaries and expenses' executive direction subaccount. That account includes funding for the SBA's Office of the Administrator, Office of General Counsel, Office of Government Relations, Office of Hearings and Appeals, Office of Marketing and Communications, Office of Performance Management and Chief Financial Officer, and the National Ombudsman. The Office of Advocacy was also funded through that account, but Congress directed the SBA to provide the Office of Advocacy its own budgetary account in P.L. 111-240 , the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, as a means to enhance the Office of Advocacy's independence from the SBA Administrator. To date, similar legislation has not been introduced to provide the Office of the National Ombudsman its own funding account within the SBA. Instead, ombudsman advocates have argued that ombudsman offices "should not have duties within the agency that might create a conflict with their responsibilities as a neutral, and their budgets should be publicly disclosed." Small businesses that believe they have experienced excessive or unfair federal regulatory compliance or enforcement actions may file a formal comment with the Office of the National Ombudsman. The formal comment typically includes the following basic information and a signed consent form (SBA Form 1993) authorizing the Office of the National Ombudsman to pursue the matter with the federal agency: a description of the specific action taken by the federal agency and the results of this action; the specific resolution sought; and any relevant documentation. These comments may be filed online or in paper form, and commenters can receive information regarding the comment form or information about the Office of the National Ombudsman by calling the National Ombudsman's Regulatory Fairness Helpline at 888-REG-FAIR. In addition, small businesses may file comments "on-the-spot" at any of the Office of the National Ombudsman's regional hearings and roundtables. Once a comment is submitted, a case management specialist reviews the case and any supporting documentation to ensure that the necessary authorization and other information are present. The case management specialist then determines how the Office of the National Ombudsman can best assist the small business, advises the small business of expected next steps, and, if the comment is to be forwarded to a federal agency, explains the parameters of the SBREFA review. Comments forwarded to a federal agency include a request for "a prompt, high-level, responsive review of the matter reported." The federal agency is asked to consider the fairness of the case from a small business perspective and "to provide a practical, timely response that balances the spirit of the regulation with the specific circumstances of the small business." All comments are handled on a confidential, protected basis, and can be raised anonymously, if preferred by the small business. The case management specialist then follows up with the federal agency and the small business as appropriate and communicates with the small business owners the actions taken to assist them. In FY2018, the Office of the National Ombudsman assisted 354 small businesses, responded to numerous general inquiries, conducted 10 regional regulatory fairness roundtables across 5 of its regions, completed 118 outreach events, and initiated contact with 100 trade associations representing more than 2 million small business owners and SBA resource partners. The National Ombudsman also met with senior officials representing 27 federal agencies. In addition, the National Ombudsman's annual report includes a report card providing letter grades (which can range from A to F) for each federal agency (and in several instances, for individual offices within the federal agency) two grades rating the agency's responsiveness to small business concerns (the timeliness of the agency's response and the quality of the response); three grades rating the agency's compliance with SBREFA (the agency's nonretaliation policies against small business commenters, the provision of regulatory compliance assistance to small businesses, and the provision of notice to small businesses of their rights under SBREFA); and an overall grade. In FY2017, 39 federal agencies and offices received an overall grade of A, 1 received an overall grade of B, 1 received an overall grade of C, and the Department of Veterans Affairs received an overall grade of D. No agencies received an overall grade of F. Some Members and small business advocates have argued that the Office of the National Ombudsman should be provided additional resources. For example, on March 29, 2017, a small business advocate argued the following at a Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship hearing: Where the Office of Advocacy works on the front end of a development of a significant regulation, the Office of the National Ombudsman is charged with helping small businesses on the back end, with all regulation compliance. It serves as the conduit for small businesses to have their grievances about compliance problems, or other issues, with Federal agencies, heard directly by the agencies, in an effort for successful resolution. In this way, the Office of the National Ombudsman, and the agencies, can detect patterns of compliance problems so that the agencies can revisit rules for modification. This important component of the rulemaking process is woefully underfunded. The Office of the National Ombudsman actually relies on volunteers to help get the message out about its vital small business services. It is, for the most part, unknown and underutilized. If Congress really wants to help small businesses with Federal regulations, invest more in the small business outreach, support, and feedback loop. As mentioned previously, many small businesses that submit formal comments to the Office of the National Ombudsman do not receive a favorable outcome from the federal agency. Some Members and small business advocates have argued that the Office of the National Ombudsman should be provided additional authority to assist small businesses in their efforts to resolve their regulatory disputes with federal agencies. For example, during the 115 th Congress, S. 1146 , the Small Business Regulatory Relief Act of 2017, would have, among other provisions, expanded the National Ombudsman's authority to work with federal agencies on the development of best practices for educating, training, and assisting small entities in understanding and complying with federal regulations; authorized the National Ombudsman to evaluate federal agency regulatory compliance guides, ensure that those guides are available to small business development centers and other SBA management and training resource partners, conduct small business customer service surveys on an ongoing basis to assess the timeliness and quality of federal agency regulatory activities, and develop an outreach program to promote awareness of the National Ombudsman's activities; and authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out these additional responsibilities. Others Members appear unconvinced that providing the Office of the National Ombudsman additional resources and/or authority is necessary. They have argued, for example, that the best way to reduce small business regulatory burden is not more government but less regulation. The Office of the National Ombudsman is a small office with a relatively large mandate—to serve as an impartial liaison across federal agencies for small businesses that believe they have not been treated fairly in the enforcement of federal regulations. It faces several challenges. First, the Office of the National Ombudsman is generally recognized as being an independent, impartial office, but it is housed within the SBA and remains subject to its influence through (1) its proximity to the agency and its organizational culture; (2) the budgetary process, which provides the SBA Administrator the authority to determine the Office of the National Ombudsman's budget; and (3) the appointment and removal process, which provides the SBA Administrator the authority to hire and fire the ombudsman. In addition, the sheer size of the SBA (more than 3,200 full-time employees and an annual budget of about $700 million) relative to the Office of the National Ombudsman, and the existence of the SBA's Office of Advocacy, which has a similar mission (but focused primarily on regulatory development as opposed to regulatory compliance and enforcement), makes it more difficult than would otherwise be the case for the Office of the National Ombudsman to be recognized by stakeholders as the definitive voice for small businesses in the regulatory process. Second, the National Ombudsman has often had a relatively short tenure. The last two National Ombudsmans (Earl L. Gay and Nathan J. Miller) each served for about a year. The National Ombudsman has left office for various reasons, such as a change in Administration or for opportunities in the private sector. Frequent turnover can lead to continuity problems for the office. Third, the Office of the National Ombudsman does not have the authority to compel federal agencies to undertake specific actions to resolve disputes. As a result, although its annual rating of federal agency responsiveness to small business concerns does provide it a means to exert some influence on federal agency actions, its role in resolving disputes is somewhat constrained. Finally, the Office of the National Ombudsman's relatively limited budget and staffing level restricts its ability to engage in outreach activities that could increase small business awareness of its existence and services.

Summary: The Office of the National Ombudsman was created in 1996 as part of P.L. 104-121, the Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996 (Title II, the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 [SBREFA]). Housed within the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), the office's primary purpose is to provide small businesses, small government entities (those serving populations of less than 50,000), and small nonprofit organizations that believe they have experienced unfair or excessive regulatory compliance or enforcement actions (such as repetitive audits or investigations, excessive fines, and retaliation by federal agencies) a means to comment about such actions. The Office of the National Ombudsman is an impartial liaison that reports small business regulatory fairness matters to the appropriate federal agency for review and works across government to address those concerns and reduce regulatory burdens on small businesses. SBREFA also created 10 Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards, one in each of the SBA's 10 regions, to advise the National Ombudsman on matters related to federal regulatory enforcement activities affecting small businesses. Specifically, the National Ombudsman works with each federal agency with regulatory authority over small businesses to ensure that small businesses are provided a means to comment on the federal agency's regulatory compliance and enforcement activities; receives comments from small businesses regarding actions by federal agency employees conducting small business regulatory compliance or enforcement activities; refers comments to the affected federal agency's inspector general in appropriate circumstances while maintaining the confidentiality of the person or small business making these comments; issues an annual report to Congress and affected federal agencies evaluating the agency's compliance and enforcement activities, including a rating of their responsiveness to small businesses; provides the affected federal agency with an opportunity to comment on the annual report prior to publication and includes in the report a section in which the affected federal agency may comment on issues that are not addressed by the National Ombudsman in revisions to the draft; and coordinates and reports annually on the Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards' activities, findings, and recommendations to the SBA Administrator and the heads of affected federal agencies. This report examines the Office of the National Ombudsman's origin and history; describes its organizational structure, funding, functions, and current activities; and discusses a recent legislative effort to enhance its authority. During the 115th Congress, S. 1146, the Small Business Regulatory Relief Act of 2017, would have, among other provisions, expanded the National Ombudsman's authority to work with federal agencies on the development of best practices for educating, training, and assisting small entities in understanding and complying with federal regulations; and authorized the National Ombudsman to evaluate federal agency regulatory compliance guides, ensure that those guides are available to small business development centers and other SBA management and training resource partners, conduct small business customer service surveys on an ongoing basis to assess the timeliness and quality of federal agency regulatory activities, and develop an outreach program to promote awareness of the National Ombudsman's activities. This report also discusses some challenges facing the Office of the National Ombudsman although it is generally recognized as an independent, impartial office, it is housed within the much larger SBA and remains subject to its influence; the National Ombudsman has often stayed in the position for a relatively short time. Frequent turnover can lead to continuity problems for the office; it does not have the authority to compel federal agencies to undertake specific actions to resolve disputes. As a result, although its annual rating of federal agency responsiveness to small business concerns does provide it a means to exert some influence on federal agency actions, its role in resolving disputes is somewhat constrained; and its relatively limited budget and staffing level restrict its ability to engage in outreach activities that could increase small business awareness of its existence and services.