Legislative branch revolving funds support the "business-type activities" of the House, Senate, and legislative branch agencies. The revolving funds generally fall into two categories: the first provides a means of accounting for services provided by one agency to other governmental entities, while the other covers services for the public. Although legislative branch revolving funds comprise a small portion of the total legislative branch operating budget, they have provided a means through which the House, Senate, and legislative branch agencies are able to account for these types of activities. Over time, Congress has revisited their use, structure, and solvency; conducted oversight through hearings and the review of audits; and considered legislation amending the revolving funds, either through proposals offered by Members or at the request of legislative branch agencies. Revolving funds must be established statutorily. They may be established for a number of reasons, including a desire (1) to provide separate accounting for transactions between agencies or business-type transactions, (2) to isolate and simplify accounting for a single activity, or (3) to increase flexibility and efficiency of operations. Receipts generated from revolving fund transactions are returned to the individual funds and may be expended without further congressional action, although expenditures are confined to authorized uses. While revolving funds may receive additional budget authority from the legislative branch appropriations bills, the appropriations measures are generally not the primary means of support. Revolving funds are generally intended to operate on a self-sustaining basis with funds retained in the account rather than returned to the U.S. Treasury. Authority to spend funds is provided for in law. The period of availability for amounts in revolving funds also differs depending upon the budget authority provided in the annual appropriations bills. While amounts in those bills are generally available for the fiscal year, unless otherwise specified, amounts in many of the funds are available without fiscal year limitation. The legislative branch currently has 27 revolving funds, including eight funds for the House of Representatives, nine for the Senate, five for the Architect of the Capitol, four for the Library of Congress, and one for the Government Publishing Office. Over time, the revolving funds have grown in number and size, undergone numerous reorganizations and legislative amendments, and been subject to the oversight of congressional committees and audits and investigations by the Government Accountability Office (GAO). This report traces the establishment, use, and recent development of these funds. Where applicable, the report refers to publications that provide further details on individual revolving funds. These publications may provide additional information, including the current status of the fund and recent revenues and expenditures. In recent years, legislation has been enacted (1) establishing, consolidating, and repealing legislative branch revolving funds; (2) modifying the use of the funds; (3) requiring the deposit of receipts associated with some activities while prohibiting expenses associated with others; (4) limiting obligational authority; (5) allowing a temporary transfer between accounts; and, in the case of the Government Publishing Office, (6) providing an appropriation to the fund. Provisions addressing the legislative branch revolving funds have been included in the annual and supplemental appropriations bills as well as authorizing legislation. While some of the revolving funds legislation has been focused primarily on financial management, revolving funds have also been amended in response to new programs or activities (for example, the Capitol Visitor Center Act) or broader changes in congressional organization (for example, the U.S. Capitol Police and Library of Congress Police Merger Implementation Act). The House of Representatives has operated revolving funds for decades. Table 1 provides a summary of the House revolving funds using available data from the Statements of Disbursements of the House as compiled by the Chief Administrative Officer of the House. Subsequent sections provide additional information on each fund. The House Recording Studio was established in 1956 to "assist Members of the House of Representatives in making disk, film, and tape recordings, and in performing such other functions and duties in connection with the making of such recordings as may be necessary." It was preceded by the " Joint Senate and House Recording Facility ." The House Recording Studio is currently operated by the House Chief Administrative Officer (CAO), who is responsible for setting the price of disk, film, or tape recordings and collecting associated fees. These fees are deposited in a revolving fund account in the Treasury of the United States and used for the "care, maintenance, operation, and other expenses of the studio." The Speaker may appoint three Members of the House to provide direction for the studio and issue rules and regulations relating to operation and expenditures. The House services revolving fund was established by the FY2005 Consolidated Appropriations Act. The act terminated three predecessor revolving funds—House barber shops revolving fund, House beauty shop revolving fund, and House restaurant revolving fund —and transferred remaining deposits in those funds into the new fund. The fund receives amounts relating to the operation of the barber shop, beauty shop, and restaurant system, as well as amounts received related to the provision of mail services to non-House entities. Funds may be expended by the CAO, subject to the approval of the House Appropriations Committee. The provision was amended in 2005 to include funds related to user fees for the House staff exercise facility. The FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act expanded the scope of the fund by authorizing the CAO to designate these funds, upon approval, for "purposes relating to energy and water conservation and environmental activities carried out in buildings, facilities, and grounds under the Chief Administrative Officer's jurisdiction." The FY2009 budget request included proposed language, which was included in the FY2009 Omnibus Appropriations Act, directing the CAO to "deposit all amounts received as promotional rebates and incentives on credit card purchases, balances, and payments" into this fund. A request for a revolving fund for telecommunications expenses was included in the FY2005 budget request. The FY2005 Consolidated Appropriations Act included language establishing the net expenses of telecommunications revolving fund for funds deposited by the CAO from "amounts provided by legislative branch offices to purchase, lease, obtain, and maintain the data and voice telecommunications services and equipment located in such offices." The CAO may expend the funds for these purposes without fiscal year limitation. The net expenses of equipment revolving fund was established in 2003 to contain funds deposited by the CAO from amounts provided by offices of the House to "purchase, lease, obtain, and maintain the equipment." The fund also includes Member offices' expenditures for furniture expenses in district offices. The CAO may use these funds to support these purposes without fiscal year limitation. The law was amended in 2004 with language stating that this fund does not cover items covered by the net expenses of telecommunications revolving fund. In 1983, Congress established the House page revolving fund to support the House page program. Although statutory authority for the page revolving fund still exists, House leaders discontinued the program in August 2011. The fund was established to contain amounts received by the CAO for lodging and meals provided to House pages. The CAO was authorized to disburse amounts in the fund for expenses related to the provision of these services, as determined by the Clerk of the House and subject to regulations of the House of Representatives Page Board. The House Inspector General examined the use of the revolving fund and proposed recommendations in 1999. The stationery revolving fund was established in 1947. The fund contains amounts received by the stationery room (renamed the Office Supply Service) for the sale of supplies to Members, officers, and committees. The House of Representatives revolving fund was established in the FY2004 Consolidated Appropriations Act. The fund may contain appropriated funds, donated funds, and interest on the balance of the fund. Funds may be expended by the CAO upon notification to the House Appropriations Committee. The House Child Care Center Revolving Fund was established by P.L. 111-248 , which was enacted on September 30, 2010. The revolving fund is administered by the CAO and contains all monies "received by the House of Representatives with respect to the operation of the center." Operating expenses are provided by student tuition fees. Prior to the establishment of the revolving fund, the annual legislative branch appropriations authorized the use of tuition for day care center expenses, and a justification was contained in the CAO's annual budget justification. The account established for the House of Representatives Child Care Center by the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1992, is not a true revolving fund. As a result, the Chief Administrative Officer must every year seek approval to transfer the account's unobligated balances forward to the Center for use for the following year and work with the Treasury staff to effectuate what has become an annual ritual.… The Committee accepts the CAO's representation that converting the present account into a true revolving fund will streamline the accounting and recordkeeping process for the House and for the Treasury with no adverse effect on the Center's management, staff, or the children…. The Senate has used revolving funds for many years to support the operation of business-like activities. Table 2 provides information on the status of the Senate revolving funds from the Report of the Secretary of the Senate . A section on each revolving fund, including statutory history, follows. Data for the House and Senate tables are presented differently because the Secretary of the Senate provides data on a semi-annual period, whereas the House Chief Administrative Officer provides data quarterly. In addition, the Senate provides a summary of each revolving fund's revenues (net of expenditures). These data are not provided by the House. The Senate Computer Center revolving fund was established in 1976. Computer functions are operated by the Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper of the Senate (hereinafter Sergeant at Arms) as part of the office's technology support services (formerly the Computer Center). Pursuant to 2 U.S.C. §6636, the revolving fund is used for the deposit of funds received from computer contracts and for payment of associated personnel. The Sergeant at Arms "is authorized to enter into contracts with any agency or instrumentality of the legislative branch for the use of any available time on the Senate computer." All contracts established under this provision must be approved by the Committee on Rules and Administration and require full advance payment and a provision for refunds if all computer time is not utilized. Deposits from the revolving fund can be used for three purposes: (1) to pay the salaries of personnel, in addition to regular employees of the computer center, needed to fulfill contracts for computer time; (2) to pay "agency contributions" for retirement, health care, and other benefits for additional personnel; and (3) to provide refunds to entities that did not utilize all of the contracted computer time. Additionally, the Secretary of the Senate is required to withdraw all funds in excess of $100,000, other than amounts required to provide refunds (if any), within 90 days after the end of any fiscal year and deposit the funds in the U.S. Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. Established in 1992, the Senate Gift Shop revolving fund contains all proceeds collected or received by the Secretary of the Senate from the Senate Gift Shop. Pursuant to 2 U.S.C. §6576d(c), the Secretary can use the revolving fund for expenses related to operation of the gift shops, including supplies, equipment, and other supplies, and to "reimburse the Senate appropriations account, appropriated under the heading 'Salaries, Officers and Employees' and 'Office of the Secretary,' for amounts used from such account to pay the salaries of employees of the Senate Gift Shop." The initial capital, not to exceed $300,000, was transferred from the Senate stationery revolving fund. In 1994, the Senate authorized additional capitalization subject to the approval of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, through a transfer of up to $300,000 "from any Senate appropriations account with respect to which the Secretary has disbursing authority." The gift shop revolving fund has twice been amended to provide the Secretary with the authority to transfer gift shop funds to other sources. The FY2002 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided the Secretary with the authority to transfer to the Capitol Preservation Fund the "net profits (as determined by the Secretary) from sales of items by the Senate Gift Shop which are intended to benefit the Capitol Visitor Center." In 2007, the Senate further amended the Secretary's authority by allowing the transfer of proceeds from the sale of holiday ornaments to the Senate Employee Child Care Center. The Senate hair care revolving fund was established as part of the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act of 1999 to replace the Senate barber shops revolving fund. Pursuant to 2 U.S.C. §6634b-c, the fund is the depository for income and is used to meet hair service expenses. The Legislative Branch Appropriations Act of 2000 amended the hair care services revolving fund to provide an exemption from prohibitions against selling merchandise and advertising on Capitol Grounds. Subject to the approval of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, hair care services was allowed to sell and advertise in the Senate Office Buildings or on Capitol Grounds. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001 further amended the statue by requiring that agency contributions for Senate hair care services' employees be "paid from the appropriations account for 'Salaries, Officers and Employees.'" At its inception in October 1998, the fund received a transfer of $480,814.10 from the former barber shop's revolving fund. The Office of Public Records "receives, processes, and maintains records, reports, and other documents filed with the Secretary of the Senate involving the Federal Election Campaign Act, as amended; the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995; the Senate Code of Official Conduct: Rule 34, Public Financial Disclosure; Rule 35, Senate Gift Rule Filings; Rule 40, Registration of Mass Mailing; Rule 41, Political Fund Designees; and Rule 41(6), Supervisor's Reports on Individuals Performing Senate Services; and Foreign Travel Reports." Created in 1989, the Office of Public Records revolving fund supports the Senate Office of Public Records and "[a]ll moneys received on and after October 1, 1989, by the Senate Office of Public Records from fees and other charges for services shall be deposited to the credit of the revolving fund." Initial money in the revolving fund was transferred in FY1990. At that time, the Secretary of the Senate was authorized to transfer up to $30,000 from the Senate "Miscellaneous Items" account to the revolving fund. GAO has also performed audits of the fund at the request of the chairman and ranking Member of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. Created in 1957 by the Supplemental Appropriations Act, the Senate revolving fund for stationery allowances supports the Senate stationery store and the purchase of Senate stationery. Funds for the revolving fund initially came from three sources, including (1) the unexpended balance of the appropriation "Contingent Expenses, Senate, Stationery, fiscal year 1957", (2) any amounts hereafter appropriated for stationery allowances of the President of the Senate and of Senators, and for stationery for use of committees and officers of the Senate, and (3) any undeposited amounts heretofore received, and any amounts hereafter received as proceeds of sales by the stationery room of the Senate. The Senate has twice amended the stationery revolving fund statute to authorize reversion to the U.S. Treasury of unexpended stationery funds of the Senate and the President of the Senate. The FY1969 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided that the Senate's unexpended stationery allowances at the end of FY1969, and subsequent years, would revert to the Treasury's general fund. The FY1970 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided for identical reversions for the President of the Senate's stationery funds. The FY1973 Supplemental Appropriations Act renumbered sections of the revolving fund statute and removed reference to stationery allowances appropriated to individual Senators as a source for the revolving fund. The FY1980 Supplemental Appropriations Act further amended 2 U.S.C. §6573 to remove references to Senate committees. The language was changed from "stationery for use of committees and officers of the Senate" to "officers of the Senate and the Conference of the Majority and the Conference of the Minority of the Senate." The FY1998 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act further amended the revolving fund statute to add the following sentence: "Disbursements from the fund shall be made upon vouchers approved by the Secretary of the Senate, or his designee." The law (2 U.S.C. §6573), however, also established requirements for the disposition of unexpended balances in the revolving fund. It required that all appropriations in the account be available until expended except for "(1) the balance of any amount appropriated for stationery for use of committees and officers of the Senate which remains unexpended at the end of any fiscal year and (2) allowances which are not available for obligation due to vacancies or waiver of entitlement thereto." Any unexpended appropriations from these two categories are withdrawn from the revolving fund and deposited in the general fund of the U.S. Treasury. The FY1999 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act authorized the Secretary of the Senate, subject to the approval of the Senate Appropriations Committee, to provide up to $1,000,000 for capitalization purposes to the revolving fund ... , by transferring to such revolving fund any funds available from any Senate appropriation account, with respect to which he has disbursement authority, for the fiscal year in which the transfer is made (or for any preceding fiscal year) or which have been made available until expended; and any moneys so transferred shall be available for use in like manner and to the same extent as the moneys in such revolving fund which were not transferred thereto pursuant to this section. The most recent change to the procurement of Senate stationery contracts occurred with the inclusion of an administrative provision within the FY2015 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act. The act repealed provisions that had required the Secretary of the Senate to purchase newspaper space to advertise for bids from stationery product companies. The Senate Appropriations Committee suggested in its report accompanying the FY2015 legislative branch appropriations bill ( S.Rept. 113-196 ) that the process was outdated and possibly more expensive than other means, and the new language enabled the Secretary of the Senate to obtain stationery through the same competitive procurement process administered by the General Services Administration. GAO has also performed audits of the fund at the request of the chairman and ranking Member of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. The Senate Office of Heath Promotion was established in the FY1990 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act. This office, administered by the Sergeant at Arms, was charged with creating "exercise classes and other health serves and activities" to promote the health and well-being of Senate staff members. In performing these duties, the health promotion office can collect fees, assessments, and other charges to defray program costs. These funds are then deposited in the Senate Health Promotion revolving fund. Money in the revolving fund is available, without fiscal year limitation, for disbursement by the Secretary of the Senate in support of programs promoting the health of Members, officers, and employees of the Senate. As part of the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act for FY1992, the revolving fund statute was amended to require that each December, the Secretary "withdraw from the fund and deposit in the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts all moneys in excess of $5,000 in the fund at the close of the preceding fiscal year." A revolving fund for the Senate page program and residence hall was created in the 1995 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act. Named after Senator Daniel Webster (1782-1852), who has been credited with arranging for the appointment of the first Senate page, the revolving fund was designed to allow the page residence hall to be self-supporting. The revolving fund contains "all rental payments and other money collected or received by the Sergeant at Arms with regard to the Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence." This money, available without fiscal year limitation, can be used for the operation and maintenance "not normally performed by the Architect of the Capitol," including to purchase food and food-related items and to fund page activities. The Senate Recording Studio was created to assist Members and committees of the Senate in making disks, films, and tape recordings. Prior to 1956, the House and Senate jointly operated a recording facility and administered a joint revolving fund. Pursuant to Section 105(a) of the FY1957 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, separate House and Senate recording studios were created. Simultaneously, Congress abolished the joint House and Senate recording facility revolving fund and created two distinct revolving funds, one for the House recording studio and one for the Senate recording studio. (i)(1) As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Distribution of Act but no later than September 30, 1956, the equity of the Joint Senate and House Recording Facility Revolving Fund shall be distributed equally to the Senate and House of Representatives on the basis of an audit to be made by the General Accounting Office. The Senate Recording Studio and the Senate Recording Studio revolving fund existed until 1980, when the Senate Recording Studio was renamed the Senate Recording and Photographic Studios. At that time, the revolving fund was also renamed to reflect the addition of the photographic studio. Pursuant to the FY1991 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, the Senate Recording and Photographic Studios was abolished and separate recording and photographic studios were created. The entity, in the Senate, known (prior to April 1, 1991) as the "Senate Recording and Photographic Studios" is abolished, and there is established in its stead the following two entities: the "Senate Recording Studio", and the "Senate Photographic Studio"; and there are transferred, from the entity known (prior to April 1, 1991) as the "Senate Recording and Photographic Studios" to the Senate Recording Studio all personnel, equipment, supplies, and funds which are available for, relate to, or are utilized in connection with, recording, and to the Senate Photographic Studio all personnel, equipment, supplies, and funds which are available for, relate to, or are utilized in connection with photography. Since 1991, the Senate Recording Studio and the Senate Photographic Studio have operated independently. When the Senate Recording Studio was split from the Senate Photographic Studio, the newly established Senate Recording Studio revolving fund was provided all but $100,000 from the abolished Senate Recording and Photographic Studios revolving fund. All funds received by the recording studio are deposited in the recording studio revolving fund and money in the revolving fund is available for disbursement by the Senate Sergeant at Arms. When the Senate Photographic Studio was split from the Senate Recording Studio, the Senate Photographic Studio revolving fund was provided $100,000 from the abolished Senate Recording and Photographic Studios revolving fund. Since that time, all money received by the photographic studio is deposited in the revolving fund and is available for disbursement by the Sergeant at Arms. The Architect of the Capitol maintains five legislative branch statutory revolving funds: the House Member Gym revolving fund, the Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility revolving fund, the Senate Restaurants Revolving Fund, the Capitol Visitor Center revolving fund, and the recycling revolving fund. In addition, the AOC operates the Judiciary Office Building Development and Operations revolving fund. In 1992, a revolving fund was established in the Treasury for the Architect to deposit dues paid by Members and other authorized users of the House Member gym. The Architect can obligate these funds for expenses related to the operation of the gym. The FY2001 Consolidated Appropriations Act established the Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility revolving fund. Dues associated with membership in the Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility and proceeds from the Architect's Senate recycling program are deposited into the revolving fund. The Architect, subject to the approval of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, may expend amounts in the fund for preservation and maintenance of the health and fitness facility. The Architect is directed to "withdraw from the revolving fund and deposit in the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts all moneys in the revolving fund that the Architect determines are in excess of the current and reasonably foreseeable needs of the Senate Staff Health and Fitness Center." In 1961, a revolving fund was established for the operations of the Senate restaurants by the Architect of the Capitol. In 2008, control of the Senate restaurants was transferred from the Architect of the Capitol to a private vendor. According to AOC's 2014 Performance and Accountability Report "the account still exists for activities resulting from the conversion and continuing maintenance of the restaurants. Upon approval by the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, available balances may be increased via transfers in from the U.S. Senate to AOC, as needed." The Capitol Visitor Center (CVC) Act of 2008 established the Capitol Visitor Center revolving fund. The fund consists of two accounts: (1) the gift shop account, to contain money received from sales and other services provided by the Capitol Visitor Center Gift Shop, and (2) the miscellaneous receipts account, to contain net profits from food service operations and commissions from the contractor; coins collected from fountains around the grounds of the Capitol and Library of Congress; and any other receipts related to the operation of the CVC. The Architect may expend the sums from the first account, upon recommendation from the CVC chief executive officer, for "supplies, inventories, equipment, and other expenses" and reimburse applicable accounts for salaries of gift shop employees, without fiscal year limitations. Funds in the miscellaneous receipts account also may be disbursed, by the Architect upon recommendation of the CEO, and without fiscal year limitation, after consultation with the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, the Committee on House Administration, and the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations. Section 1101(d) of the FY2009 Omnibus Appropriations Act established a recycling revolving fund in the U.S. Treasury to be administered by the Architect of the Capitol. The revolving fund is the central depository for all proceeds from the sale of recycled materials under a new recycling program (also created by the act) and any funds appropriated by law to the Architect for recycling. The funds are available without fiscal year limitation, subject to notification of the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations, to implement the new recycling program and to carry out authorized environmental and energy programs and activities of the Architect. The fund was originally established for fiscal years 2009 through 2013; the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014, amended this provision to extend the fund indefinitely. The Library of Congress has long administered funds associated with intra-governmental programs, special events and programs, and services to other libraries and the general public. While Congress has considered a number of changes to the laws governing the administration and use of the Library's revolving funds in recent years, these funds currently are operated under the authority of 2 U.S.C. §182 et seq. The annual legislative branch appropriations bills regularly place limits on the Library's obligational authority in connection with reimbursable and revolving fund activities not funded through appropriations. This language is pursuant to 2 U.S.C. §132a-1, which beginning with FY1995, has limited obligations for any reimbursable and revolving fund activities to the total amounts provided (1) in the annual regular appropriations act making appropriations for the legislative branch, or (2) in a supplemental appropriations act that makes appropriations for the legislative branch. The legislative branch acts have also, since FY2002, allowed the temporary transfer of funds from the "salaries and expenses" heading to the revolving fund for the FEDLINK program and for the Federal Research Program, with reimbursement to the former following payments for these services from federal agencies and libraries. The FY2015 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, for example, contained language limiting the reimbursable and revolving fund activities not funded by appropriations to $203.1 million. A summary of the revolving funds, as well as requested obligational authority, is presented in the Library's annual budget justification and the annual budget requests. The Cooperative Acquisitions Program revolving fund was established in the FY1998 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, although the program itself and its predecessors had been around for many years. The program is carried out by six overseas offices in New Delhi (India), Cairo (Egypt), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Jakarta (Indonesia), Nairobi (Kenya), and Islamabad (Pakistan) and the African/Asian Acquisitions and Overseas Operations Division. The Library has maintained overseas offices since 1962. The funds, which are available without fiscal year limitation, may be used by the Librarian to acquire foreign publications and research materials on behalf of institutions participating in this program. The charge to participants is to be estimated by the Librarian at a rate that recovers the full direct and indirect costs of the program. Excess amounts are deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. The Library is required to submit a report to Congress each year that includes an audited financial statement of the revolving fund. The Library of Congress Fiscal Operations Improvement Act of 2000 established separate revolving funds for three categories of activities. These activities include (1) audio and video duplication and delivery services for the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center (NAVCC) in Culpeper, VA; (2) the operation of a gift shop and photocopy services; and (3) intragovernmental funds for services to other federal libraries and agencies. The act also made this fund—which in addition to fees received for these services, consists of any amounts appropriated and amounts attributed to the programs prior to the establishment of the fund—subject to audit by the Comptroller General. The law arose out of a number of hearings and discussions between the Library, the General Accounting Office (now Government Accountability Office), and the Library's oversight committees on the authority, operation, and reporting of these programs. A number of bills addressing the Library's revolving funds also were introduced in the decade prior to the enactment of this law. The law was amended the following year to include a fourth account for special events and programs, a section which was further amended in 2007 by the U.S. Capitol Police and Library of Congress Police Merger Implementation Act. The Library of Congress Fiscal Operations Improvement Act of 2000 established a revolving fund for duplication services associated with the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center (NAVCC) in Culpeper, VA. This action followed legislation enacted in 1997 which authorized the Architect of the Capitol to acquire the land for the center, although its purchase and refurbishment was supported primarily through an historic gift from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. The Packard Humanities Institute formally transferred ownership to the U.S. government on July 26, 2007. The establishment of the center, which is 415,000 square feet and sits on a 45-acre campus, allowed for the consolidation of collections that had previously been in multiple locations. The Library of Congress Fiscal Operations Improvement Act of 2000 established a revolving fund for a number of programs and activities within the Library, including decimal classification development; the operation of a gift shop or other sales of items associated with collections, exhibits, performances, and special events of the Library of Congress; and document reproduction and microfilming services. In 2001, this section was amended to cover special events and programs, a section amended again a few years later to authorize the Librarian to transfer amounts in the revolving fund to the Capitol Police appropriations account for the services of the police in connection with certain special events and programs. This language was included as part of the merger between the Capitol Police and the Library of Congress Police. The Library of Congress Fiscal Operations Improvement Act of 2000 established an intra-governmental revolving fund to support the services the Library provides to other federal libraries and agencies through the Federal Library and Information Network (FEDLINK) and the Federal Research Program. Before the implementation of the revolving fund, both programs were operated under the Economy Act. Under the FEDLINK program, the Library of Congress provides commercial information, publications in any format, library support services, related accounting services, and related education, information, and support services, to participating federal libraries, federal information centers, other entities of the federal government, and the District of Columbia. As part of the Federal Research Program, the Library "provides research reports, translations, and analytical studies for entities of the Federal Government and the District of Columbia (not including the Congressional Research Service)." The Librarian is authorized to charge a fee for services provided under the programs, with the fees deposited into the revolving fund. The fund is required to maintain separate accounting for the two programs. The Federal Research Program and FEDLINK have been the subject of multiple GAO decisions. The Library of Congress Administrative Reform Act ( H.R. 4093 ) was introduced in the House on November 19, 2015, and referred to the Committee on House Administration and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Section 4 of the bill, as introduced, is entitled "Expanding Uses of Certain Revolving Funds," and would affect three of the Library's revolving funds: the revolving fund for the Duplication Services for the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center (NAVCC), for the Gift Shop and Related S ervices, and for FEDLINK. For NAVCC, the bill proposes striking the word "duplication" from the heading describing the fund, and changing the language "duplication and delivery services provided by the Librarian" in 2 U.S.C. §182a to read, the following programs and activities of the Librarian: (1) Services related to the duplication and preservation of audiovisual materials and associated collections. (2) Storage, inspection, and delivery of audiovisual materials and associated collections. H.R. 4093 proposes adding two categories of programs and activities to those covered by the fund established by 2 U.S.C. §182b(a) as the "Revolving fund for gift shop, decimal classification, photo duplication, and related services": "[t]raveling exhibitions and exhibition materials" and "[t]raining." It also would strike the words "gift shop" from the fund's heading and replace them with "sales and other services." Finally, H.R. 4093 would amend 2. U.S.C. §182c(f)(1) to authorize the Librarian to provide FEDLINK services to "tribal governments (as defined in section 502(c)(3)(B) of title 40, United States Code)." The Librarian can currently provide these services to "participating Federal libraries, Federal information centers, other entities of the Federal Government, and the District of Columbia." In 1953, a revolving fund was created for the operation and maintenance of the Government Printing Office (GPO). The agency was renamed the Government Publishing Office in 2014, and its revolving fund was renamed the GPO Business Operations Revolving Fund. The revolving fund, which is available without fiscal year limitation, was initially provided $1 million for [E]xpenses necessary for the operation and maintenance of the Government Printing Office (except the Office of the Superintendent of Documents) including rental of buildings; expenses of attendance at meetings, when authorized by the Joint Committee on Printing; maintenance and operation of the emergency room; purchase of uniforms for guards; boots, coats, and gloves; repairs and minor alterations to buildings; and expenses authorized in writing by the Joint Committee on Printing for inspection of Government printing activities. Since its enactment, the revolving fund language was amended on multiple occasions. The amendments prescribe the processes for adding capital to the original $1 million provided by Congress, reimbursement to the fund, auditing the fund, and reporting its finances to Congress. To provide additional money for the fund, the 1953 act provided that the Public Printer (now known as the Director of the GPO) "shall provide capital for the fund by capitalizing, at fair and reasonable values as jointly determined by him and the Comptroller General, the current inventories, plant, and building appurtenances, except building structures and land, equipment, and other assets of the Government Printing Office" [now Government Publishing Office]. The fund provides temporary financing for GPO operations pending the collection of funds for work performed. Costs associated with "printing, reprinting, wrapping, binding, and distributing the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations" are initially charged to the revolving fund. The revolving fund is then reimbursed for these costs by the federal agencies. It is supported by three major sources, including (1) payments from federal customers, (2) sales of government publications to the general public, and (3) fund transfers from the GPO "Congressional Publishing" (formerly "Congressional Printing and Binding") and "Public Information Programs of the Superintendent of Documents (salaries and expenses)" (formerly "Salaries and Expenses") appropriations. Under 44 U.S.C. §309, the revolving fund is reimbursed for "services and supplies furnished, including those furnished other appropriations of the Government Publishing Office, at rates which include charges for overhead and related expenses, depreciation of plant and building appurtenances, except building structures and land, and equipment, and accrued leave." The revolving fund is also "credited with all receipts including sales of Government publications, waste, condemned, and surplus property and with payments received for losses or damage to property." According to GPO, it has traditionally interpreted this authority to allow for the recovery of an additional increment (approximately 2%) over its direct and indirect costs to generate funds for investment in new equipment and technology. GPO has also requested appropriations for the revolving fund to relieve pressures related to sizeable investments or shortfalls in the appropriations for congressional printing. Appropriations may be contained in the annual legislative branch appropriations acts in the last of GPO's three accounts, which include (1) congressional publishing, (2) Public Information Programs of the Superintendent of Documents (salaries and expenses), and (3) the Government Publishing Office Business Operations Revolving Fund. The GPO revolving fund has received additional funding in the following annual and supplemental appropriations acts: The FY2016 House-passed bill ( H.R. 2250 ) would not provide funds for the revolving fund, while the Senate-reported version would provide $8,764,000. The FY2015 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act provided $8,757,000 "to remain available until expended, for information technology development and facilities repair." The FY2014 Consolidated Appropriations Act provided $8,064,000 for "information technology development and facilities repair." The FY2013 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act provided $4,000,000 for the revolving fund (not including an across-the-board rescission or sequestration). The FY2012 Consolidated Appropriations Act provided $500,000 for "information technology development and facilities repair." The FY2011 Continuing Appropriations Act provided $1,655,682 for the revolving fund. The FY2010 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided $12,782,000 for the revolving fund for "information technology development and facilities repair." The act prohibited funds from the GPO revolving fund and "Office of Superintendent of Documents" and "Salaries and Expenses" headings from being "used for contracted security services at GPO's passport facility in the District of Columbia." The FY2009 Omnibus Appropriations Act provided $4,995,000 for "information technology development and facilities repair." As with the FY2010 act, the FY2009 act prohibited funds from the GPO revolving fund and "Office of Superintendent of Documents" and "Salaries and Expenses" headings from being "used for contracted security services at GPO's passport facility in the District of Columbia." The FY2007 Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution provided $1 million for the fund. The FY2006 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided $1.98 million for workforce retraining. The FY2004 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided $9.94 million for working capital. The FY2002 supplemental appropriations act provided a $4.0 million transfer for emergency expenses to respond to the terrorist attacks. The FY2001 supplemental appropriations act provided $6.0 million for air conditioning and lighting systems. The FY1975 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided $12.0 million "to provide additional working capital necessary for the support of normal operation of the revolving fund." The FY1974 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided $7.4 million "for improving electrical and air-conditioning systems, and building structures." The FY1972 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided $3.5 million "for improving electrical and air-conditioning systems, and building structures." The FY1971 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided $22.0 million "for improving electrical and air-conditioning systems, and building structures, and additional capital as necessary for the operation and maintenance of the Government Printing Office." The FY1967 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided $15.0 million for the revolving fund. The FY1964 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act provided $3.55 million for the revolving fund, plus an additional $6.45 million "to be derived by transfer from the appropriation 'Acquisition of site and construction of annex.'" Both the inspector general of the Government Publishing Office and the Comptroller General of the United States can perform audits to ensure proper reporting of receipts and disbursements and the proper operations of the revolving fund. The inspector general, under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing, "shall audit the financial and operational activities of the Government Publishing Office each year." In addition to the audit, the inspector general is required to prepare an "annual financial statement meeting the requirements of section 3515(b) of title 31, United States Code ." The Comptroller General has authority to "audit the financial statements prepared under subsection (e) at his or her discretion or at the request of the Joint Committee on Printing." If the Comptroller General chooses to audit the revolving funds financial statements, his or her report can be used by the Government Publishing Office in lieu of an audit by the inspector general. Some of the GPO reports and audits are available online, including the GPO Annual Report and the Inspector General's semiannual reports to Congress. The Inspector General also issued a revolving funds "white paper" on September 29, 2003. GPO, in its annual reports, also provides financial statements, including information on GPO's fund balance with Treasury. Four legislative branch revolving funds have been repealed. In each case, the repealed revolving funds were replaced with either another revolving fund or with an annual appropriation. Between August 7, 1953, and June 27, 1956, a joint Senate and House Recording Facility revolving fund existed to provide operating funds to the joint Senate and House Recording Facility. Pursuant to Section 105(m) of P.L. 624, the FY1957 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act (84 th Congress), the revolving fund was repealed and replaced with separate revolving funds for the House and the Senate. See the " Senate Recording Studio and Senate Photographic Studio " and the " House Recording Studio " sections for more information. Originally created in 1976, the Senate Barber Shop revolving fund was renamed the Senate Barber and Beauty Shops revolving fund in 1988. The revolving fund was repealed with the passage of P.L. 105-275 in October 1998. The Senate Barber and Beauty Shops revolving fund was replaced by the Senate Hair Care Services revolving fund in 1998. For more information see the " Senate Hair Care Services Revolving Fund " section. In 1995, Congress created the Office of the Chaplain expense revolving fund in the Senate to fund the Office of the Senate Chaplain. Initially provided with disbursements not to exceed $10,000 per fiscal year, the fund was available without fiscal year limitation for the payment of official expenses, including the purchase of food and food-related items. Additionally, the revolving fund served as a repository for moneys donated to the Office of the Chaplain. For FY1999, the revolving fund statute was amended to increase the maximum annual disbursement into the fund to $35,000. The FY2004 Consolidated Appropriations Act repealed the Office of the Chaplain revolving fund and replaced it with an authorization for an appropriation not to exceed $50,000 per fiscal year. Statutory use of funds by the chaplain remained unchanged except for the approval of vouchers by the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. Any funds remaining in the revolving fund following its repeal were returned to the general fund of the United States Treasury. The Office of the Attending Physician revolving fund was established in 1976 and abolished in 1989. The fund formerly contained funds from the sale of prescription drugs. Amounts remaining in the fund upon its abolishment were to be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts.

Summary: Legislative branch revolving funds support the "business-type activities" of the House, Senate, and legislative branch agencies. The revolving funds are generally established as a means of accounting either for services provided by one agency to other governmental entities or for services provided to the general public. They comprise a small portion of the total legislative branch operating budget. Revolving funds must be established statutorily. Authority for some legislative branch revolving funds dates back many decades, while others have been established more recently. The legislative branch currently has statutory authority for 27 revolving funds, including eight funds for the House of Representatives, nine for the Senate, five for the Architect of the Capitol, four for the Library of Congress, and one for the Government Publishing Office. Over time, Congress has revisited the use, structure, and solvency of these revolving funds; conducted oversight through hearings and the review of audits; and considered legislation amending the revolving funds, either through proposals offered by Members or at the request of legislative branch agencies. This report traces the establishment, use, and recent developments related to these funds. Where applicable, the report refers to publications that provide further details on individual revolving funds. This report will be updated as events warrant.