From the end of the Persian Gulf War in February 1991 through June 2003, the DOD reported that it had obligated over $86.203 billion for incremental costs it had incurred for its overseas contingency operations. These operations included the enforcement of no-fly zones, humanitarian assistance, and peace enforcement operations, as well as operations to combat terrorism. In fiscal year 2003, these costs were incurred preparing for and undertaking GWOT, including the 2003 war against Iraq. In addition, U.S. military forces are continuing to participate in contingency operations in the Balkans. Figure 1 shows the location of DOD’s contingency operations for fiscal year 2003. Most of the costs associated with GWOT fall into two accounts—operation and maintenance and military personnel. Operation and maintenance account funds obligated in support of GWOT are used for a variety of purposes, including transportation of personnel, goods, and equipment; unit operating support costs; and intelligence, communications, and logistics support. Military personnel funds obligated in support of GWOT cover the pay and allowances of mobilized reservists as well as special payments or allowances for all qualifying military personnel both active and reserve, such as imminent danger pay and family separation allowance. The services were appropriated about $34 billion to their operation and maintenance accounts and about $15 billion to their military personnel accounts for fiscal year 2003 to support the war in Iraq and Operations Enduring Freedom and Noble Eagle. It appears that while the funds obligated for these operations—about $39 billion as of the end of June 2003—are substantial, the proportion of appropriated funds that have been obligated as of that date is lower than the proportion of the fiscal year elapsed as of that same date except for the Marine Corps. In this regard, through June 2003, which represents three-fourths of the fiscal year, three of the four services had not obligated more than 68 percent of the operation and maintenance funds appropriated for GWOT, while the Marine Corps had obligated 78 percent. To support GWOT in fiscal year 2003, Congress appropriated $68.7 billion to DOD in the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, and Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2003. According to the conference report that accompanied the legislation, Congress included $6.1 billion for Operations Noble Eagle and Enduring Freedom in the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution of February 2003. In March 2003, the President requested that Congress appropriate $74.8 billion for GWOT, including the conduct of military operations in Iraq and reconstruction and relief there. Of this amount, $62.6 billion was identified in the President’s budget for DOD’s GWOT military operations. In developing the President’s request, DOD assumed, among other things, that the war with Iraq would be a short conflict, would involve a two-front war using Turkey as a staging area, and there would be a rapid redeployment and demobilization of Reserve and National Guard troops following the cessation of combat operations. In April 2003, Congress appropriated $79.2 billion, including $62.6 billion for DOD to cover all GWOT, including the war with Iraq, in the Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Act of April 2003. Although the services received their Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, funds for fiscal year 2003 in February 2003, they did not receive their first allocation of funds from the Emergency Supplemental until May 2003 and their second allocation until July 2003. Before receiving these monies, the services used funds from the Consolidated Appropriations and their base programs, obligating $25.9 billion for GWOT. DOD’s statement of its requirements for the supplemental appropriation included reimbursing the services’ accounts for costs incurred and financing the costs associated with military operations against Iraq. Neither the President’s request for funds nor the appropriations act allocated the funds to specific operations. Of the funds appropriated to DOD by the Emergency Wartime Supplemental, $46.699 billion was appropriated directly to the services’ and other defense agencies’ appropriations accounts and $15.679 billion to a transfer fund called the Iraqi Freedom Fund. Tables 1 and 2 show the operation and maintenance and the military personnel appropriations provided to the services for GWOT. To assess the extent to which funds appropriated for GWOT have been obligated, we compared the latest available obligation reports for GWOT with the funds appropriated to each of the services’ operation and maintenance and military personnel accounts. We then compared the proportion of the funds obligated to the proportion of the fiscal year that had elapsed to ascertain if funds were obligated at a level commensurate with that point in the fiscal year. We recognize that funds are not obligated equally each month throughout the fiscal year but believe that the further into the fiscal year the closer to 100 percent obligations should be relative to appropriations if all appropriated funds are likely to be obligated. The results of this analysis are discussed in the following sections of this report. We discussed our analysis with DOD representatives at the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) and each of the services’ budget offices, who disagreed with our methodology. These representatives believed that the analysis should take into account the fact that the supplemental appropriation was not available until mid-April 2003 and that funds were not provided to the services until the beginning of May 2003. We recognize that the supplemental funding was not provided to the services until May 2003. At the same time, DOD had to conduct Operations Noble Eagle and Enduring Freedom from the first day of fiscal year 2003 and subsequently prepare for war in Iraq, deploy over 100,000 military personnel to the Persian Gulf, and conduct major combat operations, all before receiving supplemental funding. As discussed earlier, to fund these operations in advance of receiving supplemental funding, the services used funds from the Consolidated Appropriations and their base programs. In doing so, DOD reported that it had obligated $25.9 billion for GWOT in fiscal year 2003 through April 2003. Therefore, we believe that assessing how much of the services’ direct GWOT appropriations have been obligated relatively late in the fiscal year provides a reasonable measure of how quickly the services are obligating their GWOT appropriations and the likelihood that they will obligate all the funds appropriated to them. Our analysis suggests that the services have no need for further transfers from the Iraqi Freedom Fund in fiscal year 2003, that all the funds transferred to their operation and maintenance accounts may not be obligated, and that any transferred funds unobligated at the end of the fiscal year should be transferred back to the Iraqi Freedom Fund. Our analysis of the percentage of fiscal year 2003 GWOT operation and maintenance funds obligated by the services compared with the proportion of the fiscal year elapsed (i.e., October 1, 2002, through June 2003, the latest month for which obligation data are available for all the services) shows that the proportion of available appropriations that have been obligated as of a particular date is lower than the proportion of the fiscal year elapsed as of that same date for three of the four military services, notwithstanding that funds obligated to date include those required to cover the preparation of military forces for the war with Iraq and the expense of transporting them and their equipment from the United States and elsewhere to the Persian Gulf. Therefore, we believe the actual operation and maintenance obligations made in fiscal year 2003 could be less than the funds available for obligation in fiscal year 2003. By the end of June 2003, only one of the services, the Marine Corps, had obligated more than 75 percent of the funds appropriated for operation and maintenance, while the other three services had obligated between 65 and 68 percent, although three-fourths of the fiscal year had already elapsed, raising doubts about whether all the services will be able to obligate their entire fiscal year 2003 GWOT operation and maintenance funds in the remaining 3 months of fiscal year 2003. For example, the Army, by the end of June 2003, had obligated 65 percent of its directly appropriated funds for GWOT. Figure 2 displays the obligations through June 2003 for each of the military services. As can be seen in figure 2, the percentage of directly appropriated operation and maintenance funds that were obligated as of June 30, 2003, ranged from a low of 65 percent for the Army to a high of 78 percent for the Marine Corps. Based on our analysis, we believe that in fiscal year 2003 the services, with the possible exception of the Marine Corps, may not obligate all operation and maintenance funds appropriated to them for GWOT. The services, however, believe that they will obligate all or almost all of these funds. This may in fact be the case, but except for the Marine Corps, if the services do obligate all these funds it will require a faster rate of obligation of funds—greater than the rate at which they have been obligating funds in recent months. We recognize that estimating the costs of ongoing military operations is difficult because operational requirements can differ substantially from what was assumed in developing budget estimates. This has been the case in Iraq, where actual operations have differed from some of the assumptions. For example, a second front using Turkey as a staging area never materialized, there has not been a rapid redeployment and demobilization of Reserve and National Guard troops, one major Army division expected to deploy did not, and transportation costs were lower than predicted. Some of these differences, such as the lack of a rapid redeployment and demobilization, are resulting in higher than expected costs, while other differences, for example, the decision to not deploy one of the Army’s divisions, are resulting in lower than expected costs. However, in light of the rate of obligations made through June and the information presented below, we continue to believe that actual obligations of GWOT operation and maintenance funds for fiscal year 2003 may be less than the total GWOT operation and maintenance appropriations available for obligation in fiscal year 2003. According to the Army’s obligation plan, the Army expects to obligate $6 billion during the last 3 months of fiscal year 2003. Through June 2003, the Army had obligated $11.315 billion. Combining the funds obligated through June and the Army’s estimate for the balance of fiscal year 2003 indicates that the Army will obligate a total of $17.315 billion—$98 million less than the $17.413 billion it received in direct operation and maintenance appropriations for GWOT. It should be noted, however, that the Army’s actual June obligations of $2.38 billion are higher than the $2.2 billion it planned to obligate in June. Whether the Army will obligate all its fiscal year 2003 GWOT operation and maintenance funds depends on whether its obligations for the last 3 months of the fiscal year continue at or near the June 2003 rate or fall to the levels expected in its obligation plan. In discussing the results of our analysis with the Army, Army officials told us that preliminary reports indicate that their July obligations will be about $3 billion. However, their preliminary June obligation estimate was higher than their actual June obligations, which underscores the difficulty in projecting costs and the need to closely monitor the obligation of GWOT funds. The Marine Corps expects to obligate approximately $591 million for force reconstitution (the repair of damaged equipment and the replacement of munitions, spare parts or equipment lost in war) during the last 3 months of the fiscal year. However, in discussing our analysis with the Marine Corps, Marine Corps officials involved with budgeting for ongoing military operations told us that constraints in depot and contractor capacity could lead the Marine Corps to obligate fewer funds in fiscal year 2003 than planned for depot maintenance, which accounts for $50 million to $70 million of its $591 million reconstitution estimate. Through June 2003, which is the first 9 months of fiscal year 2003, the Air Force had obligated $6.0 billion, or 68 percent, of its direct GWOT operation and maintenance appropriation. Most of the Air Force’s aircraft have redeployed from Operation Iraqi Freedom, and the Air Force’s role in that operation has been reduced. According to Air Force officials, in March 2003, the Air Force had 1,000 aircraft deployed in support of the war in Iraq and by late June the number had been reduced to 276. The Air Force’s June 2003 obligation of its GWOT operation and maintenance appropriation was $76 million less than its May 2003 obligation of that appropriation. The Navy had obligated $3.7 billion, or 67 percent, of its direct GWOT appropriation through June 2003. According to Navy officials, all Navy ships that deployed to support Operation Iraqi Freedom have been redeployed, and Navy activity is back to pre-Operation Iraqi Freedom levels. Furthermore, Navy officials with the Pacific Fleet (the Navy’s major force provider for Operation Iraqi Freedom) told us that their GWOT obligations were lower than they had estimated, due in part to lower fuel and airlift costs. In discussing our analysis with Navy headquarters officials, they said that while a shorter duration of combat operations resulted in certain costs not accruing or accruing at the estimated levels, other operational factors and costs occurred that were substituted and more than offset estimated fuel and airlift savings. Based on obligations through June 2003, we believe the Navy may not be able to obligate its entire fiscal year 2003 GWOT operation and maintenance appropriation by the end of fiscal year 2003. The services have been obligating their funds for military personnel at a faster rate than that for their operation and maintenance funds. As figure 3 shows, with three-fourths of the fiscal year gone, the Army and the Marine Corps had each obligated about three-fourths of their GWOT appropriations for military personnel costs while the Navy and Air Force had each obligated slightly less than three-fourths of their respective GWOT appropriation. According to DOD’s July 2, 2003, report on fiscal year 2003 appropriations, the services will obligate their entire fiscal year 2003 GWOT military personnel appropriations. Service officials told us that they believe they will use their entire GWOT military personnel appropriation because the planned demobilization of reserve component personnel has not occurred. In addition, the Army has not been able to redeploy its troops from Iraq as originally planned, which increased the Army’s costs for the special pays and allowances, such as imminent danger pay and family separation allowance, which some deployed military personnel are entitled to receive. In addition to the direct appropriations included in the Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Act, Congress also established the Iraqi Freedom Fund, which provides the services with additional funds to cover their GWOT costs. Congress appropriated almost $15.7 billion to this Fund and made it available to DOD through September 30, 2004. DOD must notify Congress at least 5 days in advance of such transfers, but congressional approval to make the transfers is not required. Once DOD transfers funds to the services’ operation and maintenance or military personnel accounts during fiscal year 2003, the funds must be obligated by September 30, 2003, or they should be transferred back to the Iraqi Freedom Fund. On August 11, 2003, DOD notified the Congressional Defense Committees of its intention to make an initial transfer of $4.8 billion from the Iraqi Freedom Fund to various service and DOD agency accounts. Of the $4.8 billion, about half ($2.4 billion) would be transferred to the services’ operation and maintenance accounts; the balance would be transferred to defensewide operation and maintenance and to a variety of procurement and research, development, test, and evaluation accounts. The August 11, 2003, notification did not include any transfers to the services’ military personnel accounts. Of the amount to be transferred to the services’ operation and maintenance accounts, $1,097.3 million would be transferred to the Army, $683.7 million would be transferred to the Navy, $285.9 million would be transferred to the Marine Corps, and $377.5 million would be transferred to the Air Force. These transfers will increase the amount of funds in the services’ fiscal year 2003 operation and maintenance accounts available for GWOT. Since the 1991 war with Iraq, the United States has been conducting operations in Southwest Asia to monitor Iraq’s compliance with various United Nations resolutions. Operations Northern and Southern Watch enforced the no-fly zones over Iraq. Operation Desert Spring, an Army operation, rotated forces in and out of Kuwait to train with the Kuwaiti military. From the inception of operations through June 2003, costs for these operations have totaled $11.4 billion. Since fiscal year 2002, funds for these operations have been included in the services’ base programs. In March 2003, DOD terminated Operations Northern and Southern Watch and Operation Desert Spring. The President’s fiscal year 2004 budget request, which was submitted in February 2003, before the termination of these operations, included approximately $1.4 billion for these operations. We briefed the Senate and House Committees on Appropriations on the termination of these operations in early June 2003 and suggested that since the operations have ended there was no need to provide funds for them in fiscal year 2004, although there could be further costs associated with shutting them down in fiscal year 2003 between the time they were terminated in March 2003 and September 2003. The Army agreed that it would not require any funding in fiscal year 2004 for Operation Desert Spring, and the Air Force agreed that it would not require funding for Northern Watch, but it disagreed with congressional action to eliminate funding for Operation Southern Watch. The Air Force asked that the funds for Operation Southern Watch be restored because it believed it needed these funds to maintain the bases that were previously used for Operation Southern Watch and that now support the ongoing operations. Our analysis of the obligation of funds to support GWOT in fiscal year 2003 suggests that the funds appropriated to the services for that purpose, particularly for operation and maintenance, could be sufficient to cover their fiscal year 2003 costs. On August 11, 2003, DOD notified Congress of its intent to initially transfer $2.4 billion from the Iraqi Freedom Fund to the services’ operation and maintenance accounts. Collectively, with the funds DOD has transferred from the Iraqi Freedom Fund to the military services and the large amount of unobligated funds remaining in the services’ fiscal year 2003 GWOT operation and maintenance appropriations except for the Marine Corps as of the end of June 2003, obligating these funds between July and September 30, 2003, could be challenging. In March 2003, DOD terminated Operations Northern Watch, Southern Watch, and Desert Spring. Therefore, the funds requested for these Operations in the President’s fiscal year 2004 budget request for DOD may no longer be necessary as requested. To ensure that funds already appropriated, including funds transferred from the Iraqi Freedom Fund, to the military services for GWOT are fully utilized and that additional funds are not transferred to the military services’ operation and maintenance and military personnel accounts from the Iraqi Freedom Fund until they are needed, we recommend that the Secretary of Defense (1) monitor the obligation of funds in the services’ operation and maintenance accounts, including the GWOT funds, (2) ensure that all funds transferred to the services’ operation and maintenance accounts that are not likely to be obligated by the end of fiscal year 2003 are transferred back to the Fund as allowed by the Wartime Supplemental Appropriation, and (3) closely review the executability of further funding transfers from the Iraqi Freedom Fund to ensure the funds will be obligated as planned. Because Operations Northern Watch, Southern Watch, and Desert Spring were canceled in March 2003, after the President’s fiscal year 2004 budget submission, Congress may wish to delete the funds requested for this purpose from the fiscal year 2004 DOD appropriations. In official oral comments on a draft of this report, DOD agreed with our recommendation to ensure that all funds transferred to the services’ operation and maintenance accounts that are not likely to be obligated by the end of fiscal year 2003 are transferred back to the Iraqi Freedom Fund. DOD had concerns with our other two recommendations dealing with (1) monitoring the obligation of GWOT funds and (2) prohibiting the transfer of funds from the Iraqi Freedom Fund until the services provide obligation reports showing that a large percentage of their current GWOT appropriations, such as 90 percent, have been obligated and suggested some revisions. Based on DOD’s comments we have revised our recommendations as discussed below. DOD agrees with our revised recommendations. With respect to our recommendation that the Secretary of Defense monitor the obligation of GWOT funds in the services’ operation and maintenance accounts, including those transferred from the Iraqi Freedom Fund, DOD noted that when the supplemental funds are released to the components those funds become part of the appropriation and are not separately identified as GWOT funds. DOD further noted that it could not separately monitor GWOT funds because they are not identified separately in the accounting systems. As a result, we revised our recommendation to state that the Secretary of Defense monitor the obligation of funds in the services’ operation and maintenance accounts, including the GWOT funds. DOD did not agree with our recommendation that the Secretary of Defense prohibit further transfers until the services provide obligation reports showing that a large percentage of their current GWOT appropriations, such as 90 percent, have been obligated. DOD noted that our recommendation ignores the funding pipeline issues; specifically that it takes time for the funds to be released, received by the services, and obligated. DOD said that to arbitrarily suggest that 90 percent of an account must be obligated before additional funds could be transferred into the account would create an unnecessary burden on the services, lead to "stop-go" funding decisions, and have a negative impact on normal operating procedures. We did not cite a specific figure in our draft recommendation; rather we suggested that a large percentage of the services’ current GWOT appropriations, such as 90 percent, be obligated before making further transfers. However, in light of DOD's concerns we revised our recommendation to state that the Secretary of Defense closely review the executability of further funding transfers from the Iraqi Freedom Fund to ensure the funds will be obligated as planned. We are sending copies of this report to interested congressional committees; the Secretary of Defense; the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller); and the Director, Office of Management and Budget. Copies of this report will also be made available to others upon request. In addition, this report will be available at no charge on the GAO Web site at http://www.gao.gov. If you have any questions regarding this report, please call me on (757) 552-8100. Principal contributors to this report were Steve Sternlieb, Carole Coffey, George Duncan, Matt Ullengren, and James Reynolds. To examine the adequacy of funding for the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), we reviewed (1) the President’s fiscal year 2003 budget request for supplemental appropriations, (2) applicable laws and accompanying reports appropriating funds for GWOT, and (3) DOD reports on the obligation of funds. We also obtained budget estimates from the services and their key elements involved in GWOT operations. We also met with service officials to discuss world events that may have had an impact on their budget estimates and their obligation patterns. We compared the latest available obligation reports against total available appropriated funds. We then compared the proportion of appropriated funds obligated with the proportion of the fiscal year that had elapsed to ascertain how rapidly funds were being obligated. We recognized that funds are not obligated equally each month throughout the fiscal year but believe that the further into the fiscal year the closer to 100 percent obligations should be relative to appropriations if all appropriated funds are likely to be obligated. We focused our work on the obligation of funds appropriated for operation and maintenance and military personnel because they represented the large majority of funds obligated in fiscal year 2003 through June 2003. During that period $866 million of the $38.9 billion in reported obligations was obligated for what the Department of Defense categorized as investment. To determine if there is a continued need for fiscal year 2004 funds for Operations Southern Watch, Northern Watch, and Desert Spring, we met with service officials and reviewed documents to determine the status of the three operations. We reviewed the President’s fiscal year 2004 budget request for the Department of Defense to determine the total requested for the three operations. We visited the following locations during our review: Office of the Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), Washington, D.C. Office of the Secretary of Defense (Reserve Affairs), Washington, D.C. Department of the Army, Headquarters, Washington, D.C. U.S. Army Reserve Command, Fort McPherson, Ga. U.S. Army Forces Command, Fort McPherson, Ga. U.S. Army National Guard, Arlington, Va. U.S. Army Europe, Heidelberg, Germany. U.S. Army Pacific Command, Fort Shafter, Hawaii Department of the Air Force, Headquarters, Washington, D.C. U.S. Air National Guard, Arlington, Va. U. S. Air Force Europe, Ramstein Air Base, Germany. Pacific Air Force, Hickham Air Base, Hawaii Department of the Navy, Headquarters, Washington, D.C. United States Marine Corps, Headquarters, Washington, D.C. Naval Reserve Forces Command, New Orleans, La. United States Marine Corps Reserve Forces, New Orleans, La. Marine Forces, Pacific, Camp Smith, Hawaii Pacific Fleet, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii We also obtained information from the Army Material Command, Alexandria, Virginia. We performed our work from February through September 2003 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.

Summary: The Global War on Terrorism (GWOT)--principally involving operations in Afghanistan and Iraq--is being funded in fiscal year 2003 by Congress's appropriation of almost $69 billion, including almost $16 billion in a transfer fund called the Iraqi Freedom Fund. To assist Congress in its oversight of funding for GWOT, GAO examined the obligation of GWOT funds and the implications for additional funding in fiscal year 2003 and the President's request for fiscal year 2004 funds for several operations in Southwest Asia that were canceled after the budget was submitted. While funds obligated by DOD for GWOT, including the war with Iraq, in fiscal year 2003 are substantial--about $39 billion through June 2003--the funds appropriated by Congress appear to be sufficient for fiscal year 2003, and some of the services may not obligate all of the funds they were appropriated for fiscal year 2003. For example, at the end of June 2003, with 75 percent of the fiscal year completed, the services' percentage of GWOT operation and maintenance funds that had been obligated ranged from a low of 65 percent for the Army to a high of 78 percent for the Marine Corps. In contrast, the percentage of military personnel funds obligated by the three-fourths of-the-fiscal-year mark by the services ranged from 72 to 75 percent of GWOT appropriations. The military services believe they will obligate all the fiscal year 2003 funds appropriated to them. In addition, the services have received billions of dollars more in transfers from the Iraqi Freedom Fund. But GAO's analysis suggests that they may not need all the funds transferred as well as further transfers in fiscal year 2003 for operation and maintenance, since considerable unobligated fiscal year 2003 funds remain in their direct appropriations. Since DOD terminated Operations Desert Spring and Northern and Southern Watch in Southwest Asia in March 2003, the funds ($1.4 billion) that were included in the President's fiscal year 2004 budget to support those operations next year may no longer be necessary.