In our prior work, we identified concerns associated with BIA management of energy resources and categorized them into five broad areas: (1) oversight of BIA activities; (2) collaboration and communication; (3) BIA workforce planning; (4) technology; and (5) BIA’s data. In the past 2 years, we issued three reports on Indian energy resources and development in which we made 14 recommendations to BIA. BIA agreed with most of these recommendations, and has identified steps it will take to address some of the recommendations. In a June 2015 report, we found that BIA review and approval is required throughout the development process, including the approval of leases, right-of-way (ROW) agreements, and appraisals. However, BIA does not have a documented process or the data needed to track its review and response times—such as data on the date documents are received, the date the review process is considered complete by the agency, and the date documents are approved or denied. However, a few stakeholders we interviewed and some literature we reviewed suggested that BIA’s review and approval process can be lengthy and increase development costs and project development times, resulting in missed development opportunities, lost revenue, and jeopardized viability of projects. For example, in 2014, the Acting Chairman for the Southern Ute Indian Tribe reported that BIA’s review of some of its energy-related documents took as long as 8 years. Specifically, as of April 30, 2014, the tribe had been waiting for at least 5 years for BIA to review 81 pipeline ROW agreements—11 of these 81 ROW agreements had been under review for 8 years. According to the tribal official, had these ROW agreements been approved in a timely manner, the tribe would have received revenue through various sources, including tribal permitting fees, oil and gas severance taxes, and royalties. The tribal official noted that, during the period of delay, prices for natural gas rose to an historic high but had since declined. Therefore, the official reported that much of the estimated $95 million in lost revenue would never be recovered by the tribe. In another example from our June 2015 report, one lease for a proposed utility-scale wind project took BIA more than 3 years to review and approve and according to a tribal official, the lease was only reviewed and approved after multiple calls and letters from the tribe to BIA headquarters. According to a tribal official, the long review time contributed to uncertainty about the continued viability of the project because data used to support the economic feasibility and environmental impact of the project became too old to accurately reflect current conditions. We recommended in our June 2015 report that Interior direct BIA to develop a documented process to track its review and response times. Interior agreed with the recommendation and stated it would try to implement a tracking and monitoring mechanism by the end of fiscal year 2017 for oil and gas leases. However, Interior did not indicate whether it intends to track and monitor its review of other energy-related documents that must be approved before tribes can develop resources. Without comprehensively tracking and monitoring its review process, BIA cannot ensure that documents are moving forward in a timely manner, and lengthy review times may continue to contribute to lost revenue and missed development opportunities for Indian tribes. Further, in a June 2016 report, we found that BIA took steps to improve its process for reviewing revenue-sharing agreements but still had not established a systematic mechanism for monitoring or tracking. We recommended, among other things, that BIA develop a systematic mechanism for tracking these agreements through the review and approval process. Interior concurred with this recommendation and stated that BIA would develop such a mechanism and in the meantime would use a centralized tracking spreadsheet. In June 2015, we reported that the added complexity of the federal process, which can include multiple regulatory agencies, prevents many developers from pursuing Indian energy resources for development. In a November 2016 report, we reported that Interior has recognized the need for collaboration in the regulatory process and described the creation of the Indian Energy Service Center as a center point of collaboration for permitting that will break down barriers between federal agencies. We found that BIA had taken steps to form an Indian Energy Service Center that was intended to, among other things, help expedite the permitting process associated with Indian energy development. We reported that the Service Center had the potential to increase collaboration between BIA and BLM on some permitting requirements associated with oil and gas development. However, we found that BIA did not coordinate with other key regulatory agencies, including Interior’s Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency. As a result, the Service Center was neither established as the central point for collaborating with all federal regulatory partners generally involved in energy development, nor did it serve as a single point of contact for permitting requirements. Without serving in these capacities, the Service Center was limited in its ability to improve efficiencies in the federal regulatory process. We also found that in forming the Service Center, BIA did not involve key stakeholders, such as the Department of Energy (DOE)—an agency with significant energy expertise—and BIA employees from agency offices. By not involving key stakeholders, BIA was missing an opportunity to incorporate their expertise into its efforts. We recommended that BIA include other regulatory agencies in the Service Center so that it can act as a single point of contact or a lead agency to coordinate and navigate the regulatory process. We also recommended that BIA establish formal agreements with key stakeholders, such as DOE, that identify the advisory or support role of the office, and establish a process for seeking and obtaining input from key stakeholders, such as BIA employees, on the Service Center’s activities. Interior agreed with our recommendations and described its plans to address them. In addition, in 2005, Congress provided an option for tribes to enter into an agreement with the Secretary of the Interior that allows the tribe, at their discretion, to enter into leases, business agreements, and ROW agreements for energy resource development on tribal lands without review and approval by the Secretary. However, in our June 2015 report, we found that uncertainties about Interior’s regulations for implementing this option have contributed to deter tribes from pursuing such agreements. We recommended that Interior provide clarifying guidance. In August 2015, Interior stated the department was considering further guidance. As of December 2016, however Interior had not provided additional guidance. In our June 2015 report, we found that BIA’s long-standing workforce challenges, such as inadequate staff resources and staff at some offices without the skills needed to effectively review energy-related documents, were factors hindering Indian energy development. Further, in November 2016, we found that some BIA offices had high vacancy rates for key energy development positions, and some offices reported not having staff with key skills to review energy-related documents. For example, BIA agency officials in an area where tribes are considering developing wind farms told us that they would not feel comfortable approving proposed wind leases because their staff do not have the expertise to review such proposals. Consequently, these officials told us that they would send a proposed wind lease to higher ranking officials in the regional office for review. Similarly, an official from the regional office stated that they do not have the required expertise and would forward such a proposal to senior officials in Interior’s Office of the Solicitor. The Director of BIA told us that BIA agency offices generally do not have the expertise to help tribes with solar and wind development because it is rare that such skills are needed. Through the Indian Energy Service Center, BIA plans to hire numerous new staff over the next 2 years, which could resolve some of the long- standing workforce challenges that have hindered Indian energy development in the past. However, BIA is hiring new staff without incorporating effective workforce planning principles. Specifically, BIA has not assessed key skills needed to fulfill its responsibilities related to energy development or identified skill gaps, and does not have a documented process to provide reasonable assurance its workforce composition at agency offices is consistent with its mission, goals, and tribal priorities. As a result, BIA cannot provide reasonable assurance it has the right people in place with the right skills to effectively meet its responsibilities or whether new staff will fill skill gaps. We recommended in our November 2016 report that BIA assess critical skills and competencies needed to fulfill its responsibilities related to energy development and identify potential gaps. We also recommended BIA establish a documented process for assessing BIA’s workforce composition at agency offices taking into account BIA’s mission, goals, and tribal priorities. Interior agreed with our recommendations and stated it was taking steps to implement them. In June 2015, we found that BIA did not have the necessary geographic information system (GIS) mapping data for identifying who owns and uses resources, such as existing leases. Interior guidance states that efficient management of oil and gas resources relies, in part, on GIS mapping technology because it allows managers to easily identify resources available for lease and where leases are in effect. According to a BIA official, without GIS data, the process of identifying transactions, such as leases and access agreements for Indian land and resources, can take significant time and staff resources to search paper records stored in multiple locations. We recommended BIA should take steps to improve its GIS capabilities to ensure it can verify ownership in a timely manner. Interior stated it will enhance mapping capabilities by developing a national dataset composed of all Indian land tracts and boundaries in the next 4 years. In June 2015, we found that BIA did not have the data it needs to verify who owns some Indian oil and gas resources or identify where leases are in effect. In some cases, BIA cannot verify ownership because federal cadastral surveys—the means by which land is defined, divided, traced, and recorded—cannot be found or are outdated. The ability to account for Indian resources would assist BIA in fulfilling its responsibilities, and determining ownership is a necessary step for BIA to approve leases and other energy-related documents. We recommended that BIA identify land survey needs. Interior agreed with the recommendation and stated it will develop a data collection tool to identify the extent of its survey needs in fiscal year 2016. As of December 2016, Interior had not provided information on the status of its efforts to develop a data collection tool. In conclusion, our reviews have identified a number of areas in which BIA could improve its management of Indian energy resources. Interior has stated that it intends to take some steps to implement our recommendations, and we will continue to monitor its efforts. We look forward to continuing to work with this committee in overseeing BIA, BIE, and IHS to ensure that they are operating in the most effective and efficient manner, consistent with the federal government’s trust responsibilities, and working toward improving service to tribes and their members. Chairman Farenthold, Ranking Member Plaskett, and Members of the Committee, this concludes my prepared statement. I would be pleased to answer any questions that you may have at this time. If you or your staff members have any questions about this testimony, please contact me at (202) 512-3841 or ruscof@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this testimony. Christine Kehr (Assistant Director), Richard Burkard, Jay Spaan, and Kiki Theodoropoulos made key contributions to this testimony. This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. 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Summary: Indian tribes and their members hold considerable energy resources and may decide to use these resources to provide economic benefits and improve the well-being of their communities. However, according to a 2014 Interior document, these resources are underdeveloped relative to surrounding non-Indian resources. Development of Indian energy resources is a complex process that may involve federal, tribal, and state agencies. Interior's BIA has primary authority for managing Indian energy development and generally holds final decision-making authority for leases, permits, and other approvals required for development. GAO's 2017 biennial update to its High Risk List identifies federal management of programs that serve tribes and their members as a new high risk area needing attention by Congress and the executive branch. This testimony highlights the key findings of three prior GAO reports ( GAO-15-502 , GAO-16-553 , and GAO-17-43 ). It focuses primarily on BIA's management of Indian energy resources and development. For the prior reports, GAO analyzed federal data; reviewed federal, academic, and other literature; and interviewed tribal, federal and industry stakeholders. In three prior reports on Indian energy development, GAO found that the Department of the Interior's (Interior) Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) has inefficiently managed Indian energy resources and the development process and thereby limited opportunities for tribes and their members to use those resources to create economic benefits and improve the well-being of their communities. GAO has also reported numerous challenges facing Interior's Bureau of Indian Education and BIA and the Department of Health and Human Services' Indian Health Services in administering education and health care services, which put the health and safety of American Indians served by these programs at risk. For the purposes of this testimony, GAO is focusing on the concerns related to Indian energy. GAO categorized concerns associated with BIA management of energy resources and the development process into several broad areas, including oversight of BIA activities, collaboration, and BIA workforce planning. Oversight of BIA activities . In a June 2015 report, GAO found that BIA review and approval is required throughout the development process. However, BIA does not have a documented process or the data needed to track its review and response times—such as data on the date documents are received, the date the review process is considered complete, and the date documents are approved or denied. GAO recommended that BIA develop a documented process to track its review and response times. Interior generally agreed and stated it would try to implement a tracking and monitoring mechanism by the end of fiscal year 2017 for oil and gas leases. Interior did not indicate whether it intends to track and monitor its review of other energy-related documents that must be approved before tribes can develop resources. Collaboration . In a November 2016 report, GAO found that BIA has taken steps to form an Indian Energy Service Center that is intended to, among other things, help expedite the permitting process associated with Indian energy development. However, BIA did not coordinate with key regulatory agencies, including Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service, the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. GAO recommended that BIA include other regulatory agencies in the Service Center so that it can act as a single point of contact or lead agency to coordinate and navigate the regulatory process. Interior agreed with our related recommendation and described plans to address it. BIA workforce planning . In June 2015 and in November 2016, GAO reported concerns associated with BIA's long-standing workforce challenges, such as inadequate staff resources and staff at some offices without the skills needed to effectively review energy-related documents. GAO recommended that BIA assess critical skills and competencies needed to fulfill its responsibilities related to energy development, and that it establish a documented process for assessing BIA's workforce composition at agency offices. Interior agreed with our recommendations and stated it is taking steps to implement them. In the past 2 years, GAO issued three reports and made 14 recommendations to BIA to improve its management of Indian energy resources, such as to track its review process, improve collaboration, and conduct workforce planning. BIA agreed with most recommendations and identified some steps it intends to take to implement them.