Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, with more than 75 percent of the population living on less than $2 per day and the unemployment rate estimated at 60 to 70 percent. These conditions were exacerbated when the largest earthquake in Haiti’s recorded history devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. Since then, Haiti has suffered from a cholera epidemic that has affected over 450,000 persons and caused over 6,000 deaths. In addition, Haiti has experienced political uncertainty following the earthquake. Due to the inconclusive presidential election of November 2010, the new President was not inaugurated until May 2011. On May 13, 2011, the U.S. and Haitian governments signed the Haiti Reconstruction Grant Agreement. Later, the Haitian Parliament rejected two candidates nominated by the new President for the post of Prime Minister, who serves as head of government. In early October 2011, the Parliament approved the President’s third nominee. In response to the earthquake, in the Act, Congress provided more than $1.14 billion in reconstruction funds for Haiti, available through the end of fiscal year 2012. Of this amount, about $918 million was directed to USAID and State, of which $770 million was provided through the USAID-administered Economic Support Fund (ESF) account and about $148 million through the State-administered International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement account (see table 1). Of the almost $918 million in supplemental funds, as of September 30, 2011, $356.9 million was allocated for the construction and rehabilitation of infrastructure. In addition to these supplemental funds, USAID and State allocated funding for reconstruction activities from other budgetary sources, such as annual appropriations for fiscal years 2010 and 2011, of which $54.8 million was allocated for construction and rehabilitation of infrastructure. In total, the agencies allocated almost $412 million from both supplemental and other budgetary sources for construction and rehabilitation of infrastructure. In September 2010, State and USAID, as required by the Act, issued a joint spending plan that showed allocations of supplemental reconstruction funds (see fig. 1 for a timeline of key government of Haiti and international donors and U.S. government actions and events after the earthquake). In January 2011, the U.S. government issued the 5-year Post-Earthquake USG Haiti Strategy: Toward Renewal and Economic Opportunity. Consistent with the government of Haiti’s development priorities, the U.S. strategy seeks to, among other things, encourage reconstruction and long-term economic development in several regions of the country— known as “development corridors”—including a region on the northern coast of Haiti that is not close to the earthquake epicenter, but where some people displaced by the earthquake moved. The strategy notes that 65 percent of Haiti’s economic activity was located in greater Port-au- and states the U.S. government’s intent to support new economic Princeopportunities in the Saint-Marc and Cap-Haïtien development corridors, in addition to assisting with reconstruction in the Port-au-Prince corridor, which suffered the most damage from the earthquake (see fig. 2). The U.S. strategy identifies planned U.S. reconstruction assistance in eight sectors. Six of these sectors—energy, ports, shelter, health, food security, and governance and rule of law—involve infrastructure construction and rehabilitation, while two sectors—economic security and education—do not. The strategy also encompasses some of the objectives set forth in the Haitian government’s 10-year Action Plan for National Recovery and Development in Haiti, issued in March 2010. The Action Plan identified and prioritized short- and long-term reconstruction needs in four areas: (1) territorial rebuilding in Port-au-Prince and three targeted regions of Cap-Haïtien, Saint-Marc, and Les Cayes; (2) economic rebuilding in sectors such as construction, agriculture, and tourism; (3) social rebuilding in the health, education, food security, and other sectors; and (4) institutional rebuilding focused on developing government capacity, justice, and a legal and regulatory framework. To advise and support U.S. earthquake reconstruction efforts in Haiti, USAID and State created special offices in Washington, D.C. In February 2010, USAID created the Haiti Task Team (HTT) to help coordinate U.S. emergency relief and reconstruction work and provide technical and staff support. At its peak, the HTT had approximately 50 staff positions, primarily U.S. full- or part-time staff who were temporarily reassigned from USAID’s Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean and other bureaus, as well as contracted staff. In September 2010, State created the Office of the Haiti Special Coordinator to oversee the planning and implementation of the U.S. strategy in Haiti in coordination with USAID and other U.S. departments and agencies. The Haiti Special Coordinator has approximately 20 staff positions, primarily staff temporarily reassigned full- or part-time from other bureaus and offices within State, and other U.S. agencies as well as contracted staff. As of September 30, 2011, USAID and State allocated $411.6 million for bilateral post-earthquake infrastructure construction activities in Haiti using $356.9 million in fiscal year (FY) 2010 supplemental funds and $54.8 million from regular fiscal year appropriations. In addition, USAID and State had obligated $48.4 million (11.8 percent) and expended $3.1 million (0.8 percent) of the total allocated, as shown in table 2. Combined, USAID and State allocated $411.6 million for post-earthquake infrastructure construction activities as of September 30, 2011 (see table 2). USAID is responsible for implementing most of the infrastructure construction activities. USAID activities in five sectors—shelter, energy, ports, health, and food security—account for $365.7 million (88.9 percent) of the $411.6 million in total funds allocated for infrastructure construction. State has activities in the governance and rule of law sector, which account for $45.9 million (11.1 percent) of the total funds allocated for infrastructure construction. See appendix II for additional detailed information on each of the six sectors. Table 3 shows USAID and State funding allocations by sector. Examples of post-earthquake infrastructure activities are as follows: The energy sector includes rehabilitating substations in the Port-au- Prince area and in the Cap-Haïtien development corridor, providing power to the North Industrial Park—an activity that is key to Haiti’s economic development with donor and private-sector commitments of about $400 million and a goal of creating about 60,000 direct and indirect jobs, according to USAID and State officials. The ports sector includes the construction of a new port along the northern coast of Haiti in the Cap-Haïtien development corridor. Upon completion, the port could provide improved shipping access for firms operating in the North Industrial Park and other locations in the area. The shelter sector includes the development of approximately 15,000 service plots, which include housing and access to essential services, in new residential settlements in the Port-au-Prince and Cap-Haïtien development corridors. The health sector includes the reconstruction of the State University Hospital in the Port-au-Prince development corridor. The food security sector includes the construction of irrigation canals and farm-to-market roads in the Cap-Haïtien, Port-au-Prince, and Saint-Marc development corridors. The governance and rule of law sector includes construction activities funded through State’s Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement (State/INL); the activities include the rehabilitation of facilities at the Haitian National Police Academy. As of September 30, 2011, USAID had obligated $42.6 million for activities in the energy, ports, shelter, health, and food security sectors. The majority (67 percent) of USAID’s obligations have been for two energy activities—$15.8 million for construction of power generation at the North Industrial Park and $12.9 for rehabilitation of 5 power sub- stations in the Port-au-Prince area. State had obligated $5.8 million, as of September 30, 2011, for its activities in the governance and rule of law sector. State officials said that designing and planning of construction activities generally involves a more lengthy process than for other activities, and they expect obligations to grow at a faster pace later this year and during 2012 as USAID and State infrastructure construction activities reach the implementation stage. See table 4 for obligation and expenditure data. Within a month after the earthquake, 10 of the mission’s 17 U.S. direct- hire staff had departed Haiti, leaving the mission with 7 staff in country to manage a program heavily involved in massive relief operations and anticipating an increase in reconstruction activities. According to mission officials, U.S. direct-hire staff were permitted to leave for several reasons, primarily because approximately 40 percent of U.S. embassy housing was damaged or destroyed, the school for mission staff children was damaged and not functional, and staff were experiencing emotional challenges after the earthquake. To fill the U.S. direct-hire vacancies, USAID posted 10 routine agency wide job announcements in March 2010, but no U.S. direct-hire staff applied. According to USAID officials, potential applicants did not apply due to, among other things, the damaged school, uncertainty about the quality of life in Haiti, and the lack of financial or other incentives in the job announcements. In May 2010, USAID again posted the 10 job announcements and, this time, attracted a number of applicants because the postings included financial incentives and waived the requirement that successful applicants bid on positions in four USAID-designated critical priority countries—Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, and Sudan—upon completion of their tours in Haiti. Having received a sufficient number of applicants for the May 2010 posting, the mission soon selected the staff. However, U.S. direct-hire staff did not begin to arrive in Haiti until early 2011 because, among other things, households and families had to be moved and some staff required up to 6 months in language training. In addition to filling existing positions, USAID received approval from the U.S. Ambassador to Haiti in February 2011 for 15 additional U.S. direct- hire staff to manage the surge in earthquake-related funding. These positions were announced and some candidates selected when the approval was granted in February 2011. Eleven had arrived as of September 2011 and, according to mission officials, all are expected to arrive in Haiti by February 2012. However, the mission will be implementing infrastructure construction activities until at least 2015, according to USAID planning documentation. During the next 4 years, U.S. direct-hire staff will have opportunities to bid for other positions at other posts. As U.S. direct-hire staff leave Haiti, the mission will need to replace them in order to continue the progress of infrastructure construction activities. Since the earthquake, the mission has been operating with a reduced number of U.S. direct-hire staff. During that time, the mission experienced delays in planning and implementing some construction activities. According to USAID officials, U.S. direct-hire staff are essential in planning and establishing continuity for long-term reconstruction activities, including infrastructure activities such as the design of power generation facilities, which require specific skills. Delays in staffing key positions, such as engineers, contracting officers, and sector specialists, created particular difficulties. For example: Engineering: Although USAID allocated more than $300 million in supplemental funds for infrastructure activities that would require engineering skills, the mission’s planning process was delayed due, in part, to the lack of U.S. direct-hire engineers, according to USAID officials. USAID was unable to reassign U.S. direct-hire engineers from other missions around the world because USAID has few engineers worldwide, according to mission officials. At the time of the earthquake, the mission had two Haitian engineers on its staff, but these individuals had experience in constructing and repairing roads and bridges and rehabilitating small infrastructure—with no experience in energy and ports construction. In anticipation of its pending involvement in infrastructure activities, the mission created a new Office of Infrastructure, Energy, and Engineering, but staff with specialized engineering skills did not begin to arrive at the mission until early 2011. For example, the mission’s chief engineer, who is responsible for overseeing construction activities in the energy sector, arrived in April 2011, and an engineer overseeing the construction of health facilities arrived in May 2011. Mission officials in the health sector stated that initial delays in staffing an engineer in the Office of Infrastructure, Energy, and Engineering presented a planning challenge because in-country engineering expertise is essential to rehabilitate a major hospital and numerous smaller health clinics. According to mission officials, the lack of staff and expertise made planning difficult for several reasons. For example, some staff who were involved in developing certain cost and planning estimates and assessing potential constraints had limited expertise, thus requiring more review by others. Further, some construction activities experienced delays as a result of staff shortages. For example, on September 22, 2011, about 3 months later than initially planned, the mission awarded a feasibility study related to its plans to invest in port development in the Cap-Haïtien development corridor. According to USAID officials, the delay occurred because mission staff were focused on energy-sector issues related to the North Industrial Park. The feasibility study is needed before the mission can determine its specific plans for port construction and set an award date for the construction contract that is expected to follow. Contracting: The mission also experienced delays in awarding some infrastructure construction contracts as originally scheduled because it had only one U.S. direct-hire contracting officer in country with the authority to approve contracts of more than $3 million, according to USAID officials. The mission plans to award several complex contracts for more than $3 million each from the more than $300 million in supplemental funding it has allocated for infrastructure activities. The mission currently has three other contracting officers with lower contracting authority approval limits, and as of September 2011, the mission had requested additional contracting officers it anticipates will be needed to keep pace with the planned time frames for the mission’s planned infrastructure activities. Programming: The mission also experienced delays because, for more than 1 year following the earthquake, it did not have several sector directors, including a program office chief and office chiefs for economic growth and democracy and governance offices, among other programming positions. According to mission officials, key decisions during the design and planning of construction activities were delayed, in part, because the mission had not been involved in such activities before the earthquake and there was limited expertise among existing staff. In addition, mission staff have experienced increased workloads and some mission staff have had to take on additional responsibilities outside their normal areas of expertise. For example, the deputy mission director assumed the additional role of leading energy sector planning for about 15 months until the April 2011 arrival of the chief engineer. In addition to other staffing issues, three of USAID’s Haitian employees died in the earthquake. Further, mission officials stated that numerous surviving Haitian employees have been unable to contribute quickly to post- earthquake planning efforts because some had family members who died or were injured in the earthquake and many had residences that were damaged or destroyed. Based on our review of USAID policies and guidance, including its Automated Directives System, and statements of mission officials, USAID does not have an expedited process for placing U.S. direct-hire staff to work on reconstruction efforts in an urgent post-disaster or post-crisis situation such as Haiti. Absent such a process, USAID Haiti used USAID’s routine but lengthy staffing process, which involves, among other things, posting job opportunities agency-wide, receiving applications, selecting staff, and waiting until they are released from their current assignments. To meet the increased need for mission staff to manage the program, the agency temporarily hired or reassigned staff, including staff from its Haiti Task Team in Washington, D.C., to complete more than 400 temporary duty assignments for periods ranging from one week to several months. For example, USAID used personal services contracts to hire staff to provide financial management expertise; assigned headquarters-based staff from its Latin America and Caribbean Bureau to manage and oversee rubble removal and other efforts; and provided fiscal year 2010 supplemental funding to an implementing organization to manage people who repaired roads, cleaned drainage canals, and performed other rehabilitation activities. According to mission officials, planning and implementation of reconstruction activities were delayed because the few staff remaining in Haiti were heavily involved in recruiting, placing, and training temporary staff in Haiti. Senior mission staff stated that, for many temporary staff positions, the mission had to develop detailed scopes of work for the positions and then brief and train newly arrived staff on substantive issues. In addition, mission staff noted that the continuity of efforts was sometimes problematic as multiple staff, who turned over frequently, managed the efforts. USAID planning for its earthquake reconstruction activities in Haiti is still under way. The USAID mission in Haiti, in coordination with other U.S. government agencies and USAID in Washington, D.C., has drafted eight Activity Approval Documents (AADs)—detailed planning documents for each sector. As of October 2011, six AADs had been approved: education, energy, food security, governance and rule of law, health, and shelter (see table 5). These six AADs account for 87 percent of USAID’s available supplemental and program funds, according to USAID. The two remaining AADs require additional work before they can be approved, according to USAID officials. Specifically, the AAD for economic security—which does not include any planned infrastructure construction—requires further interagency discussion with the U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury), which is the co-implementer of economic activities in Haiti, and the AAD for ports has not been approved because, among other things, USAID is waiting for the Haitian government to make key decisions regarding port regulations, use of territorial waters and the Haitian customs code. According to USAID officials, the AADs for Haiti are more comprehensive and have involved a more extensive review process than is typical. For example, USAID officials stated that the AADs for USAID activities in Haiti have included more analytical metrics, such as the results USAID plans to achieve in return for its investment. These AADs incorporate a discussion of how each sector will meet USAID’s agency wide procurement reform known as USAID Forward, which has, among other objectives, the goal of broadening the base of USAID’s implementing partners. According to USAID officials, incorporating USAID Forward has changed the procurement plan structure in the AADs, requiring more scrutiny by agency officials. For example, USAID indicated for activities described in the AAD procurement plans whether those activities will be targeted at local firms or organizations or use traditional partners. In addition, several factors led to a more extensive review process for the AADs for activities in Haiti. According to USAID officials, AADs are usually drafted at the mission and approved by the mission director. However, due to U.S. foreign policy interests in Haiti, in addition to the review and approval of the Haiti mission director, these AADs have undergone high-level review by USAID and State’s Office of the Haiti Special Coordinator. Because the U.S strategy is a whole-of-government strategy, a number of other U.S. agencies were involved in reviewing and approving the AADs. These agencies included the U.S. Department of Agriculture for food security, Treasury for economic security, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for health. According to USAID and State officials, the inclusion of other agencies in the process added levels of review that have extended AAD development and approval. Prior to AADs being approved in Washington, D.C., the Haiti mission continued with other planning efforts. The mission’s Office of Acquisition and Assistance developed a procurement plan to manage contract actions—such as the award of contracts for planning, design, and construction services—that enable implementation of the activities. In the shelter sector, for example, the mission has awarded contracts for the design of the proposed residential sites; the design includes site layout plans, environmental impact assessments, and housing-unit design specifications. In instances where an AAD had not been approved but where the mission deemed that sufficient planning had been completed, the mission used activity-specific approval memoranda to initiate procurement actions, and, in some instances where design work was completed, award construction contracts. For example, a contract for the construction of a 10-megawatt power plant for the North Industrial Park in the Cap-Haïtien development corridor with a value of approximately $15 million was awarded while the energy AAD was in draft. As of September 15, 2011, the mission had awarded its first two infrastructure construction contracts—rehabilitation of five electrical substations in Port-au-Prince and construction of a power plant in the North Industrial Park—at a combined cost of $28.8 million; approximately 7 percent of USAID’s total allocation for infrastructure construction activities. These awards were slightly delayed, as described below: Rehabilitation of five electrical substations in Port-au-Prince: On July 28, 2011, about 1 month later than planned, USAID Haiti awarded a $12.7 million construction contract for work to improve electrical service in Port-au-Prince. USAID extended the time for contractors to submit construction proposals because USAID issued new information in response to contractors’ questions, such as those concerning the length of the contract performance period—considered by contractors to be too short—and requests for clarification of technical documents referenced in the original proposal solicitation. Construction of a power plant in the North Industrial Park: On September 15, 2011, about 6 weeks later than planned, the mission awarded a $15 million contract for construction of a power-generating facility to meet the start-up electrical needs of the North Industrial Park. Some of the delay was to allow contractors time to respond to USAID’s clarifications and new contract requirements that were the result of contractor questions, changes to documents in the original solicitation, and the addition of environmental mitigation requirements. Some of the delay was also due to time spent by USAID mission staff focusing on a bid protest of the Port-au-Prince substation rehabilitation contract. Some key USAID activities experienced delays in their original schedule due to technical issues, and other activities do not yet have a planned award date. These delays are in part related to issues such as the length of time it takes contractors to submit construction proposals, difficulties obtaining building sites, and incomplete environmental assessment documents. In addition, some activities do not yet have dates set for award of construction contracts because the scope and location of the infrastructure have yet to be determined. North Industrial Park long-term power generation: The mission delayed its planned award of a construction contract to increase the power plant’s generation capacity from November 2011 to April 2013. According to a mission official, the dates were revised because the number of future tenants in the industrial park and their electrical power requirements are not yet known. South Industrial Park power generation: As of October 2011, a site for the South Industrial Park had not been established. Therefore, the mission has not yet determined the contract award date for this activity, which will provide power to a new South Industrial Park. State University Hospital in Port-au-Prince (HUEH): The mission delayed by about 5 months its plans to enter into an agreement with the governments of France and Haiti to reconstruct, repair, and modernize earthquake-damaged buildings on Haiti’s State University Hospital campus. The delay is due, in part, to a USAID-funded environmental assessment of the HUEH which is taking longer than planned. Mission officials expect that the assessment will be completed near the middle of November 2011, and estimate that the mission will be able to execute the HUEH agreement by December 2011. Shelter demonstration project: The mission planned to break ground on a “demonstration” settlement of 200 houses and other residential infrastructure on January 12, 2011. According to USAID officials, the mission has faced challenges in obtaining land titles for property on which to build because the government of Haiti lacks a comprehensive, functional system for recording land ownership— resulting in only 40 percent of landowners possessing documentation of title to their land and land records which may be inaccurate—as well as overarching shelter legislation to guide housing, land-use, and urban planning. Development and construction of new residential settlements: The mission’s plan to award contracts to prepare 15,000 housing plots and build 4,000 housing units has been delayed about 7 to 10 months. Originally planned for August 2011, the awards of most of these contracts are now expected to occur between March and June of 2012. It has taken longer than planned to identify the sites, negotiate agreements with the Haitian government on the selection of beneficiaries, and negotiate agreements with nongovernmental organizations building some of the housing. The sustainability of USAID-funded infrastructure activities depends, in part, on improvements to Haiti’s long-standing economic and institutional weaknesses, the Haitian government’s political will to implement change, as well as the success of planned capacity-building activities. Based on data from the UN Office of the Special Envoy for Haiti, aid from bilateral and multilateral donors represented approximately 57 percent of the government of Haiti’s total revenue in 2009. Following the earthquake, the percentage increased substantially, to an estimated 80 percent of total government revenue in 2010. Additionally, more than 16,000 civil servants died in the earthquake and, including those who left the country, the Haitian government workforce is now reduced by 33 percent, according to the United Nations Development Program. Further, according to the U.S. government strategy and USAID documents and officials, electricity laws, the structure of the health care system, the customs code, and housing and urban development policy, among other areas, all need reform. As part of its required planning processes, USAID considered various sustainability issues for its infrastructure activities. Some activities face sustainability challenges. In planning and assessing the sustainability of its activities in Haiti, USAID used a variety of resources. These included relevant provisions in the Foreign Assistance Act, guidance from the the agency’s project agency’s Automated Directives System (ADS),design guidance, and studies and assessments by USAID and other donors such as assessments of Haitian government ministries by the Inter-American Development Bank. In addition, for infrastructure activities, the mission relied on general principles for estimating costs, including projecting operations and maintenance costs and estimating basic returns on investments. For four activities, as of September 2011, USAID has also completed certification required by the Foreign Assistance Act indicating that Haiti is capable of effectively maintaining and utilizing the projects. In addition, each AAD contains a section broadly describing the sustainability issues of the activities planned in each sector. The following are examples of some of the challenges identified by USAID and its plans to address those issues. Energy sector: The power utility, Electricité d’Haiti (EDH), faces considerable technical and managerial challenges that have resulted in financial losses. The utility receives an annual subsidy from the Haitian government of approximately $100 million, which, according to USAID’s energy AAD, represents approximately 12 percent of the government of Haiti’s national budget. To assist the EDH, in April 2011 the mission awarded a 2-year contract to improve EDH management while long-term modernization options are developed and evaluated. In addition, USAID plans for the North Industrial Park power generation facility to be managed independently of EDH through September 2016. This facility is expected to generate enough revenue to cover operations and maintenance costs, including the replacement of major equipment. However, modernization of the energy sector is based, among other things, on the assumption that the Haitian government will decide on an appropriate modernization model and take necessary, but politically challenging steps, to implement that model, according to the energy AAD. Health sector: The Haitian government has made efforts to decentralize the health care system since the 1990s, but only 12 of 63 local health networks are currently operational. To support Haitian government efforts to decentralize the health care system, USAID is planning to provide resources, such as repair or construction of health facilities, to 9 to 12 local health networks in the U.S. development corridors. USAID is also requiring business plans in this sector so that USAID will no longer need to contribute to operations and maintenance of new or renovated health facilities within 3 to 5 years of completion. USAID acknowledges that strengthening the Haitian Ministry of Health and a decentralized health care system—both of which would likely enhance sustainability— are complex undertakings that will require long-term efforts. According to USAID, there are also shortages of community health workers, low retention of doctors and nurses who can earn more money in private practice or working for nongovernmental organizations, and a low skill and knowledge base at all levels. Ports sector: According to USAID’s draft ports AAD, the Haitian government does not have a well-defined legal and regulatory framework for ports, and the three Haitian government entities involved in port operations have unclear roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, the sector is characterized by excessively high port charges, unreliably slow port clearance processes, inadequate human and institutional capacities, and poor integration between international and regional ports. To assist with port construction in the Cap-Haïtien development corridor, according to USAID’s draft ports AAD, (1) a public-private partnership will be created and (2) USAID will provide technical assistance to Haitian officials to help them lower port charges in the northern port and introduce processes to expedite port clearance and tax collection. However, the ports sector AAD notes that port construction is a “high-risk” program whose success depends on, among other things, the political will of the Haitian government to make improvements in a sector controlled by a few individuals, tens of millions of dollars in additional funding from other donors, and sufficient demand for port use. Shelter sector: Haiti lacks a single agency for housing and urban development policy resulting in a sector characterized by fragmented authorities and unenforced policies, according to the shelter sector AAD. Among other things, Haiti does not have an effective national land register—known as a cadastre—and system to record land ownership; a policy framework that establishes and streamlines building standards and other controls to promote disaster-resistant housing; and has poor capacity to support the community organizations needed for shelter infrastructure and service delivery. USAID plans to provide assistance in areas such as building standards and enforcement mechanisms; land tenure, land title, and property tax records; and housing finance and mortgage markets. The shelter AAD notes that sustainability depends on the ability of the Haitian government to manage and maintain infrastructure and services over the long term. Policy change requires the political will and dedication of the Haitian government, as well as support from other members of the donor community. Sustainability also depends on economic growth, governance reform, and the ability of Haitians to pay taxes. If economic opportunities at the planned new shelter sites in locations outside of the capital are insufficient, people may return to Port- au-Prince. The success of USAID plans will depend on new economic opportunities that would enable municipalities to pay for road maintenance at the new sites and for housing beneficiaries to pay fees for water services and basic maintenance, according to U.S. officials. Our past work on U.S. assistance in developing countries shows that the U.S. government has previously encountered challenges in ensuring the sustainability of infrastructure activities. For example, following the 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador, we reported on sustainability challenges to USAID-funded shelter and health clinic construction, including residents who could not afford the cost of connecting to the potable water and electricity systems in the new houses. In addition, in July 2011, we reported that the governments of Cape Verde and Honduras faced challenges sustaining several activities funded through the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). For example, in Honduras, uncertainty about government funding for maintenance and other construction activities may jeopardize the sustainability of some major roads built with MCC funds. The United States is providing over one billion dollars to Haiti for reconstruction but faces an enormous task in helping the country begin to recover from the 2010 earthquake. A number of factors have delayed USAID’s planning and implementation of projects to rebuild infrastructure in the energy, ports, and shelter sectors—areas where the agency has not previously worked and that require specific skills or expertise. Haiti has always been a challenging operating environment, and the earthquake created additional difficulties. Further, USAID had difficulties securing staff—particularly technical staff such as contracting officers and engineers—who were willing to live and work in the country after the earthquake and who could bring the expertise necessary to plan and execute large, complex infrastructure projects. Such difficulties have contributed to delays in U.S. efforts, with only a few contracts awarded to date. Additional issues, such as difficulties in obtaining land title and the time needed to conduct environmental assessments, have led to delays in planning construction activities, and some activities do not yet have start dates. Further, the Haitian government’s long-standing economic and institutional weaknesses are complicating U.S. efforts and could affect the future of this assistance, and the political will of the recently formed Haitian government to implement reforms and undertake sustainability efforts is unknown. Even though USAID is taking some steps to address the long-term future of U.S.-funded infrastructure, it is unclear at this point in time if those projects will ultimately be sustainable. U.S. activities in Haiti will continue for many years, and USAID staff can be expected to turn over numerous times. It is therefore critical that USAID do as much as possible to match the number of staff with the demands placed on the mission to ensure that the substantial amount of U.S. funding provided for reconstruction is used efficiently and within time frames that address the pressing needs in the country. To facilitate USAID’s progress in planning and implementing its many post-earthquake infrastructure construction activities in Haiti over the next several years, particularly those requiring key technical staff such as contracting officers, engineers, and program specialists, we recommend that the USAID Administrator ensure that U.S. direct-hire staff are placed at the mission within time frames that avoid future staffing gaps or delays. USAID provided written comments on a draft of this report, which are reprinted in appendix III. State did not provide written comments. USAID agreed with our finding that staffing difficulties were a factor in delaying USAID infrastructure constructions activities in Haiti. In addition, USAID described certain actions it is currently taking, such as providing accelerated one-on-one language training and special bidding incentives for Haiti, that, if continued, could address our recommendation. USAID also emphasized staffing actions that the agency took following the earthquake to quickly deploy staff temporarily to Haiti. Our report recognizes these actions and the contributions they made in helping with the relief and recovery efforts in Haiti. However, we maintain that such efforts did not include bringing on U.S. direct-hire staff to fill permanent positions and provide the continuity needed to manage longer-term reconstruction projects. In particular, USAID noted that its Civilian Response Corps (CRC), part of an interagency initiative, was used to provide a surge capability and quickly deploy staff with specialized knowledge and skills to Haiti. Our report notes that CRC, whose staff are deployed for an average of 90 days, provides the U.S. government with a first responder effort and supports the implementation of longer-term reconstruction activities. State and USAID both provided technical comments. Those comments, along with information contained in USAID's written response, were incorporated into the report where appropriate. We are sending copies of this report to interested congressional committees, the Secretary of State, and the USAID Administrator. We will also provide copies to others on request. In addition, the report will be available at no charge on the GAO Web site at http://www.gao.gov. If you or any of your staffs have any question about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-3149 or gootnickd@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made major contribution to this report are listed in appendix IV. We reviewed the infrastructure-related post-earthquake reconstruction efforts of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Department of State (State) in Haiti. This report examines, for infrastructure construction activities only, (1) the amounts of USAID and State obligations and expenditures; (2) USAID’s staffing; (3) USAID’s planning; and (4) potential sustainability challenges USAID faces. In response to a congressional mandate in the Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2010 (the Act) that made funds available for GAO to review U.S. efforts in Haiti, we focused our review on the $918 million in bilateral reconstruction funding provided to USAID and State in the Act as well as other funding provided to USAID and State in annual fiscal year appropriations that support reconstruction activities, including infrastructure construction and rehabilitation, in Haiti. Of the $918 million, $770 million was provided through the USAID-administered Economic Support Fund (ESF) account and $148 million through the State- administered International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement (INCLE) account. USAID and State have planned to allocate $356.9 million for infrastructure construction activities from the funding appropriated in the Act. In addition, USAID and State supported infrastructure construction activities with almost $54.8 million from regular fiscal year appropriations, such as, for example, fiscal year 2010 funding for the Global Health and Child Survival account. Combined, USAID and State have allocated almost $412 million from both supplemental and regular fiscal year appropriations for infrastructure construction activities. In the Act, Congress provided more than $1.14 billion in reconstruction funds for Haiti available through the end of fiscal year 2012, including about $918 million for USAID and State and about $220 million for the Department of the Treasury for debt relief, a Treasury attaché office in Port-au-Prince, and technical assistance. We did not review the funding directed to Treasury. Additionally, we did not review $1.64 billion in funding provided primarily to reimburse U.S. agencies for their emergency and humanitarian efforts in Haiti immediately following the January 2010 earthquake, nor did we examine the approximately $144 million in U.S. embassy-related funding included in the law. To obtain information on the appropriations, allocations, and planned uses of U.S. reconstruction funding for Haiti, we reviewed the Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2010, enacted by Congress in July 2010; the State and USAID FY 2010 Supplemental Appropriations Spending Plan, issued by State in September 2010; the interagency Post- Earthquake USG Haiti Strategy: Toward Renewal and Economic Opportunity, issued by State in January 2011; and Congressional Research Service reports on Haiti. We also reviewed the Action Plan for National Recovery and Development of Haiti, issued by the government of Haiti in March 2010. In addition, we reviewed the Haiti Reconstruction Grant Agreement, signed by the U.S. and Haitian governments in May 2011. We met in Washington, D.C., and in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, with officials from USAID and State and other organizations implementing U.S. government-funded activities. USAID defines allocation as the identification and setting aside of resources for a specific program action. To determine the amounts of funding obligated from USAID’s supplemental ESF funding and State’s supplemental INCLE funding, as well as funding from other sources for infrastructure construction activities, we analyzed data reported by USAID as of June 30, 2011, and September 30, 2011, and by State as of September 30, 2011. The amounts reported to us by USAID and State include both expenditures and unexpended obligated balances. These data include information on obligations of supplemental appropriation funding overall, as well as amounts provided for particular activities. To assess the reliability of the data on planned allocations, obligations, and expenditures, we conducted follow-up correspondence and interviews with cognizant officials from USAID and State both in Washington, D.C., and in Haiti. We asked them standard data reliability questions—including questions about the purposes for which funding data were collected, the use of the data, how the data were collected and generated, and how the agencies ensured that the data were complete and accurate—and determined the data to be sufficiently reliable for the purposes of this report. To assess USAID’s staffing challenges in Haiti, we reviewed bidding opportunity notices, staffing pattern analyses produced by the mission Executive Office, and interviewed relevant officials at the mission in Haiti and at USAID’s headquarters in Washington, D.C. To determine the status of USAID’s planning activities, we reviewed the agency’s policies for planning as outlined in the Automated Directives System. We also reviewed eight sector-specific Activity Approval Documents (AADs), six of which had been finalized as of October 2011, as well as more detailed planning documents for specific activities with infrastructure components, which we obtained during our visits to the USAID mission in Haiti. To determine challenges USAID faces in implementing activities as planned, we reviewed USAID’s and State’s requests for proposals, amendments, and award documents posted at the U.S. government’s Web site www.fedbizopps.gov. We also reviewed USAID’s AADs, award documents provided by the mission, and USAID’s activity procurement plan. In addition we interviewed relevant officials at the mission’s Office of Acquisition and Assistance and the mission’s Infrastructure, Energy, and Engineering Office to discuss the procurement plan, bid solicitation process, and activity delays. Due to the small amount of INCLE funding allocated for infrastructure activities, we did not review the State Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement’s planning process. To describe issues related to the capacity of the Haitian government, we reviewed U.S. government documents such as the U.S. government Haiti Strategy and the AADs, and reports from the United Nations Office of the Special Envoy for Haiti and the United Nations Development Program. To discuss USAID’s planning process for sustainability and potential sustainability-related challenges, we interviewed relevant officials both at the mission in Haiti and also at USAID’s headquarters in Washington, D.C., about sustainability and reviewed agency guidance, documents, and legislation. We also reviewed prior GAO reports with sections on sustainability challenges experienced by the U.S. government in other countries. We traveled to Haiti in April 2011 and August 2011 and met with U.S. officials from USAID and State, as well as representatives of some of USAID’s international and local implementing partners for humanitarian, development, and reconstruction programs—including the Cooperative Housing Foundation and the American Institutes for Research. We also met with officials from the Interim Haiti Recovery Commission. We visited sites damaged by the earthquake where USAID and State have ongoing or planned reconstruction efforts, such as the State University Hospital, Haitian National Police Academy, and sites in Port-au-Prince where rubble removal was ongoing. In addition, we visited sites in the Cap- Haïtien development corridor that USAID has targeted for reconstruction assistance. While there, we observed and discussed with USAID officials the preliminary results of U.S.-funded development programs, including a planned residential settlement site, a planned port, and various planned agricultural and watershed management activities. We conducted this performance audit from November 2010 to November 2011 in accordance with generally accepted government audit standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our work objectives. Appendix II provides information on the funding, status of activities, select challenges, and sustainability plans for the six sectors that include infrastructure construction activities: energy, ports, shelter, health, food security, and governance and rule of law. Introduction Prior to the January 2010 earthquake, less than 30 percent of Haitians had access to electricity, and many of those had access to less than 10 hours per day. This situation negatively affected economic growth because a functioning energy sector and a dependable supply of electricity are key to creating jobs and supporting a healthy economy in Haiti. Funding for Infrastructure USAID allocated $98.3 million for infrastructure activities in the energy sector, including an estimated $85.3 million from fiscal year 2010 Economic Support Fund (ESF) supplemental appropriations and $13.0 million from other sources. Obligated funds include both unexpended obligated balances and expenditures. Status USAID plans to rehabilitate five electrical substations in the Port-au- Prince area, provide power generation for the North Industrial Park, and construct other power generation, transmission, and distribution facilities for residential customers. Most of these activities are still in the planning phase. The electricity sector in Haiti, which is largely government owned, is characterized by dramatic power shortages and very low coverage of electricity—with only about 12.5 percent of the population having legal regular access to electricity. According to State, the government of Haiti’s public electricity utility suffers from inefficiencies, is poorly maintained due to lack of resources, and relies heavily on subsidies and donor funding. For activities where an award has not been made, USAID planning documents include a "procurement sensitive" cost estimate which is not shown but is included in the table total. Sustainability Plans To enhance overall sustainability, USAID awarded a $10.9 million, 2-year contract in April 2011 to help the Haiti electrical utility manage electricity loss reduction. USAID plans to award a 3-year management contract in early 2012 to support the operation of the North Industrial Park and other utility operations in northern Haiti. However, USAID planning documents state that the sustainability of the electrical system as a whole, and particularly after the loss reduction management contract ends, depends on, among other things, the achievement of important legal and regulatory reforms to improve the commercial viability of the system and provide necessary resources for proper operations and maintenance of the electrical infrastructure. USAID also acknowledged that the government of Haiti must take necessary but politically challenging steps to do so. USAID has delayed its initial award of a contract for the expansion of the North Industrial Park power generation facility from November 2011 until April 2013 to better determine the demand for power at the location and the most efficient means to provide electricity when it is needed. Introduction As an island nation with depleted natural resources, ports are crucial to Haiti’s economic viability and growth. However, for many years prior to the January 2010 earthquake, Haiti’s major international port in Port-au-Prince had deteriorated and lacked the capability to meet the country’s cargo and shipping needs. The earthquake caused significant damage to the Port-au-Prince port, further reducing its capabilities. Funding for Infrastructure USAID allocated $77.7 million in fiscal year 2010 ESF supplemental appropriations to infrastructure activities in the ports sector. Funding of Port Activities, as of September 30, 2011 (Dollars in millions) Obligated funds include both unexpended obligated balances and expenditures. Status USAID is conducting a feasibility study and, depending on the results of the study, plans to construct a new port in the Cap-Haïtien development corridor. In addition, USAID plans smaller port rehabilitation and construction in other areas. During our review, we visited an existing port facility in Cap-Haïtien and a potential site in Fort-Liberte. The new port would be less than 20 miles from the site of the North Industrial Park—a post-earthquake public-private project scheduled to begin operation in April 2012. For activities where an award has not been made, USAID planning documents include a "procurement sensitive" cost estimate which is not shown but is included in the table total. Sustainability Plans According to USAID’s current plans, the new port is to be constructed by a public-private partnership and operated by private firms when completed. These plans assume that the government of Haiti, particularly Haitian port officials, will efficiently collect import duties and that sufficient port revenues will be generated to fund recurring costs for port maintenance. USAID’s current estimated cost of constructing the northern port is $105 million: Since USAID has allocated only about $68 million, the remaining $37 million must be obtained from other sources. According to USAID officials, the northern port feasibility study includes an analysis of financing options under a public-private partnership to provide the additional required funding. When completed, the economic viability of the port will depend on the amount of income generated. According to USAID officials, the income is projected to be derived from two broad sources, the growth in cargo generated by business activity related to the planned North Industrial Park and the increased cargo diverted from other ports to the new port as the result of it being a modern well managed port. In addition, they stated only one manufacturing firm is currently committed to operating in the North Industrial Park, however discussions are underway with other possible tenants. The economic viability of the port is one of the issues being addressed in the feasibility study. Developing and Building New Residential Settlements Funding for Infrastructure USAID allocated $55.1 million in fiscal year 2010 ESF supplemental appropriations and other funding for the development and construction of new residential settlements. Other funding includes regular fiscal year appropriations. Status USAID is planning to develop new residential settlements in the Port-au- Prince and Cap-Haïtien development corridors that will provide approximately 15,000 households with plots of land, permanent housing, and access to essential services. USAID will manage construction of 4,000 houses. Nongovernmental organizations will manage construction of 11,000 houses using a combination of USAID and other funding. Up to 12 new settlements in the Port-au-Prince development corridor Development of 10,000 plots for 50,000-60,000 people and construction of 1,500 core houses by USAID in the Croix- des-Bouquets and Cabaret municipalities 0.3 Award date: May 26, Estimated end date: September 15, 2013 $10.1 Award date for engineering and design, additional contracts will be awarded for remaining site development. Sustainability Plans According to USAID’s plans, site locations are being selected in areas where residents have access to jobs and/or transportation. USAID is planning to fund technical assistance programs to improve the capacity of the national government to improve urban management, and will seek possible solutions to policy challenges such as the absence of legislation to guide housing, land-use, and urban planning; lack of an independent regulatory body for the construction sector; and lack of institutional capacity in urban planning. At the local level, USAID plans to provide technical assistance to municipalities in areas such as land use planning, building standards, and enforcement mechanisms; and to establish community management committees to guide community development. USAID recognizes that the sustainability of the new settlements depends on the ability of Haitians to pay taxes and the ability of the Haitian government to manage and maintain infrastructure and services over the long term. This, in turn, depends on whether the Haitian economy can provide adequate job opportunities and whether the Haitian government can effectively govern. Introduction Prior to the January 2010 earthquake, a significant portion of the Haitian population had no access to basic health services. Currently, only 12 of the 63 health networks created by the Haitian government in the 1990s are operational. Funding for Infrastructure USAID allocated $90.5 million for construction in the health sector, of which $50.5 million is allocated from the fiscal year 2010 ESF supplemental appropriations. An additional $40.0 million in funding from other accounts is allocated for work on the HUEH and the National Campus for Health Sciences. Funding of Health Activities, as of September 30, 2011 (Dollars in millions) Other funding is from the fiscal year 2010 base Global Health and Child Survival—State appropriation. Status USAID is planning five construction activities in the health sector. Although these activities are still in the planning stages, USAID began needs assessments of health facilities in the Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haϊtien, and Saint-Marc corridors and an environmental assessment of the HUEH campus. The HUEH reconstruction is a joint activity between the U.S., French, and Haitian governments. The three governments signed a memorandum of understanding in September 2010. Status of USAID Health Activities, as of September 30, 2011 (Dollars in millions) staff: USAID’s AAD indicates that several months following the earthquake, the health office was extremely short staffed with only 11 of 21 positions filled. USAID officials also said that delays in staffing the Haiti mission, including the Office of Infrastructure, Energy, and Engineering have been challenging and have resulted in staff responding to demands outside of their usual areas of responsibility. 0 Estimated award date: Estimated end date: For activities where an award has not been made, USAID planning documents include a "procurement sensitive" cost estimate which is not shown but is included in the table total. Sustainability Plans USAID plans to make infrastructure investments only where there is a business plan agreed to with the Haitian Ministry of Health in which the USAID portion of operations and maintenance costs is reduced to zero at the end of 3 to 5 years. USAID’s plans state that U.S. investments in infrastructure will likely include some support for post-construction operation and maintenance costs. Introduction Before the earthquake, Haiti already had one of the heaviest burdens of hunger and malnutrition in the Western Hemisphere: 40 percent of households were undernourished (3.8 million people) and 30 percent of children suffered from chronic malnutrition, according to the U.S. government’s Haiti Strategy. To address this need, USAID had several food security activities under way in Haiti. Funding for Infrastructure USAID allocated $42.6 million for activities with a construction component in the food security sector. Other funding is regular fiscal year appropriations. USAID plans to provide $55.5 million during fiscal years 2011 through 2014 for these food security activities; however, we did not include this amount because USAID did not provide the funding data by fiscal year. Status USAID plans two new activities with construction components. USAID has additional activities with construction projects in the food and economic security sectors that began implementation before the earthquake. However, one of these activities, the Watershed Initiative for Natural Environmental Resources (WINNER), received fiscal year 2010 supplemental funding. Status of USAID Food Security Activities, as of September 30, 2011 Activity Watershed Initiative for Natural Environmental Resources (WINNER) Erosion prevention, irrigation restoration, and rebuilding and repair of transportation infrastructure. Production Plus Erosion prevention, irrigation construction and repair, and farm-to-market road construction and maintenance. amounts are being obligated incrementally. Sustainability Plans USAID’s plans state that the U.S. government and other donors regularly meet with the Haitian government and private sector to discuss progress and reforms needed to accelerate agriculture investments in Haiti. In addition, the Haitian government has demonstrated commitment and leadership in agriculture, food security, and economic security program planning and coordination, according to USAID’s planning document. Soil Conservation Project in Bassin Zim (Central Plateau) Poor infrastructure, few technically skilled companies and people, lack of a maintenance culture, and health-related issues all pose challenges to successful reconstruction in Haiti, according to USAID officials. Introduction Prior to the January 2010 earthquake, much of Haiti’s justice infrastructure, including police stations, police training facilities, and prisons, were in need of repair. Many facilities were too small to meet the needs of Haitian law enforcement and corrections systems. The earthquake caused additional destruction and damage, increasing the need to rebuild many facilities. Funding for Infrastructure State allocated $45.7 million in fiscal year 2010 INCLE supplemental funds for governance and rule of law construction activities. Status State is planning several construction activities in the governance and rule of law sector. Some activities are under way and others are still being planned. Sustainability Plans In the January 2011 5-year Haiti Strategy, State includes plans to provide training programs, introduce needed procurement and maintenance systems, and establish an independent Haitian Directorate of Prisons in an effort to achieve sustainability. However, State acknowledges that investments in construction and rehabilitation of infrastructure will require some degree of U.S. commitment to support operations and maintenance costs “in the out years.” In addition to the contact named above, Leslie Holen (Assistant Director), Michael Armes (Assistant Director), Sada Aksartova, Lynn Cothern, Rachel Girshick, Leslie Locke, and George Taylor made key contributions to this report. Ashley Alley, Douglas Cole, Martin De Alteriis, Cheron Green, Courtney Lafountain, Jeremy Sebest, and Jena Sinkfield provided technical assistance.

Summary: On January 12, 2010, a powerful earthquake struck Haiti, resulting in an estimated 230,000 deaths, including more than 16,000 Haitian government personnel, and the destruction of many ministry buildings. In addition to immediate relief efforts, in July 2010, Congress appropriated $1.14 billion in supplemental funds for reconstruction, most of which was provided to the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Department of State (State). USAID and State are administering about $412 million in supplemental and regular fiscal year appropriations for infrastructure construction activities. In May 2011, in response to a congressional mandate, GAO reported on overall U.S. plans for assistance to Haiti. This report addresses infrastructure construction activities, including (1) USAID and State obligations and expenditures; (2) USAID staffing; (3) USAID planning; and (4) potential sustainability challenges USAID faces. GAO reviewed documents and interviewed U.S. officials in Washington, D.C., and Haiti, and visited ongoing and planned construction sites in Haiti.. USAID and State have obligated and expended a small amount of funds for infrastructure construction activities in six sectors: energy, ports, shelter, health, food security, and governance and rule of law. As of September 30, 2011, USAID and State had allocated almost $412 million for infrastructure construction activities, obligated approximately $48.4 million (11.8 percent), and expended approximately $3.1 million (0.8 percent). Of the almost $412 million, about 87 percent was allocated from the 2010 Supplemental Appropriations Act and 13 percent from regular fiscal year appropriations. USAID accounts for about 89 percent of the $412 million, including funds for construction in the energy, ports, shelter, health, and food security sectors. State activities in the governance and rule of law sector account for the remaining 11 percent. USAID had difficulty staffing the Haiti mission after the earthquake, a factor that has contributed to delays in infrastructure construction activities. Soon after the earthquake, 10 of the 17 U.S. citizen Foreign Service Officers, known as U.S. direct-hire staff, in Haiti left. USAID, lacking a process for expediting the movement of staff to post-disaster situations, had difficulty replacing them and recruiting additional staff. These staff included key technical personnel such as engineers and contracting officers needed to plan and implement infrastructure activities in sectors such as energy and ports, where the mission had not previously worked. With limited U.S. direct-hire staff on board, the mission relied heavily on temporary staff, and remaining staff assumed duties outside their normal areas of expertise. The mission plans to have all U.S. direct-hire staff on board by February 2012. Since infrastructure activities will continue until at least 2015, the mission will need to maintain sufficient staff for several years to manage the activities supported by the increase in Haiti reconstruction funds. USAID and State are planning activities in Haiti, but various challenges have contributed to some of USAID's delays. As of October 2011, USAID had drafted eight Activity Approval Documents (AADs) that include planned activities, costs, risks, and assumptions. AADs for the education, energy, food security, governance and rule of law, health, and shelter sectors have been approved. The AAD process has been more comprehensive and involved than is typical for such efforts, according to USAID officials. Although USAID made progress in planning, construction of some activities was delayed for various reasons, and some activities do not yet have planned start dates. For example, the mission was delayed in awarding contracts in the shelter sector due to issues such as identifying sites for shelter and obtaining land title. The sustainability of USAID-funded infrastructure depends, in part, on improvements to the Haitian government's long-standing economic and institutional weaknesses. USAID has considered various sustainability issues and is planning institutional strengthening activities, such as management reform of the power utility, but USAID planning documents acknowledge that these reforms will be challenging and that infrastructure activities face risks. These challenges are consistent with prior GAO reports that address sustainability of U.S. infrastructure projects in other countries. To facilitate USAID's progress in planning and implementing its many post-earthquake infrastructure construction activities in Haiti over the next several years, particularly those requiring key technical staff, GAO recommends that the USAID Administrator ensure that U.S. direct-hire staff are placed at the mission within time frames that avoid future staffing gaps or delays. USAID described certain actions it is currently taking that, if continued, could address the recommendation.