Established as part of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 ( P.L. 105-33 ), the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) is the statutory method for determining the annual updates to the Medicare physician fee schedule (MPFS). In essence, if actual expenditures are within a "sustainable" expenditure target, payment updates are calculated according to a predetermined formula. If, however, the actual experience exceeds the sustainable target, future updates are reduced to bring spending back in line with the target over time. In the first few years of the SGR system, the actual expenditures did not exceed the targets and the updates to the physician fee schedule were close to the Medicare economic index (MEI, a price index of inputs required to produce physician services). Beginning in 2002, the actual expenditure exceeded allowed targets, and the discrepancy has grown with each year. However, with the exception of 2002, when a 4.8% decrease was applied, Congress has enacted a series of laws to override the reductions. From 2003 through April 2014, 17 laws have been passed that override the SGR-mandated reductions in the MPFS (see Table 1 ). These laws have provided short-term "patches" of as long as two years (Medicare Modernization Act, MMA, P.L. 108-173 , from 2003 through 2004) and as short as one month (the Temporary Extension Act, P.L. 111-144 , from March 1-31, 2010, and the Physician Payment and Therapy Relief Act of 2010, P.L. 111-286 , from December 1-31, 2010). The SGR-override bills passed into law generally have either kept payments at the current level (by providing for a 0% change) or increased payment levels from 0.2% to 2.2% (see Table 1 ). When actual spending exceeds target spending under the SGR calculation, current statute requires that the overage be recouped to bring actual spending back in line with target spending. Under the SGR system, this additional spending would be recouped by reductions to payment rates in subsequent years. As CBO explains, if the SGR system were allowed to function as established, "over the long run the cumulative cost would be close to zero, because allowing the SGR formula to be implemented would lead to recapturing the additional spending that occurred during the period when the SGR was overridden." The statutory language that established the SGR system also included a limit (7% decrease) on how much payment levels could change from year to year, to temper any potential disruptive impacts. (Following such a course was described as a "clawback" approach.) The aggregate effect of several years of overrides meant that the cumulative overage continued to grow, leading to an alternate ("cliff") approach. With each override, Medicare physician expenditures continued to grow faster than the target level, as set forth under the law. With the aforementioned limit on how much payment levels could change from year to year, the length of time required to recoup the overage grew with each override (specifically, the period required to recoup the overage and not incur a cumulative cost began to exceed 10 years). Beginning with the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 ( P.L. 109-432 ) and with each override act since, the legislation has specified that the payment rate update in the year that the override expires "shall be calculated as if that freeze (or increase) had not been enacted." As CBO notes, "Unlike clawback legislation, which limits future rate reductions to no more than 7 percent in any given year, cliff provisions can result in a very large rate reduction in the year following a short-term rate adjustment." In recent years, CMS actuaries have estimated "cliff" reductions of 27.4% (for January 1, 2012), 26.5% (for January 1, 2013), and 20.1% (for January 1, 2014). Each of these was averted by congressional action. This has happened three times: the Temporary Extension Act ( P.L. 111-144 ) was signed into law on March 2, 2010, after the prior override expired on February 28, 2010; the Continuing Extension Act ( P.L. 111-157 ) was signed into law on April 15, after the prior override expired on March 31, 2010; and the Preservation of Access to Care for Medicare Beneficiaries and Pension Relief Act ( P.L. 111-192 ) was signed into law on June 25, 2010, after the prior override expired on May 31, 2010. Medicare is prohibited from paying electronic claims earlier than the 14 th day after the date of receipt and from paying non-electronic claims earlier than the 29 th day after the date of receipt. Thus, the first two instances required no additional action by Congress; however, the third instance required a provision that made the SGR payment override retroactive to June 1, 2010. There are two primary reasons why this problem persists: (1) although a number of proposals to replace the SGR system have been proposed, there has been no consensus nor broad support for any long-run alternative until recently (see below), and (2) the cost of any permanent change has been daunting because the CBO baseline must assume current law, which in recent years has estimated that a reduction in payment rates under the MPFS would occur for several subsequent years. In addition to the impact on federal outlays, any change in the payment update formula would also have implications for beneficiaries; because Part B beneficiary premiums must cover about 25% of Part B program costs, any overall increase in spending results in a proportional increase in premiums. The lack of a viable alternative payment model has hampered attempts to repeal and replace the SGR system. Repealing the SGR system would require the adoption of an additional method for determining how Medicare physician payments would be modified from year to year. Given that the SGR was created to replace another system that failed to constrain the rate of growth in Medicare physician expenditures (Medicare volume performance standard, or MVPS), attempts to create an update methodology that would successfully contain Medicare growth have so far been unproven. While the SGR methodology determines the change in the Medicare physician payments from year to year, it does not determine the basis for those payments. While the current MPFS is a fee-for-service based payment system (i.e., doctors are paid for each service they provide), an "SGR-type" methodology also could be applied to payments based on alternate payment systems, including bundled payments for episodes of care, capitation payments, performance- or incentive-based payments, or some other payment system. Given the acknowledged shortcoming of fee-for-service based payment, which rewards the volume of care provided while being indifferent to the quality of care, most efforts to repeal the SGR system have been closely tied to Medicare physician payment reform. However, there are few (if any) comprehensive alternative payment models that have proven successful at providing incentives for high-quality care while tempering the growth rate of health care expenditures. For many years, the cost of SGR repeal has contributed to the lack of progress in repealing and replacing the status quo. For example, in 2007, CBO testified that, depending on the replacement method for determining year-to-year changes in the payment rates, the 10-year impact on direct federal spending could range from $177.4 billion (for a 10-year freeze of the payment level), to $262.1 billion (for an automatic increase tied to the Medicare Economic Index [MEI], an index similar to the CPI but based on medical care inputs), to $330.5 billion (for an automatic increase based on MEI together with a hold-harmless provision to protect beneficiaries from higher premiums as a result of the higher level of Medicare physician spending). In recent years, CBO scores for SGR repeal have been lower (see next question). Repealing or fixing the SGR could be costly from a federal budgetary perspective, although recent CBO estimates of replacement proposals have fluctuated. (See Table 2 .) In summary, CBO scores for a 10-year freeze of MPFS payment levels were lower in 2013 and 2014 compared with 2012 estimates, but 2015 estimates have been increasing, even when adjusted for the additional year in the estimate window. On February 5, 2013, CBO released a report stating that its estimate of the cost of overriding the SGR with a 10-year freeze in payments had fallen to $138.0 billion compared with its July 2012 estimate of $273.3 billion. The cost of "holding payment rates through 2023 at the levels they are [in 2013] would raise outlays for Medicare (net of premiums paid by beneficiaries) by $14 billion in 2014 and about $138 billion (or about 2 percent) between 2014 and 2023." CBO provided the following reasoning for the reduced cost: The estimated cost of holding payment rates constant is much lower relative to this baseline than was the case under previous CBO baselines, primarily because of lower spending for physicians' services in recent years. Under the sustainable growth rate, future payment updates depend on the difference between spending in prior years and spending targets established in law. Actual spending has been lower than projectedâand lower than the spending targets inherent in the sustainable growth rateâfor the past three years. Because actual spending has been lower than spending targets, CBO now estimates that payment rates will increase beginning in 2015. Those higher payment rates narrow the difference between growth under current law and a freeze at current levels, thereby reducing the estimated cost of restricting the payment rates. CBO's May 2013 baseline projections raised the estimate slightly to $139.1 billion for a 10-year freeze. In December 2013, CBO issued another score indicating that a 10-year freeze in MPFS payment levels would add $116.5 billion over 10 years. A November 2014 document showed a score of $118.9 for a 10-year freeze. On February 3, 2015, CBO released a document showing that the cost of an 11âyear freeze (2015-2025) in MPFS payment levels would add $137.4 billion to direct spending; with 1% increases in the payment level each year through 2025, the score would increase to $191.8 billion. On March 12, 2015, the CBO released a score of the President's FY2016 budget, which included a score of $141.9 billion for an 11-year freeze of MPFS payments. Each of the three committees of jurisdiction passed bills in 2013 that would repeal the SGR system for determining Medicare physician payment updates. On July 22, 2013, the Energy and Commerce Committee passed H.R. 2810 , the Medicare Patient Access and Quality Improvement Act of 2013, by a 51-0 vote. On December 12, 2013, the Senate Finance Committee passed S. 1871 , the SGR Repeal and Medicare Beneficiary Access Improvement Act of 2013, by unanimous voice vote, and the Ways and Means Committee passed H.R. 2810 , the Medicare Patient Access and Quality Improvement Act of 2013. While there are differences among the three bills, they share several overarching concepts. First, each of the bills would provide an initial period of payment stability: the Energy and Commerce bill would increase MPFS payments by 0.5% each year from 2014 to 2018, the Senate Finance Committee bill would freeze the payments (0% increase) for 10 years from 2014 to 2023, and the Ways and Means bill would increase payments by 0.5% in 2015 and 2016. Second, they each establish the development of new payment systems while maintaining fee-for-service payment in a manner similar to the existing system. Third, they each create incentives for physicians to transition to the new payment systems over time, generally by establishing different rates of increase over time for the new payment systems compared to fee-for-service. While these bills are generally non-specific about the details of the new payment systems, the bills establish criteria for the adoption and dissemination of such models, with attention to the ability of the new payment system to achieve broad provider participation, attract covered beneficiaries, and reduce spending while maintaining quality of care or improving quality of care without increasing spending. The bills also vary in which non-SGR provisions are included; S. 1871 includes several health care and human service program extenders (including provisions in Medicare, Medicaid, and CHIP). These are provisions that extend current policies beyond current expiration dates. H.R. 2810 as reported by the Energy and Commerce Committee includes provisions that would modify evidentiary rules and practices regarding medical malpractice claims. None of these bills include budgetary offsets. On February 6, 2014, H.R. 4015 and S. 2000 , the SGR Repeal and Medicare Provider Payment Modernization Act of 2014, were introduced in the House and Senate, respectively. H.R. 4015 and S. 2000 proposed five years of 0.5% payment increases for the Medicare physician fee schedule before freezing payments at that level for five additional years. Changes to the payment level in subsequent years would be determined by many factors, including participation in alternative payment models (APM) and provider performance in the newly created Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) for those who choose to remain in the fee-for-service payment system. MIPS would subsume some of the current physician payment incentives (e.g., the meaningful use criteria for electronic health records and the value-based payment modifier), while others would be sunset (e.g., certain quality reporting incentives). As an incentive for providers to choose to participate in alternate payment models, payment rate increases would be greater for APMs (1.0% per year beginning in 2024) than for the FFS/MIPS system (0.5% per year beginning in 2024). On March 11, 2014, the Medicare SGR Repeal and Beneficiary Access Improvement Act of 2014 ( S. 2110 ) was introduced in the Senate. Title I of S. 2110 is identical to S. 2000 , while Title II includes provisions that would extend various Medicare, Medicaid, and other human services programs. H.R. 4015 was passed by the House on March 14, 2014, and includes an offset through an amendment introduced by then-Chairman Camp. The CBO scores for recent bills reflect a range of costs, with Title I of S. 1871 (dealing with the SGR) adding $111.5 billion to direct federal spending from 2014 to 2023, while H.R. 2810 as considered by the Ways and Means Committee would add $121 billion. CBO initially scored H.R. 2810 as reported by the Energy and Commerce Committee as adding $175 billion over the same period, but revised the figure to $146 billion, reflecting subsequently enacted legislation as well as modifications specified in the physician fee schedule final rule for 2014. CBO has scored S. 2000 and H.R. 4015 (as introduced) as adding $138.4 billion to direct spending from 2014 to 2024 (11 years, rather than the typical 10). S. 2110 , which includes many health care program extenders, would increase direct federal spending by $180.2 billion over 11 years. On February 3, 2015, CBO updated the estimate of H.R. 4015 and S. 2000 as introduced on February 6, 2014. The new estimate, reflecting an 11-year (2015-2025) window 1 year later than the prior score, increased to $174.5 billion. Only H.R. 4015 , as passed by the House on March 14, 2014, includes an offset through an amendment introduced by then-Chairman Camp. This proposed offset would delay the penalty for the individual mandate under the ACA for five years. The CBO scored the amended version of H.R. 4015 as reducing direct federal spending by $31.1 billion over the 11 years from 2014 to 2024, as the delay of the individual mandate penalty would reduce spending by $169.5 billion, more than offsetting the direct cost of the SGR repeal and replace provisions ($138.4 billion). There is no clear answer to this question, largely because (1) not all doc fix bills have been offset, and (2) every doc fix bill has contained additional provisions that added to direct federal spending. In some cases, the amount of the SGR override was a small percentage of the overall bill (e.g., MMA, which created the Part D benefit). In recent years, the doc fix bills have included provisions that have extended expiring health care programs. For instance, S. 2110 contains several health care program extenders, as does S. 1871 , which was reported by the Finance Committee. However, S. 2000 , H.R. 2810 , and H.R. 4015 do not include any provisions extending health care programs about to expire. The override bill that was eventually passed (the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014; P.L. 113-93 ) included some health program extenders. The Pathway for SGR Reform Act of 2013 ( P.L. 113-67 ), Division B of the Continuing Resolution Act ( H.J.Res. 59 ), provided for a 0.5% increase in MPFS payments for January 1, 2014, through March 31, 2014. The Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (PAMA; P.L. 113-93 ) extended this override, at the existing payment level, through March 31, 2015. On January 21 and 22, 2015, the Health Subcommittee of the Energy and Commerce Committee held a two-day hearing entitled, "A Permanent Solution to the SGR: The Time Is Now." While committee members and witnesses were unanimous in their stated desire to find a permanent replacement for the SGR, there was no consensus on whether the cost should be fully, partially, or not at all offset. On March 13, 2015, the chairs and ranking Members of the House Ways and Means and the Energy and Commerce Committees released a "Bipartisan Joint Committee Statement on the Sustainable Growth Rate" that included the following: Last year, the Ways and Means and Energy and Commerce Committees came together, on a bipartisan basis, to propose a permanent alternative to the broken SGR system. We are now engaging in active discussions on a bipartisan basisâfollowing up on the work done by leadershipâto try to achieve an effective permanent resolution to the SGR problem, strengthen Medicare for our seniors, and extend the popular Children's Health Insurance Program. Should Congress not come to agreement on a bill that the President signs into law (whether it be the outcome of the current negotiations or a separate bill altogether), another temporary patch would be required if Congress wants to override the reduction in the MPFS set to occur on April 1, 2015.

Summary: This report responds to frequently asked questions about the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) system for updating Medicare physician fee schedule payments (MPFS) and the recent legislative efforts to repeal and replace the SGR. Frequently asked questions address the background of the SGR, the need for congressional overrides (also referred to as "doc fixes"), and current legislative activity. For additional information, see CRS Report R40907, Medicare Physician Payment Updates and the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) System , by [author name scrubbed].