The extent to which residents of the United States who are not U.S. citizens should be eligible for federally funded public aid has been a contentious issue since the 1990s. This issue meets at the intersection of two major policy areas: immigration policy and welfare policy. Over the past 20 years, Congress has enacted significant changes in both areas. Congress has also exercised oversight of revisions made by the 1996 welfare reform law (the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, P.L. 104-193 ) concerning the rules governing noncitizen eligibility for public assistance, and of legislation covering programs with major restrictions on noncitizen eligibility (e.g., Medicaid). This report covers noncitizen eligibility in the four major federal means-tested benefit programs: the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly food stamps), the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) cash assistance, and Medicaid. It is organized into three main parts: an overview of existing eligibility law for the four programs and the policies that preceded the 1996 act; an overview of related immigrant policies affecting eligibility (specifically, the treatment of sponsored aliens); and a summary of the eligibility rules for aliens residing in the United States illegally. Appendices elaborate on the specifics of current eligibility rules for the four major programs. Among other things, Title IV of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193 ) established comprehensive restrictions on the eligibility of noncitizens for means-tested public assistance—with significant exceptions for those with a substantial U.S. work history or military connection. For legal permanent residents (LPRs) who were resident as of enactment of the law (August 22, 1996), the act generally had barred eligibility (SNAP and SSI) or had allowed it at state option (Medicaid and TANF). For SNAP and SSI benefits, LPRs entering after August 22, 1996 (new entrants) also had been denied eligibility. Refugees and asylees, however, were allowed eligibility the first five years after entry/grant of status, then became ineligible after five years (unless they became citizens or qualified under another status). Nonimmigrants and unauthorized aliens were barred from almost all federal programs. Under current law, lawful permanent residents' eligibility for the major federal means-tested benefit programs depends on their immigration status; whether they arrived (or were on a program's rolls) before August 22, 1996 (the enactment date of P.L. 104-193 ); their work history and military connection; their length of legal residence; and how states have exercised their options to allow program participation by noncitizens. Following significant changes made by the 1997, 1998, and 2002 amendments, the basic rules are as follows: Refugees and asylees are eligible for food stamps/SNAP. Refugees and asylees are eligible for SSI benefits and Medicaid for seven years after arrival and are eligible for TANF for five years. After this term, they generally are ineligible for SSI, but may be eligible, at state option, for Medicaid and TANF. LPRs with a substantial work history—generally 10 years (40 quarters) of work documented by Social Security or other employment records—or a military connection (active duty military personnel, veterans, and their families) are eligible for the full range of programs. LPRs are not eligible for SSI during the first five years even if they had 40 credits of earnings (e.g., as a temporary worker prior to receiving LPR status). LPRs receiving SSI as of August 22, 1996, continue to be eligible for SSI. Noncitizen SSI recipients are eligible for (and required to be covered under) Medicaid. Disabled LPRs who were legal residents as of August 22, 1996, are eligible for SSI. Disabled LPRs are eligible for SNAP. LPRs who were elderly (65+) and legal residents as of August 22, 1996, are eligible for SNAP. LPRs who have been legal residents for five years or are children (under 18) are eligible for SNAP. LPRs entering after August 22, 1996, are barred from TANF and Medicaid for five years, after which their coverage becomes a state option. States have the option to cover LPRs who are children or who are pregnant during the first five years. Nonimmigrants and unauthorized aliens are ineligible for SNAP, SSI, and TANF. They are also ineligible for Medicaid with the exception of Medicaid for emergency conditions. States have the option to cover nonimmigrant and unauthorized aliens who are pregnant or who are children, and can meet the definition of "lawfully residing" in the United States. Appendix A lays out these rules in more detail, including special rules that apply to several limited noncitizen categories: certain "cross-border" American Indians, Hmong/Highland Laotians, parolees and conditional entrants, and cases of abuse. Citizens of the Freely Associated States (FAS, which are the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau) are afforded certain immigration-related benefits that enable them to travel freely to and from the United States in a legal status akin to nonimmigrants. Citizens of the FAS who come from the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) and the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) are permitted to live, study, and work in the United States in accordance with the Compact of Free Association Amendments Act of 2003 (Compact, P.L. 108-188 ). FAS citizens are not considered LPRs under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), but they are permitted to acquire LPR status if otherwise eligible. While in the United States, FAS citizens from the RMI and FSM are able to document their legal status with their RMI or FSM passports and the I-94 arrival/departure card issued to them when they enter the United States. FAS citizens from the Republic of Palau do not benefit from the immigration provisions in the Compact that permit those from the RMI or FSM to seek employment, go to school, or establish a residence. Citizens of the Republic of Palau only need to present an appropriate travel document, such as a valid passport or a certified birth certificate, to enter the United States. Under current law, FAS citizens are not eligible for federal public benefits (except emergency services and programs expressly listed, such as Medicaid for emergency medical care or Federal Emergency Management Agency disaster services). Prior to 1996, FAS citizens residing in the United States were able to obtain federal assistance because they were considered "permanently residing under color of law" (PRUCOL), which is an eligibility standard that is not defined in statute. Historically, PRUCOL has been used to provide a benefit to certain foreign nationals who the government knows are present in the United States, but whom it has no plans to deport or remove. When Title IV of P.L. 104-193 established comprehensive limitations and requirements on the eligibility of all noncitizens for means-tested public assistance, it effectively ended access to federal benefits for foreign nationals who had been considered PRUCOL. As a consequence, citizens of the FAS residing in the United States are barred from receiving most federal public benefits. For many years, LPRs have been considered (deemed) to have a portion of their immigration sponsors' income and resources available to them for the purpose of determining whether the LPR meets the financial eligibility requirement of the means-tested benefit program. The current "deeming rules" (primarily set out in the 1996 welfare reform act) are designed to make it more difficult for sponsored aliens to meet financial tests for benefits—even if they pass the "categorical" eligibility test by being in an eligible class of noncitizen. In other words, the sponsor's and LPR's income and resources combined are used to determine whether the LPR meets the financial eligibility threshold for participation in the program, decreasing the likelihood that the LPR will qualify for the benefit. Deeming rules apply to aliens who enter after December 19, 1997, and who apply for TANF, Medicaid, SSI, or SNAP. Under these rules, all of the income and resources of a sponsor (and a sponsor's spouse) may be deemed available to the sponsored applicant for assistance until the noncitizen becomes naturalized or has 40 quarters of Social Security covered earnings. Previous law contained specific deeming requirements only for SSI, food stamps, and AFDC (TANF's predecessor); only a portion of a sponsor's income and resources was deemed to the sponsored applicant; and deeming lasted for three years after entry (with a brief five-year rule for SSI). Since it is Section 213A of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) that makes the affidavits of support legally binding, some policymakers use "213A" as shorthand to identify who is covered by the deeming rules. The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA, Division C of P.L. 104-208 ) altered the obligations of persons who sponsor LPRs in the United States. When IIRIRA made an affidavit of support a legally binding contract, it also directed the Attorney General (now the Secretary of Homeland Security) to include "appropriate information" regarding affidavits of support in the Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements (SAVE) system. While Congress did not specify exactly what information was to be included in the SAVE system, it did require the Attorney General to establish an automated record of the sponsors' social security numbers. The SAVE system enables federal, state, and local governmental agencies to obtain immigration status information to determine eligibility for public benefits. The goal of the system is to aid eligibility workers in determining an applicant's immigration status to ensure that only entitled applicants receive public benefits. Unauthorized aliens (often referred to as illegal aliens) are not eligible for most federal benefits, regardless of whether they are means tested. The class of benefits denied is broad. The scope of the bar on unauthorized aliens hinges on how broadly the clause "federal public benefit" is implemented. The law defines this clause to be (A) any grant, contract, loan, professional license, or commercial license provided by an agency of the United States or by appropriated funds of the United States; and (B) any retirement, welfare, health, disability, public or assisted housing, postsecondary education, food assistance, unemployment benefit, or any other similar benefit for which payments or assistance are provided to an individual, household, or family eligibility unit by an agency of the United States or by appropriated funds of the United States. So defined, this bar covers many programs whose enabling statutes do not individually make citizenship or immigration status a criterion for participation. Thus, unauthorized aliens are statutorily barred from receiving benefits that previously were not individually restricted—Social Services Block Grants, and migrant health centers, for example—unless they fall within the 1996 welfare act's limited exceptions. These statutory exceptions include the following: treatment under Medicaid for emergency medical conditions (other than those related to an organ transplant); short-term, in-kind emergency disaster relief; immunizations against immunizable diseases and testing for and treatment of symptoms of communicable diseases; services or assistance (such as soup kitchens, crisis counseling and intervention, and short-term shelters) designated by the Attorney General as (i) delivering in-kind services at the community level, (ii) providing assistance without individual determinations of each recipient's needs, and (iii) being necessary for the protection of life and safety; and to the extent that an alien was receiving assistance on the date of enactment, programs administered by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, programs under title V of the Housing Act of 1949, and assistance under Section 306C of the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act. PRWORA sought further to prevent unauthorized aliens from receiving the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) by requiring that the social security numbers (SSN) of recipients (and spouses) be valid for employment in the United States. P.L. 104-193 also states that individuals who are eligible for free public education benefits under state and local law shall remain eligible to receive school lunch and school breakfast benefits. (The act itself does not address a state's obligation to grant all aliens equal access to education under the Supreme Court's decision in Plyler v. Doe .) Beyond these nutrition benefits, the act neither prohibits nor requires a state to provide unauthorized aliens other benefits funded under the National School Lunch Act or the Child Nutrition Act, or under the Emergency Food Assistance Act, Section 4 of the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act, or the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations under the Food Stamp Act. Unlike earlier federal law, P.L. 104-193 expressly bars unauthorized aliens from most state and locally funded benefits. The restrictions on these benefits parallel the restrictions on federal benefits. Unauthorized aliens are generally barred from state and local government contracts, licenses, grants, loans, and assistance. The following exceptions are made: treatment for emergency conditions (other than those related to an organ transplant); short-term, in-kind emergency disaster relief; immunization against immunizable diseases and testing for and treatment of symptoms of communicable diseases; and services or assistance (such as soup kitchens, crisis counseling and intervention, and short-term shelters) designated by the Attorney General as (i) delivering in-kind services at the community level, (ii) providing assistance without individual determinations of each recipient's needs, and (iii) being necessary for the protection of life and safety. Also, the restrictions on state and local benefits do not apply to activities that are funded in part by federal funds; these activities are regulated under the 1996 law as federal benefits. Furthermore, the law states that nothing in it is to be construed as addressing eligibility for basic public education. Finally, the 1996 law allows the states, through enactment of new state laws, to provide unauthorized aliens with state and local benefits that otherwise are restricted by federal law. Despite the federally imposed bar and the state flexibility provided by the 1996 law, states still may be required to expend a significant amount of state funds for unauthorized aliens. Public elementary and secondary education for unauthorized aliens remains compelled by judicial decision, and payment for emergency medical services for unauthorized aliens remains compelled by federal law. Meanwhile, certain other costs attributable to unauthorized aliens, such as criminal justice costs, remain compelled by the continued presence of unauthorized aliens. Appendix A. Noncitizen Eligibility for Selected Major Federal Programs Appendix B. Overview of Alien Eligibility Law Pre-1996 Program Policies Prior to the major amendments made in 1996, there was no uniform rule governing which categories of noncitizens were eligible for which government-provided benefits and services, and there was no single statute where the rules were described. Alien eligibility requirements, if any, were set forth in the laws and regulations governing the individual federal assistance programs. Summarizing briefly, lawful permanent residents (i.e., immigrants) and other noncitizens who were legally present (e.g., refugees) were generally eligible for federal benefits on the same basis as citizens in programs where rules were established by law or regulation. These included major public assistance programs like Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC, the predecessor of TANF), the SSI program, food stamps, and Medicaid. With the single exception of emergency Medicaid, unauthorized (illegally present) aliens were barred from participation in all the major federal assistance programs that had statutory provisions for noncitizens, as were aliens legally present in a temporary status (i.e., nonimmigrants such as persons admitted for tourism, education, or employment). However, many health, education, nutrition, income support, and social service programs did not include specific provisions regarding alien eligibility, and unauthorized aliens were potential participants. These programs included, for example, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (the WIC program), child nutrition programs, initiatives funded through the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), community and migrant health centers, and the Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) program. The 1996 Welfare Reform Law Title IV of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193 ) established comprehensive new restrictions on the eligibility of noncitizens for means-tested public assistance—with significant exceptions for those with a substantial U.S. work history or military connection. For legal permanent residents (LPRs) who were resident as of enactment of the law (August 22, 1996), the act generally barred eligibility (food stamps/SNAP and SSI) or allowed it at state option (Medicaid and TANF). For food stamps/SNAP and SSI benefits, LPRs entering after August 22, 1996 (new entrants) also were denied eligibility, with no time constraint. On the other hand, new entrants applying for Medicaid and the newly established Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program were barred for five years after their entry, and then allowed eligibility at state option. Refugees and asylees were allowed eligibility for five years after entry/grant of status, then made ineligible (unless they became citizens or qualified under another status). Nonimmigrants (i.e., aliens on temporary visas) and unauthorized aliens were barred from almost all federal programs. Post-1996 Revisions The 1996 changes made in the alien eligibility rules proved controversial, particularly the termination of benefits for recipients who were receiving benefits or for legal residents of the United States as of the date the new welfare law was enacted, August 22, 1996. The SSI termination date for these recipients was extended from August 22, 1996, to September 30, 1997, by P.L. 105-18 , signed into law on June 12, 1997. More extensive modifications to the new alienage rules were then included in P.L. 105-33 , the 1997 Balanced Budget Act, signed into law on August 5, 1997. It amended the welfare reform law to provide that legal immigrants who were receiving SSI as of August 22, 1996, continue to be eligible, regardless of whether their claim was based on disability or age. Additionally, those who were here by August 22, 1996, and subsequently become disabled were made eligible for SSI. Food stamp/SNAP eligibility was expanded by provisions of P.L. 105-185 , the Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998. Eligibility was extended to several groups of LPRs who were here as of August 22, 1996: elderly (65+) persons (not including those who become 65 after August 22, 1996); individuals receiving government disability benefits (including those who become disabled after August 22, 1996); and children (persons who were under 18 as of August 22, 1996, until they become adults). Amendments in P.L. 105-33 and P.L. 105-185 extended the period of SNAP/SSI/Medicaid (but not TANF) eligibility for refugees and asylees from five to seven years. In addition, the Victims of Trafficking Protection Act of 2000 ( P.L. 106-386 ) created a new visa category, the T visa, for noncitizen victims of severe forms of trafficking. The act made these trafficking victims eligible for public assistance, resettlement assistance, entitlement programs, and other benefits available to refugees admitted under Section 207 of the INA. During the 107 th Congress, P.L. 107-171 , the "farm bill," contained substantial changes to food stamp eligibility rules for noncitizens, expanding food stamp eligibility to include the following groups: all LPR children, regardless of date of entry (it also ended requirements to deem sponsors' income and resources to these children); LPRs receiving government disability payments, so long as they pass any noncitizen eligibility test established by the disability program (e.g., SSI recipients would have to meet SSI noncitizen requirements in order to get food stamps/SNAP); and all individuals who have resided in the United States for five or more years as "qualified aliens"—that is, LPRs, refugees/asylees, and other non-temporary legal residents (such as Cuban/Haitian entrants). The changes to rules for the disabled became effective October 1, 2002; new rules for children were effective October 1, 2003; and the five-year residence rule went into effect April 1, 2003. Subsequent laws have resulted in additional revisions, as follows: In 2007, Section 525 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2008 ( P.L. 110-161 ) permitted Iraqi and Afghan aliens who had been granted special immigrant status under Section 101(a)(27) of the INA eligible for resettlement assistance, entitlement programs, and other benefits available to refugees admitted under Section 207 of the INA for a period not to exceed six months. Also, Section 409 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act prohibited funds from being used to provide homeowners assistance to foreign nationals who are neither aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence, nor authorized to be employed in the United States. P.L. 110-328 extended to nine years (during FY2009 through FY2011) the period of eligibility of certain refugees, asylees, and aliens in other specified humanitarian categories for SSI benefits, provided that the alien has a pending naturalization application or makes a declaration that he or she has made a good faith effort to pursue U.S. citizenship. It also made victims of trafficking among the eligible population. As a result of this provision, the specified LPR must additionally fit within one of several categories, which include being an LPR for less than six years, applying for LPR status within four years of beginning to receive SSI, being at least age 70, or being under age 18. The Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA 2009, P.L. 111-3 ) allows states to waive—for children and pregnant women who are LPRs and battered individuals lawfully residing in the United States—key elements of PRWORA: the statutory bar, the limited eligibility provision, and the five-year bar, and thus gives states the option of providing Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) to children and pregnant women who are LPRs and battered individuals (described in Section 431(c) of PRWORA) lawfully residing in the United States during the first five years that they are living in the United States. Sponsorship and Deeming "Public Charge" Historical Development Opposition to the entry of foreign paupers and aliens "likely at any time to become a public charge"—language found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) today—dates from colonial times. A bar against the admission of "any person unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge" was included in the act of August 3, 1882, the first general federal immigration law. Over time, a policy developed in which applicants for immigrant status can overcome the public charge ground for exclusion based on their own funds, prearranged or prospective employment, or an affidavit of support from someone in the United States. An affidavit of support on behalf of a prospective immigrant had to be submitted as necessary by one or more residents of the United States in order to provide assurance that the applicant for entry would be supported in this country. Starting in the 1930s and continuing until the 1980s, affidavits of support were administratively required by what was then the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) but had no specific basis in statute or regulation. Court decisions beginning in the 1950s generally held that affidavits of support were not legally binding on the U.S. resident sponsors. The unenforceability of affidavits of support led to the adoption of legislation in the late 1970s and early 1980s intended to make them more effective (see the discussion of "deeming" of income and financial resources below). 1996 Immigration Law Reforms The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA, Division C of P.L. 104-208 ), coupled with the 1996 welfare reform law, altered the obligations of persons who sponsor immigrants arriving or adjusting to LPR status in the United States. The IIRIRA standards, which are part of the INA, cover requirements for sponsors, mandatory affidavits for family immigrants, and sponsorship liability, as follows: The person petitioning for the immigrant's admission must be the sponsor signing the affidavit of support. Sponsors must demonstrate the ability to maintain an annual income of at least 125% of the federal poverty line (100% for sponsors who are on active duty in U.S. Armed Forces), or share liability with one or more joint sponsors, each of whom must independently meet the income requirement. All family-based immigrants as well as employment-based immigrants who are coming to work for relatives must have affidavits of support filed for them. Sponsors who fail to support sponsored aliens are legally liable to the sponsored aliens and to any government agency that provides sponsored aliens needs-based assistance. As modified by the 1996 immigration law, a sponsor's liability ends when the sponsored alien is no longer subject to deeming, either through naturalization or meeting a work test. Since passage of IIRIRA, the affidavit of support is a legally binding contract enforceable against the affiant (i.e., sponsors) if the immigrant collects any means-tested benefit. Upon notification that a sponsored alien has received designated means-tested benefits, the federal, state, or local entity which provided the benefit must request the sponsor's reimbursement for an amount equal to the cost of the benefit. If the sponsor fails to respond to the request within 45 days, the agency may commence an action in federal or state court. There is a 10-year limit on actions to obtain reimbursement. In the context of Medicaid, Section 214 of CHIPRA 2009 ( P.L. 111-3 ) states "no debt shall accrue under an affidavit of support against any sponsor of such an alien on the basis of provision of assistance to such category and the cost of such assistance shall not be considered as an unreimbursed cost." According to the legislative language, this provision applies only to LPRs who are covered under Section 214 of that act; that is, LPRs who are pregnant or children, whom the state opts to provide CHIP and Medicaid during their first five years in the United States. "Deeming" of Income and Resources Pre-1996 Policy In response to concerns about the unenforceability of affidavits of support and the perceived abuse of the welfare system by some newly arrived immigrants, legislation was enacted in the late 1970s and early 1980s limiting the availability of SSI, food stamps/SNAP, and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) to sponsored immigrants. The enabling legislation for these programs was amended to provide that—for the purpose of determining financial eligibility—immigrants who had used an affidavit of support to meet the public charge requirement would be deemed to have a portion of their immigration sponsors' income and resources available to them. Post-1996 Requirements The 1996 welfare reform law and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 significantly expanded the use of sponsor-to-alien deeming as a means of restricting the participation of new immigrants in federal means-tested programs. Both deeming and the affidavits of support upon which deeming is based are intended to implement the provision of the INA that excludes aliens who appear "likely at any time to become a public charge." Appendix C. "Qualified Aliens" The 1996 welfare law divided noncitizens into two general categories for purposes of benefit eligibility. The least restrictive category is that of qualified aliens , a category that, despite its name, is subject to numerous limitations and does not itself indicate eligibility for assistance. Qualified aliens are legal permanent residents, refugees, aliens paroled into the United States for at least one year, and aliens granted asylum or related relief. The 1996 immigration law added certain abused spouses and children as another class, and P.L. 105-33 added Cuban-Haitian entrants. The other, more restrictive category is that of non-qualified aliens . It consists of other noncitizens, including unauthorized (illegal) aliens, nonimmigrants (i.e., aliens admitted for a temporary purpose, such as education or employment), short-term parolees, asylum applicants, and various classes of aliens granted temporary permission to remain. Non-qualified aliens generally are ineligible for almost all federal assistance provided directly to households or individuals. Limited exceptions include emergency medical services and disaster relief. In general, qualified aliens compose the "universe" of potentially eligible noncitizens. As noted below and in the earlier portions of this report, however, these aliens must, in most cases, pass another test to gain eligibility. In addition, some classes of noncitizens who are not specifically listed as qualified aliens (e.g., Hmong/Highland Laotians, Vietnam-born Amerasians fathered by U.S. citizens, victims of severe forms of trafficking) are indeed eligible for benefits. Qualified aliens are subject to eligibility restrictions that vary by program (see Appendix A ) and may be subject to sponsor-to-alien deeming rules that affect their financial eligibility for aid (noted earlier in this report). The following presents the eligibility for qualified aliens for SNAP, SSI, TANF, and Medicaid: To gain eligibility for SNAP, qualified aliens must (1) have a substantial work history or military connection; (2) have been resident in the United States as of August 22, 1996, and meet certain age or disability requirements; or (3) be within seven years of entry (e.g., if a refugee/asylee). To gain eligibility for SSI, qualified aliens must (1) have a substantial work history or military connection; (2) have been an SSI recipient as of August 22, 1996; (3) have been resident in the United States as of August 22, 1996, and be disabled; or (3) be within seven years of entry (e.g., if a refugee/asylee). To gain eligibility for TANF, qualified aliens must (1) have a substantial work history or military connection; (2) be in a state that has chosen to allow eligibility to those resident as of August 22, 1996, and/or new entrants who have been resident five years; or (3) be within five years of entry (e.g., if a refugee/asylee). New entrants are not eligible for five years after entry. To gain eligibility for Medicaid, qualified aliens must (1) have a substantial work history or military connection; (2) be in a state that has chosen to allow eligibility to those resident as of August 22, 1996, and/or new entrants who have been resident five years; or (3) be within seven years of entry (e.g., if a refugee or asylee). For Medicaid and CHIP, new entrants are not eligible for five years after entry, except in the states that have opted to cover children and pregnant LPRs. However, for CHIP, the five-year ban is the only additional citizenship-related eligibility requirement that must be met by qualified aliens.

Summary: The extent to which residents of the United States who are not U.S. citizens should be eligible for federally funded public aid has been a contentious issue since the 1990s. This issue meets at the intersection of two major policy areas: immigration policy and welfare policy. The eligibility of noncitizens for public assistance programs is based on a complex set of rules that are determined largely by the category of the noncitizen in question and the nature of services being offered. Over the past 20 years, Congress has enacted significant changes in U.S. immigration policy and welfare policy. Congress has also exercised oversight of revisions made by the 1996 welfare reform law (the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, P.L. 104-193) concerning the rules governing noncitizen eligibility for public assistance, and of legislation covering programs with major restrictions on noncitizen eligibility (e.g., Medicaid). This report deals with the four major federal means-tested benefit programs: the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly food stamps), the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) cash assistance, and Medicaid. Laws in place for the past 20 years restrict the eligibility of legal permanent residents (LPRs), refugees, asylees, and other noncitizens for most means-tested public aid. Noncitizens' eligibility for major federal means-tested benefits largely depends on their immigration status; whether they arrived (or were on a program's rolls) before August 22, 1996, the enactment date of P.L. 104-193; and how long they have lived and worked in the United States. LPRs with a substantial work history (defined as 40 quarters of Social Security covered earnings) or military connection are eligible for the full range of programs, as are asylees, refugees, and other humanitarian cases (for at least five to seven years after entry). Other LPRs must meet additional eligibility requirements. For SSI, they are not eligible for the first five years even if they had a substantial work history (e.g., as a temporary worker prior to receiving LPR status). For SNAP, they generally must have been LPRs for five years or be under age 18. Under TANF, they generally are ineligible for five years after entry and then eligible at state option. States have the option of providing Medicaid to pregnant LPRs and children within the five-year bar; otherwise LPRs are ineligible for the first five years. Unauthorized aliens (often referred to as illegal aliens) are not eligible for most federal benefits, regardless of whether they are means tested, with notable exceptions for emergency services (e.g., Medicaid for emergency medical care or Federal Emergency Management Agency disaster services). This report does not track legislation and will be updated as policy changes warrant.