Section 1811 of the Social Security Act provides that Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) beneficiaries are eligible for Medicare hospital insurance (Part A). Individuals are also eligible to purchase Medicare supplementary medical insurance (Part B) or enroll in a Medicare Advantage plan (formerly known as a Medicare+Choice plan). SSDI beneficiaries are also eligible for voluntary prescription drug benefits (Part D). Generally, SSDI beneficiaries under age 65 are eligible for Medicare coverage in the month after they have received 24 months of SSDI benefits. Because of the five-month waiting period from onset of the disabling condition for disabled individuals to be qualified to receive SSDI benefits, this results in a total of 29 months after the onset of the disability before an individual is eligible for Medicare benefits. Thus, at the beginning of the 30 th month since the onset of the qualifying disability, SSDI beneficiaries become eligible for Medicare coverage. For SSDI beneficiaries under 65 years of age, there are exceptions to the required 24-month waiting period for certain diseases. Specifically, SSDI beneficiaries qualify for Medicare after 24 months of receiving SSDI benefits (the general rule described previously); or at the first month of receiving SSDI benefits if the beneficiary has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease); or after the third month when a beneficiary has end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or kidney failure; or in the month in which a beneficiary receives a kidney transplant. The ALS exception went into effect July 1, 2001 as a result of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001, P.L. 106-554 . The ESRD provision was part of Social Security Amendments of 1972, P.L. 92-603. In addition to SSDI beneficiaries, other individuals who are under age 65 may be eligible for Medicare on account of a disabling condition as described below. Certain disabled local, state, and federal employees who do not receive SSDI benefits may be eligible after the waiting period. Disabled widows and widowers ages 50 to 65 (and disabled divorced widows and widowers ages 50 to 65) are eligible for Medicare after a 24-month qualifying period if they are receiving Social Security benefits based on disability. For disabled widows/widowers, previous months of eligibility for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) based on disability may count toward the qualifying period. Certain dependent adult children of Medicare beneficiaries are eligible for Medicare if they developed a permanent and severe disability before age 22 and thus qualify for SSDI benefits based on a parent's work history. The two-year waiting period applies and starts when an individual turns 18 or when he or she is determined to be disabled if it is after age 18. A spouse or child may be eligible for Medicare, based on a worker's record, if the spouse or child is on continuing dialysis for ESRD or has a kidney transplant, even if no other family member participates in the Medicare program. Table 1 shows the number and percentage of persons under 65 years old who received Medicare in July 2005 due to disabling conditions. In 2006, just over 7 million beneficiaries under the age of 65 received Medicare on account of disability status. More than 43% of disabled beneficiaries were between the ages 55 and 64. More men (53.3%) than women (46.7%) received this benefit and the vast majority (73.5%) were white. The Social Security Amendments of 1972, P.L. 92-603, extended Medicare to persons with disabilities who had been entitled to Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits for at least 24 consecutive months. The provision required the waiting period to begin with the first month of SSDI entitlement, which is five months after the onset of the disability. In 1971, the House Committee on Ways and Means Report recommended extending Medicare protection to the disabled and stated that the Committee felt it was "imperative to proceed on a conservative basis." The report stated that the 24-month waiting period was intended to ... help keep the costs within reasonable bounds, avoid overlapping private health insurance protection, particularly where a disabled worker may continue his membership in a group insurance plan for a period of time following the onset of his disability and minimize certain administrative problems that might otherwise arise.... Moreover, this approach provides assurance that the protection will be available to those whose disabilities have proven to be severe and long lasting. A similar statement was included in the report to the Senate from the Committee on Finance. The Social Security Disability Amendments of 1980, P.L. 96-265 , permitted an individual becoming re-entitled to SSDI benefits to count the months of the earlier spell of disability in satisfying the 24-month waiting period if the spell occurred within the previous five years or seven years for disabled widow(er)s and those who were disabled since childhood. The amendments also provided that if an individual was in a trial work period after the termination of the SSDI benefits, and had not completed the 24-month waiting period, the months of the trial work period could count toward satisfying the required waiting period for Medicare eligibility. Effective October 1, 2000, the Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999, P.L. 106-170 , extended Medicare Part A coverage to certain working former SSDI beneficiaries for a total of 8.5 years. Those SSDI beneficiaries with limited incomes and assets may qualify for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. Under SSI, disabled, blind, or aged individuals who have low incomes and limited resources are eligible for benefits regardless of their work histories. In most states SSI receipt will entitle a person to Medicaid benefits. Certain working SSDI beneficiaries who had been receiving Medicaid benefits may be eligible for a Buy-In Option allowing maintenance of Medicaid coverage. Thirty-two states currently provide a Medicaid Buy-In Option. Title X of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA), P.L. 99-272 , requires employers who offer health insurance to continue coverage for persons who would otherwise lose coverage due to a change in work or family status. Coverage generally lasts 18 months but, depending on the circumstances, can last for longer periods. If the Social Security Administration (SSA) makes a determination that the date of an individual's onset of disability occurred during the first 60 days of COBRA coverage or earlier, the employee and the employee's spouse and dependents are eligible for an additional 11 months of continuation coverage. This is a total of 29 months from the date of the qualifying termination or reduction of hours of employment. This provision was designed to provide a source of coverage while individuals wait for Medicare coverage to begin. Some SSDI beneficiaries may qualify for other government programs including veterans' programs for hospital and medical care. According to research based on new SSDI beneficiaries in 1995 who qualified upon their own work record, 11.8% died within the waiting period, 2.1% recovered, and 86.1% became entitled to Medicare. The study estimated hypothetical Medicare costs for the first 24 months of SSDI entitlement to be $10,055 in 2000 dollars per person. Costs varied substantially by diagnostic group and by whether the person died or recovered during the waiting period. On average, beneficiaries who died during the waiting period were estimated to cost $25,864, whereas those who recovered were estimated to cost $1,506. One research study suggested that eliminating the 24-month Medicare waiting period would cost $5.3 billion while another study estimated the cost at $8.7 billion. The differences in the estimates are because: (1) the $5.3 billion used 2000 dollars while the $8.7 billion is in 2002 dollars: (2) the $5.3 billion estimate is for only SSDI beneficiaries that qualified under their own work record while the $8.7 billion estimate includes disabled adult children and disabled widow(er)s; and (3) each used substantially different estimation methodologies. Neither of these estimates include the cost of the prescription drug benefit that started in January 2006. In 2002, approximately 40% of SSDI beneficiaries in the Medicare waiting period were enrolled in Medicaid. One study estimated that the federal government would save $2.5 billion in Medicaid if the 24-month waiting period was eliminated; however, these federal Medicaid savings would more than be offset by the aforementioned cost increases to the Medicare program. Additionally, the states would realize $1.8 billion in Medicaid savings if the waiting period was eliminated.

Summary: Recipients of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits are eligible for Medicare benefits after a 24-month waiting period. This report explains this waiting period and its legislative history. This report also provides information on other programs that may provide access to health insurance during the required waiting period.This report will be updated to reflect legislative activity.