This report examines FY2017 appropriations for the Treasury Department and its operating bureaus, including the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). More specifically, it describes the President's budget request for Treasury in FY2017 and the current status of legislation in the House and Senate to fund the department. In addition, the report discusses selected policy issues raised by the budget request and the House and Senate appropriations bills. The Treasury Department performs a variety of critical functions. Foremost among them are protecting the nation's financial system against illegal activities, such as money laundering and terrorist financing; collecting tax revenue and enforcing tax laws; managing and accounting for the federal debt; administering the federal government's finances; regulating certain financial institutions; and producing and distributing coins and currency. At its most basic level of organization, the Treasury Department is a collection of departmental offices and operating bureaus. In general, departmental offices formulate and implement policy initiatives and manage Treasury's day-to-day operations, while operating bureaus handle specific tasks and duties assigned to Treasury, often as a result of statutory mandates. In the past decade, the bureaus have accounted for more than 95% of the Treasury Department's funding and workforce, on average. With one exception, the bureaus and offices can be divided into those engaged in financial management and regulation and those engaged in law enforcement. In recent years, the Comptroller of the Currency, U.S. Mint, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Bureau of the Fiscal Service, and Community Development Financial Institutions Fund have been involved in the management of the federal government's finances or the supervision and regulation of key elements of the U.S. financial system. By contrast, law enforcement has been central to the duties handled by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, and the Treasury Forfeiture Fund. The creation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002 sharply curtailed Treasury's direct involvement in law enforcement. The lone exception to this dichotomy, arguably, is the IRS, whose main responsibilities encompass both the collection of tax revenue and the enforcement of tax laws and regulations. The operating budgets for most Treasury bureaus and offices are funded largely through annual discretionary appropriations. This is true for the IRS, Bureau of the Fiscal Service, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Office of the Inspector General, Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, and Community Development Financial Institutions Fund. By contrast, funding for the Treasury Franchise Fund, the U.S. Mint, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency comes exclusively from the fees they collect for the services and products they provide to the public and to other government agencies. Treasury appropriations in FY2016 were distributed among the following 11 accounts. The Departmental Offices account covers the salaries and other expenses of offices in Treasury that formulate and implement policies dealing with domestic and international finance and taxation and the state of the domestic economy. Funding is also provided through DO for Treasury's financial and personnel management, procurement operations, and information and telecommunications systems. The Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence account pays for the salaries and other expenses associated with TFI's programs to prevent the use of the financial system by terrorist groups and their financial backers, drug cartels, and others who seek to launder funds from illegal activities. TFI also plays a central role in enforcing economic sanctions against countries deemed a threat to national security and shares the information it gathers with domestic and foreign law enforcement and intelligence agencies. The Department-wide Systems and Capital Investments Program account pays for investments in new technology and capital improvements intended to upgrade Treasury's administrative processes and increase the overall efficiency of its operations. The Office of Inspector General account covers the salaries and other expenses related to the audits and investigations conducted by OIG staff. These evaluations are intended to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of Treasury's operations and programs; prevent waste, fraud, and abuse; and inform the Treasury Secretary and Congress about problems or shortcomings in those activities. The Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration account pays for salaries and other expenses related to the audits and investigations conducted by TIGTA staff. These evaluations focus primarily on the efficiency and effectiveness of IRS programs and operations. TIGTA's investigations are also intended to deter or prevent fraud and waste in IRS programs and operations and recommend changes in those activities to solve problems or remedy deficiencies. The Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program account pays for the salaries and other expenses related to the audits and investigations into the management and effectiveness of TARP conducted by SIGTARP staff. The office was established by the same law that created TARP: the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act ( P.L. 110-343 ). The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network account covers the salaries and other expenses related to the activities of FinCEN, whose main responsibility is to protect the domestic financial system from illicit uses, such as money laundering and terrorist financing. The statutory basis for this role is the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA, P.L. 91-508). FinCEN administers key provisions of the act by developing and implementing regulations and other guidance and working with private financial institutions and eight federal agencies to ensure the financial industry complies with the BSA's strict reporting requirements for a broad range of financial transactions. The Bureau of the Fiscal Service account funds two functions that up until FY2014 were handled by separate bureaus with separate appropriations accounts: the Financial Management Service and the Bureau of Public Debt. As a result of a consolidation of the two bureaus that began in FY2015, the BFS account covers the salaries and other expenses related to developing and implementing payment policies and procedures for federal agencies, collecting debts owed to those agencies and state governments, and providing financial accounting, reporting, and financing services for the federal government and its agents. In addition, the BFS account covers the salaries and other expenses related to the federal government's public debt operations and the sale of U.S. bonds. The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau account pays for the salaries and other expenses related to the activities of ATTB, which was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 ( P.L. 107-296 ) . ATTB enforces certain laws governing the domestic sale and production of alcohol and tobacco products. It also has jurisdiction over the federal consumer safety laws governing the consumption of alcohol and tobacco products. The Community Development Financial Institutions Fund account funds the activities of community development financial institutions (CDFIs). These institutions (which include community development banks, credit unions, and venture capital funds) provide grants, loans, and equity capital for affordable housing projects, small businesses, and community development projects in eligible areas. In addition, the CDFIF administers the Bank Enterprise Award (BEA) program and the New Markets tax credit. Since its creation in 1994, the CDFIF has awarded more than $2.0 billion to community development financial institutions, community development entities (CDEs), and depository institutions insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation through the CDFI Program; the Native American CDFI Assistance Program; and the BEA program. In addition, the fund has allocated about $40 billion in New Markets tax credits to CDEs since the credit was created in 2000. The Internal Revenue Service account covers the salaries and other expenses related to IRS's operations. Two critical components of those operations are the services it offers taxpayers to help them understand and meet their tax obligations and the measures it takes to improve voluntary taxpayer compliance, including enforcement measures. Some appropriated funds are used to develop or upgrade business operations and information systems, as part of an ongoing effort by the IRS to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of taxpayer services and enforcement. This section reviews the Obama Administration's FY2017 budget request for the Treasury Department and congressional action on the request. In addition, it discusses notable policy issues raised by the budget request or the House and Senate appropriations bills. These details are provided for each of the Treasury appropriation accounts (which number 10 or 11, depending on whether funding for TFI is counted as a separate account or folded into the DO account). Table 1 shows the enacted appropriations for each Treasury account in FY2016, the President's FY2017 request, and the amounts recommended for FY2017 by the House and the Senate Appropriations Committee. The President's FY2017 budget request for the Treasury Department included $334 million in appropriations for DO, or $5 million less than the amount enacted for FY2016. With the addition of anticipated reimbursable expenses from activities funded through the DO account, the DO operating budget would have totaled an estimated $437 million in FY2017. Of the requested funding, $38 million would have gone to executive direction, $59 million to international affairs and economic policy, $76 million to domestic finance and tax policy, $117 million to TFI, and $43 million to Treasury management and related programs. In addition, $22 million would have been available until September 30, 2018 for Treasury's Financial Statement Audit and Internal Control program, the modernization of Treasury's information technology systems, and the development and implementation of programs in the Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Compliance Policy. Relative to enacted funding for FY2016, the budget request called for increases of $2.1 million for program expansions (including data risk analysis and rationalization of the tax code) and $5.3 million to maintain FY2016 levels of operation. It also incorporated decreases of $1.0 million from non-recurring expenses, $1.4 million from efficiency improvements; $7.0 million from covering Treasury's cost for administering the Gulf Coast Restoration Trust Fund in through a withdrawal of $7.0 million from the Fund, and $3.0 million from transferring DO cybersecurity investments to a new account: the Cybersecurity Enhancement Account. The House passed a bill ( H.R. 5485 ) on July 7, 2016 that would have provided $250 million in appropriations for DO in FY2017. This amount did not include funding for TFI, which was addressed in a separate account under the bill. According to the text of the bill, $57 million of the recommended appropriation would have been available through the end of FY2018 to cover costs associated with Treasury's Financial Statement Audit and Internal Control Program, the modernization of Treasury's information technology, the oversight and administration of the Gulf Coast Restoration Trust Fund, and the development and operation of programs in Treasury's Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Compliance Policy. In its report on H.R. 5485 , the House Appropriations Committee directed Treasury to continue to enforce laws intended to prevent the laundering of funds from wildlife trafficking and ivory poaching. Treasury is required to submit reports six months apart in FY2017 to the two appropriations committees on the steps it is taking to implement the National Strategy on Wildlife Trafficking. The Committee also directed Treasury to submit a report to Congress sometime during FY2017 on the status of bilateral and multilateral sanctions against Iran and the steps taken by the "international community" to enforce them. Another issue addressed by the committee was funding for the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) and the Office of Financial Research (OFR). Both entities were created by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( P.L. 111-203 ). Under current law, each office finances its operations by collecting fees from designated private institutions. As a result, Congress exercises no direct control over their operations through the appropriations process. To enhance congressional influence, the committee directed OFR to submit quarterly reports on its "budget obligations;" H.R. 5485 would also have brought funding for OFR into the annual appropriations process. S. 3067 , as reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee on June 16, would have given DO $347 million in appropriations in FY2017, or $3 million more than the budget request. Of that amount, $123 million would have been used to fund the operations of TFI, or $6 million more than the budget request. The measure would not have created a separate appropriations account for TFI. In its report on the bill, the committee ordered Treasury to continue using its powers to combat money laundering related to wildlife trafficking and ivory poaching. The report addressed several other issues. One was the financial literacy of American adults. According to data from Treasury's Office of Financial Education (OFE), one in seven adults is incapable of successfully completing financial tasks beyond those requiring the most "rudimentary" financial literacy skills. The committee recommended that OFE examine the extent to which individuals with rudimentary financial skills benefit from federal financial literacy programs and develop "measurable" objectives for the improvement of those skills for the Financial Literacy and Education Commission. The committee also expressed concern about Treasury's administration of economic sanctions against Iran and directed the agency to prepare two reports on the issue for the committee in FY2017. One should identify every person or entity that was removed from the Iran sanction list in the past two years and determine whether that person or entity subsequently engaged in prohibited activities. The other report should focus on the number of non-nuclear sanctions designations related to Iran issued by Treasury in the past three fiscal years. Under the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, DO is receiving $224.4 million in appropriations, or $1.9 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. Of that amount, $24.0 million will remain available until the end of FY2018 to cover costs from the following activities: (1) Treasury's Financial Statement Audit and Internal Control Program, (2) information technology modernization projects, (3) management of the Gulf Coast Restoration Fund, (4) programs of the Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Compliance Policy, and (5) international operations. Funding for DO in FY2017 again raised the question of how TFI's budget should be managed. The Obama Administration and the Senate Appropriations Committee wanted TFI appropriations to remain a component of DO appropriations. But the House Appropriations Committee disagreed and sought a separate appropriation account for TFI. The final appropriations act sided with the House. A key consideration in this disagreement was how congressional control over the amount of money available for TFI's operations and the use of those funds would be affected by carving out a separate account for the office. The FY2017 Treasury budget request called for $5.0 million in appropriations for DSCIP, or the same amount that was enacted for FY2016. There were no new appropriations for the account in FY2012 and FY2013. According to Treasury budget documents, the funds would have been used for two purposes. Much of the money ($3.0 million) would have been used to ensure that the Department and its bureaus could fulfill their basic responsibilities under the Data Accountability and Transparency Act (DATA, P.L. 113-101 ). The act requires the federal government to make available to the general public "consistent, reliable, and helpful" online data about how it spends taxpayer dollars. Treasury and the Office of Management and Budget are responsible for implementing by the end of May 2018 financial data standards for reporting spending by federal agencies and other entities that receive federal funds. In line with that requirement, the $3.0 million in appropriations would have been used to expand Treasury's Enterprise Data Management infrastructure to create a data repository that Treasury bureaus could use to undertake their own data analysis and management. The remaining $2.0 million would have gone to a proposed project to repair the bridge connecting the motor pool entrance and the Main Treasury Building. H.R. 5485 , as passed by the House, provided no funding for DSCIP in FY2017. The bill, as reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee, recommended that DSCIP receive $5 million in appropriations in FY2017, or the same as the amount enacted for FY2016 and the budget request. The report on S. 3067 offered no guidance on how the funds should be used. But it did include an administrative provision (Section 123) requiring Treasury to submit an annual "Capital Investment Plan" to the two appropriations committees within 30 days after the release of the annual budget request. Such a document would help the committees understand how appropriated funds are being used for multi-year projects. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017 provides $3.0 million in funding for DSCIP, or $2.0 million less than the amount enacted for FY2016. It authorizes Treasury to transfer these funds to "accounts and in amounts as necessary to satisfy the requirements of the Department's offices, bureaus, and other organizations." None of the funds, however, may be transferred to the IRS for use in operations support or the business systems modernization program. The Obama Administration's FY2017 budget request for the Treasury Department included $37.0 million in appropriated funds for OIG or $1.6 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. With the addition of an estimated $10.5 million in payments for services provided by OIG to other agencies, its operating budget for FY2017 would have totaled an estimated $47.5 million. Of the requested funding, $29.6 million would have been used for audits, and $7.4 million for investigations. Moreover, $2.8 million of the requested amount would have been available through the end of FY2018 for audits and investigations performed under Section 1608 of the Resources and Ecosystems Sustainability, Tourist Opportunities and Revived Economies of the Gulf Coast States Act of 2012 ( P.L. 112-141 , the RESTORE Act). The audits and investigations would have satisfied the requirements of the Inspector General Act, as well as those of several other statutes. Foremost among those laws were the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act, P.L. 111-203 ), the Federal Information Security Management Act ( P.L. 107-347 ), the Federal Deposit Insurance Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-797), the Improper Payments Elimination and Recovery Act ( P.L. 111-204 ), the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 ( P.L. 111-240 ), the Digital Accountability and Transparency Act of 2014 ( P.L. 113-101 ), and the RESTORE Act. H.R. 5485 , as passed by the House, would have given $37.0 million in appropriations to OIG in FY2017, matching the budget request. In its report on the bill, the House Appropriations Committee noted that the recommended funding should cover the cost to Treasury of overseeing the RESTORE Act. The bill reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee ( S. 3067 ) also recommended that OIG receive $37.0 million in appropriations in FY2017. In its report on the bill, the committee encouraged the Inspector General (IG) to look into the security of Treasury's facilities and its information networks and systems. The committee also urged the IG to undertake an audit of the CDFIF's administration of the grants it distributed. More specifically, the told the IG to investigate the following issues: (1) the extent to which applications had been approved according to current laws and regulations, (2) whether the fund had adequate internal financial controls, (3) whether it monitored the grants it awarded, and (4) whether there was a "process" for assessing the extent to which outcomes match program goals. In addition, the committee ordered the IG to continue monitoring the treatment of BFS employees who were employed by the Fiscal Management Service before it merged with the Bureau of Public Debt. Of particular concern to the committee was the extent to which these employees had been harassed, demoted, or subject to other actions that would encourage them to leave the BFS. OIG is receiving $37.0 million in appropriations in FY2017, or $2.0 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. Of that amount, $2.8 million will be available for audits and investigations conducted under Section 1608 of the RESTORE Act. In its budget request for the Treasury Department in FY2017, the Obama Administration proposed the creation of a new appropriations account dedicated to funding centralized programs intended to strengthen the Department's protection against and improve its response to threats to the security of its information systems and those of Treasury's bureaus. According to Treasury budget documents, the proposed Cybersecurity Enhancement Account (CEA) was also designed to "mitigate" threats to cybersecurity of the U.S. financial system. For FY2017, the Administration requested $109.8 million in appropriations for the new account. This amount would have been divided between spending on Treasury-wide cybersecurity protection programs ($48 million) and spending on similar programs at the IRS ($62 million). Under the budget request, funds in the CEA could be obligated and spent through "allocation accounts" for individual offices and bureaus. Treasury-wide investments would have focused on improving the security of several information systems used by most or all offices and bureaus, including the Treasury Secure Data Network and the Fiscal Service Trusted Internet Connections. In the case of the IRS, funds from the CEA would have been available to upgrade the security of its existing information systems and to improve the capability of the agency's e-Authentication system to verify the identity of existing users, register new users, and "validate their credentials for ongoing system access." The bill, as passed by the House, would not have created a CEA. The bill, as reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee, endorsed the Administration's request to establish a new appropriations account for new cybersecurity investments. It recommended that the CEA receive $47.7 million in appropriations in FY2017 to cover Treasury-wide cybersecurity programs only. These would have included investments intended to bolster the security of the Treasury Secure Data Network and the Fiscal Service Trust Internet Connections. None of the recommended funding could be used for IRS's cybersecurity programs. In its report on the bill, the committee directed the Treasury Chief Information Officer (CIO) to review and approve each proposed investment under the CEA. None of the money in the account could be spent without the prior approval of the CIO. In addition, the CIO would have to submit quarterly reports to both appropriations committees on the status of each approved investment. To ensure that the CIO retained the desired degree of control over the use of CEA funds, the bill would not allow the transfer of funds from the account. Nor would it allow the funds to be obligated and spent through the allocation accounts that would be available to individual offices and bureaus under the budget request. The act creates a CEA and gives it $47.7 million in appropriations for FY2017. The funds are available for obligation until the end of FY2019 and are intended to supplement (not supplant) amounts appropriated for cybersecurity for other Treasury offices and bureaus. Use of the funds requires that the Treasury Chief Information Officer (CIO) review and approve proposed spending plans submitted by Treasury offices and bureaus before any money is obligated. Of the amount appropriated for the account, $1 million is set aside for the administrative expenses of the CIO. Under the budget request, SIGTARP would have received $41.2 million in appropriations for FY2017, or $0.5 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. Taking into account unobligated balances from the previous year and funds received from the Public-Private Investment Program administered by the Treasury Department, SIGTARP's operating budget in FY2017 would have totaled an estimated $46.5 million. Relative to FY2016, the budget request called for an increase of $0.6 million to maintain FY2016 operating levels and a decrease of $0.1 million because of efficiency gains from a loss of eight FTE positions. The total number of FTEs at SIGTARP would not have declined, as the eight lost positions would have been "absorbed in SIGTARP's PPIP fund to more accurately reflect work performed and prior-year usage." SIGTARP deploys its resources to prevent or uncover waste, fraud, and abuse in the use of the $475 billion in bailout funds Congress ultimately authorized for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, which was a product of the EESA. Of the requested appropriations for FY2017, $8.6 million would have been used to perform audits and $32.5 million to conduct investigations. SIGTARP operates as a temporary agency that will cease to exist (or sunset) when all TARP program no longer have any outstanding investments or commitments. Several mortgage programs remain active, including the Home Affordable Modification Program, which has been projected to last at least until 2023. The bill, as passed by the House, would appropriate $41.2 million for SIGTARP in FY2017, or the same amount as the budget request. In its report on the bill, the House Appropriations Committee acknowledged that the initial operating expenses of SIGTARP were funded through no-year appropriations, but that those funds have decreased over time and might be used up in FY2017. As a result, H.R. 5485 would have provided supplementary discretionary appropriations so the office could maintain "vigorous oversight" of outstanding TARP programs. The bill, as reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee, would also have provided $41.2 million in appropriations for SIGTARP in FY2017. Under the act, SIGTARP is receiving $41.2 million in appropriations in FY2017, the same amount that was enacted for FY2016. No guidance on the use of those funds is provided. The Obama Administration requested $169.6 in appropriations for TIGTA in FY2017, or $2.4 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. Of the requested amount, $5.0 million would have been available for obligation through the end of FY2018. TIGTA also receives funds for its operating budget from reimbursements for services it provides to other parties. Treasury estimated that these reimbursements could total $1.5 million in FY2017, giving TIGTA an operating budget of $171.1 million. The requested increase in funding reflected an additional $2.4 million to maintain FY2016 operating levels and a decrease of $17,200 because of efficiency savings from an anticipated reduction in the number of investigations TIGTA will need to conduct in FY2017. TIGTA's funding pays for audits, investigations, and evaluations of IRS operations. In FY2017, according to the budget proposal, the Office of Audit would have received $66.0 million in appropriations and $600,000 in reimbursements, while the Office of Investigations would have received $103.6 million in appropriations and $900,000 in reimbursements. According to Treasury budget documents, TIGTA's investigations and audits and other oversight activities generate a return on investment of $168 for each dollar spent on its operations. This return reflects both cost savings from changes to IRS's operations and additional revenue from the collection of taxes. The bill, as passed by the House, would have given TIGTA $169.6 million in appropriated funds for FY2016, or the same as the budget request. Of that amount, $5.0 million would have been available for obligation through the end of FY2018. In its report on the bill, the House Appropriations Committee expressed concern over the vulnerability of the IRS to cyberattacks. To address that concern, the committee directed TIGTA to submit a report to the two appropriations committees within six months of the enactment of H.R. 5485 that examined the following issues: (1) the consequences of past cyberattacks against the agency, (2) the steps taken or being considered by the IRS to prevent future attacks and lessen their effects, (3) IRS's current cybersecurity policies and procedures (including those ensuring the safe use of computers by IRS employees), and (4) the efforts made by the agency to inform employees and contractors about the risks of cyberattacks. S. 3067 , as reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee, would also have provided TIGTA with $169.6 million in appropriations for FY2017. In its report on the bill, the committee noted that TIGTA had designated safeguarding the confidentiality of taxpayer information as the top concern facing the IRS every year since FY2011. The committee also noted that it expected to review TIGTA reports during FY2017 on the measures the IRS is taking (or planning to take) to enhance the security of online taxpayer account information, the effectiveness of controls already in place to protect IRS information systems against cyberattacks, and the security of data transfers to third parties. In addition, the committee encouraged TIGTA to investigate and issue a report on IRS's performance on two other issues. One was the IRS's use of appropriated funds in FY2016 to improve taxpayer services. The second issue was IRS's implementation of two key provisions of the ACA: the verification of taxpayers' compliance with the minimum essential health insurance coverage requirement and the verification of the authenticity of claims for the health insurance premium tax credit. Under the act, TIGTA is receiving $169.6 million in appropriations, or $2.6 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. Of that amount, $5.0 million is available for obligation through the end of FY2018. The Obama Administration asked for $245.9 million in appropriations for CDFIF in FY2017, or $12.4 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. With the addition of projected reimbursements, user fees, and unobligated balances and recoveries from previous years, the budget request would have given CDFIF an operating budget of $257.9 million in FY2017. Of the requested funding, $153.4 million was designated for the CDFI Program, $15.5 million for the Native American CDFI Assistance Program (NACA), $19.0 million for the Bank Enterprise Award Program, $22.0 million for the Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI), $10.0 million for the Small Dollar Loan Program (SDLP), and $26.0 million for administrative expenses. Relative to the enacted amounts for FY2016, the budget request called for a decrease of $0.3 million for data collection and increases of $0.4 million to maintain current operating levels and $12.3 million for program expansions. The requested funding for those expansions would have been allocated as follows: $2.3 million for administrative expenses related to allocating $74 million in awards under the Capital Magnet Fund (CMF) and to developing a modeling tool known as the Community Development Impact Measuring Estimator, and $10.0 million for the SDLP. Although no direct appropriations are used for this purpose, the CDFIF has administered the New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) since its creation in 2000. The credit is available through 2019 under current law. Taxpayers who make qualified equity investments in Community Development Entities may claim a credit equal to 39% of their investment; the credit is distributed in equal amounts over seven years. It is awarded to investors through a competitive selection process. Congress authorized a total of $40 billion in NMTCs to be awarded through 2013, and there was an annual limit of $3.5 billion in new credits from 2010 to 2013. In 2015, Congress extended the credit through 2019 and authorized $3.5 billion a year in new credits from 2014 to 2019 under the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 ( P.L. 114-113 ). The Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 ( P.L. 111-240 ) established the CDFI Bond Guarantee Fund (BGF). Bonds issued under the program support CDFI lending in poor communities underserved by banks and other financial services companies by providing a source of long-term capital. Bonds issued by CDFIs (or their designees) are guaranteed by the Treasury Department, and the proceeds are used to capitalize new loans or refinance existing ones. The maturity of the bonds cannot exceed 30 years. Between FY2013 and FY2015, the Treasury Department issued seven bond guarantees with a combined face value of $852 million to qualified issuers, which in turn provided bond loans to 16 CDFIs. In FY2016, Treasury had the authority to issue up to $750 million in guarantees. The budget request would have extended the BGF through FY2017, raised the limit for newly issued loan guarantees to $1 billion in FY2017, and reduced the minimum bond issue from $100 million to $25 million. As passed by the House, the bill would have provided $250.0 million in appropriations for the CDFIF in FY2017, or $4.1 million more than the budget request. Of the recommended funding, $184.0 million would have gone to technical and financial assistance grants for CDFIs, $16.0 million to NACA, $19.0 million to BEA, and $25.0 million for administrative expenses. There was no designated funding for HFFI or CMF. In addition, H.R. 5485 would have established a new program for technical and financial assistance for low-income disabled persons with $6.0 million in funding in FY2017. Of the recommended appropriations for administrative costs, "no less than" $2.0 million was set aside to help CDFIs modify their programs to better meet local needs for the education, housing, transportation, and employment of disabled persons. The bill would have imposed a limit of $250 million on the new loan guarantees that could be issued in FY2017 under the CDFI Bond Guarantee Fund. In its report on the bill, the committee encouraged the CDFIF to expand service in America Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and other "U.S. insular areas" through its Capacity Building Initiative. The committee also directed the CDFIF to submit quarterly reports to the two appropriations committees during FY2017 on the status of efforts to establish an application pool among CDFIs willing to compete for technical and financial assistance grants to assist low-income disabled persons, and the selection criteria used to award the grants. The reports should look at the number of awards, the amount of each award, the impact of the awards on the lives of affected disabled persons, and any recommendations on how to improve the program. The bill, as reported by the Senate Finance Committee, would have provided $233.5 million in appropriations for CDFIF in FY2017, or $12.4 million less than the budget request. Of the recommended funding, $171.4 million was designated for technical and financial assistance grants to CDFIs, $15.5 million for NACA, $23.0 million for BEA, and $23.6 million for administrative expenses. Funding for the HFFI was included in the recommended appropriations for financial and technical assistance grants for CDFIs. And would have allowed the Treasury Department to guarantee up to $500 million in bonds under the BGF in FY2017. In its report on S. 3067 , the committee expressed concern about the CDFIF's ability to accurately assess the results of its investments and what it called a "lack of transparency" regarding the operation of the fund's programs. It also cited evidence that some award recipients have not been held accountable for using their awards for the approved purposes and at locations that differ from the recipients' approved applications. In the committee's view, issues like these continued to make it difficult to determine whether the programs were achieving their goals. To address this difficulty, the committee set aside $1.0 million of the recommended appropriations to develop analytical tools that would provide better assessments of the results of CDFIF investments, improve the quality of program data, and allow the fund to allocate its resources more efficiently. The committee also directed the CDFIF to submit a report to both appropriations committees within 90 days of the enactment of S. 3067 that examined the steps it was taking (or had recently taken) to "better collect and evaluate performance-related data," to improve its ability to assess the effectiveness of its efforts to assist underserved populations (including rural and non-metropolitan communities), and to "better inform future decision-making." Another issue addressed in the report was the flow of CDFI investments and loans to underserved low-income rural and non-metropolitan areas. The committee directed the fund to take into consideration the "unique conditions, challenges, and scale" of those areas when designing programs to promote economic revitalization and community development and awarding CDFI grants for financial and technical assistance. As the committee pointed out, 12 U.S.C. 4706(b) requires the CDFIF to assist a geographically diverse set of low-income communities, including those in rural and non-metropolitan areas. The act provides $248.0 million in appropriations for the CDFIF in FY2017, or $13.5 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. Of that amount, $161.5 million is to be used for technical and financial assistance grants to CDFIs ($2.9 million of which is to be used for the cost of direct loans, and $3.0 million of which for training and financial and technical assistance grants to CDFIs that assist disabled persons. In addition, $15.5 million (available through the end of FY2018) of the total appropriation is set aside for NACA, $22.0 million is available until the end of FY2018 for the HFFI; and $26.0 million is reserved for administrative costs, including $1 million to develop new tools to assess the results of CDFI investments. The act also authorizes the Treasury Department to guarantee up to $500 million in bonds under the BGF in FY2017. In addition, at least 10% of the amount appropriated for the CDFIF (or about $25 million) is reserved for awards that finance investments in "persistent poverty counties." These are counties where 20% or more of the population have lived in poverty for the past 30 years, as determined by the 1990 and 2000 U.S. censuses and the most recent data available from the Census Bureau's American Community Survey. Disagreements over funding the CDFIF in FY2017 raised questions about the future status of the Healthy Food Financing Initiative. While the Obama Administration requested $22 million in appropriations for HFFI in FY2017, S. 3067 and H.R. 5485 recommended no separate funding for the program. The lack of designated funding opens up the possibility that funding for HFFI would have to come from another source, such as financial and technical assistance grants for CDFIs. The report on S. 3067 seemed to endorse such an approach, but no such language was included in the report on H.R. 5485 . It may be the case that, although many Members of Congress support the objectives of the Initiative, a majority of them think there is a better way to achieve them than through the CDFIF. Under the Obama Administration's budget request, FinCEN would have received $115.0 million in appropriations in FY2017, or $2.0 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. With the addition of an estimated $40.0 million from reimbursements, recoveries, and unobligated balances from previous years, FinCEN's operating budget in FY2017 would have totaled $155.0 million. The Administration requested that $34.3 million of the appropriated funds remain available for obligation until September 30, 2019. Relative to FY2016, the budget request contained increases of $1.8 million to maintain current levels of operation and $1.5 million to expand the use of contractors to support FinCEN's efforts to disrupt the financing of terrorist groups, and a decrease of $1.3 million as a result of efficiency gains and a loss of access to open-source commercial databases. In FY2016, contractors helped process alerts on mandatory filings under the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) and prepare reports for FinCEN customers in law enforcement, government intelligence agencies, and foreign intelligence agencies. The bill, as passed by the House, would have provided $119.3 million in appropriations for FinCEN in appropriations for FY2017, or $4.3 million more than the budget request. In its report on H.R. 5485 , the committee recognized that the financial data gathered and analyzed by the agency serves as a "critical tool" for investigations into a variety of financial crimes, including money laundering, mortgage fraud, and terrorist financing. The committee also encouraged FinCEN to continue assisting investigations by domestic law enforcement agencies into human trafficking. Under the bill, as reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee, FinCEN would have received $114.5 million in appropriations in FY2017, or $0.5 million less than the budget request. In its report on the bill, the committee commended FinCEN for its role in assisting the efforts of law enforcement agencies to combat cybercrime by monitoring financial flows through U.S. financial institutions subject to the reporting requirements of the BSA. The committee also encouraged FinCEN to keep those institutions informed about the changes in the risk of criminals laundering the proceeds from the theft of online data through the U.S. financial system. To lower that risk, the committee recommended that FinCEN provide these institutions with updated lists of indicators of cybercrime that they could refer to when filing suspicious activity reports (SARs) regarding possible cybercrimes. The act gives FinCEN $115.0 million in appropriations for FY2017, or $2 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. Of that amount, $34.3 million will remain available through the end of FY2019. The Treasury Department requested $106.4 million in appropriations for ATTB in FY2017, the same amount that was enacted for FY2016. Including anticipated reimbursements for services provided by ATTB and a transfer of enforcement funds from the IRS through a proposed program integrity cap adjustment, the operating budget for the agency would have totaled an estimated $118.3 million in FY2017. Relative to the amount enacted for FY2016, the budget request included increases of $1.6 million to maintain current operating levels and $5.0 million to bolster the bureau's efforts to shrink the gap between excise taxes owed and excise taxes paid by tobacco and alcohol beverage companies. The budget request also called for a decrease of $1.6 million because of a deferral of planned enhancements to ATTB's alcohol beverage labeling program. Of the requested appropriations, $53.6 million would have been used to collect federal excise taxes on alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and ammunition, and $52.9 million to administer and enforce federal regulations governing the production and sale of alcohol and tobacco products. As approved by the House, the bill would have appropriated $111.4 million for ATTB in FY2017, or $5 million more than the budget request. Of the recommended funding, $5 million was designated for efforts to accelerate the processing of formula and label applications for alcohol products, and another $5 million was set aside for enforcement of the provisions of the Federal Alcohol Administration Act (FAA, P.L. 74-401, as amended) concerning industry-wide trade practices. In its report on H.R. 5485 , the House Appropriations Committee maintained that the FAA provisions were "critical to ensuring a competitive, fair, and safe marketplace" for alcohol products. To ensure that the agency did more to enforce the provisions, the committee ordered ATTB to submit a report to both appropriations committees within 60 days of the enactment of the bill on how the agency planned to use the additional funding to improve efforts to investigate and crack down on illegal activity. The committee also expressed concern about continuing delays in the approval of new label and formula applications by makers of alcohol products. The additional $5 million in funding for FY2017 was intended to enable the ATTB to accelerate the processing of those applications. To ensure the agency was taking appropriate action, the committee directed it to submit a report to both appropriations committees within 60 days of the enactment of the bill explaining how it plans to achieve that objective. The bill, as reported by the Senate Finance Committee, recommended that ATTB receive $111.4 million in appropriations for FY2017, or $5.0 million more than the budget request. In its report on S. 3067 , the committee urged ATTB to devote "sufficient resources" to combating alcohol and tobacco tax evasion and enforcing tobacco laws. In addition, the committee pointed out that a recent surge in the number of small breweries and wineries, coupled with "understaffing and outdated filing and processing procedures" in the agency's labeling program, had led to increasing delays in the approval of new label applications. The committee encouraged ATTB to streamline the process for approving label applications through "strategic investments" in the resources and technologies needed to speed up the review of these applications. As noted in the report on S. 3067 , the added $5 million, relative to the budget request, was intended to bolster ATTB's enforcement of the provisions on fair trade practice in the FAA. These provisions relate to the production, distribution, and sale of alcohol products in the United States. To ensure that the agency uses these funds as intended, the committee directed ATTB to submit a report to both appropriations committees within 60 days of the enactment of the bill on how it planned to use the added funding to step up its enforcement of the fair trade regulations. In addition, the committee directed the agency to publish "without delay" proposed rules on the labeling of wines to ensure the labels accurately reflect the established "terms" for American viticulture areas. Under the act, ATTB is receiving $111.4 million in appropriations in FY2017, or $5 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. Of that amount, no more than $25 million may be used for cooperative research and development programs involving laboratory services provided to state and local government agencies. In addition, the act sets aside $5 million for the expenses associated with accelerating the processing of formula and label applications. Another $5 million is available through the end of FY2018 to cover the cost of enforcing the trade practice provisions of the FAA. The President's budget request would have given the BFS $353.1 million in appropriations in FY2017, or $10.8 million less than the amount enacted for FY2016. Of this amount, $4.2 million was designated for initiatives to upgrade the bureau's information systems and would have been available for obligation through the end of FY2019. The budget request also set aside $19.8 million to support the agency's activities to implement the Digital Accountability and Transparency Act (DATA Act, P.L. 113-101 ); this money would have been available for obligation through the end of FY2018. With the addition of $268.5 million in anticipated reimbursements for services provided by BFS, the agency's operating budget in FY2017 would have totaled an estimated $621.5 million. Relative to the FY2016 budget, the budget request contained an increase of $6.0 million to maintain current BFS operating levels and a decrease of $16.4 million to reflect efficiency gains and program cuts (including a decrease of $10.8 million for implementation of the DATA Act in FY2017). The budget request also included funding for several permanent appropriations accounts related to BFS's administrative responsibilities or strategic goals. These requested amounts were $529.4 million to Federal Reserve Banks for accounting, reporting, collection, and payment programs; $138.3 million to Federal Reserve Banks for acting as a fiscal agent for the Treasury Department; $679.5 million to financial institutions that act as financial agents for the Treasury Department; and $1.1 million for losses resulting from government shipments. The FY2017 budget request could also be broken down by function, of which there were six: (1) accounting and reporting, (2) collections, (3) debt collection, (4) payments, (5) retail securities service, and (6) wholesale securities services. The requested appropriations would have been allocated as follows: $114.2 million to accounting and reporting; $40.2 million to collections; $115.1 to payments; $71.2 million to retail securities services; and $12.3 million to wholesale securities services. Several legislative proposals were part of the budget request. One proposal was new and the others were included in the FY2016 BFS budget request. The new proposal would have increased the number of federal programs and agencies that could access the National Directory of New Hire Data, which is a federal database of employment and unemployment insurance information maintained by the Office of Child Support Enforcement at the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Access to the database is tightly controlled by statute, and HHS employs a variety of measures to prevent the unauthorized use or disclosure of the information. At the moment, several federal programs are using the database to improve the implementation of new initiatives. In addition, the FY2017 BFS budget request called upon Congress to adopt the following legislative proposals left over from the FY2016 budget request: Increase the collection of delinquent state income tax debt by allowing Treasury to offset federal income tax refunds for out-of-state residents. Allow states to send notices of intent to offset federal tax refunds to collect state income tax obligations by first-class mail, rather than certified mail. Allow federal agencies to collect non-tax debt by garnishing without a court order the bank and other financial institution accounts of commercial entities with non-tax debt. Authorize Treasury to locate and recover unclaimed assets owed to the federal government and keep a portion of the amounts collected to pay for the cost of recovery. As passed by the House, H.R. 5485 would have provided $353.1 million in appropriations for BFS in FY2017, or the same amount as the budget request. Of the recommended funding, $4.2 million would have been available for obligation until September 30, 2019 to modernize the bureau's information systems. In its report on the bill, the House Appropriations Committee noted that it would fund the USAspending.gov initiative. The committee also told BFS to meet its transparency objectives for the initiative through implementation of the DATA Act. To ensure the agency acts on these objectives, the committee directed BFS to work with the OMB to publish all unclassified federal vendor contracts and grant awards on USAspending.gov. BFS would also have to publish the data online and submit a report to both appropriations committees within 90 days of the enactment of the bill on the status of its efforts to make the reporting of government spending data more transparent for ordinary citizens. With regard to the DATA Act, the committee expressed concern about the ability of BFS to meet the May 2017 deadline for reporting government-wide spending information. The committee also directed BFS to issue within 60 days of the enactment of H.R. 5485 a report on payments from the Judgment Fund in FY2016. The report should provide the following details for each claim: (1) the names of all plaintiffs or claimants and their counsels, (2) the federal agency that submitted the claim, (3) a brief summary of the key facts for the claim, and (4) the amount paid on the claim, including attorney fees. As reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee, the bill also recommended that BFS receive $353.1 million in appropriations for FY2017. In its report on S. 3067 , the committee noted that a key objective of the recommended appropriation was to ensure that "consistent, reliable, and searchable government-wide spending data" are accessible to the general public through the USAspending.gov initiative. To achieve that objective, the committee directed the agency to make it a high priority to meet the May 17 deadline for implementing the reporting requirements of the DATA Act. In addition, the committee expressed concern about lingering morale problems among BFS employees in the wake of the merger of the Bureau of Public Debt and the Financial Management Service, which commenced in 2012. These problems included uncertainty about job security. To address this concern, the committee ordered BFS to prepare a "comprehensive consolidation plan" that identified the jobs that will be maintained and submit it to both appropriations committees within 180 days of the enactment of the bill. The act provides $353.1 million in appropriations for DFS in FY2017, or $5 million more than the amount enacted for FY2016. Of that amount, $4.2 million will be available through FY2019 for projects intended to modernize the agency's information systems. The act also authorizes the use of $165,000 from the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund to cover the cost to DFS of managing the Fund in FY2017. The Treasury Department's budget request for FY2017 would have canceled permanently $657.0 million in unobligated balances from the TFF. This would have come on top of a permanent reduction in those balances of $700.0 million enacted for FY2016. The fund serves as the receipt account for the deposit of non-tax assets seized by participating federal bureaus: the IRS's Criminal Investigation unit, the U.S. Secret Service, the Bureau of Customs and Border Patrol, and the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The Treasury Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture (TEOAF) manages the fund. Money in the fund is used for two purposes: (1) to pay for the operating expenses of TEOAF and (2) to support the enforcement activities of the bureaus involved in the National Money Laundering Strategy, the Southwest Border Strategy, and government programs to combat terrorist financing. TEOAF estimates that $413.0 million will be deposited in the fund from asset forfeitures in FY2017. After accounting for earned interest, the restoration of reductions from sequestration and temporary rescissions, recoveries from previous years, and unobligated balances from previous years, the fund could total an estimated $1.6 billion at the end of FY2017, or nearly $4 billion less than the estimated amount at the end of FY2016. According to TEOAF, expenses and obligations for FY2017 are expected to total $480.0 million. Combining those amounts with the Administration's proposed permanent rescission of $657.0 million would leave an unobligated balance in the fund of $398.6 million at the end of FY2017, or $241.5 million more than the estimated balance at the end of FY2016. Treasury also proposed in the budget request that the fund have a so-called Super Surplus of $100 million in FY2017. This surplus allows TEOAF to use unobligated balances to pay for law enforcement initiatives after enough money has been set aside to cover the fund's operating costs in the next fiscal year. Owing to a lack of funds, Treasury was unable to declare a Super Surplus in FY2015 and did not expect to do so in FY2016. If a surplus is declared in FY2017, Treasury would have to submit a plan to Congress explaining how it intends to use the surplus, under 31 U.S.C. § 9705. As passed by the House, the bill would have permanently decreased the unobligated balances in the fund by $753.6 million in FY2017, or $96.6 million more than the budget request. In its report on H.R. 5485 , the House Appropriations Committee stated that the resources in the fund should "neither augment agency funding nor circumvent the appropriations process." One way to prevent both outcomes was to reduce the unobligated balances in the fund. In addition, the committee directed Treasury to submit to both appropriations committees, for each month in FY2017, a table showing the interest earned, forfeiture revenue collected, unobligated balances, recoveries and expenses to date. The table should include an estimate of the fund's expenses for the remainder of the fiscal year. The bill, as reported by the Senate Finance Committee, recommended a rescission of $657.0 million, or the same as the budget request. Of that amount, $328.0 million would have been permanently rescinded. The act rescinds $1.115 trillion in unobligated balances from the TFF in FY2017. Of that amount, $328 million constitutes a permanent rescission. This is $372 million less than the permanent rescission enacted for FY2016. The Obama Administration requested $12.280 billion in appropriations for the IRS in FY2017, or $1.045 billion more than the amount enacted for FY2016. Of this amount, $2.469 billion was to go to taxpayer services, $5.216 billion to enforcement (including a $231.3 million program integrity cap adjustment under Section 251(b)(2) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 ( P.L. 99-177 , BBEDCA)), $4.314 billion to operations support (including a $283.4 million program integrity cap adjustment), and $343.4 million to the Business Systems Modernization (BSM) program. Several conditions would have applied to these allocations. Of the requested funding for taxpayer services, at least $6.5 million was designated for the Tax Counseling for the Elderly program, at least $12.0 million for low-income taxpayer clinic grants, at least $15.0 million for Community Volunteer Income Tax Assistance program matching grants, and not less than $206.0 million for the operating expenses of the Taxpayer Advocate Service. In addition, $191.8 million of the funding for taxpayer services would have been available through the end of FY2018. Of the requested funding for enforcement, $54.9 million would have been available through the end of FY2018, and at least $60.3 million was set aside for the Interagency Crime and Drug enforcement program. And of the amount requested for operations support, $158.2 million would have been available through the end of FY2018. With the addition of funds from reimbursements, user fees, recoveries and unobligated balances from previous years, transfers in and out, resources from other accounts, and offsetting collections, the operating budget for the IRS in FY2017 would have totaled an estimated $13.245 billion in FY2017, or $870.5 million more than the estimated FY2016 operating budget. Relative to IRS's enacted appropriations for FY2016, the budget request called for increases of $170.3 million to maintain FY2016 operating levels and $878.5 million to expand programs aimed at improving taxpayer service and compliance, increasing the efficiency of IRS operations, and bolstering the agency's cybersecurity to prevent taxpayer identity theft. In addition, the budget request included a decrease of $3.8 million as a result of a cost savings from increases in e-filing levels. Nearly 59% of the requested amount for program increases (or $514.7 million) would have been paid for from the proposed integrity program cap increases. These increases could be implemented only if the BBEDCA is amended to lift the discretionary budget limits for IRS spending. The act created a mechanism for raising spending allocations among federal programs that generate a positive return on investment. Increases in those allocations are known as program integrity cap adjustments. According to the FY2017 budget request, the adjustments would have provided the IRS with another $231.3 million for tax enforcement and an added $283.4 million for operations support. (As noted earlier, $5 million of the cap adjustment for enforcement was to be transferred to ATTB to pay for new enforcement initiatives in FY2017.) The IRS estimated that the proposed new investments in enforcement programs would have resulted in a return equal to $5.6 of additional revenue for each additional dollar of investment when the needed adjustments in enforcement would be fully implemented in FY2019. Moreover, according to IRS, the new initiatives to strengthen cybersecurity and prevent taxpayer identity theft could yield an estimated return on investment of $12.3 for each additional dollar of spending for those purposes by FY2019. The budget request for the IRS included a legislative proposal to extend the IRS's Streamlined Critical Pay (SCP) authority through the end of September 2021. Its authority to make new SCP appointments expired on September 30, 2013. According to Treasury budget documents, the IRS was likely to find it increasingly difficult to recruit and retain talented individuals (especially IT specialists) from the private sector if the SCP authority is not renewed by the end of FY2017. Reducing the federal tax gap has been a high priority for the IRS for more than a decade. The gap is defined as the difference between the amount of federal income, excise, estate, and employment taxes owed in a year and the amount of those taxes paid in full and on time. According to the latest estimate by the IRS, the average annual gross gap totaled $458 billion from 2008 to 2010; after allowing for late payments and revenue collected through IRS enforcement activities, the average annual net gap for the period was an estimated $406 billion. The gap has three components: underreporting of income, failure to file, and underpayment of the taxes owed. Underreporting accounted for 85% of the 2008-2010 average annual gross tax gap, underpayment for 9%, and non-filing for 7%. The gross voluntary compliance rate in the period was 81.7%; after allowing for late payments and IRS enforcement actions, the net compliance rate rose to 83.7%. The budget request contained 24 legislative proposals, most of which were intended to reduce the tax gap. They can be grouped into three categories: (1) proposals to expand information reporting, (2) proposals to improve business taxpayer compliance, and (3) proposals to bolster tax administration. None could be implemented without congressional approval. According to an estimate by Treasury's Office of Tax Analysis, the proposals would increase revenue by $82.2 billion over 10 years. Among other things, the proposals would give the IRS the authority to expand the Taxpayer Identification Number matching program allow the IRS to correct specific errors on tax returns require paid tax preparers to have a minimum knowledge of the federal tax code require all corporations and partnerships of a certain asset size with more than 10 shareholders or 10 partners to file their returns electronically As passed by the House, the bill would have provided $10.999 billion in appropriations for the IRS in FY2017, or $236 million below the amount enacted for FY2016 and $1.281 billion below the budget request. The recommended funding would have been allocated as follows among the four appropriations accounts: (1) taxpayer services: $2.156 billion, (2) enforcement: $4.760 billion, (3) operations support: $3.502 billion, and (4) BSM: $290.0 million. Total funding for the IRS under H.R. 5485 would have been less in current dollars than the amount enacted for FY2008. Like the law providing appropriations for the IRS in FY2016, H.R. 5485 included an administrative provision (Section 115) that would have given the IRS an additional $290 million in FY2017. The funds would have been available for obligation through the end of FY2018. They could have been used for three purposes only: (1) to improve the level of customer service, (2) to lower the incidence of identity theft and refund fraud, and (3) to enhance the online security of taxpayer information. Before any of the additional money could be spent, the IRS had to present the two appropriations committees with a spending plan that explained how the IRS would measure its progress in achieving those objectives. H.R. 5485 also would have continued an administrative provision (Section 101) from FY2016 that allowed the IRS to transfer up to 5% of appropriated funds from one account to another with the advance approval of the appropriations committees. In addition, the bill would have imposed the following limits on the IRS's use of appropriated funds in FY2017: No funds could be used to grant bonuses and awards to employees that do not consider the past conduct and tax compliance of the recipients. No funds could be used to hire former employees without considering their conduct while at the IRS and their compliance with tax laws. No funds could be used to give additional scrutiny to groups applying for tax-exempt status because of their "ideological beliefs." No funds could be used to target individuals for extra scrutiny for "exercising their First Amendment rights." No funds could be used for conferences that do not conform to TIGTA's recommendations for such events. No funds could be used to produce videos that have not been reviewed for their cost, topics, tone, or purpose and certified to be "appropriate." No funds could be used to implement new regulations regarding the criteria used to determine whether organizations qualify for tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code. No funds could be transferred to the IRS from the Department of Health and Human Services to implement the ACA. No funds could be used to implement the individual mandate under the ACA. No funds could be used in ways that "violate the confidentiality of tax returns." No funds could be used to design pre-filled or pre-populated individual tax returns. Taxpayer Ser vices H.R. 5485 would have provided $2.156 billion for taxpayer services in FY2017, or the same amount that was enacted for FY2016 but $249.8 million less than the budget request. Of the recommended amount, $9.7 million would have been be set aside for the Tax Counseling for the Elderly program, $12.0 million for low-income taxpayer clinic grants, and $15.0 million (available through the end of FY2018) for matching grants under the Community Volunteer Income Tax Assistance program. In its report on the bill, the House Appropriations Committee expressed concern about the continuing problem of taxpayer identity theft and tax refund fraud. In its view, the problem had become "especially pernicious" in U.S. territories and possessions, where there were organized efforts to steal the taxpayer identification numbers of territorial residents to obtain tax credits and refunds from the U.S. government. To monitor the results of IRS's efforts to combat identity theft and related refund fraud and expedite the resolution of cases involving these fraudulent acts, the committee directed the agency to submit a report to the two appropriations committees by June 17, 2017. The report should cover the period from 2010 to 2016 and provide the following details: (1) the number of taxpayers who had their tax return rejected because their Social Security or taxpayer identification numbers had been stolen by someone to commit tax fraud; (2) the average time required to resolve the problem and send a refund to taxpayers who were due one; (3) the number of cases involving stolen taxpayer identification numbers of residents of U.S. territories and possessions; and (4) the steps the IRS has taken (and plans to take) to expedite the resolution of identity theft cases, to prevent others from becoming victims, and to educate the public on the risk of identity theft. The report should also address whatever progress the IRS has made in implementing the recommendations for enhanced cybersecurity issued by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) in a report released on March 28, 2016. The committee also opposed the development and use of pre-filled or "simple" tax returns. In its view, such a filing system would "change the relationship between taxpayers and their government," strain IRS resources, impose new compliance burdens on employers (especially small companies), and create a conflict of interest by forcing the IRS to act simultaneously as a tax collector and enforcer of tax compliance on the one hand, and as a tax preparer on the other hand. As a result, the committee ordered the agency to refrain from working on a pilot project involving a simple tax return without first obtaining the approval of the two appropriations committees, as well as appropriations for that purpose. Another issue the committee addressed in its report on H.R. 5485 was the level of service (LOS) the IRS provides to taxpayers. Recent declines in the quality of toll-free telephone service and the quantity of written correspondence have led some to question the IRS's priorities and how it allocates resources among its main responsibilities. The committee agreed with a recommendation by the GAO that the IRS should periodically compare its level of telephone service with the best performers in the private sector to identify gaps between actual and desired performance. To encourage the IRS to adopt such an approach, the committee directed the agency to submit a plan to both appropriations committees within six months of the enactment of the bill that sets forth specific goals for improving customer service and the strategies and needed resources to accomplish them. H.R. 5485 also would have continued an administrative provision (Section 104) from FY2016 that ensured adequate funds were available for "improved facilities and increased staffing to provide efficient and effective 1-800 number help live service for taxpayers." Enforcement H.R. 5485 would have given the IRS $4.760 billion in appropriations for enforcement in FY2017, or $100.0 million less than the amount enacted for FY2016 and $456.3 million less than the budget request. Of the recommended funding, $60.3 million would have supported IRS's involvement with the Interagency Crime and Drug Enforcement program. None of the funds could be used to implement the ACA. In its report on the bill, the committee said it "is looking forward" to receiving a report from the IRS on the regulation of paid tax preparers. In June 2014, responding to a federal court ruling that the IRS lacked the authority to regulate professional tax preparers, the agency initiated a voluntary regulatory program incorporating many of the same requirements as the mandatory program the court rejected. To assess the cost-effectiveness of the voluntary program, the committee directed the IRS, in its report on a bill ( H.R. 2995 ) to fund the IRS in FY2016, to submit a report (after it had been reviewed by the GAO) to both appropriations committees within 120 days of the enactment of the bill. The report was supposed to evaluate the accuracy of returns prepared by participants in the voluntary program and the amount of any improper IRS payments resulting from those returns. It was also supposed to compare the costs of voluntary and mandatory regulatory programs and evaluate the likely impact on accuracy of a mandatory program. In addition, the committee directed the IRS to submit a report to both appropriations committees within 180 days of the enactment of H.R. 5485 on the rationale for its decision (expressed in TD 9610 and TD 9657) to require withholding on non-cash value insurance premiums, including payments by foreign insurance brokers. Operations Support Under H.R. 5485 , the IRS would have received $3.502 billion for operations support in FY2017, or $136.0 million less than the amount enacted for FY2016 and $811.6 million below the budget request. None of the recommended funding could be used to implement the ACA. In its report on the bill, the House Appropriations Committee encouraged the IRS to continue to supply printed tax forms and instructions to "vulnerable populations." Foremost among these groups, according to the committee, were residents of rural areas where Internet usage tends to be below the national average. The committee directed the IRS to submit quarterly reports during FY2017 to both appropriations committees that provide details on the obligations made by the agency in the previous quarter, the obligations it anticipates making during the remainder of the fiscal year, and the estimated number of full-time equivalent employees by department during the remainder of the year. The IRS would also have to submit quarterly reports in FY2017 on the following information technology projects: IRS.gov, Returns Remittances Processing, EDAS/IPM, Information Returns and Document Matching, E-services, Taxpayer Advocate Service Integrated System, and administration of the ACA. Each report should provide certain details about each project, including total expenditures and the performance schedule to date (by fiscal year), the anticipated costs and performance schedule in the next three months, the expected cost of completing each project, when the project began, the expected date of completion, and the current and expected degree of functionality for the project. Both the Treasury Department (probably TIGTA) and the GAO would monitor IRS's management of the projects through annual reports to the appropriations committees. In early 2016, the IRS suspended a pilot program known as Identity Protection Personal Identification Numbers (IP PINs). It was intended to prevent tax refund fraud through identity theft. Nonetheless, some IP PINs were stolen and used to file fraudulent returns. The committee directs the IRS to submit a report on the steps it has taken to prevent future theft of IP PINs, the number of people with stolen IP PINs, the amount of refunds issued as a result of the stolen IP PINs, and the assistance the IRS provided to the victims to file their returns, obtain any refunds, and secure their personal information. Business Systems Modernization H.R. 5485 would have given the IRS $290 million for the BSM program, or the same amount that was enacted for FY2016 but $53.4 million less than the budget request. In its report on bill, the House Appropriations Committee expressed support for the IRS's efforts to upgrade its business systems, especially the development of CADE2, Enterprise Case Management systems, and the Return Review Program, which is intended to bolster the IRS's ability to detect, rectify, and prevent tax refund fraud. At the same time, the committee remained concerned about the risk of unnecessary cost overruns and schedule delays. Consequently, it directed the IRS to continue submitting quarterly reports to the two appropriations committees on two BSM projects: CADE2 and MeF. Each report should address the cumulative expenditures on and performance schedule for each system to date, their cost and schedule for the previous three months and the anticipated cost and schedule for the next three months, and the total expected expenditure to complete each system. Each report should also specify when each project began, its expected dates of completion, the percentage of planned work completed, and the project's current and expected operational capabilities. In addition, the committee wanted TIGTA and the GAO to monitor IRS's management of the BSM program. It directed TIGTA to file semi-annual reports on IRS's IT investments to ensure they are "transparent" with regard to cost, schedule, and goals. The GAO was required to provide an annual report on the cost and schedule for every major IT project in FY2017, especially the projects addressed in the IRS's quarterly reports. Under H.R. 5485 , the IRS would also be required to submit quarterly reports during FY2017 to the two appropriations committees and TIGTA on the status of the agency's efforts to implement the audit trail requirements set forth in TIGTA's semi-annual report to Congress for April 1, 2015 to September 30, 2015. The reports should cover both legacy and BSM systems, and a high priority should be given to the systems most vulnerable to taxpayer identity theft. The bill, as reported by the Senate Finance Committee, would have provided $11.235 billion in appropriations for the IRS in FY2017, or the same amount that was enacted for FY2016 but $1.045 billion less than the budget request. S. 3067 also would have continued an administrative provision (Section 113) from FY2016 that gave the IRS $290 million in additional appropriations to improve the level of customer service, strengthen the agency's ability to prevent taxpayer identity theft and refund fraud, and enhance its cybersecurity systems to better protect taxpayer information. Another administrative provision (Section 101) would have allowed the IRS to transfer up to 5% of appropriated funds for FY2017 from one account to another with the advance approval of the two appropriations committees. In its report on S. 3067 , the committee explained why it did not recommend an increase in IRS appropriations similar to the budget request. In its view, the agency "does not seem to have its priorities in order" in wanting to move most interactions with taxpayers to the IRS website. The committee also says that the IRS "continues to ignore the impact of its own behavior on the attitudes of taxpayers" and remains "out of touch with taxpayers and their concerns." Furthermore, it criticized the agency for what it deemed a willingness to "cut services to taxpayers in an effort to garner support (in Congress) for increased resources." And it claimed that the IRS "continues to take actions that demonstrate its inability to be transparent about its available resources and flexibility," referring to the user fees it collects. The committee also drew attention to the contribution of user fees to the IRS operating budget. Under current law, the IRS Commissioner has unlimited control over how the IRS uses the fees. In FY2016, according to the committee, the IRS planned to devote more than half of the user fees it received to acquiring information technology needed to implement the ACA. In order to gain more insight into the agency's plans for user fees in FY2017, the committee directed the IRS to submit a user fee spending plan within 60 days of the enactment of the bill. The plan should indicate to what extent user fees support the programs and investments funded through the IRS's four appropriations accounts. In addition, S. 3067 would have imposed many of the same limits on the use of appropriated funds in FY2017 as H.R. 5485 would have done: No funds could be used to "target" U.S. citizens for exercising their First Amendment rights. No funds could be used to target groups for additional regulatory scrutiny because of their "ideological beliefs." No funds could be used to give bonuses to current employees, or to hire former employees, without taking into consideration their conduct as IRS employees and their compliance with tax laws. No funds could be used for the purpose of violating the confidentiality of tax returns. No funds could be used to develop or implement pre-populated tax returns. Taxpayer Services As reported by the committee, S. 3067 would have provided $2.156 billion in appropriations for taxpayer services in FY2017, or the same as the amount enacted for FY2016 but $250 million less than the budget request. Of the recommended funding, at least $8.0 million would go to the Tax Counseling for the Elderly program; $12.0 million to Low-Income Tax Clinic grants; $15.0 million to the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance program for matching grants (available through the end of FY2018); and $206.0 million to the Taxpayer Advocate Service, of which $5.0 million would be set aside for assisting victims of identity theft and refund fraud. In its report on S. 3067 , the committee addressed several concerns it had about taxpayer services. One concern was the IRS's latest long-range plan for aligning the agency's capability to provide services with the expectations, needs, and preferences of taxpayers; the plan is known as Future State. A primary objective of the plan is to encourage more and more taxpayers to use online tools and support to get needed assistance. Some interested parties, including the National Taxpayer Advocate (NTA), have urged the IRS to get additional input from taxpayers and tax practitioners before moving ahead with the plan. In the committee's view, too few taxpayers might have the ability to access online information (like their own tax accounts) to make Future State a feasible alternative anytime soon to visits to Taxpayer Assistance Centers (TACs) and calls to IRS's toll-free phone lines. As a result, it directed the IRS to submit a report to the two appropriations committees, the Senate Finance Committee, and the House Ways and Means Committee no later than one year after online accounts are available for use by taxpayers. The report should be done in consultation with the NTA and should focus on current usage of and future plans for online accounts, including the number and percentage of taxpayers who tried to open an account and failed. The committee also expressed concern about recent closures of TACs and the increasing number of centers staffed by one person. Citing IRS estimates, it noted that the total number of taxpayers getting assistance at TACs was expected to drop by 16% from FY2015 to FY2016. Of particular concern to the committee was the impact of Future State on rural taxpayers. In its view, TAC closures tied to the initiative would increase the dependence of many of these taxpayers on paid preparers or leave them unable to obtain timely and reliable assistance with pre-filing or post-filling questions. To address this concern, the committee directed the IRS to hold a public hearing in any community where it plans to close a TAC and to notify both appropriations committees of its intention. In addition, the IRS is required to submit a report to the committees on its "strategic plan" for improving services for rural, elderly, disabled, minority, and low-income taxpayers, closing TACs, and providing alternative services under the Future State initiative. Another issue addressed by the committee in its report on S. 3067 was the availability of adequate service for taxpayers residing in Alaska and Hawaii. The committee directed the IRS to ensure that each Taxpayer Advocate Service Center in the two states is staffed with a Collection Technical Advisor and an Examination Technical Advisor, in addition to other staff. S. 3067 would also have continued an administrative provision (Section 104) from FY2016 that pledged that "funds shall be available" to improve facilities and to increase the staff as needed to provide "sufficient and effective" toll-free telephone service with reduced wait times for taxpayers, especially those who are victims of tax crimes such as identity theft and refund fraud. Enforcement S. 3067 , as reported by the committee, recommended that the IRS receive $4.860 billion in appropriations for enforcement activities in FY2017, or the same amount that was enacted for FY2016 and $125 million less than the budget request. The committee raised several issues regarding IRS enforcement activities in its report on the bill. Perhaps the most pressing issue concerned taxpayer identity theft and related refund fraud and the steps being taken by the IRS to remedy the problem. Such fraud arises when someone intentionally uses the personal identifying information of another person to file a falsified tax return with the intent of receiving a fraudulent refund. The scope of the problem has grown in the past few years: according to a study by the National Taxpayer Advocate. IRS's inventory of identity-theft cases at the end of FY2015 was 150% greater than the inventory at the end of FY2014. In a bid to spur the IRS to do more to combat identity theft, the committee ordered the agency to make it a top priority to develop stronger safeguards to prevent identity theft and faster ways to assist taxpayers who are the victims of such a crime, drawing upon the recommendations in recent reports by the GAO, TIGTA, and the NTA. Under S. 3067 , the IRS would be required to report to the committee within 90 days of the enactment of the bill on its plans for addressing the problem. In addition, the committee directed the IRS to assign each identity-theft case to a single contact person at the agency and to report back to the appropriations committees on how long it takes, on average, for such an approach to resolve the case. Another issue was the processing of applications to determine the federal employment tax status of workers under the SS-8 program. The committee maintained that staffing for the program had failed to keep pace with its growing workload in recent years. The classification of a worker as an independent contractor or employee has significant tax implications for employers, workers, and the IRS. At issue is whether an individual or an employer is primarily responsible for paying Social Security, Medicare, and federal unemployment taxes and for withholding federal income taxes. In 1994, the IRS established the Determination of Worker Status Program to permit an employer or a worker to request an IRS determination of a worker's status as an employee or independent contractor; the program is now known as the SS-8 program. According to a 2013 TIGTA report, the inventory of cases and processing times increased from FY2009 to FY2012; more recent estimates are not available. In January 2012, the IRS began using a new method for prescreening requests for worker status determinations intended to speed up the process. The committee directed the IRS to notify the House and Senate Appropriations Committees, the Ways and Means Committee, and the Senate Finance Committee before reducing or reassigning staff for the program. Operations Support S. 3067 would have provided the IRS with $3.638 billion in appropriations for operations support in FY2017, the same as the amount enacted for FY2016 but $393 million less than the budget request. According to a 2016 GAO report, 97% of IRS's planned 23 major IT investments in FY2017 (with a total cost of $1.8 billion) will be funded through appropriations: 81% from operations support and 16% from BSM. To monitor the results and costs of these investments and the steps taken by the IRS to protect taxpayer information from cyberattacks, the committee instructed the IRS to provide both appropriations committees and the GAO with quarterly reports in FY2017 on the following IT projects: IRS.gov, Returns and Remittance Processing, EDAS/IPM, Information Returns and Document matching, E-services, Taxpayer Advocate Service Integrated System, implementation of the ACA, and "other projects associated with significant changes in the law." Each report should discuss cumulative expenditures and performance schedules for each project in previous fiscal years, its cost and schedule for the previous three months, and the expected cost and schedule for the next three months. The report should also relate when the project began, its expected date of completion, the percentage of the planned work already completed, the current usefulness of the technology, and any anticipated changes in its schedule for completion. As an added layer of scrutiny, the committee directed the Treasury Department to review IRS's IT investments every six months to "ensure the cost, schedule, and scope goals are transparent." The GAO is already required to submit an annual report to both appropriations committees on the cost and results of all major IRS IT projects in FY2017, especially those addressed in IRS's quarterly reports. Business Systems Modernization S. 3067 recommended that the BSM program receive $290.0 million in appropriations in FY2017, the same amount that was enacted for FY2016 but $53.4 million less than the budget request. In its report on the bill, the committee again expressed concern about the ability of the IRS to prevent cyber-criminals from gaining access to sensitive taxpayer information and using it to file falsified tax returns. This concern sits atop a long-standing concern about the risk of cost overruns and delays in getting the desired results from BSM projects. Exercising its oversight authority, the committee instructed the IRS to continue to submit quarterly reports in FY2017 on the cost and performance schedules for two projects: CADE2 and MeF. The reports should note when the projects began, their expected dates of completion, the percentage of planned work completed, changes in schedule, and risks unrelated to funding amounts. In addition, the Treasury Department and the GAO would have to submit separate reports (the former semi-annually and the latter annually) on the cost and results of the two projects to date. The act provides $11.235 billion in appropriations for the IRS in FY2017, the same amount that was enacted for FY2016. This amount is allocated among the four IRS appropriations accounts as follows: (1) taxpayer services: $2.156 billion, (2) enforcement: $4.860 billion, (3) operations support: $3.638 billion, and (4) BSM: $290 million. In addition, as happened in FY2016, an administrative provision (Section 113) of Division E, Title 1 of the act gives the IRS an additional $290 million (available through FY2018) for the purpose of making "measurable improvements" in the level of customer service, enhancing the online security of taxpayer information, and reducing the level of taxpayer identity theft and refund fraud. These added funds can be used only to supplement IRS appropriations in FY2015, not to replace them, and they can be accessed only after the IRS Commissioner submits a plan for the use of the funds to both appropriations committees. Several other administrative provisions in the act govern the use of FY2017 appropriations for the IRS. The key ones are the following: Section 101: up to 5% of the appropriated funds for the IRS may be transferred from one account to another with the prior consent of the appropriations committees. Section 104: funds provided to ensure that taxpayers receive "efficient and effective" toll-free telephone service. The Commissioner is directed to allocate sufficient resources to "enhance the response time to taxpayer communications," especially for victims of tax-related crimes. Section 107: no funds may be used to "target" U.S. citizens exercising their First Amendment rights. Section 108: no funds may be used to "target" groups for added regulatory scrutiny because of their "ideological beliefs." Section 110: no IRS employee may be paid a bonus or no former IRS employee may be re-hired without first considering the person's work record at the IRS and compliance with tax laws. Section 112: no funds may be used to develop pre-filled or pre-populated tax returns as part of an effort to implement a return-free filing system. Section 116: up to 2% of IRS appropriations may be transferred to TIGTA with the advance approval of the appropriations committees. Section 126: none of the funds may be used by the IRS to issue, revise, or make final any regulations or other guidance regarding the standards used to determine whether an entity qualifies for tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(4) of the federal tax code. The "standards and definitions" for that statute in effect on January 1, 2010, shall apply after the date of enactment for this act (May 5, 2017). Taxpayer Services Under P.L. 115-31 , the IRS is receiving $2.156 billion for taxpayer services in FY2017. Of that amount, $8.9 million is set aside for the Tax Counseling for the Elderly Program, $12.0 million for low-income taxpayer clinic grants, and $15 million (available through the end of FY2018) for matching grants under the Community Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program. In addition, $206.0 million is provided for the Taxpayer Advocate Service, $5 million of which is to be used for identity theft casework. Enforcement The act gives the IRS $4.860 billion for enforcement activities in FY2017. Of that amount, $50 million is available through the end of FY2018, and $60.3 million is available to support IRS's involvement in the Interagency Crime and Drug Enforcement program. Operations Support Under the act, the IRS is receiving $3.638 billion for operations support in FY2017. Of that amount, $50 million is available through the end of FY2018, $10 million is set aside for the purchase of equipment and the construction, repair, or renovation of facilities, and $1 million (available through the end of FY2019) may be used for research. The IRS is required to submit quarterly reports to both appropriations committees and the U.S. Comptroller General on the cost and performance schedule of major information technology (IT) systems, addressing such issues as the purpose and life-cycle stages of the investments and the reasons for any cost or schedule "variances." In addition, the act directs the IRS to include in its budget request for FY2018 a summary of the cost and performance schedule for the same IT systems. Business System Modernization The act provides $290 million for the BSM program; the funds will be available through the end of FY2019 for the purpose of acquiring IT systems developed under the program. In addition, the IRS is required to submit quarterly reports to both appropriations committees and the U.S. Comptroller General on the cost and performance schedule for the CADE 2 and Modernized e-File projects. Congressional consideration of funding for the IRS in FY2017 raised a number of policy issues, three of which are discussed here: How much money does the IRS need to achieve its strategic goals and effectively and efficiently meet its statutory responsibilities? Is there a sound rationale for the Administration's proposed increase in the program integrity cap under the BBEDCA for the IRS to provide additional funding for enforcement and operations support in FY2017 and succeeding years? Should Congress take into account the return on investment from IRS enforcement activities when deciding how much to appropriate for IRS operations? Appropriate Size of the IRS Budget For the second year in a row, the Obama Administration asked Congress to increase the size of the IRS budget by more than $1 billion from the amount enacted for the previous year. It contended that a substantial expansion of the resources available to the IRS was essential if the agency was to continue to meet its legal responsibilities, achieve its main strategic goals, and handle its mounting work load. The requested increases in appropriations were $1.986 billion for FY2016 and $1.045 billion for FY2017. Supporters of a much larger IRS budget have pointed to several recent trends in resources, performance, and workload to support their argument: Real enacted IRS appropriations (in 2015 dollars) were $1.949 billion (or 14.8%) lower in FY2016 than there were in FY2010. IRS's full-time equivalent workforce directly funded through appropriations decreased by 12,774 FTEs (or 13.1%) from FY2010 to FY2016. The vast share of that decrease (95.3%) was due to a reduction in FTE staff engaged in enforcement activities; enforcement staff was 12,077 FTE employees (or 23.8%) lower in FY2016 than it was in FY2010. IRS's workforce is aging, as most employees lost through attrition are not being replaced by younger workers. In FY2010, 74% of taxpayer calls to the IRS for live assistance were answered; the average wait was 10.8 minutes. By contrast, 38.1% of calls were answered in FY2015, with an average wait of 30.5 minutes. The IRS expects the level of telephone service to rise to 47%, and the average wait to drop to 25.8 minutes in FY2016. During the 2015 and 2016 filing seasons, new internal IRS rules restricted IRS customer assistance employees to answering basic tax questions, and TACs were not allowed to prepare tax returns for low-income, disabled, and elderly taxpayers seeking assistance. The IRS conducted fewer audits of individual and large corporate tax returns in FY2015 relative to FY2010. For individual audits, the decrease was 22.3%, and for corporations with assets of $10 million or more, it was 27.4%. The overage rate for IRS correspondence with taxpayers more than doubled from FY2010 (20.3% of all correspondence received) to FY2015 (49.4%). According to IRS internal rules, a correspondence is considered overage if it is not resolved within 45 days of the IRS receiving it. From 2010 to 2016, the number of individual tax returns processed by the IRS (through July of each year) rose nearly 7 million (or 5.0%). The IRS has had to take on two new major responsibilities since FY2010: implementing the ACA and FATCA. Cases involving taxpayer identity theft and refund fraud have increased considerably in both volume and the amount of improper payments since FY2010. A primary concern of proponents of a larger IRS budget is that continued declines or slow or no growth in the resources available to the IRS would further erode the effectiveness of taxpayer services, delay or cancel the implementation of critical new business systems, increase the frequency and magnitude of tax evasion and identity theft, make the IRS more vulnerable to cyberattacks aimed at stealing taxpayer information, and undermine taxpayer confidence in the fairness and efficacy of the federal income tax system. Opponents of substantial increases in the IRS budget (or proponents of additional cuts) generally do not dispute the evidence cited by proponents. Rather, they argue that increases in the IRS budget cannot be seriously considered until the IRS demonstrates repeatedly over an extended period that it is able to perform certain "critical" tasks. One is to establish sound spending priorities and pursue them effectively with available resources. A second task is to take advantage of opportunities for greater program efficiencies and cost savings. Another task is to regain the trust of taxpayers, which was deeply shaken by allegations that surfaced in 2013 that the IRS discriminated against politically conservative social welfare organizations in evaluating their applications for tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(4). Critics also maintain that with careful planning and appropriate allocations of the hundreds of millions of dollars in user fees the IRS collects each year, it should be able to meet its mandated responsibilities and make notable progress in achieving its strategic objectives, while making the changes required to satisfy the demands of critics. The arguments for and against an expansion of the IRS's budget raise at least two questions for lawmakers: Given the strategic goals, statutory responsibilities, and mounting workload of the IRS, what is the appropriate size of the IRS budget and how should it be allocated among the IRS's various functions? Is the current IRS budget sufficient to allow it to (1) reduce the federal tax gap, (2) uphold the integrity of a tax system that relies on voluntary compliance to raise needed revenue, (3) provide the services taxpayers demand to meet their tax obligations, (4) keep individuals from hacking into the IRS taxpayer databases to steal personal information and file fraudulent tax returns, (5) recruit and train younger workers to replace employees who retire or resign for other reasons, and (6) develop and install the information systems needed to increase the range of taxpayer services offered online? Increased Funding for Enforcement and Operations Support through Program Integrity Cap Adjustments The Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA, P.L. 112-25 ) amended the BBEDCA by reinstating limits on discretionary budget authority that lapsed at the end of FY2002. The current discretionary caps apply from FY2012 to FY2021. Section 251(b) (2) of the BBEDCA authorizes certain adjustments to the spending caps after the enactment of appropriations. Under the BCA, the limits on discretionary spending can be adjusted for the following reasons: changes in budget concepts and definitions, appropriations designated for requirements for emergencies, appropriations designated for Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terrorism, appropriations for continuing disability reviews and redeterminations, appropriations for controlling health care fraud and abuse, appropriations for disaster relief. The adjustments for health care fraud and abuse and for disability reviews and eligibility redeterminations allow for additional appropriations to carry out program integrity initiatives, which are activities intended to bring about a net reduction in federal spending, in part through a reduction in improper benefit payments. In each case, the adjustment must exceed a specified minimum amount of appropriations for those activities and cannot exceed a specified maximum amount. Those amounts vary from year to year between FY2012 and FY2021. This requirement is intended to ensure that the additional funding does not supplant other federal spending on these activities or is not diverted to other purposes . The Obama Administration asked Congress to provide added funding for IRS enforcement activities and operations support in FY2017 through a program integrity cap adjustment for collecting delinquent taxes (and related penalties and interest charges) and reducing improper refund payments. If it had been adopted, the request would have amended the BCA to allow for a series of adjustments to the discretionary spending limits for new investments by the IRS from FY2017 to FY2026. In FY2017, the adjustment would have totaled $514.7 million in budget authority and outlays. According to an IRS estimate, the proposed new investments over that decade would have resulted in the collection of $64 billion in additional revenue at a cost of $18 billion, yielding a net savings of $46 billion. Every budget request for the IRS since FY2006 has included a program integrity cap adjustment for enforcement funding. Congress enacted such a proposal for FY2006, FY2009, and FY2010, but not for FY2011 to FY2015. In reviewing future IRS budget requests, Congress may want to consider the advantages and disadvantages of paying for increases in IRS's enforcement activities through such an adjustment. Revenue Effects of IRS Appropriations Under current federal budget scorekeeping rules, any budgetary savings (such as increased revenue) from additional appropriations for government administrative programs is not counted as an offset to that spending. This rule goes back to the scorekeeping guidelines included in the conference report for the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 ( P.L. 101-508 ) and reaffirmed in the conference report for the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 ( P.L. 105-33 ). The guidelines are intended to ensure the consistent treatment of the budgetary effects of government programs over time. They can be changed only with the unanimous consent of all budget scorekeepers: the House and Senate Budget Committees, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), and the Office of Management and Budget. For the IRS, this convention has meant that even though some of its activities raise substantial additional revenue, the additional receipts cannot be used under congressional pay-go rules to finance tax cuts or spending increases. For example, a proposed decrease in IRS funding of 50% from the amount enacted in FY2016 would be scored as a reduction in the baseline federal budget deficit of approximately $5.4 billion in FY2016; by contrast, a proposed 50% increase in FY2016 funding would be treated as an increase in the federal budget deficit of the same amount. In both cases, even if the proposed changes in IRS funding were to affect IRS's enforcement activities only, the increase or decrease in receipts would not alter the projected federal budget deficit in FY2017. Such a limitation also applies to the budgetary impact of other government compliance activities, such as measures to prevent improper Medicare payments or improper claims for federal student loans. A key justification for the limitation is that it deters federal agencies with enforcement budgets from shifting resources to collection functions to justify requests for larger budgets for their programs. By contrast, estimates of the revenue effects of legislative proposals to alter tax laws sometimes reflect both the indirect and dynamic revenue effects. H.Res. 5 (Adopting Rules for the 114 th Congress) requires the CBO and the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) to incorporate the macroeconomic effects of major legislation in their official estimates of the cost effect used to enforce the budget resolution and other House rules. Major legislation is defined as legislation with a "gross budgetary effect" equal to or greater than 0.25% of the projected GDP for the fiscal year to which the budget resolution applies. Some argue that the current practice of disregarding the revenue effects of changes in IRS funding leads Congress to appropriate less than it otherwise should, especially for enforcement activities. A change in IRS funding may affect taxpayer compliance in ways that generate an indirect revenue effect. This effect is not scored under current scorekeeping rules. Yet the JCT does score the indirect revenue effects of proposed tax code changes. In deciding how much in appropriations the IRS receives, Congress may wish to take into account the net contribution of IRS's administration of the federal tax code to the federal budget.

Summary: At its most basic level of organization, the Treasury Department is a collection of departmental offices and operating bureaus. The bureaus as a whole typically account for 95% of Treasury's budget and workforce. Most bureaus and offices are funded through annual appropriations. Treasury appropriations are distributed among 12 accounts in FY2017: (1) Departmental Offices (DO), (2) Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI), (3) Cybersecurity Enhancement Account (CEA), (4) Department-wide Systems and Capital Investments Program (DSCIP), (5) Office of Inspector General (OIG), (6) Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA), (7) Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (SIGTARP), (8) Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), (9) Bureau of the Fiscal Service (BFS), (10) Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (ATTB), (11) Community Development Financial Institutions Fund (CDFIF), and (12) the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The President's budget request for FY2017 called for the Treasury Department to receive $13.144 billion in appropriations, including a rescission of $657 million for the Treasury Forfeiture Fund (TFF). Of the requested funds, $12.280 billion would have gone to the IRS; $353 million to the BFS; $217 million to DO; $117 million to TFI; $246 million to CDFIF; $170 million to TIGTA; $115 million to FinCEN; $106 million to ATTB; $41 million to SIGTARP; $37 million to OIG; and $5 million to DSCIP. In July 2016, the House approved a bill (H.R. 5485) providing appropriations for the Treasury Department and several other agencies in FY2017. Under the measure, Treasury would have received $11.694 billion in appropriations, including a rescission of $754 million from the TFF. This amount was $248 million less than the amount enacted for FY2016 and $1.450 billion less than the budget request. During the previous month, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported a bill (S. 3067) to fund Treasury in FY2017. Under the measure, Treasury would have received $12.040 billion in appropriations, including a rescission of $657 million from the TFF. The recommended amount was $98 million below the amount enacted for FY2016 and $1.104 billion less than the budget request. The congressional debate over funding for the IRS in FY2017 raised at least three issues: (1) the appropriate size of the IRS budget in light of recent budget cuts, (2) the advantages and disadvantages of using discretionary funding cap adjustments under the Balanced Budget Act of 2011 to pay for new IRS enforcement activities, and (3) the impact on the IRS budget of the budget scoring convention of disregarding the net revenue effect of agency administrative programs, including enforcement actions. Under the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 115-31), the 12 Treasury appropriations accounts received the following amounts for FY2017: (1) DO: $224.4 million, (2) TFI: $123.0 million, (3) CEA: $47.7 million, (4) DSCIP: $3.0 million, (5) OIG: $37.0 million, (6) TIGTA: $169.6 million, (7) SIGTARP: $41.2 million, (8) FinCEN: $115.0 million, (9) BFS: $353.1 million, (10) ATTB: $111.4 million, (11) CDFIF: $248 million, and (12) IRS: $11.235 billion.