IRS relies on automated information systems to process over 200 million taxpayer returns and collect over $1.6 trillion in taxes annually. IRS uses its computer systems to, among other things, process tax returns, maintain taxpayer data, calculate interest and penalties, and generate refunds. IRS operates facilities throughout the United States that process tax returns and other information supplied by taxpayers. The data are then electronically transmitted to master files of taxpayer information that are maintained and updated. Because of IRS’ heavy reliance on its facilities, effective security controls are critical to IRS’ ability to maintain the confidentiality of sensitive taxpayer data, safeguard assets, and ensure the reliability of financial management information. Federal law, Department of the Treasury directives, and IRS’ own internal policies and procedures require the implementation of sound security practices and standards. The Computer Security Act and the Clinger-Cohen Act require, among other things, the establishment of standards and guidelines for ensuring the security and privacy of sensitive information in federal computer systems. Similarly, IRS’ tax information security guidelines require that all computer and communications systems that process, store, or transmit taxpayer data adequately protect these data, and the Internal Revenue Code prohibits the unauthorized disclosure of federal returns and return information outside IRS. To adequately comply with these guidelines, IRS must ensure that (1) access to computer data, systems, and facilities is properly restricted and monitored, (2) changes to computer systems software are properly authorized and tested, (3) backup and recovery plans are prepared, tested, and maintained to ensure continuity of operations in the case of a disaster, and (4) data communications are adequately protected from unauthorized intrusion and interception. The need for strong and effective computer security over taxpayer information is clear. IRS computer systems contain sensitive taxpayer information such as name, address, social security number, and details on each taxpayer’s financial holdings. As we previously reported, these and similar types of information have been used to commit financial crimes and identity fraud nationwide. Commonly reported financial crimes include using someone’s personal information to fraudulently establish credit, run up debt, or take over and deplete existing financial accounts. Taxpayers can suffer injury to their reputations when credit is fraudulently established and debts incurred in their names. Bad credit could in turn lead to difficulties in obtaining loans or jobs and require a lengthy and expensive process to clear one’s personal records. Over the past 5 years, we have reviewed the effectiveness of IRS security and general controls as part of our annual audit of IRS’ financial statements. During this period, we testified and reported numerous times on the ineffectiveness of these controls in safeguarding IRS computer systems and facilities. In April 1997, we reported on serious weaknesses at five IRS facilities that we visited. These weaknesses were in eight functional areas, which are (1) physical security, (2) logical security,(3) data communications management, (4) risk analysis, (5) quality assurance, (6) internal audit and security, (7) security awareness, and (8) contingency planning. We also noted that IRS’ ability to monitor and detect the unauthorized access and perusal of electronic taxpayer records by IRS employees, also known as browsing, was limited. We reported that until these weaknesses are corrected, IRS runs the risk of its tax processing operations being disrupted and taxpayer data being improperly used, modified, or destroyed. Because of the seriousness of the weaknesses, we recommended, among other things, that IRS (1) reevaluate its current approach to computer security and report its plans for improving computer security to the Congress and (2) prepare and submit a plan to the Congress for correcting all the weaknesses identified at the five facilities and for identifying and correcting security weaknesses at the other IRS facilities. In 1997, the Congress passed the Taxpayer Browsing Protection Actwhich amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to make unlawful unauthorized access and inspection of taxpayer records a crime and to establish penalties for unlawful access and inspection of taxpayer records. The objectives of our review were to determine and summarize the status of the computer-related general control weaknesses identified at the five IRS facilities discussed in our April 1997 report and to assess the effectiveness of computer controls at a sixth facility. To determine the effectiveness of IRS’ corrective actions taken to resolve these weaknesses, we interviewed agency officials responsible for correcting them, reviewed these officials’ action plans and status reports, and conducted on-site evaluations to verify the effectiveness of corrective actions taken. Our on-site evaluations of IRS computer-related general controls were conducted in conjunction with our audit of IRS’ fiscal year 1997 custodial financial statements and with the assistance of the independent public accounting firm which also participated in the review supporting our April 1997 report. Our evaluations included the review of related IRS policies and procedures; on-site tests and observations of computer-related controls; and discussions with IRS headquarters and facility personnel, security representatives, and other pertinent officials at the locations visited. Our evaluation did not include external penetration testing of IRS computer facilities. We performed evaluations at six IRS facilities—the five facilities visited during our previous review and one additional facility. We requested and received IRS comments on the results of our on-site evaluations from the Director of the Office of Systems Standards and Evaluation, who has servicewide responsibility for computer security. We did not verify IRS’ statements regarding corrective actions taken subsequent to our site visits but plan to do so during future reviews. To evaluate IRS’ computer security management, we assessed information pertaining to computer controls in place at headquarters and field locations and held discussions with headquarters officials. We did not assess the computer-related controls that IRS plans to incorporate under any of its long-term plans to modernize its tax processing systems. We also did not assess IRS efforts to resolve the Year 2000 computing crisis. Our work was performed at IRS headquarters in Washington, D.C., and at six facilities located throughout the United States from November 1997 through July 1998. We performed our work in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. IRS has taken and is taking action to implement the recommendations contained in our April 1997 report to improve computer security. For example, IRS designated computer security as a material weakness in its fiscal year 1997 Federal Managers’ Financial Integrity Act report, acknowledging the seriousness of these computer-related general control weaknesses and the risk they pose to the agency’s operations. IRS has established the Office of Systems Standards and Evaluation to centralize responsibility for IRS security and privacy issues. The office is staffed with over 60 security, privacy, systems life-cycle, and administrative specialists led by two senior executives who report to the Chief Information Officer. The office is responsible for establishing and enforcing standards and policies for all major security programs including, but not limited to, physical security, data security, and systems security. IRS has acted to address recommendations made in our April 1997 report by preparing and transmitting to the Congress a high-level action plan for identifying and correcting the security weaknesses at all of its facilities including the five facilities discussed in our prior report; reevaluating and establishing a new approach to managing computer security that involves the resolution of security weaknesses and issues by facility type, including computing centers, service centers, district offices, and others; and submitting to the Congress its plan for improving the service’s management approach to computer security. In addition, the Office of Systems Standards and Evaluation has developed computer security awareness briefings on unauthorized access to taxpayers’ records, conducted computer security reviews at IRS facilities, and developed a tracking system for reporting the status of actions planned or taken to correct the weaknesses identified in our April 1997 report. We confirmed that IRS has corrected or has implemented compensating controls that mitigated the risks associated with 63 percent of the total weaknesses identified in our April 1997 report. Each facility had varying degrees of success resolving the weaknesses previously reported. The actual rate of resolution ranged from 42 percent to 80 percent. Corrective actions taken by one or more of the five facilities include strengthening the overall controls over physical access to IRS facilities, reducing the number of IRS employees authorized to read or change sensitive system files and/or taxpayer data, conducting risk analyses of the facilities and of locally developed computer programs, updating and testing some disaster recovery plans, and improving overall security awareness. Although IRS has made significant strides in improving computer security at certain facilities, an effective servicewide computer security management program has not yet been fully implemented. Our study of the security management practices of leading organizations found that these organizations successfully managed their information security risks through an ongoing cycle of risk management activities. As shown in figure 1, each of these activities is linked in a cycle to help ensure that business risks are continually monitored, policies and procedures are regularly updated, and controls are in effect. The risk management cycle begins with an assessment of risks and a determination of needs. This assessment includes identifying cost-effective policies and related controls. The policies and controls, as well as the risks that prompted their adoption, must be communicated to those responsible for complying with them and implemented. Finally, and perhaps most important, there must be procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of policies and related controls and reporting the resulting conclusions to those who can take appropriate corrective action. In addition, our study found that a strong central security management focal point can help ensure that the major elements of the risk management cycle are carried out and can serve as a communications link among organizational units. Since our April 1997 report, IRS has taken several actions consistent with the risk management cycle described above to improve its servicewide computer security management program. For example, IRS created the Office of Systems Standards and Evaluation as the central focal point for computer security within IRS, published revised computer security policies and procedures, promoted security awareness, and is evaluating controls at many of its facilities. However, several actions have not yet been completed or performed. For example, IRS has not fully (1) assessed risks for all of its facilities, networks, major systems, and data, (2) evaluated controls over key computing resources, and (3) implemented actions to eliminate or mitigate all of the weaknesses identified during computer control evaluations. IRS is planning or taking actions to implement these elements as part of its new strategy for its servicewide computer security management program. Until IRS fully implements an effective computer security management program, IRS is exposed to the risk that other computer control weaknesses could occur and not be detected promptly enough to prevent unnecessary losses or disruptions. Although IRS has mitigated many computer security weaknesses, weaknesses in IRS’ computer security controls continue to place IRS’ automated systems and taxpayer data at serious risk to both internal and external threats that could result in the denial of computer services or in the unauthorized disclosure, modification, or destruction of taxpayer data. Serious weaknesses still persist at all five of the facilities included in our April 1997 report and at a sixth facility reviewed in conjunction with this audit. Our current review identified weaknesses that remain uncorrected at the five facilities visited during our prior audit and additional weaknesses we identified at those locations and at a sixth facility included in this review. The weaknesses primarily pertained to the following six functional areas: physical security, logical security, data communications, risk analysis, quality assurance, and contingency planning. These weaknesses expose taxpayers to an increased risk of loss and damages due to identity theft and other financial crimes resulting from the unauthorized disclosure and use of information they provide to IRS. A synopsis of these weaknesses by functional area follows. Physical security involves restricting physical access to computer resources, usually by limiting access to the buildings and rooms where these resources are housed to protect them from intentional or unintentional loss or impairment. Physical access control measures such as locks, guards, fences, and surveillance equipment are critical to safeguarding taxpayer data and computer operations from internal and external threats. We found continuing and new physical security weaknesses at the facilities visited. The following are examples of weaknesses that have not yet been corrected. Access to sensitive computing areas, such as computer rooms, data communications areas, and tape libraries was not adequately controlled. For example, non-librarians without a legitimate business need could gain unauthorized access to sensitive tape libraries because there were no additional control measures restricting access to tape libraries from other controlled areas. Facilities visited could not account for a total of 397 missing computer tapes, some of which contain sensitive taxpayer data or privacy information. Logical security controls are designed to limit or detect access to computer programs, data, and other computing resources to protect these resources from unauthorized modification, loss, and disclosure. Logical security control measures include the use of safeguards incorporated in computer hardware, system and application software, communication hardware and software, and related devices. These safeguards include user identification codes, passwords, access control lists, and security software programs. Logical controls restrict the access of legitimate users to the specific systems, programs, and files they need to conduct their work and prevent unauthorized users from gaining access to computing resources. Controls over access to and modification of system software are essential to protect the overall integrity and reliability of information systems. We identified weaknesses relating to logical security controls at the six sites reviewed. Examples of uncorrected vulnerabilities include the following. Computer support personnel whose job responsibilities did not require it were given the ability to change, alter, or delete taxpayer data and associated programs. Access to system software was not limited to individuals with a need to know. For example, we found that database administrators had access to system software, although their job functions and responsibilities did not require it. The powerful “root” authority, which allows users to read, modify, and delete any data file, execute any program, and activate or deactivate audit logs, had been granted to 12 computer systems analysts at one facility whose assigned duties did not require such capabilities. Individuals without a need to know had access to key system logs that provided the capability to perform unauthorized system activities and then alter the audit trail to avoid detection. Tapes and disks containing taxpayer data were not overwritten prior to reuse, thus potentially allowing unauthorized access to sensitive data and computer programs. Security software was not configured to provide optimum security over tape media. In addition, IRS’ ability to detect and monitor unauthorized access by employees remains limited. The information system, Electronic Audit Research Log, developed by IRS to monitor and detect browsing can not detect all instances of browsing or unauthorized access to taxpayer records because it only monitors employees using the Integrated Data Retrieval System, the primary computer system IRS employees use to access and adjust taxpayer accounts. The Electronic Audit Research Log does not monitor the activities of IRS employees using other systems, such as the Distributed Input System and Totally Integrated Examination System, which are also used to create, access, or modify taxpayer data. In addition, the Electronic Audit Research Log does not adequately distinguish potential unauthorized accesses to taxpayer data from legitimate activity. As a result, the effort to investigate potential unauthorized accesses is time-consuming and difficult. IRS is developing a new system, the Audit Trail Lead Analysis System, which is intended to improve its capability to distinguish between unauthorized accesses and legitimate activity. If properly implemented, this system would improve IRS’ capability to detect unauthorized accesses to taxpayer data. However, the Audit Trail Lead Analysis System is not scheduled to be implemented until January 1999 and will only monitor the activities of IRS employees using the Integrated Data Retrieval System and not other systems used to create, access, or modify taxpayer data. As a result of these logical security weaknesses, taxpayer and other sensitive data and programs were placed at unnecessary risk of unauthorized modification, loss, and disclosure without detection. Data communications management is the function of monitoring and controlling communications networks to ensure that they operate as intended and securely transmit timely, accurate, and reliable data. Without adequate data communications security, the data being transmitted can be destroyed, altered, or diverted, and the equipment itself can be damaged. We identified data communications weaknesses at IRS facilities. Examples of the weaknesses existing at the time of our review include the following. Telecommunications equipment was still not physically protected, thus increasing the risk of improper use, modification, or destruction of data, as well as potential equipment damage. For example, telecommunications patch panels were not placed in a locked closet or enclosure, thereby increasing the risk of unauthorized tampering with these telecommunication connections. Dial-in access was not adequately protected. For example, data transmitted over telecommunications lines were not encrypted. Because plain text was transmitted, sensitive taxpayer data remained vulnerable to unauthorized access and disclosure. The purpose of a risk analysis is to identify security threats, determine their magnitude, and identify areas needing additional safeguards. Without these analyses, systems’ vulnerabilities may not be identified and appropriate controls may not be implemented to correct them. We found weaknesses in this area at the facilities visited. For example, we found that risk analyses of the facilities’ local networks had not been performed or were not available. Without these analyses, IRS system vulnerabilities may go undetected, thereby jeopardizing IRS processing operations and sensitive taxpayer data. Controls over the design, development, and modification of computer software help to ensure that all programs and program modifications are properly authorized, tested, and approved. An effective quality assurance program requires reviewing software products and software change control activities to ensure that they comply with the applicable processes, standards, and procedures and satisfy the control and security requirements of the organization. One aspect of a quality assurance program is validating that software changes are adequately tested and will not introduce vulnerabilities into the system. We identified weaknesses at IRS facilities. Examples of these weaknesses follow. There was no independent quality assurance review or testing of locally developed programs. Application programmers have the capability to access or modify production computer software programs after the programs have been reviewed or tested, increasing the risk of unauthorized changes to production programs. Application programmers use real taxpayer data for software testing purposes, increasing the risk that sensitive taxpayer data could be disclosed to unauthorized individuals. Without adequate quality assurance and control over the software development and change process, IRS runs a greater risk that software supporting its operations will not (1) produce reliable data, (2) execute transactions in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and management policies, or (3) effectively meet operational needs. An organization’s ability to accomplish its mission can be significantly affected if it loses the ability to process, retrieve, and protect information that is maintained electronically. For this reason, organizations should have (1) established procedures for protecting information resources and minimizing the risk of unplanned interruptions, (2) a disaster recovery plan for restoring critical data processing capabilities, and (3) a business resumption plan for resuming business operations should interruptions occur. Disaster recovery and business resumption plans specify emergency response procedures, backup operations, and postdisaster recovery procedures to ensure the availability of critical resources and facilitate the continuity of operations in an emergency. These plans address how an organization will deal with a full range of contingencies, from electrical power failures to catastrophic events, such as earthquakes, floods, and fires. The plans also identify essential business functions and rank resources in order of criticality. To be most effective, disaster recovery and business resumption plans should be periodically tested and employees should be trained in and familiar with the use of these plans. We found weaknesses relating to contingency planning at the facilities reviewed, as the following examples illustrate. Disaster recovery plans had not been completed or lacked essential information, such as designation of an alternate computer processing site, telecommunications requirements, and procedures for restoring mission-critical processes and applications. Disaster recovery procedures were not adequately tested to determine IRS’ ability to restore and operate all mission-critical applications. Disaster recovery goals and milestones were not developed based on users’ business needs, which provides little assurance that users’ processing needs will be met in the event of a disaster. Business resumption plans had not been developed or were incomplete. Backup generator capacity or the alternate electrical power source did not effectively meet the needs of the facilities. Due to the nature of these and other weaknesses, IRS facilities may not be able to recover their data processing capabilities, resume business operations, and restore critical data promptly in the event of a disaster or disruption of service. Consequently, IRS has little assurance that during a crisis (1) the cost of recovery efforts or the reestablishment of operations at a remote location will be kept to a minimum, (2) taxpayer data will not be lost, (3) transactions will be processed accurately and correctly, and (4) complete and accurate taxpayer, financial, or management information will be readily available. IRS has made significant progress in correcting its serious weaknesses in computer security controls intended to safeguard IRS computer systems, data, and facilities. However, serious weaknesses remain uncorrected and IRS has not yet fully assessed all of the risks to its computer processing operations nor has it evaluated the effectiveness of computer controls over key computing resources, which indicates that the service does not know the full extent of its computer security vulnerabilities. Until IRS identifies and corrects all of its critical computer security weaknesses and fully institutionalizes an effective servicewide computer security management program, the service will continue to expose its tax processing operations to the risk of disruption; taxpayer data to the risk of unauthorized use, modification, and destruction; and taxpayers to loss and damages resulting from identity fraud and other financial crimes. We recommend that the Commissioner of Internal Revenue direct the Chief Information Officer and Director of the Office of Systems Standards and Evaluation to work in conjunction with the facility directors as appropriate to continue efforts to implement appropriate control measures to limit physical access to facilities, computer rooms, and computing resources based on job responsibility; limit access authority to only those computer programs and data needed to perform job responsibilities and review access authority regularly to identify and correct inappropriate access; configure security software to provide optimum security over tape media; establish adequate safeguards over telecommunications equipment and remote access to IRS systems; ensure that all computer programs and program modifications are authorized, tested, and independently reviewed and that real taxpayer data is not used for software testing; and establish controls that ensure that disaster recovery plans and business resumption plans are comprehensive, current, and fully tested. We also recommend that the Commissioner of Internal Revenue ensure that IRS completes the implementation of an effective servicewide computer security management program. This program should include procedures for assessing risks for all of IRS’ facilities, networks, major systems, and taxpayer data on a regular, ongoing basis to ensure that controls are adequate; periodically evaluating the effectiveness of controls over key computing resources at IRS facilities; and implementing actions to correct or mitigate weaknesses identified during such computer control evaluations. In commenting on a draft of this report, IRS agreed with our recommendations and stated that the report’s conclusions and recommendations are consistent with its ongoing actions to improve systems security. IRS specified the actions it has taken or plans to take to adequately mitigate the remaining weaknesses and stated that an additional 12 percent of the weaknesses have been corrected since the completion of our review. We will review the actions taken by IRS to mitigate the remaining weaknesses as part of our audit of IRS’ fiscal year 1998 financial statements. As agreed with your office, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we will not distribute it until 30 days from the date of this letter. At that time, we will send copies to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Members of the Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government, House Committee on Appropriations; Subcommittee on Treasury, General Government, and Civil Service, Senate Committee on Appropriations; Senate Committee on Finance; House Committee on Ways and Means; and House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight. We will also send copies to the Secretary of the Treasury, Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and Director of the Office of Management and Budget. Copies will be made available to others upon request. If you have questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-3317. Major contributors to this report are listed in appendix II. Gregory C. Wilshusen, Assistant Director, (202) 512-6244 Ronald E. Parker, Senior Information Systems Analyst Walter P. Opaska, Senior Information Systems Auditor The first copy of each GAO report and testimony is free. Additional copies are $2 each. Orders should be sent to the following address, accompanied by a check or money order made out to the Superintendent of Documents, when necessary. VISA and MasterCard credit cards are accepted, also. Orders for 100 or more copies to be mailed to a single address are discounted 25 percent. U.S. General Accounting Office P.O. Box 37050 Washington, DC 20013 Room 1100 700 4th St. NW (corner of 4th and G Sts. 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Summary: Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) progress in correcting serious computer security weaknesses at five IRS facilities, focusing on: (1) additional security weaknesses identified at the five facilities and at an IRS facility not included in GAO's previous report; and (2) steps IRS has taken or plans to take to implement a service-wide computer security management program. GAO noted that:(1) IRS is making significant progress to improve computer security over its facilities; (2) since GAO's April 1997 report, IRS has acknowledged the seriousness of its computer security weaknesses, consolidated overall responsibility for computer security management within one executive-level office under its Chief Information Officer, reevaluated its approach to computer security management, and developed a high-level plan for mitigating the weaknesses GAO identified; (3) GAO found that IRS has corrected or mitigated the risks associated with 63 percent of the weaknesses discussed in its prior report; (4) while progress has been made, serious weaknesses continue to exist at the five facilities visited during GAO's prior audit, and it identified several additional weaknesses at those locations and at a sixth facility included in this review; (5) these weaknesses exist primarily because IRS has not yet fully institutionalized its computer security management program; (6) these weaknesses affect IRS' ability to control physical access to its data processing facilities and sensitive taxpayer data and computer programs, prevent or detect unauthorized changes to taxpayer data or computer software, and restore essential IRS operations following an emergency or natural disaster; (7) until these weaknesses are mitigated, IRS continues to run the risk of its tax processing operations being disrupted; (8) furthermore, sensitive taxpayer data entrusted to IRS could be disclosed to unauthorized individuals, improperly used or modified, or destroyed, thereby exposing taxpayers to loss or damages resulting from identity fraud and other financial crimes; (9) in comments agreeing with GAO's recommendations, IRS stated that since the end of GAO's review, it had also specified actions planned and under way to address the remaining weaknesses; and (10) GAO will review those actions as part of its audit of IRS' fiscal year 1998 financial statements.