Responsibility for dietary supplement oversight is shared among several offices at FDA: FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) manages the CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS), which collects and stores AERs related to foods and dietary supplements. CFSAN also houses the Division of Dietary Supplement Programs, within its Office of Nutrition, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, which is responsible for developing guidance, providing scientific and technical expertise, and directing dietary supplement priorities across the agency. Additionally, CFSAN’s Office of Compliance has primary responsibility for compliance and enforcement of FDA regulations and federal laws within FDA’s jurisdiction with respect to foods—such as dietary supplements— including coordinating compliance and regulatory actions within the center and with other FDA components. Among other responsibilities, the Office of Compliance reviews incoming investigational findings and recommendations to determine if a proposed action or remedy is supported by the documented observations and other evidence; assesses the integrity and relevance of the evidence; and obtains necessary scientific verification from appropriate subject matter experts. FDA’s Office of Regulatory Affairs is responsible for managing the agency’s field operations in 25 regional and district offices for each of FDA’s centers, including CFSAN. Among other responsibilities, the Office of Regulatory Affairs supports FDA centers by performing inspections and import operations. The Office of Regulatory Affairs also takes advisory and regulatory actions for dietary supplements, but generally these actions are coordinated with CFSAN’s Office of Compliance. FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research is responsible for oversight of over-the-counter and prescription drugs, including generic drugs and some biological therapeutics. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research officials work with other FDA offices to identify products that are marketed as dietary supplements but that have been deliberately adulterated with active ingredients in FDA-approved drugs or their analogues. Once identified, FDA alerts the public and takes action to protect the public through a variety of consumer protection actions, such as working with firms on voluntary product recalls. Table 2 provides examples of consumer protection actions FDA may take in response to identified safety concerns. According to FDA officials, the estimated resources for all dietary supplement activities across FDA grew slightly from $14.6 million in fiscal year 2009 to a projected $18.9 million in fiscal year 2012. These activities include regulatory and technical review, policy and guidance development, research, education and outreach, compliance and inspection activities, and associated administrative support activities, including infrastructure costs. There are three different paths consumers, health care practitioners, or others can follow for reporting any serious, moderate, or mild health problem related to a dietary supplement to FDA. First, consumers, health care practitioners, or others can complete an electronic voluntary AER form at FDA’s MedWatch webpage—FDA’s agencywide safety information and adverse event reporting program—and submit it to FDA. The information is then sent to CFSAN via fax. Second, consumers, health care practitioners, or others can report the health problem to the dietary supplement firm listed on the product label. The firm evaluates the problem and, if it determines it to be serious in accordance with the 2006 act, it is to complete a hard copy mandatory AER form and submit the form to FDA by mail, along with a copy of the product label. If the firm determines the problem is not serious, it can complete and submit a voluntary AER form at its discretion. Third, consumers, health care practitioners, or others can report the health problem to an FDA Consumer Complaint Coordinator. The coordinators are located in FDA district offices and document and follow up on a variety of health and nonhealth-related complaints about FDA-regulated products. Coordinators enter health problems reported by consumers into a database from which the health problems are later uploaded into the CAERS database as voluntary AERs, as shown in figure 1. Alternatively, consumers, health care practitioners, or others can call a poison center about a health problem. Poison centers are independently operated and provide free medical advice from health care professionals who are trained in the toxicological management of poison exposures and can address toxic exposure situations and adverse events. Poison exposures can result from a variety of circumstances and substances, including adverse reactions to dietary supplements under use as directed. Calls received at the 57 poison centers covering the United States and its territories are uploaded into a national database for analysis. However, the 57 poison centers are not an adverse event reporting system. Consequently, individual health problems involving dietary supplements and managed as poison exposure cases by poison centers are generally not sent to CFSAN. When reporting a health problem to FDA, individuals are asked to provide a short description of the reported health problem; a brief description of the affected person, such as age, gender, weight, and any preexisting medical conditions; and information about the dietary supplement, such as the product name and manufacturer, as well as dosage associated with the health problem. Firms submitting mandatory AERs are also asked to provide the above information. However, to avoid duplication in its database, FDA asks for the following five data elements at a minimum for mandatory AERs: (1) an identifiable patient, (2) an identifiable individual who is reporting the health problem to the firm, (3) identity and contact information for the responsible firm submitting the serious AER to FDA, (4) a suspect dietary supplement, and (5) a serious adverse event or fatal outcome. Once FDA receives an AER for a serious, moderate, or mild health problem, contractors enter the information into the CAERS database, either electronically or manually, and record information by product, industry code, ingredient(s), medical symptom(s) and other information. CAERS staff review the AERs for accuracy and then distribute them to subject matter experts within CFSAN’s program offices, including the Division of Dietary Supplement Programs, for their review. These subject matter experts review the AERs to determine the extent of the relationship between the reported health problem and the product. In addition, CAERS data analysts use statistical tools to analyze relationships across all AERs to detect potential indicators of unsafe products, including patterns or relationships among health problems, products, and ingredients that are found to be significant, according to CFSAN officials. These officials said that, if CFSAN’s subject matter experts find that a product in an AER contains active ingredients in FDA- approved drugs or their analogues, the AER is shared with FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, which shares oversight responsibility for supplement products that have been deliberately adulterated with active ingredients in FDA-approved drugs or their analogues. If an issue related to compliance with dietary supplement regulations is identified— such as CGMPs describing the conditions under which supplements must be manufactured, packed, and held—CFSAN’s subject matter experts pass the AER or cluster of AERs to CFSAN’s Office of Compliance, which works with FDA’s Office of Regulatory Affairs to determine if consumer protection actions are needed, as shown in figure 2. FDA uses other postmarket surveillance approaches in addition to AERs to identify potential safety concerns and conduct oversight related to dietary supplements. Examples of these approaches are listed in table 1. According to FDA officials, inspections of dietary supplement firms constitute the agency’s primary method for monitoring compliance with requirements to report adverse events. According to CFSAN guidance, FDA investigators take several steps during inspections to monitor compliance with AER requirements, including determining whether a firm has a process in place to report serious adverse events, determining whether the firm has any serious AERs that it did not submit to FDA, and reviewing labels to determine if the product has contact information for reporting AERs. As table 2 shows, once FDA has identified a potential safety concern or a violation for dietary supplements, it has a range of consumer protection actions available, from advisory actions, such as issuing a warning letter, to regulatory actions, such as seizing adulterated dietary supplements. According to FDA officials, products or ingredients of greatest concern for public health are subject to regulatory actions. In addition, FDA may pursue a regulatory action against a firm if the firm does not correct violations in response to an advisory action, such as a warning letter. FDA received more than 6,000 AERs from 2008 through 2011, primarily from industry, and most of these AERs were for supplements containing a combination of different types of ingredients (e.g., vitamins and minerals) or supplements that were otherwise not classified into one of FDA’s existing product categories, according to our analysis of FDA data. However, FDA may not have received information on all adverse events that are associated with dietary supplements because consumers and others may not be voluntarily reporting them to FDA—either directly or through firms—although they may be contacting poison centers about some of these events. Specifically, poison centers received over 1,000 more reports of adverse events from 2008 through 2010 than FDA did. From 2008 through 2011, FDA received a total of 6,307 AERs related to dietary supplements; 71 percent of these AERs came from industry for serious health problems (i.e., based on consumer, health care practitioner, or others’ reports), and most of these AERs were linked with dietary supplements containing a combination of ingredients—such as products containing both vitamins and minerals or otherwise unclassified dietary supplements—according to our analysis of FDA data. Specifically, the total number of AERs FDA received annually more than doubled over the period, from 1,119 in 2008 to 2,480 in 2011. This rise in AERs was driven by a large increase in the number of mandatory industry AERs, according to our analysis. As shown in figure 3, mandatory AERs almost tripled from 2008 through 2011, from 689 in 2008 to 2,040 in 2011. During the same period, AERs submitted voluntarily by consumers, industry, health care practitioners, and others remained relatively stable, averaging 461 annually. All mandatory AERS from industry involved serious health problems, and FDA classified roughly 64 percent (1,179) of all voluntary AERs (1,844) as “serious as reported.” “Serious as reported” means that the adverse event met the criteria to be classified as serious as it was reported to FDA (based on the reporter’s responses to standard questions about it), whether or not FDA’s later medical review classified it as serious. Appendix II incorporates data on AERs from our 2009 report to provide information on AERs FDA received from January 1, 2003, through September 30, 2012. According to FDA officials, two factors are driving the increase in mandatory AERs. First, FDA has increased its enforcement efforts against AER noncompliance. For example, FDA has taken advisory actions, such as issuing warning letters, against firms that have not reported serious AERs or failed to include contact information to report an adverse event on the product label. Second, lawsuits have publicized the consequences of adverse events and a firm’s decision not to report these events. Specifically, a number of lawsuits have been filed against firms that produced and distributed Hydroxycut™—a weight loss supplement linked to serious liver damage—that cite FDA’s request for a recall because of AERs as evidence. In addition, in 2011, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of investors suing a publicly traded drug manufacturing firm for securities fraud, allowing shareholders to rely on the firm’s decision not to report, among other things, AERs as grounds for a claim in their suit. FDA officials stated that these lawsuits have raised firms’ sensitivity to the risk involved in noncompliance with AER requirements, leading to the increase in mandatory AERs. The 6,307 AERs FDA received from 2008 to 2011 reported the following serious outcomes: 53 percent (3,370) resulted in unspecified important medical events of 29 percent (1,836) resulted in hospitalization, 20 percent (1,272) resulted in serious injuries or illnesses, 8 percent (512) resulted in a life-threatening condition, and 2 percent (92) resulted in death. When interpreting AERs, FDA officials said that it is important to understand that an AER by itself does not demonstrate a causal relationship between the dietary supplement and the reported health problem. Rather, the officials said that there are several other factors that must be considered to determine causality, such as the role of other products consumed at the same time and preexisting health conditions. Some demographic information on the individuals affected by these and other outcomes in the AERs was available. Specifically, of the 6,307 AERs, 63 percent (3,980) affected females; however, the age of the individual affected was missing in about one-third (2,029) of the AERs. According to FDA officials, the absence of such information can hinder the agency’s ability to determine whether there is a causal relationship between the product and the reported health problem. As shown in figure 4, the vast majority (5,248) of the supplements identified in the AERs were a combination of different types of dietary ingredients (e.g., vitamins and minerals) or supplements that were not otherwise classified by FDA into one of the agency’s existing supplement categories. Vitamins were the second most frequently reported supplement, included in 952 AERs, followed by minerals, included in 619 AERs. According to FDA officials, the predominance of combination and unclassified supplements in AERs reflects the growing number of complex supplements on the market. These officials said that these supplements are challenging for FDA because of limited scientific knowledge on how different supplement ingredients interact and their effect on consumers’ health. Although product names are not standardized within CAERs, we matched firm and product names across AERs data to estimate which types of products were associated with the most mandatory AERs. According to our analysis, 6 of the 10 supplements receiving the most mandatory AERs were multivitamins; 2 were weight-loss supplements; 1 was an energy supplement, and 1 was an herbal concentrate. Three supplements were associated with over roughly 100 AERs; 7 were associated with about 51 to 100 AERs; and 24 were associated with about 26 to 50 AERs. Most of the supplements identified in the mandatory AERs were associated with approximately one AER from 2008 to 2011. FDA relies on consumers, health care practitioners, and others to voluntarily report adverse events associated with dietary supplements to FDA and to firms and, in turn, FDA relies on firms to submit to it any serious AERs it receives from these individuals, as required by law. However, FDA may not receive information on all adverse events that are associated with dietary supplements because consumers and others may not be voluntarily reporting these AERs—either directly or through firms, as indicated by our analysis and interviews with FDA officials. We found several potential reasons for this underreporting based on our review of relevant studies and our prior work. For example, we and others have reported that consumers, health care practitioners, or others may not recognize the chronic or cumulative toxic effects of a dietary supplement, or they may broadly assume dietary supplements to be safe and not attribute negative effects to them. Additionally, in an October 2012 report, the HHS Office of Inspector General found that 20 percent of a judgmental sample of 127 weight loss and immune support dietary supplements did not have contact information that would enable consumers and health care practitioners to report adverse events. The HHS Inspector General study is not representative of the dietary supplement industry but indicates that some firms may not be providing consumers with the necessary information to report adverse events to firms, which could lead to underreporting if consumers do not report the adverse event directly to FDA. FDA officials said that they receive fewer AERs than they would expect to given the number of dietary supplements on the market and their widespread use. However, they said that, similar to other voluntary reporting systems, the extent of underreporting is unknown because the agency can only know about those adverse events that are reported to it. One potential measure of underreporting is the number of dietary supplement-related health problems managed as poison exposure cases by poison centers. According to annual reports by the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), poison centers received 145,775 calls from consumers or others related to dietary supplements from 2008 through 2010. These include cases in which the consumer took more than the directed amount of a product, accidentally ingested the product, or used the product as directed but experienced an adverse event. According to AAPCC reports, there were 4,863 cases of adverse events from 2008 to 2010, over 1,000 more than the 3,827 AERs FDA received during the same period. We could not estimate how much overlap, if any, occurred between cases reported to FDA and the poison centers or determine whether some of the cases managed by poison centers were serious and might have also been reported to firms. However, the greater number of calls received by poison centers suggests that consumers, health care practitioners, and others may have contacted poison centers without reporting the adverse event to FDA. FDA officials said that they are interested in reviewing the poison center data related to dietary supplements and have held discussions with AAPCC representatives. Specifically, CFSAN officials said that they want to review the raw poison center data on dietary supplements to understand what it includes and whether it would be useful for their analysis. However, these officials said that they were unable to review the raw dietary supplement data without purchasing it and said that FDA should have access to the data at no additional cost given the current level of federal support for poison centers. For example, a 2012 study commissioned by the AAPCC, federal funding accounted for an estimated 13 percent (about $17 million) of poison centers’ annual operating budget in 2011. An FDA official noted that, in a 2004 report, the Institute of Medicine recommended that poison center data become available to all appropriate local, state, and federal public health units on a real-time basis and at no additional cost. In this report, the Institute of Medicine also recommended that poison centers receive sufficient federal funding to cover core activities, which at the time were estimated to cost approximately $100 million annually. According to AAPCC representatives, AAPCC does not receive federal appropriations to cover cost of collecting, maintaining, and sharing poison center data at the national level and generally charges federal agencies to access the data. AAPCC representatives also said that they were willing to work with FDA on reduced pricing. Specifically, based on a May 2012 quote, accessing 4 years’ worth of AAPCC data of about 5,400 product codes would have cost almost $76 million prior to the AAPCC discount, and $800,000 after the discount. However, even with the significant AAPCC discount, access to the data remained more than twice the nearly $400,000 budgeted to process and perform surveillance of dietary supplement adverse events in fiscal year 2011. According to CFSAN officials, as of October 2012, negotiations with AAPCC had stalled at the CFSAN level. CFSAN officials said that the cost of accessing the data was a factor. They also said that, although negotiations had stalled at the CFSAN level, as of December, 2012, they were ongoing at the department level, but from their perspective, progress remained difficult. According to CFSAN officials, the greatest challenge for identifying potential safety concerns from AERs is the small number of AERs that FDA receives related to dietary supplements. Specifically, these officials said that it is difficult to establish a baseline of doses and responses to help the agency detect anomalies that might indicate a potential safety concern using such a small number of AERs. These officials also said that they could not determine whether the poison center data would be useful for such signal detection until they could access it. However, researchers and the HHS Inspector General have concluded that accessing poison center data may help FDA detect and monitor potential safety concerns. For example, a 2008 study performed in conjunction with CFSAN and the San Francisco Division of the California Poison Control System concluded that active surveillance of poison center reports of dietary supplement adverse events could enable rapid detection of potentially harmful products and may facilitate oversight. Additionally, under contract with the AAPCC, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)—like FDA, an HHS component—has used national poison center data to identify and track adverse events related to dietary supplements. For example, in March 2008, poison centers in three states (Florida, Georgia, and Tennessee), state health departments, and FDA began receiving voluntary AERs of muscle cramps, hair loss, and joint pain related to Total Body Formula and Total Body Mega Formula. On FDA’s behalf, CDC scientists used national poison center data to identify which states were reporting similar cases and to track the geographical extent of the outbreak. If FDA can access more information about dietary supplement-related adverse events that are reported to poison centers, FDA may be able to analyze the increased data on doses and responses to help it identify potential safety concerns. To help ensure firms are complying with AER requirements for submitting serious AERs, maintaining AER records, and including AER contact information on supplement labels, from 2008 through 2011, FDA increased its monitoring of firms through inspections and has taken some advisory and regulatory actions against noncompliant firms. FDA has increased its compliance monitoring of firms through inspections to help ensure that dietary supplement firms are complying with AER requirements for (1) reporting serious AERs within 15 business days, (2) maintaining AER records for 6 years, and (3) including domestic contact information on product labels for individuals to submit AERs, according to our analysis of FDA data. Specifically, in 2008, FDA inspected 120 dietary supplement firms, which represented at least 6 percent of FDA’s total inventory of dietary supplement firms at the beginning of 2008. In contrast, from January through September 2012, FDA inspected 410 dietary supplement firms, which represented at least 18 percent of FDA’s total inventory of dietary supplement firms at the beginning of 2012. FDA also increased the number of foreign firms it inspected over this period, from conducting no inspections in 2008 to conducting 35 from January through September 2012. Figure 5 shows the number of foreign and domestic inspections of dietary supplement firms FDA or its partners at the state level conducted annually from January 1, 2008 to September 30, 2012. According to FDA officials, the key factors underlying this increase in inspections were the full implementation of dietary supplement CGMP regulations in 2010 (i.e., describing the conditions under which supplements must be manufactured, packed, and held) and an increase in field investigators available to conduct inspections. The dietary supplement CGMP regulations established new quality control standards for dietary supplement firms and new compliance criteria for FDA investigators to use during dietary supplement inspections. The CGMPs were phased in by firm size starting in 2008, with full implementation completed in 2010. Additionally, an FDA official said that new field investigators became available to conduct inspections in 2010 and 2011. These investigators had been hired following higher appropriations for FDA in fiscal years 2008 and 2009, but they did not become available to conduct inspections until 2010 and 2011 because it takes 1 to 2 years of training before an investigator is ready to perform inspections, according to this official. As the CGMPs were being phased in, FDA identified problems or concerns during inspections, such as a manufacturer not maintaining, cleaning, or sanitizing equipment. The percentage of inspections where FDA identified problems or concerns increased from 51 percent in 2008 to 73 percent in 2011, largely resulting from CGMP inspections, according to our analysis. See figure 6 for the proportion of dietary supplement inspections where FDA identified problems or concerns from 2008 to 2011. According to our analysis of FDA inspection results from fiscal years 2008 through 2012, FDA identified 20 problems related to AER requirements during inspections. In 3 of these instances, FDA found that the firm did not submit a mandatory AER within the required 15 days. In the 17 other instances, FDA found that a firm did not submit a mandatory AER. When FDA identifies a problem during an inspection, firms may decide to take voluntary corrective action, or FDA may choose to take an advisory or regulatory action against the firm for the observed violations. We identified a total of 19 advisory and regulatory actions that FDA initiated from 2008 to 2011 for noncompliance with AER requirements. Specifically, we found three warning letters (advisory actions), one injunction (regulatory action) to prevent the sale of a firm’s products, and 15 import refusals (regulatory actions). All three of the warning letters stated that the supplement label did not include domestic contact information so that individuals could report an adverse event. The injunction against the dietary supplement manufacturer cited noncompliance with several sections of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, including the failure to report serious adverse events as required by law. It prohibited the firm from producing and distributing over 400 products; this was the first time FDA had taken legal action against a large manufacturer for CGMP noncompliance, according to FDA documents. All of the 15 import refusals—spanning nine supplement companies—that we identified cited violations of supplement labeling requirements for domestic contact information so that individuals can report an adverse event. Table 3 provides more information on the 19 advisory and regulatory actions related to noncompliance with AER requirements that we identified. According to FDA officials, inspections are the primary way FDA identifies and develops direct evidence of noncompliance with AER requirements. However, FDA and others have identified noncompliant firms through other surveillance actions. Specifically, FDA can also identify and act on noncompliance with some AER requirements through Internet monitoring. For example, in March 2012, after reviewing a product label on a firm’s website, FDA sent a warning letter to the firm for failing to include domestic contact information to report an adverse event on the product label. In addition, in October 2012, the HHS Inspector General reported that 20 percent of a judgmental sample of 127 dietary supplement products purchased from retail stores or online lacked contact information to report adverse events. This study is not representative of the dietary supplement industry, but it indicates that compliance with AER requirements remains an issue for some firms. According to Inspector General officials, the Inspector General provided a list of the noncompliant firms to FDA for the agency’s review. FDA can estimate noncompliance to some extent using its known advisory and regulatory actions specific to AER requirements, but the actual number of noncompliant firms may not be fully reflected by these data. For example, an FDA official said that companies that deliberately adulterate supplement products with active pharmaceutical ingredients to increase their potency probably are also noncompliant with AER requirements, but FDA can only act on those violations for which it has direct evidence. Specifically, FDA may be able to identify a supplement adulterated with such ingredients from voluntary AERs submitted by consumers, health care practitioners, or others, but it would need to perform an inspection to determine noncompliance with most AER requirements. FDA may also have difficulty targeting such firms for inspections because they may not register with FDA as required by law. For example, in its October 2012 report, the HHS Inspector General found that 28 percent, or 22 of the 79 companies in its sample, had not registered with FDA as required. FDA officials believe that the rate of noncompliance is greater than the regulatory action data indicate, but these officials told us that they have not estimated what the noncompliance rate might be because they cannot make assumptions about the behavior of firms. FDA has used AERs for some consumer protection actions (i.e., surveillance, advisory, and regulatory actions), although the exact number is largely unknown. FDA officials said that most AERs do not initiate or support consumer protection actions because it is difficult to establish causality based on the limited information in an AER. However, FDA does not collect information on how it uses AERs for its consumer protection actions; FDA could draw on such information to assess whether AERs are being used to their fullest extent for consumer protection. FDA could also expand electronic reporting to firms for mandatory AERs, which could reduce data entry costs and make more program funds available for analysis. FDA is not required to provide information to the public about potential safety concerns from dietary supplement AERs as it is for drugs. Making such information public, if consistent with disclosure provisions in existing law, could expand FDA’s use of AERs and improve consumer awareness and understanding of potential health problems associated with supplements. FDA has used AERs to initiate or support some consumer protection actions, but the exact number of reports used and actions taken is largely unknown. According to FDA officials, FDA uses AERs to initiate or support certain consumer protection actions on a case-by-case basis, such as inspections, consumer alerts, and recalls. FDA officials said they also use AERs to provide data for general research on products and ingredients. However, it is difficult to identify the full extent to which FDA uses AERs to initiate or support consumer protection actions because FDA does not have mechanisms in place to systematically monitor the relationship between AERs and these actions. According to FDA officials, most AERs that are received by FDA do not initiate or support consumer protection actions because it is difficult to establish a causal link between supplements and reported health problems based on the limited information available within an individual AER. Specifically, AERs typically do not include details on the consumer’s medical history or other products, such as prescription drugs that the consumer may have consumed simultaneously. Details such as underlying medical conditions and allergies are requested as part of the reporting process, but FDA officials said that there is generally a lot of missing information in both voluntary and mandatory AERs. For example, age was not available in 32 percent of the dietary supplement AERs that FDA received, and pregnancy status was not available in 98 percent of the AERs involving females. Additionally, because AERs represent a reported association in time between a supplement and a health problem, FDA must first establish the likelihood that the supplement caused the health problem before considering it in the context of consumer protection actions. However, FDA officials told us that AERs may contain inconclusive and often inconsistent data from which it may be impossible to draw consistently strong inferences. For example, FDA was only able to establish a “certain” relationship between the supplement and reported health problem in 3 percent (212 of 6,307) of the AERs. For 67 percent (4,211 of 6,307) of the AERs, FDA could not determine whether the supplement caused the reported health problem because the AER contained insufficient information. Additionally, FDA officials told us that AERs may be complete but contain little evidence necessary for FDA to take action. For example, FDA needs to demonstrate a known effect from the timing and dosage of the supplement product in question. Because FDA has the burden of proof to demonstrate that a product carries a significant or unreasonable risk of injury or illness for dietary supplement products on the market prior to 1994 under current law, the limited information available to FDA based on an individual AER does not usually provide enough evidence to take action. FDA officials said it is more common to identify potential problems after analyzing a cluster of AERs, along with evidence from other sources, such as published research. For example, a subject matter expert in the Division of Dietary Supplement Programs may track a cluster of AERs separately in a spreadsheet and then forward the information to CFSAN’s Office of Compliance if the expert believes that a regulatory compliance issue or potential health issue may be present. The Office of Compliance, in turn, may initiate an advisory or regulatory action, or coordinate with FDA’s Office of Regulatory Affairs to conduct additional surveillance, such as an inspection prior to taking an advisory or regulatory action. However, accumulating enough evidence to discern a clear relationship between a specific product or ingredient and a reported health problem may take receiving a number of AERs over a span of months or years. For example, because liver-related problems associated with Hydroxycut™ were reported infrequently, it took 7 years for FDA to establish a clear relationship between the Hydroxycut™ products and liver disease. After establishing a causal relationship in 2009, FDA discussed a voluntary recall with the manufacturer of Hydroxycut™ products and issued a consumer advisory against using these products. To estimate the extent to which FDA uses AERs to initiate or support consumer protection actions, we compared firm and product names identified in both mandatory AERs and FDA actions to determine if an AER preceded a consumer protection action related to a dietary supplement. Out of the roughly 4,700 consumer protection actions related to dietary supplements that we reviewed, we found 61 actions (about 1 percent) where FDA received a mandatory AER for the same firm or product prior to taking action, as detailed in table 4, which supports FDA officials’ assessment that most AERs do not support consumer protection actions. However, we could not verify that all of the 61 actions we identified were necessarily initiated or supported by AERs because FDA does not systematically monitor this information, and officials could not verify a relationship between the AERs and the actions taken prior to the issuance of this report. Additionally, our analysis does not include situations where FDA used AERs to inform its decisions but did not take formal action. According to our analysis, we identified 47 inspections for firms also listed in an AER, representing 6 percent of all dietary supplement inspections from 2008 and 2011. Similarly, we found 3 advisory actions for firms also listed in an AER, which represent less than 1 percent of all such actions. Two of the advisory actions were warning letters for noncompliance with CGMP requirements, and another was a consumer alert on Hydroxycut™ products. We also identified 11 regulatory actions for firms also listed in an AER, representing less than 1 percent of all such actions. The regulatory actions included 8 import refusals and 3 product recalls, most of which were for Hydroxycut™ products. (See app. II for more information on consumer protection actions.) FDA officials told us they also use AERs to monitor the results of these actions. For example, if FDA issued a warning letter to a firm based on violations of CGMP requirements during an inspection, receipt of subsequent AERs may indicate that the firm has not rectified its practices. Similarly, if FDA receives an AER for a product that FDA has removed from the market by a regulatory action such as a recall, FDA’s receipt of AERs subsequent to the initial action indicates to FDA that further action may be needed. FDA has limited information on how it uses AERs to initiate and support its consumer protection actions; such information could improve FDA’s ability to assess whether the agency is using AERs to their fullest extent in this capacity and make improvements as needed. For example, prior work has shown that agencies can use data on performance to identify and mitigate problems, allocate resources, and improve effectiveness. Currently, FDA uses six separate data management systems to monitor the consumer protection actions we reviewed apart from AERs, as outlined in table 5. FDA can track each type of action in its respective data management system and tracks certain identifying information, such as firm name, across all the systems. However, FDA generally does not track AERs across these systems. Specifically, within the six data management systems we reviewed, we found that FDA only tracks the relationship between consumer complaints and AERs. Without having a mechanism to follow an AER through to other actions, FDA misses the opportunity to assess how frequently AERs initiate or support consumer protection actions and to identify ways to potentially broaden their use. For example, FDA internal guidance states that AERs can be used to demonstrate potential health risks associated with violative conditions found during other surveillance activities, such as inspections, and be part of the evidence gathered to support regulatory actions. Establishing the potential for harm is particularly important for dietary supplements because the burden of proof to demonstrate a significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury prior to removing a product from the market through a regulatory action falls upon FDA. However, by not tracking the relationship between AERs and its other data management systems, FDA cannot systematically identify the extent to which AERS were used in this capacity. Having such information could improve FDA’s and policymakers’ abilities to make fully informed decisions about resource allocation and AERs’ future role in FDA’s consumer protection activities related to dietary supplements. Furthermore, unlike other FDA-regulated products, dietary supplement firms cannot submit mandatory AERs electronically. Rather, they must submit these AERs in hard copy by mail. FDA’s requirement that firms submit mandatory AERs in hard copy form by mail—which must be entered manually into the CAERS database by CAERS staff—may reduce the AER system’s effectiveness by diverting resources to data entry rather than analysis. According to CFSAN officials, FDA has plans to expand electronic reporting to mandatory AERs for dietary supplements in mid-2014 as part of its Safety Reporting Portal Program. However, FDA had similar plans at the time of our prior report in 2009 that have not been realized yet. Communicating effectively about risks related to dietary supplements is a key part of FDA’s mission to protect and promote public health, according to FDA’s strategic plan. Specifically, helping consumers better understand the risks and benefits of regulated products is a key part of FDA’s responsibilities, as described in the agency’s 2009 Strategic Plan for Risk Communication. This plan outlines a number of strategies to improve communication, including identifying and filling gaps in key areas of risk communication and improving the effectiveness of FDA’s website and web tools. In addition, guidance from the Office of Management and Budget and HHS, as well as our prior work, has emphasized providing greater transparency and participation of federal agencies in publishing government information online. However, unlike drugs and certain biologic products—where FDA is required to provide information about identified potential safety concerns by law—little information on potential safety concerns from dietary supplement AERs is publicly available and accessible to consumers, health care practitioners, and others. Specifically, for dietary supplement AERs, FDA generally provides information on its website on the number of mandatory AERs it received and the number of unique firm names from all mandatory AERs on a monthly basis. This aggregated information, which is located under FDA’s performance measures for CFSAN and is not directly linked with the dietary supplement web pages, does not provide any indication to consumers of potential risks associated with specific dietary supplements. In November 2012, FDA also posted information on its website about individual AERs the agency had received from January 2004 through October 2012 associated with four types of “energy drinks”—three of which were sold as dietary supplements, one as a conventional food. Individuals may also request information about adverse events related to dietary supplements by submitting a Freedom of Information Act request to FDA. According to FDA officials, there are certain disclosure provisions within the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that limit FDA’s ability to provide unredacted information on AERs related to dietary supplements. However, FDA provides detailed aggregated analysis, including a list of products with potential safety concerns, and raw disaggregated data on AERs related to drugs and certain biologic products on its website, even though some of the same and similar disclosure provisions may apply to such products. Specifically, in the disaggregated data on prescription drugs, FDA redacts names and other information that would identify the individual reporting the adverse event and, occasionally, information on any ongoing clinical studies or other pending actions, if applicable. The publicly available disaggregated data, including product names and health problems, are then used for health and medical research. For example, researchers have used data available from prescription drug AERs to study cardiovascular risk, bladder cancer, and tachycardia (accelerated heart rate). FDA officials told us that they use dietary supplement-related AERs to conduct safety-related research on dietary supplement ingredients, and other government researchers have used AERs in a similar capacity. According to agency officials, FDA already applies a redaction approach to prescription drug AERs that meets the nondisclosure provisions within the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that apply to dietary supplement AERs. An FDA official has stated publicly that the agency is exploring ways to expand the amount of publicly available information about AERs for dietary supplements. To the extent that FDA can do so under existing law—providing greater information about dietary supplement AERs to the public, such as potential safety concerns and redacted data on its website—could create opportunities for external researchers to use AERs and to improve consumer awareness and understanding of potential health problems associated with dietary supplements. FDA has partially implemented each of our four recommendations from our 2009 report on dietary supplements. Table 6 summarizes our 2009 recommendations and FDA or congressional action. FDA officials said that the agency is planning to issue final guidance and complete implementation for most of our recommendations, but they do not have a time frame for completion. Specifically, FDA officials said they plan to issue final NDI guidance, but they are still reviewing more than 7,000 distinct comments they received in response to the draft NDI guidance issued in July 2011. Furthermore, although FDA officials have indicated they intend to issue final guidance clarifying whether a liquid product may be labeled and marketed as a dietary supplement and possibly issuing similar guidance for non-liquid products, they have not indicated to us where they are in this process. Regarding our recommendation on consumer outreach, FDA officials said that assessing the effectiveness of its outreach efforts through the WebMD™ and other partnerships, consumer updates, and fact sheets on dietary supplement safety issues would require extensive consumer research, which would have to be considered in light of FDA’s limited resources and competing priorities. Consequently, regulatory uncertainty remains an issue for areas covered only by draft guidance. As we have previously reported, without final NDI guidance in place, firms may not notify FDA before marketing products with ingredients that have drastically different safety profiles than their historical use. In addition, “energy drinks”—some of which are marketed as beverages and others as dietary supplements—have raised concerns about potential health risks among consumer advocacy groups, academics, government agencies, and members of Congress. Specifically, concerns raised by these groups include the potential health risks associated with the level of caffeine in these products, the combination of caffeine and botanical ingredients with stimulant properties in these products, and their popularity with youth. Two of the four top-selling brands of energy drinks in 2012, as identified by a market research firm, were marketed as dietary supplements, while the others were marketed as beverages. As we noted in our 2009 report, this boundary matters because the safety standard for a certain ingredient in food is different than that for the same ingredient when it is used as a dietary ingredient in a dietary supplement. The differences in how products are regulated may lead to circumstances when an ingredient would not be allowed to be added to a product if it was labeled as a conventional food but would be allowed in the identical product if it was labeled as a dietary supplement. Even without final guidance to industry, the agency has issued warning letters to firms for violations related to NDI notifications and the distinction between liquid dietary supplements and conventional foods on a case-by-case basis. With clear guidance to industry about these issues, firms may have the information necessary to guide appropriate product development—including the development of safety information—and marketing, and FDA’s enforcement burden in these areas may be reduced as a result. Moreover, by assessing its outreach efforts, FDA would have information on whether its new approaches are effective, which could help FDA target future efforts, particularly in the area of increasing voluntary adverse event reporting. Because of an increase in mandatory AERs, the number of AERs FDA has received since 2008 for dietary supplements has more than doubled, and FDA has used AERs to initiate and support some consumer protection actions. However, consumers and others may not be voluntarily reporting information to FDA on all adverse events that occur, although they may be contacting poison centers about some of these events. FDA officials said that their greatest challenge to identifying potential safety concerns from AERs is the relatively small number of AERs the agency receives, and that—depending on its review of the poison center data—FDA may benefit from obtaining access to these data for analysis. According to FDA officials, negotiations to access the data are ongoing at the HHS level but, as of December 2012, the results of these negotiations were still pending. Furthermore, although FDA has used AERs for some consumer protection actions, FDA may have opportunities to expand its use of AERs. FDA does not systematically collect information on how it uses AERs; such information could improve FDA’s ability to assess whether the agency is using AERs to their fullest extent in consumer protection actions and make improvements as needed. For example, FDA guidance states that AERs can be used to demonstrate potential health risks associated with violations found during other surveillance activities, such as inspections, and be part of the evidence gathered to support regulatory actions. However, by not tracking the relationship between AERs and its other data management systems, FDA cannot identify the extent to which AERS were used in this capacity. Having such information may also improve FDA’s and policymakers’ abilities to make fully informed decisions about resource allocation and AERs’ future role in FDA’s consumer protection activities related to dietary supplements. In addition, FDA’s process for collecting and managing mandatory AERs could be more efficient because dietary supplement firms, unlike other FDA-regulated products, cannot submit mandatory AERs electronically. Rather, they must submit these AERs in hard copy by mail. FDA officials said that they have plans to expand electronic reporting; however, FDA had similar plans in place at the time we issued our 2009 report that were never realized. To the extent that FDA can do so under existing law, providing greater information about dietary supplement AERs to the public—such as identified potential safety concerns and redacted data on its website—could create opportunities for external researchers to use AERs and to improve consumer awareness and understanding of potential health problems associated with dietary supplements. Moreover, regulatory uncertainty remains an issue in two key areas of dietary supplement regulation because FDA has not set a time frame for issuing final guidance for draft NDI notification guidance and draft guidance clarifying when liquid products may be marketed as dietary supplements or conventional foods with added ingredients or for issuing similar guidance for nonliquid products. With final guidance in these areas, firms may be able to make more informed marketing and product development decisions, including the development of safety information, and ultimately FDA’s enforcement burden in these areas may be reduced as a result. To enhance FDA’s ability to use AERs and to oversee dietary supplement products, we recommend that the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services direct the Commissioner of FDA to take the following five actions: Continue efforts to explore all possible options to obtain poison center data if the agency determines that the data could inform FDA’s ability to identify potential safety concerns from adverse event reports for dietary supplements. Incorporate a mechanism to collect information on when AERs are used to support and inform consumer protection actions (i.e., surveillance, advisory, and regulatory actions). Implement the agency’s efforts to facilitate industry reporting of mandatory AERs electronically. Determine what additional information FDA can provide to the public about dietary supplement AERs consistent with existing law and make the information publicly available and readily accessible on its website. Establish a time frame for issuing final guidance for the draft (1) NDI guidance and (2) guidance clarifying whether a liquid product may be labeled and marketed as a dietary supplement or as a conventional food with added ingredients. We provided the Secretary of Health and Human Services with a draft of this report for review and comment. We received a written response from the Assistant Secretary for Legislation that included comments from FDA and is reprinted in appendix III. FDA generally agreed with each of the report’s recommendations. HHS also sent us technical comments on behalf of FDA, which we incorporated as appropriate. We are sending copies of this report to the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, the appropriate congressional committees, and other interested parties. In addition, the report is available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff members have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-3841 or gomezj@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix IV. Our objectives were to determine the (1) number of adverse event reports (AER) the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received since 2008, the source of these reports, and the types of products identified; (2) actions FDA has taken to ensure that firms are complying with new reporting requirements; (3) extent to which FDA is using AERs for its consumer protection actions; and (4) extent to which FDA has implemented GAO’s 2009 recommendations for enhancing FDA oversight of dietary supplements. For this report, dietary supplement refers to a product intended for consumption as defined in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)—products that, among other things, are intended for ingestion to supplement the diet, labeled as a dietary supplement and not represented as a conventional food or as a sole item of a meal or diet. They must also contain one or more dietary ingredients. This definition covers supplements for human consumption. We did not examine FDA’s oversight of products that would otherwise meet the definition of a dietary supplement in DSHEA but are intended for veterinary use. We also did not examine FDA’s oversight of products that would otherwise meet the definition of a dietary supplement in DSHEA but are available only by prescription. We did include products that are marketed as dietary supplements but that have been deliberately adulterated (e.g., tainted with active ingredients in FDA-approved drugs or their analogues to increase their potency). Although such products may not meet the legal definition of a dietary supplement because they contain prescription drug ingredients, we included them in our review because these products are often marketed as dietary supplements and can cause serious health problems. To determine the number of AERs that FDA received, the source of the reports, and the types of products identified, we obtained and analyzed FDA data on the number and type of AERs received since the reporting requirements went into effect in January 2008 through December 2011. Some of the data and analyses were provided by FDA in aggregate form, although FDA also provided us with disaggregate data on serious AERs. We supplemented our initial analysis with updated data on the number of AERs that FDA received between January 1 and September 30, 2012. To count the number of AERs associated with a unique firm or product, we sorted the data by firm name then manually reviewed the names to identify firms with similar or related names. We used the same approach for products, reasoning that products with similar formulations and active ingredients should be grouped together because they would cause similar reactions in consumers and may be manufactured in the same facility. In some cases, we performed additional Internet research to verify the accuracy of a match between a firm or product name. We also reviewed and analyzed data on calls about adverse events related to dietary supplements to poison centers from annual reports of the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) from 2008 through 2010. Because poison centers classify certain dietary supplement products differently than FDA, such as including homeopathic agents as dietary supplements, we worked with AAPCC and FDA officials to make the appropriate adjustments to the data to make them comparable to FDA AERs. Similarly, because FDA officials told us that AERs are primarily associated with product use as directed, we adjusted the poison center data to include only those cases where an individual experienced an adverse reaction when using the product as directed and excluded reports resulting from misuse, abuse, or accidental ingestion. To assess the reliability of these data, we reviewed related documentation, reviewed internal controls, and worked with agency or AAPCC officials to identify any data problems. For the FDA data on serious AERs, which we received in disaggregate form, we examined the data to identify obvious errors or inconsistencies. We also reviewed FDA’s laws, rules, and regulations relevant to collecting and maintaining AERs. We determined the data to be sufficiently reliable for the purposes of this report. To determine actions FDA has taken to ensure that firms are complying with new reporting requirements, we reviewed FDA’s procedures, planning documents, and guidance and obtained and analyzed data on FDA’s oversight activities, such as inspections, advisory, and regulatory actions, to identify which of these actions were related to monitoring or enforcing firms’ compliance. Specifically, we obtained aggregate data on the number of dietary supplement inspections from January 1, 2008, through September 30, 2012 and analyzed record-level data on the type and results of dietary supplement inspections FDA conducted from 2008 through 2011 from FDA’s Field Accomplishments and Compliance Tracking System. To determine the number of AER violations observed during inspections, we obtained and analyzed aggregate data from FDA’s Turbo EIR system on inspection observations from fiscal year 2008 through fiscal year 2012. To determine the number of advisory and regulatory actions related to AER violations from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2011, we obtained and analyzed data and documents on warning letters, seizures, and injunctions from FDA’s Compliance Management System and FDA’s online warning letter database; Class I recalls from FDA’s Recall Enterprise System and other safety-related recalls identified from press releases on FDA’s Recalls - Health Fraud web page and Recalls, Market Withdrawals, and Safety Alerts web page; import refusals from FDA’s Operational and Administrative System for Import Support; and prosecutions with charges filed, convictions, or settlements reached in FDA’s Automated Investigative Management System. We also reviewed individual firm inspection reports for examples of specific observations found during dietary supplement inspections, and accompanied FDA investigators on an inspection of a dietary supplement manufacturing facility. To assess the reliability of data supporting this objective, we reviewed related documentation, internal controls, examined the data to identify obvious errors or inconsistencies, traced data back to source documents, and identified and removed data that were outside the scope of our review, such as data related to products for animal or prescription uses, or data that did not meet the definition of dietary supplement used for this report, as described above. We determined the data to be sufficiently reliable for the purposes of this report. To determine the extent to which FDA is using AERs to initiate and support its consumer protection actions, we matched firm and product names from mandatory AERs against firm and product names in the following FDA consumer protection actions from January 2008 through December 2011: inspections, consumer alerts, industry advisories, warning letters, seizures and injunctions, import refusals, safety-related recalls, and prosecutions. The matching process was necessary because FDA does not track how it uses AERs to initiate or support consumer protection actions across its other data systems. Because CFSAN officials told us that product and firm names are not standardized within the CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS) or across FDA’s systems, we used statistical software to build wild-card searches to identify potential matches and then reviewed each potential match to confirm or reject potential matches. Specifically, we used an analytical software function that measures spelling differences between words to determine the likelihood that firm and product names from two data sets matched and to generate possible matches between AERs and actions. The statistical software returns a numeric value indicating how closely related the names are. After reviewing the initial results, we established a threshold for matching that gave us confidence we were capturing most of the potential matches and excluding those that were definitely not a match. The matches were then manually reviewed to confirm or reject potential matches. For matched records, we determined whether an AER was received prior to the consumer protection action, as an indicator that the AER may have contributed to FDA’s decision to take action. For matched records, we tabulated both the number of AERs that contributed to each action, and the number of actions that matched AERs. We verified the appropriateness of this approach with FDA officials prior to conducting the analysis and provided a list of matches to FDA for their verification. We also reviewed FDA’s guidance and procedures relevant to using AERs to initiate or support surveillance, advisory, and regulatory actions. To determine the extent to which FDA has implemented GAO’s 2009 recommendations for enhancing FDA oversight of dietary supplements, we reviewed FDA’s laws, planning documents, and guidance. We reviewed proposed legislation to expand FDA’s oversight authority for dietary supplements. We also obtained data on the extent to which FDA’s web-based consumer outreach initiatives were distributed. In addition, to address all of our objectives, we reviewed relevant studies related to dietary supplements, adverse event reporting, industry compliance, and using poison center data for public health surveillance, among others. We reviewed the methodology for each of these studies and assessed them for reasonableness in accordance with our objectives. We also interviewed officials from several FDA offices, including FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) who receive and analyze AERs, officials from FDA’s Division of Dietary Supplements Program, officials from the Office of Regulatory Affairs familiar with FDA’s field operations and regulatory actions related to dietary supplements, and officials from the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. We interviewed a wide range of stakeholders, including officials from federal agencies, industry and trade organizations, and consumer advocacy groups. At the federal level outside of FDA, we met with officials from the Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the Federal Trade Commission. At the industry level, we spoke with representatives from the American Herbal Products Association, the Council for Responsible Nutrition, and the Natural Products Association. At the consumer advocacy level, we met with representatives from the Center for Science in the Public Interest, Consumers Union, and Public Citizen. We also spoke with representatives from the American Association of Poison Control Centers. We conducted this performance audit from December 2011 to March 2013 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. This appendix combines data collected during this review with data from our prior report to provide additional detail on FDA’s actions to identify and respond to safety concerns related to dietary supplements. FDA actions to identify safety concerns related to dietary supplements include receiving and analyzing adverse event reports and consumer complaints and conducting inspections. Incorporating data from our prior report, figure 7 shows the number of dietary supplement-related AERs entered into FDA’s database from January 1, 2003, through September 30, 2012. As shown in 2008, mandatory reporting had an immediate impact on the number of dietary supplement-related AERs FDA received. Incorporating data from our prior report, figure 8 shows the number of dietary supplement-related consumer complaints with adverse event results or reported symptoms FDA received from January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2011. Consumer complaints are not limited to adverse events. For example, consumers may report a complaint if one or more pills in a product are discolored. Incorporating data from our prior report, figure 9 shows the number of dietary supplement inspections conducted by FDA or its state partners and the proportion of these inspections where the investigator identified problems from January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2011. For our determination for whether FDA identified a problem during an inspection, we included all inspections where the district determined that: (1) official action is indicated, (2) voluntary action is indicated, and (3) the case should be referred to CFSAN’s Office of Compliance. We also included all cases where the investigator completed an inspectional observation form—a form used by FDA to document concerns observed during inspections. The items listed on these forms are preliminary and vary in severity. Each inspection was counted only once. Figure 10 shows the type of dietary supplement inspections conducted from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2011. Complaint inspections are conducted to investigate consumer complaints about a firm. Follow-up inspections are conducted to assess a firm’s progress after an advisory or regulatory action such as a warning letter or recall. Compliance inspections are “for-cause” inspections to investigate specific compliance issues. Surveillance inspections are routine inspections that generally assess whether a firm is following dietary supplement good manufacturing practices, as applicable. An inspection may include product examinations, sampling and testing, as well as the inspection of the firm and facility involved with dietary supplements, according to FDA officials. FDA actions to respond to safety concerns related to dietary supplements include issuing warning letters to dietary supplement firms, working with firms on recalls, and refusing imports. Incorporating data from our prior report, figure 11 shows the number of warning letters related to dietary supplements FDA issued from January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2011. The relatively low number of letters issued in 2007 is in part due to the timing of the letters—if we calculated the number of letters issued by fiscal year, the number would be 43. Figure 12 shows the number of Class I, health fraud, and other safety- related voluntary recalls related to dietary supplements from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2011. We focused on these three types of recalls because FDA determined they (1) are the most likely to cause a serious health problem, (2) could cause a serious health problem, or (3) considered them to be of sufficient concern to issue a safety alert press release. Figure 13 shows the number of import refusals by product type from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2011. In addition to the individual named above, Anne K. Johnson, Assistant Director; Robin Ghertner; Cathy Hurley; Esther Toledo; and Lisa van Arsdale made key contributions to this report. Important contributions were also made by Kevin Bray, Michele Fejfar, Dan C. Royer, Carol Herrnstadt Shulman, and Kiki Theodoropoulos.

Summary: Dietary supplements, such as vitamins and botanical products, are a multibillion dollar industry; national data show that over half of all U.S. adults consume them. FDA regulates dietary supplements and generally relies on postmarket surveillance, such as monitoring AERs, to identify potential concerns. Since December 2007, firms receiving a serious AER have had to report on it to FDA within 15 days. In January 2009, GAO reported that FDA had taken several steps to implement AER requirements and had recommended actions to help FDA identify and act on safety concerns for dietary supplements. GAO was asked to examine FDA's use of AERs in overseeing dietary supplements. This report examines the (1) number of AERs FDA has received since 2008, their source, and types of products identified; (2) actions FDA has taken to ensure that firms are complying with AER requirements; (3) extent to which FDA is using AERs to initiate and support its consumer protection efforts; and (4) extent to which FDA has implemented GAO's 2009 recommendations. GAO analyzed FDA data, reviewed FDA guidance, and interviewed FDA officials. From 2008 through 2011, the Department of Health and Human Services' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received 6,307 reports of health problems--adverse event reports (AER)--for dietary supplements; 71 percent came from industry as serious adverse events as required by law, and most of these AERs were linked with supplements containing a combination of ingredients, such as vitamins and minerals or were otherwise not classified within FDA's product categories. However, FDA may not be receiving information on all adverse events because consumers and others may not be voluntarily reporting these events to FDA, although they may be contacting poison centers about some of these events. From 2008 to 2010, these centers received over 1,000 more reports of adverse events linked to dietary supplements than did FDA for the same period. FDA officials said that they are interested in determining whether the poison center data could be useful for their analysis and have held discussions with American Association of Poison Control Centers representatives, but cost is a factor. To help ensure firms are complying with AER requirements (i.e., submitting serious AERs, maintaining AER records, and including firms' contact information on product labels), FDA increased its inspections of supplement firms and took some actions against noncompliant firms. Specifically, FDA increased firm inspections from 120 in 2008 to 410 from January 1 to September 30, 2012. Over this period, FDA took the following actions: 3 warning letters, 1 injunction, and 15 import refusals related to AER violations, such as not including contact information on the product label or submitting a serious AER. FDA has used AERs for some consumer protection actions (e.g., inspections and warning letters) but may be able to expand their use. FDA officials said that most AERs do not initiate or support such actions because it is difficult to establish causality between the product and the health problem based on the limited information in an AER. However, FDA does not systematically collect information on how it uses AERs for consumer protection actions; by collecting this information, it may be able to assess whether AERs are being used to their fullest extent. In addition, FDA is not required to provide information to the public about potential safety concerns from supplement AERs as it does for drugs. Making such information public, if consistent with disclosure provisions in existing law, could expand FDA's use of AERs and improve consumer awareness and understanding of potential health events associated with dietary supplements. FDA has partially implemented all of GAO's 2009 recommendations, such as issuing guidance for new dietary ingredients, clarifying the boundary between dietary supplements and conventional foods, and expanding partnerships to improve consumer understanding. Specifically, FDA developed draft guidance in 2009, 2011, and 2012 to address three GAO recommendations about dietary supplement oversight and formed new partnerships to conduct consumer outreach. However, FDA has not issued final guidance in two cases. FDA officials said that they plan to complete implementation, but they have provided no time frame to do so. With final guidance in place, firms may be able to make more informed product development and marketing decisions, which could ultimately reduce FDA's enforcement burden in these areas. GAO recommends, among other things, that FDA explore options to obtain poison center data, if determined to be useful; collect information on how it uses AERs; provide more information to the public about AERs; and establish a time frame to finalize guidance related to GAO's 2009 recommendations. FDA generally concurred with each of GAO's recommendations.