The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act created over a dozen programs intended to comprehensively address the needs of homeless Americans. Among these, the Title V homeless assistance program requires federal landholding agencies to make available real property that they identify as excess, surplus, unutilized, or underutilized for possible use to assist the homeless. Title V of the Act designated GSA, HHS, and HUD to administer the program. In addition, Title II of the Act created what is now known as USICH, an independent establishment within the Executive Branch whose mission is to coordinate the federal response to homelessness. The mission of USICH is to create a national partnership to act as a coordinating body between the federal government and the private sector to end homelessness nationally. Title V specifies a number of steps that federal landholding agencies, the three federal agency administrators of the program, and USICH must take to make federal real property—including land and buildings, or both—available for homeless assistance. Figure 1 summarizes key steps in the process and the time frames required to perform those steps. HUD canvass: HUD surveys the landholding agencies that must identify and report to HUD on a quarterly basis real property that is excess, surplus, underutilized, or unutilized (see table 1). Once landholding agencies (currently 25 in total) receive HUD’s quarterly canvassing letter, they have 25 days to respond. To collect such information, HUD asks landholding agencies to complete a “Title V checklist” for each of the excess, surplus, underutilized, or unutilized properties that they have identified and are required to report. The checklist is a HUD document that requires the landholding agency to provide a variety of summary information about the real property, including its utilization status, accessibility (e.g., in a remote location or behind a secure perimeter), environmental condition, agency contacts, and other information (see app. II for an example of this checklist). Suitability determination: HUD assigns each reported real property a unique identification number and enters the checklist information into an electronic database. Based on the checklist, HUD must determine the suitability of each real property for homeless assistance. According to implementing regulations, all real property––land, buildings, or both––are suitable unless a property’s characteristics include one or more of the following conditions: national security concerns, meaning a property is located in an area where the general public is denied access in the interest of national security; flammable or explosive materials within 2000 feet of the property; located in an airport runway clear zone or military airfield clear zone; located in a floodway; documented deficiencies, meaning a property with a documented and extensive condition(s) that represents a clear threat to personal physical safety, including structural damage or certain types of environmental contamination; or inaccessible, meaning a property is not accessible by road. After HUD makes a suitability determination, it is to provide this information to the reporting landholding agencies for review, as well as for the Federal Register listing that briefly describes the property’s condition and status (e.g., underutilized, unutilized, excess, or surplus). Landholding agencies then have 45 days to make any edits, as noted in figure 1, such as changes in the property’s status. In addition, landholding agencies must transmit to HUD a statement of the availability of real property, declaring for example that a property is available for homeless assistance or explaining why a property cannot be made available for homeless assistance, such as in the case of a further compelling federal need for the property. HUD also communicates with GSA, the federal government’s real- property disposal agent, to identify excess real properties that landholding agencies have reported to GSA for disposal. If, however, a landholding agency reports real property to GSA that has not been submitted to HUD for a Title V suitability determination, GSA is required to create a Title V checklist and forward it to HUD. Publication of properties and holding period: Title V requires HUD to publish in the Federal Register all properties it reviewed. HUD’s Federal Register listings typically classify these properties as: 1) suitable and available for homeless assistance; 2) suitable but unavailable for homeless assistance; or 3) unsuitable for homeless assistance. Once published, homeless assistance providers––including state and local governments or eligible private non-profit organizations––have 60 days to submit a “notice of interest” for suitable and available properties, and then 90 days from the date of the “notice of interest,” to submit an application to HHS. The real property is not available for any other purpose during the 60-day or 90-day period or during the period in which HHS reviews the application. Interested parties also have 20 days to challenge the suitability determination of real property HUD found unsuitable for homeless assistance. If a notice of interest is not filed for a suitable and available real property within 60 days of its listing in the Federal Register, the disposal agency may then proceed with its routine disposal process, in accordance with applicable law. In addition to publication in the Federal Register, the requirements of Title V require GSA, HHS, and HUD to make such efforts as are necessary to ensure the widest possible dissemination of the listing information of available properties. For example, HUD is required to forward lists of all real property published in the Federal Register to USICH, which then must distribute relevant portions of the list to state and regional homeless coordinators. Also, when HUD determines an excess real property is suitable and publishes it in the Federal Register as available, the implementing regulations require GSA to concurrently notify HHS, HUD, and state and local governments, in addition to homeless assistance providers that have expressed interest in the particular real property, and other organizations, as appropriate, concerning suitable properties. Notices of interest and application: HHS is to evaluate applications of homeless assistance providers on a first-come, first-serve basis using five criteria defined in HHS implementing regulations.additional criteria for the application package for a given real property if it deems it necessary. The criteria are as follows: Proposed service offering: the extent and range of proposed services, such as meal, shelter, job training, and counseling. Need: the demand for the program and the degree to which the available real property will be fully utilized. Implementation time: the amount of time necessary for the proposed program to become operational. Experience: demonstrated prior success in operating similar programs and attestations by federal, state and local authorities. Financial ability: the adequacy of funding that will likely be available to fully run the proposed program and operate the facility. HHS review of application, application approval, and transfer of property: HHS is to review applications for completeness and, in some cases, may request additional information from the applicant, as necessary. Evaluations must be completed in 25 days from the receipt of the completed application. If HHS approves an application for underutilized or unutilized real property, the landholding agency can execute a lease of the property to the applicant. In the case of surplus real property, the disposal agency “assigns” the property to HHS, which then becomes the sponsoring agency and transfers the deed to the applicant. Grantees of federal properties under the Title V homeless assistance program must utilize the property in accordance with the approved application for the length of the lease or, in the case of deed conveyances, for 30 years. Pursuant to HHS policies and procedures, HHS is to perform compliance oversight and ensure that the grantee uses the real property according to the terms in the approved application. To accomplish this, grantees are required to submit annual utilization reports to HHS, and HHS is to conduct site visits of the properties at least once every 5 years. In the event that a grantee is not implementing or is unable to implement the program consistent with the approved application, the property title may revert back to the federal government. Pub. L. No. 103-421, 108 Stat. 4346. Several court orders resulting from a 1988 lawsuit filed by the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty (National Law Center) and other advocates for the homeless have also shaped the implementation requirements of the Title V homeless assistance program. The 1988 lawsuit alleged, and the court found, that the federal government was not fully complying with some Title V requirements. The court issued an order in 1993 imposing requirements beyond those mandated by the statute and implementing regulations, such as more comprehensive reporting requirements and expanded outreach. Unlike the 1993 District Court order, a more recent 2013 order does not require widespread changes to operational administration of the Title V homeless assistance program but rather seeks to better educate the landholding agencies about canvassing their real property and improving the quality of data reported by these agencies for Title V requirements and the Federal Real Property Profile. Under the Title V homeless assistance program, providers have used over 100 transferred properties since program inception through March 31, 2014, to deliver a range of services across the country. However, few of the properties that HUD has determined to be suitable and were available for homeless assistance since the program’s inception received applications from homeless assistance service providers. In most cases, properties screened and determined as suitable and available may not have actually been practical for homeless service providers to use. For example, our analysis of HUD’s annual reports from 2008 through 2013 found most of the properties published as suitable and available were for off-site use only—meaning that a provider would need to physically move the property in order to use it. The Title V homeless assistance program has provided properties with useful facilities. As of March 2014, of the 122 properties transferred since the program’s inception in 1987, 81 properties are currently in use by providers. For the other 41 properties, there are several explanations as to why they are no longer in use for homeless assistance. For example, leases for 9 properties were rescinded for failure to use the properties for the agreed upon purposes, and deeds for 8 properties reverted to the government for reasons such as non-compliance or by request of the grantee. Across the country homeless assistance providers use the 81 properties to provide a range of homeless assistance services, such as supportive services, referral services, various forms of temporary or more permanent housing, administrative offices, and clothing or food distribution. The 81 active properties include approximately 470 buildings of about 1.5-million square feet and over 500 acres of land. The properties include a variety of facilities ranging in size from 1900 square feet to 512,000 square feet and vacant land ranging from almost two tenths of an acre to over 96 acres. Of the 81 currently active properties, not-for-profit organizations––such as the Salvation Army, Samaritan House, and Volunteers of America––acquired 69, and local governments acquired 12. A few local governments formed public/not-for-profit collaborations to develop the properties. Figure 2 shows the geographic distribution of the properties. Providers at 60 of the 81 currently active properties offer multiple services to homeless individuals. For example, one provider said it offers support services such as substance abuse counseling, mental health services, case management, job training and placement. Another provides emergency, transitional, and permanent supportive housing; a health clinic; and daycare services. A third uses a former army depot to distribute goods and clothing (see table 2 for more information on the types of services provided and app. IV for more information on the services provided at each of the 81 locations). According to the National Law Center’s 2011 estimate, more than 2.4 million homeless Americans each year have received assistance through the Title V homeless assistance program since its inception. Of the at least 10,000 properties determined to be suitable and available, approximately 1,200 properties received notices of interest, and we estimate that fewer than 400 properties received applications from homeless assistance providers, resulting in the transfer of 122 properties to assist the homeless in the 26 years since Title V’s inception through March 2014 (see fig. 3). According to HHS data, since the inception of the program in 1987, most properties deemed by HUD to be suitable and which are available for homeless assistance have not received notices of interest or applications from homeless service providers. In addition, we found that in many cases, suitable and available properties may not have been practical for homeless service providers to use. Our analysis of HUD’s 2013 annual report published in the Federal Register found 630 properties published as suitable and available including buildings ranging from a 12 square foot storage shed to a 75,720 square foot building in a restricted area, and vacant land ranging from about one hundredth of an acre to over 15 acres. These properties may be inconveniently located at a distance from existing communities or public transportation, within a military installation, or in poor condition––conditions consistent with what we found in our prior work (see table 3). As noted above, HUD is required to evaluate the properties and applies criteria that are defined in implementing regulations. A landholding agency may indicate on the Title V checklist, for example, that a property has extensive deterioration, but according to HUD officials, if the landholding agency does not provide supporting documentation, HUD may deem the property suitable for homeless assistance. As a result, HUD designates many properties as suitable with deficiencies that may therefore make them less desirable to homeless assistance providers. The suitability criteria in HUD’s regulation for implementing the Title V homeless assistance program include provisions for excluding properties with deficiencies such as contamination, structural damage or extensive deterioration that are documented, extensive, and considered by HUD as representing a clear threat to personal safety. For example, while HUD did not determine conditions to rise to the level of a “documented deficiency,” our analysis of the 630 suitable and available properties reported in the HUD’s 2013 annual report found properties with conditions described as “deteriorated” (35 properties) and in “very poor condition” (18 properties). Moreover, almost 80 percent of the properties published as suitable and available in 2013 were for “off-site use only.” These properties refer to buildings and other removable structures that are located on land that is not surplus and, therefore, must be removed and relocated. According to officials from the National Law Center, the costs of moving the building, preparing the land on which to relocate the building, and making improvements needed to convert the building to provide services are often beyond the budget of the homeless-assistance service providers. Officials from four of our nine selected landholding agencies told us they believe that properties for off-site use only are not practical for homeless assistance services. In addition, although an HHS official with responsibility for the Title V program told us that four of the 122 properties transferred under the Title V homeless assistance program were made available for off-site use only, these properties were trailers, which are designed to be easily moved, as opposed to other types of off-site properties described below, which may not be easy to move. For 2013, the most recent year reported, of the 630 properties HUD listed as suitable and available in the annual report, 78 percent were for “off-site use only” (see table 4). Since the majority of properties reported as suitable and available in 2013 were for off-site use only, as a result, they may be impractical for homeless assistance. For example, according to U.S. Army officials, since most of the Army’s properties reported under Title V are located on secured installations and do not involve the transfer of land, these properties are often made available to homeless assistance providers for “off-site use only.” In addition, because most buildings in the Army’s inventory consist of masonry and steel, the removal of these properties is costly. As a result, U.S. Army officials said that very few homeless assistance providers have expressed interest in Army properties designated for “off-site use” since the program’s inception. Similarly, DOI officials told us that because the agency does not relinquish federal park lands, the buildings published as suitable and available located within federal parks are also designated for “off-site use only.” Many federal park lands are in remote areas, and moving a building from those locations can be costly. USICH’s 2011 agency annual report stated that, because of the wide latitude in the suitability standard, a clear majority of the properties HUD finds “suitable” are not actually practical for homeless assistance. noted above, HUD considers all property suitable for homeless assistance unless a property’s characteristics meet one or more of six conditions, such as national security concerns or location in a floodway. The relatively large numbers of properties deemed by HUD to be suitable and that were available may give homeless assistance providers, the public, and other stakeholders a false impression as to what properties are of practical use for homeless assistance because they included a large proportion of properties that have substantial deficiencies. In turn, this may mislead stakeholders about the extent to which the federal government is providing federal real property for homeless assistance. United States Interagency Council on Homelessness. Opening Doors: Appendix: Programs for People Experiencing Homelessness 2011 (Washington, D.C.: 2011). determinations. However, HUD’s database does not have the capability to generate reports on properties or data for the purpose of analyzing the properties reported for the Title V homeless assistance program. For example, when we asked HUD for reports from the database in order to perform our own analysis, such as the total number of properties reviewed for suitability and the total number published as suitable and available since program inception, the agency was unable to provide these data to us. The database was designed, and is primarily used, to generate listings of properties for publication in the Federal Register. The PDF format of the Federal Register reports poses challenges for automated analysis, and as a result, we had to manually count numbers of properties in specific categories to ensure the validity of our analysis, such as those for off-site use only reported in table 4. Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government states that managers are responsible for providing reliable, useful, and timely information for transparency and accountability of programs and their operations. Reliability also means that for any computer processing of the data elements used, the results are reasonable, complete, and accurate. In addition, federal information technology guidance for publicly available data states that accessible data should be made available in convenient, modifiable formats that can be retrieved, downloaded, indexed, and searched. As the database cannot produce reports on the properties, HUD relies on hard-copy record keeping, which limits HUD’s ability to make information on properties readily available, requiring labor intensive use of resources to find needed data. This capability is important because Title V requires HUD to make available to the public upon request all information in its possession about all properties reviewed and not identified as suitable for the homeless—about 30,000 properties according to HUD’s estimate—including the reasons such properties were not so identified.litigation, the plaintiffs hired a contractor to make copies of the requested Moreover, HUD officials told us that during the recent data from HUD’s hard copy files, and it took three individuals several weeks to complete the task. Without a comprehensive database that maintains this information, HUD would need to respond to such a request on up to 30,000 properties by manually looking through files, which would not be an efficient use of resources. Because HUD uses the database primarily for generating listings, it has not assessed the extent to which the benefits of modifying the database to generate electronic reports for the purposes of responding to information requests or performing analysis, or if developing a new database to do so would outweigh the costs. Modifying its database, or developing a new one that is electronically searchable, would better position HUD to respond to information requests. While it is HUD’s role to assess the suitability of properties for use to assist the homeless, some federal landholding agencies report many properties to HUD that may not, in the landholding agencies’ estimation, be useful to assist the homeless. However, a few landholding agencies’ officials told us that they do not report such properties or other surplus, underutilized, and unutilized properties because the reporting requirements are labor intensive or the properties may not be useful to the homeless. As noted above, the Title V homeless assistance program requires quarterly reporting and completion of a checklist for each property. The following examples illustrate the variety of Title V reporting practices among the agencies we reviewed. U.S. Navy officials told us that they report only excess properties to HUD because of the size of their real property portfolio— approximately 85 installations, and over 65,000 buildings and structures. According to these officials, the Navy does not have the resources to report on underutilized and unutilized property, which they said would require constant monitoring. Furthermore, the Navy also does not report some properties within Navy installations that do not allow public access within certain areas. US Army officials said that they report eligible Title V property to HUD but noted that the Title V process is time-intensive for several reasons. They noted that the Army may report up to 500 properties to HUD each quarter and that HUD requires submission of each property checklist in hard copy. In addition, U.S. Army officials said that the Army has to submit a Title V checklist each time it wants to demolish an installation building and that the Title V homeless-assistance program-reporting requirements could add about 6 months to the demolition process. DOE officials said that they report to HUD the property they are required to report, but believe that completing the Title V reporting requirement was not an efficient use of their resources since much of the agency’s reported real property has documented deficiencies, including environmental contamination requiring remediation, and is located within secured boundaries and HUD determines many of these unsuitable for homeless assistance. For example, DOE properties typically include radiological contaminants commingled with other metals and chemicals associated with nuclear research and production. In our prior work, DOE also told us that the department understood the need to screen excess real property, but that much of its portfolio to be disposed had no remaining useful life and was most often located within a secure compound. DOI officials said that they are required to––and do––report to HUD on numerous small, remotely located properties in National Parks that they have decided to dispose. For example, many cabins are not accessible by road or may be accessible only by water and only during certain times of the year. Officials also told us that in 2013, 73 properties, mainly small houses on National Park lands were determined suitable but for off-site use only, yet the majority of these properties were in such poor condition that they could not be moved. In addition, DOI officials said that they do not report to HUD real property that is only used seasonally as unutilized or underutilized because the agency will use the properties again in the following season. The Title V homeless assistance program checklist, however, expressly asks whether an underutilized property is used seasonally (see app. II: HUD Title V Checklist Submitted to Landholding Agencies, item 6B). EPA officials noted that although some of its laboratories are only partially used, they do not report these as underutilized real property for HUD’s Title V canvas because they do not believe they are required to do so. Rather, EPA’s practice has been to report that it does not have any underutilized or unutilized properties for each quarterly canvass because the space is laboratory space that agency officials do not think is practical for homeless assistance programs. EPA officials said that they are currently conducting a space utilization study for laboratories, and after the study is completed, they will determine whether to report underutilized and unutilized properties identified through the study. GSA officials told us that as a provider of space to other federal agencies, GSA properties are sometimes temporarily or partially vacant as the space needs of tenant agencies fluctuate. GSA officials said that they do not consider these properties to be underutilized and unutilized because the agency plans to use them to house future federal tenants. GSA officials said that if they identified underutilized and unutilized property in the portfolio that was not to be reported as excess, they would report these to HUD’s canvass. However, GSA could not identify any such properties that it had reported to HUD in the 6 years from 2008 through 2013. Nonetheless, even if GSA identified a future need for temporarily or partially vacant space, it, like other agencies, has two opportunities to inform HUD as to why reported properties may not be available: first, the HUD Title V checklist asks reporting landholding agencies to provide information on any current or anticipated limitations for using the property to assist the homeless for a period of one year or more; second, landholding agencies are required to provide statements to HUD on the availability of properties determined suitable, including reasons why the property cannot be declared excess or made available for use to assist the homeless. HUD officials told us that they review and make a suitability determination only for those properties reported to them by landholding agencies and that they do not have a way of knowing how many properties should be, but are not reported. In 2013, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia noted that many landholding agencies appeared to be “failing to fairly and accurately” report Title V homeless assistance program-eligible properties as required under both the statute and Order. Further, the court noted that there was a significant discrepancy between the numbers of properties reported to HUD under Title V and the much larger number of federal properties listed as “excess” or “underutilized” in other government reports and surveys. The District Court ordered several steps to ensure the proper reporting of properties including that GSA and HUD develop a plan for additional improved training programs for landholding agencies. To address the court order, GSA and HUD officials told us they conducted a joint webinar with HHS in November 2013 for landholding agencies. HUD officials told us that they would prefer that agencies not be required to report certain types of properties at all because they may not be useful to assist the homeless. Requiring agencies to report all properties that fall within the four broad categories—excess, surplus, underutilized, and unutilized—may not be effective for certain types of properties. While there are discretionary elements in HUD’s suitability criteria that are applied to properties submitted by the landholding agencies, HUD does not have the authority to release agencies from their statutorily required reporting of certain types of properties. Excluding certain types of properties such as “off-site use only properties” could enable HUD officials to focus on the suitable and available properties that may be more likely to assist the homeless and could help address issues of landholding agencies not reporting certain properties. In 2013, HUD proposed a revision to the law that would limit some of the types of properties agencies report, such as those that are located in high security areas and any building or structure that is made available for off-site use only. No action has been taken on that proposal. Of the 11 homeless assistance providers we interviewed, the eight case study providers that acquired property cited benefits from the Title V program, such as expanding services and obtaining real property at no cost. These successes notwithstanding, the providers identified challenges such as locating information on available properties, a complex application, difficulty altering the approved use of transferred properties, and competing stakeholder interests. For example, although HUD reports properties in the Federal Register multiple times a year, and USICH provides links to them on its website, many homeless assistance providers may be unaware of the availability of properties. This may be because homeless assistance stakeholders have said the Federal Register is not user-friendly. Further, HUD’s Federal Register reports list many of the same properties more than once. This may make listings even less user-friendly to providers. Homeless assistance providers and advocates we interviewed identified a number of actions that could address these challenges. Of the 11 homeless assistance providers we interviewed, the eight case study providers that acquired property cited a variety of benefits resulting from the acquisition of real property under the Title V homeless assistance program. Representatives of the providers responsible for the eight case study properties we reviewed either said that the Title V program enabled them to expand their program or service capacity (five providers) or acquire real property at no cost (four providers). Representatives of two providers cited both types of benefits (see app. V for a description of each of the case study properties). For example, the following providers spoke of how they were able to expand their programs through the Title V homeless assistance program: The acquisition of the former Boyle Heights Social Security Administration Building in Los Angeles enabled Volunteers of America of Los Angeles (VOALA) to offer services for the homeless, including referral services, food and clothing distribution, and job training in Los Angeles. VOALA reported serving more than 1,000 persons at this facility in 2013. The acquisition of an 84-acre portion of the former Homestead Air Force Base in Homestead, Florida, enabled Miami-Dade County to provide comprehensive services, including emergency shelter, transitional housing, and permanent supportive housing, in addition to job training, medical care, and clothing, among other services. In 2013, the Miami-Dade County Homeless Trust reported serving 2,143 homeless adults and minors at this facility. Other providers described how the Title V homeless assistance program enabled them to acquire property otherwise not affordable: Prior to acquiring four homes located in residential neighborhoods on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Crossroads Community, Inc. rented real property to provide rehabilitative services to individuals with mental illness in residential settings. Through the Title V homeless assistance program, the provider was able to replace rental property at a relatively low renovation cost with four homes that it acquired through the program. In addition, the program property allowed the provider to locate clients closer to its other service programs. According to Crossroads Community, Inc., the acquisition of the four houses currently saves the organization about $62,000 in rent on an annual basis. According to a representative of the City of Redmond, Washington, the greatest benefit of the Title V homeless assistance program lies in providing opportunities for non-profit organizations to acquire real property at minimal or no cost. The city acquired at no cost about half of a 10.2 acre site under the program that included 16 housing units formerly used to house U.S. Coast Guard personnel. The City of Redmond purchased the remainder of the real property through a negotiated sale with GSA. From the outset, the city planned to redevelop the Title V homeless assistance program portion of the real property into a larger facility to assist the homeless and 1-acre park, and develop the non-Title V portion into affordable housing units. Leveraging its resources, the city redeveloped the Title V homeless assistance program portion of the real property with 59 housing units that provided emergency, transitional, and permanent supportive housing for 319 households in 2013. In addition to enabling homeless assistance providers to expand their services and obtain property they would likely have to pay for otherwise, the National Law Center stated that the Title V homeless assistance program also benefits the taxpayers by repurposing and reusing real property no longer needed by the federal government, helping the government––and by extension, the taxpayers––avoid and eliminate the maintenance and operation costs of retaining these properties. These successes notwithstanding, homeless assistance providers we interviewed identified challenges such as locating information on available properties, a complicated application, difficulty altering the approved use of transferred properties, and competing stakeholder interests. Although HUD reports regularly in the Federal Register for the purpose of informing homeless assistance providers about properties, among the 11 homeless assistance providers we interviewed, one said it was initially unaware of the program or the availability of real property in its area, and eight told us they eventually learned about the program through third parties rather than through the Federal Register. Title V requires HUD to publish, in the Federal Register, a list of real property it has evaluated for suitability. This occurs multiple times each year: four quarterly reports and a summary annual report. In addition, to comply with the 1988 court order, as modified in 1993, HUD publishes a weekly notice in the Federal Register of properties that are suitable and available, unavailable, and unsuitable (see table 5). HUD shares the Federal Register notices of suitable and available properties with the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) multiple times a year, and USICH provides links to the list on its agency website. Nonetheless, according to national homeless advocates, many providers remain unaware of the availability of properties. For example, the National Law Center reported that despite the Title V homeless assistance program’s having been in existence for 25 years, too few local government and homeless providers are aware that they are eligible to receive property free.Coalition for the Homeless told us that in general, homeless assistance providers do not have the staff resources to check the Federal Register consistently. Moreover, a representative from the National In addition, HUD’s Federal Register reports list many of the same properties more than once, as required, and that may make listings more confusing and less useful for providers to use. For example, for the period from 2008 through 2013, 59 percent of the properties appeared in more than one annual report. Because, under Title V, suitable properties must be reported on an ongoing basis until they are disposed of––regardless of their availability status––HUD reports some properties in the Federal Register multiple times, in some cases over several years, even though homeless assistance providers have not expressed interest in these properties. Our analysis of HUD’s annual reports for calendar years 2008 through 2013 found that of the 1,677 properties reported over the 6 years, 982 (59 percent) appeared in more than one annual report and 288 (17 percent) appeared in each of the six annual reports. For example, we found one property in Baltimore, Maryland, that was listed in three annual reports from 2011 through 2013. In another case in Macon, Alabama, a property was listed in HUD’s annual reports each year from 2008 through 2011. In the past, some in Congress and the executive branch have expressed concern about reporting requirements; the basic concern has been that some requirements result in reports that may be unnecessarily burdensome to produce or, in some instances, not very useful. Our prior work at other federal agencies has reviewed reporting requirements, the limited usefulness of some reports, duplicative reporting, and has found that less frequent reporting could allow agencies to continue to fulfill their responsibilities. HUD officials told us that, instead of publishing suitable and available properties in the Federal Register, they believe it would be more efficient and beneficial to homeless providers to publish the information on their Community Planning and Development “OneCPD” website, which serves as a resource exchange and provides technical assistance to stakeholders for a wide variety of programs including the Title V homeless assistance program. Further, both the National Law Center and the National Coalition for the Homeless suggested that available properties should be listed on the Internet in an easily accessible format, unlike the Federal Register, which they said is not user-friendly. Some stakeholders suggested that the federal government could make information more accessible by establishing a single web-based source of information on the program. However, if HUD were to report Title V properties on its OneCPD website, this would add to HUD’s other reporting requirements if the Title V reporting requirements remained unchanged, and HUD officials do not believe they have the resources to do both. Five of the homeless assistance providers we interviewed noted challenges with the application. Two providers reported that completing the application required additional resources and was time consuming, particularly in obtaining technical reports such as environmental assessments. For example, one organization hired a contractor to prepare the application, which was nearly 300 pages long and required extensive technical documentation. In another case, the representative said that the application process was time consuming because of the large volume of supporting documentation required. Among the homeless assistance providers we interviewed, one reported obtaining the environmental reports from GSA, while others paid a consultant to obtain the documentation or used their resources to collect it for the purpose of the application. Another provider noted that GSA responded slowly to requests for both access to the site and for documentation, such as site blueprints. According to this representative, GSA took nearly 60 days of the 90-day application period to provide access and documentation that had been requested at the beginning of the application process.on our work, we believe the large difference, discussed above, between the number of notices of interest and the number of applications may be, Based in part, due to the complexity and resources required to complete the application within a 90-day period. These case study results are consistent with the National Law Center’s findings, which state that the application is lengthy and cumbersome, making it difficult for a homeless assistance provider to complete in the short time frame imposed under the law. In addition, the application calls for homeless assistance providers to collect information that is already in the government’s possession, such as a description of the easements on the property. The HHS Title V official told us that several years ago, the Department modified the application packet to address some of these stakeholder concerns. Two homeless assistance providers we interviewed suggested that HHS consider providing examples of model applications on a public website. HHS officials told us that they believe posting examples of successful applications on the Internet may lead to homeless assistance applicants using examples that may not be relevant to their particular circumstances. HHS, as the agency responsible for ensuring that homeless providers use the transferred real properties according to the approved application, also approves any changes to the original program of use for the properties. Two of the selected case study providers told us that they found it difficult to alter the original program of use for their properties. According to the two providers, the needs of the homeless clientele they serve had changed since their applications were approved. For example, one provider told us that the homeless population the organization currently serves largely consists of persons recently released from incarceration and, unlike the population it served when the property was first transferred in 2002, is perhaps better educated than the previous population. This provider stated that due to the changing population, workforce training has become more of a need than it was in the past. The provider noted that it took many letters to convince HHS that workforce training was a necessary part of the organization’s homeless assistance. Another provider obtained a property for use as transitional housing for mentally ill homeless adults and wanted to alter the program to provide permanent housing to this population; a representative for that provider told us that the organization has thus far decided not to pursue its request to HHS because it understands that it would have to restart the application process. HHS Title V homeless assistance program representatives told us, that while much of the information requested for the original application would need to be resubmitted, the provider would not need to resubmit a full application. Our literature review and case study interviews found that homeless assistance organizations often reported meeting resistance from local interests and groups when attempting to acquire federal properties. Further, USICH’s 2011 annual report noted that, in some cases, local opposition to the use of the property by homeless providers has caused them to withdraw their applications to the Title V homeless assistance program. Two of the homeless providers we interviewed for our case studies reported meeting strong community opposition, which, according to one provider, related to concerns about safety, number of homeless assistance facilities within a given area, and the impact on real property values, for example: One case study provider, whose real property is located in an industrial, non-residential area, told us that the organization changed its original plan from providing shelter services to providing job training and social services instead of shelter in response to local opposition from neighboring businesses. Another case study provider encountered strong local opposition to its proposal to use the four residential properties as locations for clients undergoing mental health rehabilitation. The provider said its organization mitigated the resistance over the course of a year by holding multiple informational community meetings and conducting a workshop on removing the stigma associated with mental illness and homelessness at a local community college. Since the program has been in place, the organization has not experienced any further opposition to the program. Another case study provider described how the organization successfully addressed and minimized the potential for local opposition. In this case, the City of Redmond, Washington, worked with an inter-local government organization– A Regional Coalition for Housing (ARCH)–in acquiring the Title V real property. The City and ARCH then worked with a consortium of homeless providers in developing a homeless assistance program. Anticipating concerns, particularly from nearby residents, ARCH and the city staff reached out to the neighborhood to ensure that neighborhood interests were represented during the planning phase of the program, including a series of meetings. Our prior work has found similar competing stakeholder interests. For example, state and local governments, business interests in the communities where the assets are located, private sector construction and leasing firms, various advocacy groups, and the public in general have an interest in how the federal government carries out its real property management practices. We have raised this concern as an underlying problem in our biennial high-risk area updates on federal real property. In addition, we recommended to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 2012, the development of a cohesive national strategy for managing federal excess and underutilized real property that would also address competing stakeholder interests. OMB did not directly state whether it agreed or disagreed with our recommendation. Moreover, OMB has not taken action on our recommendation as of the time of this report. All four federal agencies—GSA, HHS, HUD and USICH—bear some responsibility for addressing challenges homeless assistance providers face with the Title V homeless assistance program, such as identifying and acquiring properties and developing a web-based source of information on the program. By collaborating to address these concerns, the federal agencies could provide information that would be more useful to homeless providers and thereby more effectively manage agency resources to contribute to the goal to end homelessness. Our prior work has found that many of the meaningful results that the federal government seeks to achieve require the coordinated efforts of more than one federal agency and often more than one sector and level of government. We have reported about the importance of collaboration among federal agencies for many years. In its 2011 annual report, USICH noted that the Title V homeless assistance program process for identifying properties, determining suitability, determining availability by landholding agencies, and leasing or deeding surplus properties involves at least three federal agencies and can appear quite confusing and cumbersome to homeless providers. USICH is composed of representatives from 19 federal agencies—including GSA, HHS, and HUD. While not having the authority to ensure compliance, USICH monitors, evaluates, and recommends improvements in federal and state homeless assistance programs and is required by law to meet at least four times a year. USICH is supported by the Council Policy Group, which provides a regular forum for coordinating policies and programs, collecting data, developing special initiatives, and preparing recommendations for consideration by USICH members. Unlike other interagency groups, although USICH is a very small agency, it receives an appropriation from Congress and employs full-time staff in Washington, D.C., and five regional posts. As such, resources and a process for addressing some of the stakeholder concerns are already in place. HUD has evaluated at least 40,000 underused, unused, and unneeded federal real property assets for the Title V homeless assistance program since it began in 1987. However, only a small fraction of the properties HUD determined suitable and that were available have been transferred to homeless assistance providers since the program’s inception—likely because the majority of the properties were not useful to them. The 81 active properties transferred have provided needed services to the homeless population across the nation. While HUD lists information on the properties it evaluates in the Federal Register multiple times each year, as required by law, many of the listings are duplicative, and many service providers are not even aware of the Title V homeless assistance program. Given that all underutilized, unutilized, excess, and surplus federal real property is subject to Title V homeless assistance program reporting requirements––including buildings, land, or both, without regard to location, size, or practicality—the scope of properties reported (with particular attention to the usefulness of the property and the frequency of reporting) is crucial to helping HUD make the program more useful to homeless assistance providers. In addition, a reliable, searchable electronic database of the properties HUD has reviewed would improve HUD’s ability to provide information to meet required reporting needs. While homeless assistance providers benefitted from obtaining federal real property otherwise not affordable to them and expanded their services, addressing the challenges they face in identifying properties would improve program effectiveness. Collective efforts by all four responsible federal agencies—GSA, HHS, HUD, and USICH—could help to address these concerns. Without these changes, the Title V homeless assistance program may not be making the best use of its resources to make progress toward ending homelessness in the nation. To ensure that properties determined as suitable and available are more likely to be practical for homeless assistance and that Federal Register reporting is not redundant, Congress should revisit the scope of properties to be reported to HUD with respect to the types of properties that may be less likely to be useful to assist the homeless and the frequency of Federal Register reporting. To improve HUD’s database on Title V homeless assistance properties, HUD should modify its existing database or create an electronic, searchable database to meet reporting needs to the extent that the benefits outweigh the costs. HUD, GSA, HHS, and USICH should work together to address the challenges that homeless assistance providers face with the Title V homeless assistance program by identifying what kinds of properties are most practical for homeless assistance, and developing a web-based source of information on the program for homeless assistance providers. We provided a draft of this report for review and comment to the four agencies with a role in administering the Title V homeless assistance program: GSA, HHS, HUD, and USICH. We also provided a draft of this report to the landholding agencies we included in our review: the EPA, the DOD service branches—the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy––DOE and DOI. We received written comments from GSA, HHS, and USICH, which are summarized below and reprinted in appendixes of this report. HUD’s agency liaison provided comments via e-mail on September 18, 2014, which are summarized below. In addition, GSA, HHS, HUD, the U.S. Army and the DOE provided technical comments, which we incorporated as appropriate. The EPA, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, and DOI did not provide any comments. GSA concurred with the findings of the report and the recommendation that it work with HHS, HUD, and USICH to address the challenges that homeless assistance providers face by identifying what kinds of properties are most practical for homeless assistance and developing a web-based source of information on the program for providers. GSA stated that it will continue to work with both HUD and HHS on this effort. GSA noted that it has taken steps to enhance its website with additional information and resources about the Title V homeless assistance program and provide additional information about how to locate available properties. The agency stated that it has also provided the opportunity for interested homeless assistance providers to subscribe to receive automatic e-mail notifications as properties are posted to its website. These are positive steps to provide additional information on the homeless assistance program. GSA’s comments can be found in appendix VI. HHS did not concur with our recommendation that it should work together with GSA, HUD, and USICH to address the challenges that homeless providers face by identifying what kinds of properties are most practical for homeless assistance. HHS stated that this was outside of the scope of its legal authority and noted that under the authorizing statute and the regulation, HUD, is solely authorized to identify suitable property and apply the suitability criteria to properties reported by landholding agencies pursuant to Title V requirements. We recognize that under the statute,HUD is solely authorized to make determinations regarding whether properties are suitable for use to assist the homeless. However, the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, as amended, required GSA, HHS, and HUD to promulgate implementing regulations. In response, GSA, HHS, and HUD promulgated a joint interim final rule that set out, among other things, the criteria to be applied by HUD in making its suitability determinations. The interim final rule putting the joint regulation in place explained that the suitability criteria have been developed with the intent of excluding only those properties that are clearly unsuitable for use to assist the homeless. The issuing agencies of the joint rule may revisit the scope of such regulatory exclusions of clearly unsuitable property to assess if they merit adjustment. Given that the rule was a joint issuance by GSA, HHS, and HUD, our recommendation that the agencies work together to identify what kinds of properties are most practical for homeless assistance is directed to the four agencies with responsibility for implementing the program. HHS concurred with the second part of the recommendation that it should work together with GSA, HUD, and USICH to develop a web-based source of information on the program for homeless assistance providers, and noted that it is in the process of refurbishing its federal real property assistance website and will consult with the other three agencies to discuss options relating to web-based sources of information on the Title V homeless assistance program. HHS’s comments can be found in appendix VII. HUD also concurred with the report’s overall findings, and with the recommendation that it modify its database or create a searchable, electronic database on the Title V homeless assistance properties to meet its reporting needs. HUD officials noted that its proposed legislative changes included the development of an improved database that would be searchable and would allow HUD stakeholders to view profiles of those properties that are suitable and available to be used to assist the homeless. HUD also concurred with the recommendation that it work together with GSA, HHS and USICH to address challenges providers face with identifying the kinds of properties that are most practical for homeless assistance, and to develop a web-based source of information on the program. HUD noted that it had already proposed legislative changes to create a web-based source of information on available properties in place of publishing properties in the Federal Register. Although we support a legislative change to address certain aspects of the law, as stated in our Matter for Congressional Consideration, our recommendations to HUD are not contingent upon legislative changes. As noted in our report, because HUD uses its Title V database primarily for generating listings for the Federal Register, it has not assessed the extent to which the benefits of modifying it to generate electronic reports, or developing a database to do so, would outweigh the costs. In addition, as one of the four federal agencies responsible for the program, HUD shares responsibility for addressing the challenges that homeless assistance providers face, such as identifying and acquiring properties and developing a web-based source of information on the program. USICH agreed that the scope of properties that agencies are required to report under Title V include large numbers of properties that could not viably be used for homeless assistance. However, it did not agree with our recommendation that it work together with GSA, HHS, and HUD to identify the kinds of properties that are most practical for homeless assistance. USICH stated that improving the identification of properties that are practical for homeless assistance cannot occur through collaboration alone and that a legislative fix is an essential prerequisite. We continue to believe that, as one of the agencies responsible for implementing the Title V homeless assistance program, USICH shares responsibility for addressing challenges homeless assistance providers face, such as identifying and acquiring properties. As noted in our report, by collaborating to address these concerns, the federal agencies could provide information that would be more useful to homeless providers. USICH concurred with the recommendation on developing a web-based source of information on the program for homeless assistance providers and stated that it may be beneficial for disseminating information on available federal real properties to interested stakeholders. USICH’s comments can be found in appendix VIII. As agreed with your offices, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution until 30 days from the report date. At that time, we will send copies to the Administrators of the Environmental Protection Agency and the General Services Administration; the Executive Director of the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness; and the Secretaries of Defense, Energy, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, and the Interior. We are also sending copies of this report to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. In addition, this report will be available at no charge on GAO’s website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-2834 or wised@gao.gov. Contact points for our Office of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix IX. To determine what is known about the identification and transfer of federal real properties for homeless assistance under Title V, we reviewed the requirements of Title V of the Act as they apply to the General Services Administration (GSA), the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH). We reviewed these agencies’ internal policies, procedures and other documents on how they implement the requirements of the programs. HUD does not maintain electronic records of all the properties reported under Title V since the inception of the program. Thus, due to the lack of available data in a format that allowed analysis, HUD provided us with estimates of the number of underutilized, unutilized, excess, and surplus properties reported by landholding agencies and the number that HUD determined to be suitable and were available for homeless use from the early 1990s through March 31, 2014. These estimates are based on the number of properties that were entered into HUD’s Title V database, developed in the early 1990s, several years after the McKinney-Vento Act was implemented. Further, HUD officials are not certain of the extent to which the database includes the Title V homeless assistance program properties reported prior to its creation. Due to the lack of available data in a format conducive to analysis, we could not verify the reliability of these estimates. We interviewed officials from HUD about how the estimates were derived and could not verify the reliability of these estimates. To assess the reliability of these estimates, we interviewed officials from HUD about how the estimates were derived and determined that the information provided by the agency provides a reasonable basis, with caveats, for reporting the number of properties that have been screened and published as suitable and available. In addition, to determine the number of properties reported in these categories and the number and percentage of these that were available for “off-site use only,” we analyzed HUD annual reports of suitable/available and suitable/unavailable properties for years 2008 through 2013. This time frame was selected to include the 5 years prior to the audit, and when HUD’s annual report for 2013 became available we added it to the analysis to include the most recent information. Our analysis of the Federal Register notices relied on identifying properties by the unique Property Identification (ID) number published with each property listing. We also obtained from HHS documents and data on the number of notices of interest and applications received for federal real property made available for homeless assistance and on the number, location, and use of properties transferred from the program’s inception in 1987 through March 31, 2014—the date of the most recently available information. To assess the reliability of these data, we interviewed officials from HHS about how the data are collected and maintained and the steps taken by the agency to ensure the completeness of these data. Based on this discussion, we determined that the data were sufficiently reliable for the purposes of this report. In order to assess the number of properties that received notices of interest and applications from interested providers, we also manually reviewed data on notices of interest and applications received to identify potential duplicate properties by GSA number, property name, location, and description. To understand how federal landholding agencies identify and report real property to HUD pursuant to the Act’s requirements, we selected nine landholding agencies to include a range of size among real property portfolios of land and buildings. These agencies were GSA; HHS; the Departments of Defense’s U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Navy; the Departments of Energy; the Interior and Veterans Affairs; and the Environmental Protection Agency. When combined, these nine landholding agencies accounted for almost 90 percent of the buildings held by the federal government in 2012. We collected documents from these agencies to understand how each agency manages and fulfills its reporting requirements under Title V, the extent to which it collaborates with other agencies, and to obtain views on how Title V requirements impact the federal real property disposal process. We interviewed agency officials from the GSA, HHS, and HUD to understand how they process properties reported under Title V homeless assistance program requirements, and we interviewed officials from USICH to understand its role with Title V. We also interviewed agency officials from the nine landholding agencies to obtain their views on how they meet the Act’s requirements and the impact of those requirements on each agencies disposal process. To determine the benefits and challenges selected homeless assistance providers and national advocacy organizations reported in identifying, acquiring and using federal real property, and the potential actions that could help address those challenges, we selected eight homeless assistance organizations that acquired federal real property under the program. The providers were: the City of Redmond, Washington; Crossroads Community, Inc.; Samaritan House; The Miami-Dade County Homeless Trust; Third Way Center; Urban Renewal Corporation; Veterans Coming Home/New Life Evangelistic Center; and Volunteers of America, Los Angeles. We made our selection using criteria such as the size of the real property acquired under the program, the services provided, geographic distribution, range of experiences with the Title V program, and suggestions from agencies and homeless advocacy organizations (GSA, HUD, HHS, USICH, the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, and the National Coalition for the Homeless). In addition, to assist the selection, we also used information from news reports and our literature review to identify high-profile properties. We interviewed representatives from each of the selected organizations, reviewed their annual utilization reports, and conducted site visits to two properties transferred under Title V. While information from case studies is not generalizable, the perspectives of the homeless service providers provided us with examples of the benefits and challenges associated with the program. Further, to gain additional perspectives on experiences with the federal agencies and the application process, and identify potential improvements to the process, we convened a virtual discussion panel comprised of representatives from homeless assistance organizations whose Title V applications were not approved. We selected and recruited seven organizations, of which three agreed to participate in the panel. These organizations were selected from HHS’s Title V homeless assistance program applicant data from 2006 through 2013 based on their geographic locations and proposed use of the properties. We selected the particular time frame to ensure that the information provided was reasonably up to date. Since the virtual discussion panel was selected using a non-probability sample of homeless assistance applicants whose Title V applications were declined by HHS, like the case studies, their experiences cannot be generalized to all homeless service providers. In addition, we reviewed the reports and interviewed representatives of two national advocacy organizations—the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty and the National Coalition for the Homeless. We conducted this performance audit from September 2013 to September 2014 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. As of March 2014, 81 Title V properties were currently in use by homeless assistance providers across the country to provide a range of homeless assistance services. The table below presents the services provided at each location by state. In addition to the contact named above, Amelia Shachoy, Teresa Spisak (Assistant Directors), Lindsay Bach, Jennifer Clayborne, Kathleen Gilhooly, Geoffrey Hamilton, Delwen Jones, Rosa Leung, John Mingus, Josh Ormond, Amy Rosewarne, and Elizabeth Wood made key contributions to this report.

Summary: Title V of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act enacted in 1987 created a program to assist the homeless, in part, by identifying unused federal real property and making it available to homeless assistance providers. GAO was asked to review the implementation of Title V of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act. This report examines: (1) the identification and transfer of federal real property to homeless assistance providers and (2) the benefits and challenges homeless assistance providers and national advocacy organizations reported in identifying, acquiring, and using federal real property, and the potential actions that could help to address these challenges. GAO obtained information and data from HUD and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) on the properties reported since the program's inception and interviewed officials from GSA, HHS, and HUD. GAO also obtained views on the program from officials at (1) nine federal agencies, representing a range of size in their real property portfolios; (2) eleven homeless assistance providers (including eight that received property), representing a range of locations, size of property, and services provided; and (3) national homeless-advocacy organizations. Since inception in 1987, the nationwide Title V homeless-assistance program has transferred 122 properties from federal agencies to homeless assistance providers. Of these properties, 81 are currently being used to provide a range of homeless assistance services nationwide. Such services include transitional housing, referral services, and emergency shelter. However, few of the properties that the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has listed as suitable and available since the program's inception received applications from homeless assistance providers. In most cases, the properties may not have actually been practical for homeless service providers to use. For example, in 2013 about 80 percent of these properties were for off-site use only—meaning that a provider would need to physically move the property in order to use it. HUD officials told us that they would prefer that agencies not be required to report certain types of properties at all, such as those for off-site use only. The current statutory requirement for agencies to report all properties that fall within four broad categories—excess, surplus, underutilized, and unutilized—may not be effective for certain types of properties. Such exclusion could allow HUD officials to focus on the suitable and available properties that may be more likely to assist the homeless. Of the 11 homeless assistance providers we interviewed, the eight case study providers that acquired property cited benefits from the Title V homeless assistance program, such as expanding services and obtaining real property at no cost. These benefits notwithstanding, the providers identified challenges, such as identifying available properties. These findings are consistent with reports from national homeless advocacy organizations. HUD reports properties in the Federal Register multiple times a year as required. The United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH), which plays a coordination role, provides a link on its website to the HUD reports. Nonetheless, according to national homeless advocates, many homeless assistance providers remain unaware of the availability of properties because the Federal Register is not user-friendly. Further, HUD lists many of the same properties more than once in the Federal Register , as required, even though they may not be useful to homeless assistance providers. In the past, some in Congress and the executive branch have raised issues about reporting requirements; the basic issue has been that some requirements result in reports that may be burdensome to produce, or not very useful. Modifying reporting requirements to reduce the frequency of reporting related to properties that are less likely to be useful to homeless providers could help, while also allowing HUD to continue to fulfill its responsibilities. Congress should consider changing (1) the scope of properties to be reported to HUD with respect to the types of properties that may be less likely to be useful to assist the homeless and (2) the frequency of Federal Register reporting.