Under the Small Business Act, SBA plays an important role in ensuring that small businesses gain access to federal contracting opportunities. SBA negotiates specific agency-wide goals to help ensure that the federal government collectively meets the 23 percent statutory goal for contract dollars awarded to small businesses. In addition, SBA administers the 8(a), HUBZone, WOSB, and SDVOSB programs that are intended to assist small businesses of various socioeconomic categories. Firms with multiple socioeconomic designations can receive set-asides or sole source contracts under one or more of the four programs. For example, a HUBZone firm that also qualifies as an SDVOSB could receive an award under the SDVOSB program as well as another under the HUBZone program. Each program has different requirements. As of March 2017, Puerto Rico had 76 8(a) certified businesses, 40 HUBZone certified businesses, 256 WOSBs, and 56 SDVOSBs. 8(a) Program: The purpose of the 8(a) program is to develop small businesses owned by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals. A business must meet several initial eligibility requirements to qualify for the 8(a) program. For example, the firm must be a small business as defined by SBA, it must be owned and controlled by one or more socially and economically disadvantaged individuals who are of good character and U.S. citizens, and it must demonstrate the potential for success. Upon certification by SBA, the business may stay in the program for 9 years if it meets other requirements for continued participation. HUBZone Program: Congress created the HUBZone program in 1997 to stimulate economic development in economically distressed communities by designating certain areas as HUBZones. There are several types of HUBZone areas, including qualified census tracts, which are determined by the area’s poverty rate or household income. SBA updates HUBZone designations based on whether areas meet statutory criteria, such as having certain income levels or poverty or unemployment rates. For example, SBA revised the designation of HUBZones based on the release of the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau data in October 2011. For a business to be certified by SBA as a HUBZone business, it must meet the following criteria: be small by SBA size standards, be at least 51 percent owned and controlled by U.S. citizens, have its principal office—the location where the greatest number of employees perform their work—located in a HUBZone, and have at least 35 percent of its employees reside in a HUBZone. On June 16, 2016, SBA announced that it had revised the definition of qualified census tracts eligible to be designated as HUBZones to provide additional opportunities for small businesses in Puerto Rico and nationwide to participate in the HUBZone program. Previously, in addition to poverty rate and income, a statutory population cap limited the number of eligible census tracts. Under the cap, in metropolitan areas where more than 20 percent of the population qualified, the list of eligible census tracts was ordered from the highest percentage of eligible households to the lowest until the 20 percent limit was exceeded. By lifting the population cap, SBA expanded the number of eligible census tracts in Puerto Rico by 516 (from 260 to 776). As a result, nearly all of Puerto Rico now qualifies as a HUBZone (see fig.1). In the rest of the United States, the number of eligible census tracts increased by 1,499 (from 15,938 to 17,437). (See app. II for maps of the newly eligible and existing census tracts in the United States, excluding U.S. territories.) WOSB Program: In 1994, Congress established a goal of not less than 5 percent of the total value of all prime contract and subcontract awards for each fiscal year for WOSBs to increase federal contracting opportunities for WOSBs. In 2000, Congress authorized the WOSB program and SBA issued implementing regulations that became effective in 2011. Under the program, contracts are reserved for WOSBs in designated industries in which WOSBs and economically disadvantaged WOSBs were historically underrepresented. Set-aside and sole source awards can be made to WOSBs only in those designated industries. Various changes have been made to the WOSB program since it was established, including the removal of limitations on the amount of contract dollars in a set-aside that WOSBs can compete for in 2013 and allowing sole source awards starting in October 2015. Among other eligibility requirements, a business must be at least 51 percent owned and controlled by one or more women; it must be certified as eligible by a third party or be self-certified by the business owner; and the owner must provide documents demonstrating that the business meets program requirements. SDVOSB Program: The Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999 established an annual government-wide goal of not less than 3 percent of the total value of all prime contract and subcontract awards for SDVOSBs. In addition, the Veterans Benefits Act of 2003 gave federal contracting officers the authority to restrict competition to SDVOSBs and award a sole source or set-aside contract where certain criteria are met. To be eligible, the business must be majority-owned by one or more service-disabled veterans who manage and control daily business operations, and it must qualify as a small business under the North American Industry Classification System Code industry-size standards. The Veterans Benefits, Health Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006 requires the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to set aside contracts for SDVOSBs and other veteran-owned small businesses (unless a sole source contract is used) if the contracting officer expects two or more such firms to submit awards. VA may make sole source awards of up to $5 million, without a determination that only an SDVOSB or a veteran-owned small business is available. Other categories. Other socioeconomic programs include those for veterans, small disadvantaged businesses, and other small businesses. To help ensure that small businesses receive a share of federal procurement contract dollars, Congress has set an annual government- wide goal of awarding not less than 23 percent of prime contract dollars to small businesses. To promote this goal, the Small Business Act permits contracting officers at federal agencies to award contracts to small businesses through set-aside or sole source to 8(a), HUBZone, WOSB, and SDVOSB businesses, under certain requirements. Federal agencies are generally required to set aside contracts with values exceeding $150,000 if the contracting officer expects at least two small businesses to submit bids for the procurement. Under the HUBZone, WOSB, and SDVOSB programs, a contracting officer may award sole source contracts valued up to $4 million if the contracting officer does not have a reasonable expectation that two or more small businesses would submit offers and the award can be made at a fair and reasonable price. Under the 8(a) program, federal agencies are to make sole source awards for contracts valued up to $4 million. Federal agencies are also required to reserve contracts with values exceeding $3,000 but less than $150,000 for small businesses exclusively if the contracting officer expects at least two small businesses to submit bids. The Small Business Act also established other programs and resources to assist small businesses nationwide, including with small business contracting activities. Among them, SBA employs Procurement Center Representatives (PCR) to assist small businesses in obtaining federal contracts. Among other activities, PCRs can make recommendations to agency contracting officers that proposed contracts be set aside for eligible small businesses. In addition, the act generally requires federal agencies with procurement authorities to establish an Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization to oversee the agency’s functions and duties related to the awarding of contracts to small and disadvantaged businesses. Our analysis of federal prime contracting data identified a number of trends in federal contracting obligations to small businesses in Puerto Rico from fiscal years 2006 through 2016. For example, we found that small businesses in Puerto Rico received a relatively high proportion of federal prime contracting obligations for work performed in Puerto Rico compared to small businesses nationwide. Additionally, we found that a greater percentage of obligations was awarded to small businesses in Puerto Rico through full and open competition and the 8(a) program compared to the other three SBA socioeconomic contracting programs. We also found that the number of HUBZone applications has increased since SBA expanded the number of HUBZone-eligible census tracts in June 2016; about half of the applicants were located in newly designated HUBZone-qualified census tracts. The percentage of federal prime contracting obligations awarded to small businesses within Puerto Rico for contracts performed there was relatively high from fiscal years 2006 through 2016, particularly in the last 4 fiscal years. Of the total obligations awarded to businesses of all sizes for contracts performed in Puerto Rico, the percentage awarded to small businesses located there ranged from about 24 percent in fiscal year 2006 to about 51 percent in fiscal year 2015. In fiscal year 2016, small businesses in Puerto Rico received about 47 percent of federal prime contracting obligations (about $319 million out of $682 million) for work performed there. In contrast, federal prime contracting obligations awarded to small businesses nationwide were consistently around 20 percent from fiscal years 2006 through 2013 and increased to about 23 percent from fiscal years 2014 through 2016; in fiscal year 2016, small businesses nationwide received about 23 percent of the federal prime contracting obligations (see fig. 2). For the contracts performed in Puerto Rico by small businesses, most obligations went to businesses also located in Puerto Rico, although some obligations were awarded to businesses located elsewhere, such as on the U.S. mainland. Specifically, we found that of the obligations awarded to all small businesses for contracts performed in Puerto Rico, over 70 percent went to small businesses located in Puerto Rico for 7 of the 11 fiscal years we reviewed; in fiscal year 2016, this figure was 81 percent. We also found that small businesses in Puerto Rico largely performed contracts inside of Puerto Rico rather than outside of Puerto Rico. Specifically, more than 94 percent of the small businesses located in Puerto Rico that received contract awards received them for work performed in Puerto Rico each fiscal year from 2006 through 2016, with the exception of fiscal year 2006. As previously discussed, small businesses can receive federal prime contracts based on full and open competition and through set-asides and sole source awards they may qualify for based on their certifications from one or more of the four SBA socioeconomic programs or other socioeconomic designations. To illustrate how SBA certifications may have influenced the ability of small businesses in Puerto Rico to obtain prime contracts for work performed in Puerto Rico, we analyzed contract obligations based on whether awards were obtained through the four SBA programs or through other means. As shown in figure 3, we found that a substantial percentage of contracting obligations for this period were awarded to small businesses in Puerto Rico outside of these four programs, either based on full and open competition or through set- asides or sole source awards based on other socioeconomic designations. For fiscal years 2006 through 2016, the percentage of obligations awarded without the use of the four SBA programs ranged from a combined low of 49 percent in 2009 to a combined high of 82 percent in 2013 for Puerto Rico. Consistent with nationwide results, we also found that a higher percentage of federal prime contracting obligations were awarded through the 8(a) program than through HUBZone, WOSB, or SDVOSB programs combined for contracts awarded to small businesses located in Puerto Rico. The percentage of obligations awarded using the 8(a) program was higher in Puerto Rico than nationwide, as shown in figure 3. SBA, Department of Defense (DOD), and General Services Administration (GSA) officials provided a few potential reasons why the 8(a) program may have been used more than HUBZone, WOSB, and SDVOSB programs in Puerto Rico. SBA officials stated that federal agency contracting officers consider the 8(a) program’s certification process to be rigorous and believe in the competence of 8(a) businesses. Under the HUBZone, WOSB, and SDVOSB programs, a contracting officer has the authority to award using sole source only when it has been determined that two or more qualified business are not likely to submit offers; this restriction on the use of sole source contracts does not apply to the 8(a) program. SBA, GSA, and DOD officials all noted this factor as a reason why the 8(a) program is more widely used than others. DOD officials stated that this enables contracting officers to award quickly while GSA officials noted that using 8(a) sole source allows them to target contractors, such as those located in Puerto Rico. DOD officials also cited business development assistance provided by SBA to 8(a) program participants as an advantage. We also found instances in which a few relatively large contracts, in addition to variation in the number of contracts awarded, caused substantial variation in the award of obligations using 8(a), HUBZone, WOSB, and SDVOSB programs in Puerto Rico, as seen in figure 3. For example, for the 8(a) program, one contract awarded in fiscal year 2009 made up about 46 percent of the obligations awarded through the program during that year. In fiscal years 2010 and 2011, four large contracts awarded using the HUBZone program substantially increased the amount of obligations awarded through the program during those fiscal years as compared to the other fiscal years. The trends in obligations awarded for these four programs did not appear to be related to any particular regulatory or programmatic changes. See appendix V for information on regulatory or programmatic changes made to these programs. In addition, we found that small businesses in Puerto Rico that had HUBZone and WOSB designations received a majority of obligations awarded to them without the use of these respective programs. For example, in fiscal year 2015, only 7 percent of the obligations awarded to businesses with HUBZone designations in Puerto Rico were through the HUBZone program; the remainder were awarded to HUBZone businesses using other programs—including the other three SBA programs and other socioeconomic programs —or full and open competition. In comparison, small businesses in Puerto Rico that had SDVOSB and 8(a) designations received a majority of the obligations awarded to them through those respective programs. Agencies can count contracting dollars awarded to small businesses under more than one socioeconomic category. For example, if a business with both HUBZone and SDVOSB designations received a contract through the HUBZone program, the contracting dollars would count towards both of these programs’ contracting goals. See appendix VI for more detailed information on the use of socioeconomic programs in obligations awarded to businesses in Puerto Rico that have HUBZone, WOSB, SDVOSB, and 8(a) designations. We found that in fiscal year 2016, federal prime contracting obligations awarded to small businesses in Puerto Rico for contracts performed there were concentrated in the manufacturing sector (about $215 million or 67 percent), the construction sector (about $69 million or 22 percent), and the professional and business services sector (about $23 million or 7 percent). For contracts awarded using 8(a), HUBZone, WOSB, or SDVOSB programs, these three economic sectors were also among those that received the greatest amount of obligations (see table 1). Among federal agencies, DOD, VA, and GSA awarded the greatest percentages of federal prime contracting obligations to small businesses in Puerto Rico for contracts performed there. Specifically, in fiscal year 2016, DOD awarded about $229 million (72 percent) in obligations to small businesses in Puerto Rico, followed by VA at about $41 million (13 percent), and GSA at about $35 million (11 percent) (see table 2). For awards that used 8(a) and WOSB programs, more than 80 percent of the obligations were awarded by DOD; for awards that used the SDVOSB program, 80 percent were awarded by VA. Additionally, about half of the obligations awarded by VA for fiscal year 2016 went to SDVOSBs. VA has a statutory mandate to prioritize SDVOSBs over other types of businesses. We found that the number of applications submitted to the HUBZone program in Puerto Rico increased, and some businesses with primary locations in newly eligible qualified census tracts applied to the program. A total of 30 businesses submitted applications to the HUBZone program between June 2016 and March 2017. Based on our analysis, 16 of the 30 businesses that applied between June 2016 and March 2017 had primary locations in newly designated HUBZone-qualified census tracts. Fourteen of the 30 HUBZone applicants had other SBA program designations— 8(a) program (7 applicants), WOSB (6 applicants), and SDVOSB (2 applicants). Of the 14 applicants with other SBA program designations, 7 had primary locations in newly designated census tracts. As previously discussed, after the lifting of the cap in June 2016, most of Puerto Rico had a HUBZone designation (see fig. 1). The number of certified HUBZone firms also increased. Specifically, from the end of fiscal year 2015 to the end of fiscal year 2016, the number of certified HUBZone businesses in Puerto Rico increased by 2 (from 23 to 25), whereas for the first 6 months of fiscal year 2017 (October 2016 to March 2017), the number of HUBZone businesses increased by 15 (from 25 to 40). Six of the newly certified HUBZone businesses were located in newly designated qualified census tracts. We found that the economic indicators for Puerto Rico for all census tracts—including previously designated census tracts, newly designated census tracts, and ineligible census tracts—generally showed greater economic distress than the indicators for all census tract categories nationwide, as indicated by American Community Survey estimates covering 2011 to 2015 (see table 3). For example, the average poverty rate in newly designated census tracts in Puerto Rico was about 44 percent, compared to 31 percent in newly designated census tracts nationwide. The economic indicators also suggest that newly eligible tracts are somewhat less economically distressed than previously designated tracts but more distressed than tracts that are still ineligible. Stakeholders we spoke with identified a number of challenges that small businesses in Puerto Rico may face in obtaining federal contracting opportunities. Many of these challenges were similar to those we found in 2012 that small businesses, including minority-owned businesses, face nationwide in seeking federal contract opportunities. These challenges included increased use of contract bundling or consolidation, difficulty in meeting contract procurement requirements, and lack of knowledge about the federal procurement process. In addition, some stakeholders we interviewed indicated that the island geography of Puerto Rico and its economic conditions may complicate or exacerbate some of these challenges compared to small businesses elsewhere. None of the stakeholders we interviewed identified federal laws that have created unique challenges for small businesses in Puerto Rico in obtaining federal contracting. In addition, SBA and other agencies identified examples of efforts undertaken to further assist Puerto Rican small businesses in obtaining federal contracting opportunities, such as holding training events and conferences. Representatives from one association and SBA representatives we interviewed identified contract bundling or consolidation as a challenge for small business federal contracting in Puerto Rico. According to SBA officials, a trend in federal contracting toward contract consolidation or bundling has led to a decrease in the number of small businesses competing for federal contracts across the United States. Stakeholders in our 2012 report stated that contract bundling could reduce the number of contracting opportunities for small businesses. In that report, representatives from advocacy groups stated that contract bundling could reduce the number of contracting opportunities available for small and minority-owned businesses. SBA’s procurement center representatives (PCR) and officials from SBA’s Puerto Rico District Office both stated that smaller businesses are less likely to have the capability or experience to compete or qualify for the large scope of work associated with consolidated contracts and noted that for an island like Puerto Rico small businesses are generally smaller. According to SBA, one of the roles that PCRs play is to work with contracting officers to evaluate whether bundling is the best way to acquire services and supplies. Additionally, bundling of acquisitions undergoes several levels of review to ensure that bundling is necessary. Specifically, the Small Business Act requires that procuring activities (1) conduct market research to justify acquisition strategies that could lead to consolidated procurement requirements, (2) provide advance notice of substantial bundled solicitations on a public website, and (3) implement certain procurement strategies when solicitations involve substantial bundling. According to SBA, FPDS-NG and agency data collection sources do not currently contain sufficient information to quantify the extent to which bundling of contract requirements affects the ability of small businesses to compete as prime contractors or to compare the savings realized under an existing bundled contract with the potential savings that may occur if that bundled contract is recompeted in its current configuration. Representatives from four associations and the Federal Contracting Center stated that the procurement requirements for federal contracts, such as performance history for construction contracts, posed challenges for small businesses in Puerto Rico. In our 2012 report, officials from federal agencies and advocacy groups also identified lack of performance history as a challenge for small, minority-owned businesses. In addition, representatives from two associations and the Federal Contracting Center as well as the SBA PCR said that as an island, Puerto Rico faces specific challenges in meeting procurement requirements. For example, representatives from the Federal Contracting Center noted that the construction of a cemetery required a business to demonstrate experience in developing several cemeteries in the past 5 years. These representatives stated that opportunities to construct cemeteries are limited in Puerto Rico and that relevant experience may have been from more than 5 years ago. In addition, representatives from four associations and the Federal Contracting Center said that the experience of construction businesses in Puerto Rico does not match the procurement requirements, which are often standardized to mainland building standards and do not consider the unique conditions in Puerto Rico. They said that as a result, agencies’ contracting officers may not consider Puerto Rican businesses’ experience as qualifying. For example, representatives from four associations stated that construction businesses in Puerto Rico demonstrate greater understanding of building requirements in Puerto Rico, such as accounting for tropical climate or the risk of seismic activity, in their construction plans but these factors have not been part of federal procurement requirements. SBA and GSA officials stated they were aware of the concerns about the procurement requirements from businesses located in Puerto Rico. GSA officials stated they try to strike a balance by not creating prohibitively strict procurement criteria and ensuring that they can identify businesses that are capable of doing the work. Federal construction contracts often require bonding. Bonding ensures that businesses have the financial capacity to perform the work and pay for labor and supplies. Representatives from two associations and GSA officials stated that small businesses in Puerto Rico often could not obtain bonding because they lacked access to capital. According to DOD and GSA officials and representatives from two associations and the Federal Contracting Center, small businesses may not be able to meet bonding requirements based on the businesses’ credit or financial standards required by the surety companies due to Puerto Rico’s economic downturn. Representatives from one association stated that a surety company may determine that a business is not competitive for a contract and not provide bonding as a result. Additionally, representatives from two other associations stated that bank failures in Puerto Rico in recent years have affected access to capital and that banks are unwilling to extend credit to small businesses. They said the resulting lack of credit may have also decreased businesses’ ability to obtain bonding. In our 2012 report, officials from advocacy groups and federal agencies also cited lack of access to capital, financing, and bonding as challenges for minority-owned businesses. On April 24, 2017, SBA announced that it had approved the first Puerto Rican surety company to participate in its Surety Bond Guarantee Program. Through this program, qualifying surety companies can receive a guarantee of a percentage of the losses incurred on bonds issued to small businesses. Representatives from two associations and the Federal Contracting Center, members of an association, and an industry observer stated that a lack of knowledge of the federal contracting process can be a challenge for small businesses in Puerto Rico. In our 2012 report, officials from federal agencies and advocacy groups also identified lack of knowledge about the federal contracting process as a challenge for small, minority- owned businesses. Representatives from one association we interviewed stated that some small businesses in Puerto Rico may not know how to complete a proposal for federal contracting and may not have the infrastructure in place to prepare contracts accurately. Additionally members from an association stated that small businesses do not have a process in place to meet the proposal guidelines. DOD and GSA officials stated that proposals submitted sometimes are not high quality and need additional assistance. Representatives from one association stated that some small businesses are unfamiliar with federal contracting opportunities and where to find them. Officials from SBA’s Puerto Rico District Office said that they hold regular training on contracting programs and how to navigate the contracting process. The District Office also holds one-on-one appointments with businesses to help them navigate the federal contracting process and has offered training on proposal writing. For example, the District Office offered a class on cost and price analysis in March 2017. A representative from the Small Business and Technology Development Center (SBTDC) also stated that counselors at SBTDC often help to redo the proposals. Representatives from two associations we interviewed and the Federal Contracting Center stated that small businesses lack basic information about SBA’s federal contracting programs and their benefits. According to Federal Contracting Center representatives and an industry observer, small businesses may not know where to obtain information about SBA’s programs and how to complete the paperwork to become certified in these programs. One association representative told us that businesses in Puerto Rico needed more training and better education about the programs’ benefits and requirements. SBA has conducted various small business outreach activities in Puerto Rico, including training and seminars, to promote participation in its small business contracting programs. According to officials in SBA’s Puerto Rico District Office, the office offered 61 training events with 424 attendees in fiscal year 2016; 47 training events with 517 attendees in fiscal year 2015; and 56 training events with 701 attendees in fiscal year 2014. These training events focused on the 8(a), HUBZone, WOSB, and SDVOSB programs. SBA’s Puerto Rico District Office has also coordinated with local governments, nonprofits, chambers of commerce, and other associations in order to provide information to small businesses about the programs. For example, the District Office has a memorandum of understanding with the Puerto Rico Chamber of Commerce for the Chamber to inform its clients and members about SBA’s programs and services and to refer its members to SBA’s resource partners when appropriate; the District Office has 14 such agreements with other organizations as of May 2017. SBA also relies on three resource partners throughout Puerto Rico to promote SBA programs: SBTDC, which has offices in six municipalities; two Women’s Business Centers; and 17 volunteers serving as business counselors through the SCORE (formerly the Service Corps of Retired Executives) program. With the expansion of the eligible HUBZone census tracts, SBA officials stated that they have tried to reduce the burden of documentation and approval time to encourage businesses to apply for certification. Additionally, Federal Contracting Center representatives stated that they are working with small businesses to certify them for the HUBZone program. As of March 2017, 40 small businesses in Puerto Rico were HUBZone businesses and 76 were 8(a) businesses, an increase in both categories compared to the prior 2 fiscal years. Limitations in SBA’s online system used to help small businesses identify whether they are located in a HUBZone area may also pose a challenge to small businesses in Puerto Rico seeking to determine if they may apply to the HUBZone program. To help small business owners determine if their business is located in a HUBZone, and therefore potentially eligible to participate in the program, SBA provides an online locator. Business owners can search the online locator using the business’s geographic coordinates or its address, or they can use a color-coded HUBZone map. Due to the unique formatting of addresses in Puerto Rico, SBA’s system is not able to process certain addresses. SBA officials told us that they are aware that SBA’s online tool is unable to process some addresses in Puerto Rico and have generally advised businesses to search using geographic coordinates. Additionally, SBA officials stated that they are in the process of transitioning to a new mapping system that should provide more accurate information. They estimated that the system will be available in late 2017. Representatives from one association and the Federal Contracting Center cited the lack of access to contracting officials as an issue for small businesses in Puerto Rico. In our 2012 report, advocacy group officials also cited a lack of access to contracting officials as a significant challenge for small businesses. An official from the Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) Business Center in Puerto Rico stated that geographic barriers may be a challenge for small businesses there because it is difficult for these businesses to market and maintain their relationships with contracting officers, who are generally located at the headquarters level on the mainland. Federal Contracting Center representatives stated that for professional services (such as accounting), most of the contracting opportunities are managed by agencies with headquarters in Washington, D.C., and that businesses in Puerto Rico found it difficult to enter the market in Puerto Rico. Additionally, representatives from one association stated that contracting officers from agencies do not have a presence in Puerto Rico and award contracts to businesses that are local to these agencies rather than to businesses in Puerto Rico. Officials from SBA, DOD, VA, and GSA said they help to connect small businesses to federal contracting officers through conferences and matchmaking events where businesses can meet contracting officers one-on-one. Representatives from one association and the Federal Contracting Center stated that language was an issue facing small businesses in Puerto Rico. In our 2012 report, advocacy group officials cited linguistic and cultural barriers as a challenge for minority-owned small businesses on a limited basis. In addition, the language barrier may hinder the ability of some small businesses to complete the applications to become certified in SBA’s small business contracting programs or access the opportunities for contracts once certified. Federal Contracting Center representatives stated that language may prevent small businesses from developing relationships with the contracting agency or may be a barrier in the proposal development process. SBA officials stated that they believe that the bigger challenge was that documents need to be translated from Spanish, which can be onerous and costly. They said that some small businesses do not have the resources or the ability to perform these translations. Officials from SBA’s Puerto Rico District Office stated that SBA offices accept documents in Spanish if the office has a Spanish-speaking staff member. However, if no Spanish-speaking staff member is available, documents must be translated into English in order for SBA to review them. GSA officials stated that its Puerto Rico office has bilingual staff and that they have generally not encountered language barriers with businesses in Puerto Rico. Representatives from the Federal Contracting Center and one association identified the lack of an SBA PCR in Puerto Rico as a disadvantage for small businesses seeking federal contracts. SBA PCRs work with federal agencies and small businesses to identify contracting opportunities for small businesses. According to a Federal Contracting Center representative, having a PCR is important because the PCR can advocate for small businesses in various ways. For example, the PCR can work with contracting officers to determine small business set-asides, make adjustments to procurement requirements, and make agency contracting officers more aware of businesses in Puerto Rico. According to one association’s representative, the PCR should assist local businesses and promote businesses located in Puerto Rico to federal agencies. SBA officials we interviewed stated that SBA has limited resources and cannot justify dedicating a PCR in Puerto Rico based on their analyses. According to SBA officials, SBA has 3,000 federal procurement centers and 57 PCRs. SBA officials stated that Puerto Rico has a low volume of federal contracting activities and a relatively high percentage of prime contract obligations awarded to small businesses as compared to the federal government’s goal of at least 23 percent. Representatives from four associations stated that challenges such as lack of access to contracting officers and difficulty meeting procurement requirements have led to concerns about contracts being awarded to businesses located outside of Puerto Rico for work to be performed in Puerto Rico. In a report prepared by the Congressional Task Force on Economic Growth in Puerto Rico, the Task Force recommended that Congress consider establishing a Puerto Rico small business contracting preference for federal contracts performed in Puerto Rico. SBA and VA officials stated that agencies do not have locational requirements for procurements and all qualifying businesses can compete for contracts located in Puerto Rico. We provided a draft of this report for review and comment to SBA, DOD, GSA, and VA. Additionally, we provided relevant sections of the draft report to the agencies, industry associations, and economic development entities in Puerto Rico we interviewed to confirm the accuracy of information they provided. SBA, DOD, and VA provided technical comments, which we have incorporated, as appropriate. We are sending copies of this report to congressional committees, agencies, and other interested parties. In addition, this report will be available at no charge on our website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff members have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-8678 or shearw@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix VII. This report examines (1) trends in small business contracting and the use of Small Business Administration (SBA) programs that provided federal contracting preferences to small businesses in Puerto Rico from fiscal years 2006 through 2016, and (2) stakeholder views on any challenges small businesses in Puerto Rico face in obtaining federal contracting opportunities, including those posed by federal laws, and steps SBA and other agencies have taken to assist Puerto Rican small businesses in obtaining federal contracting opportunities. To identify trends in the use of SBA programs that provided federal contracting preferences to small businesses in Puerto Rico from fiscal years 2006 through 2016, we obtained data on federal prime contract obligation amounts for Puerto Rico and nationwide from Federal Procurement Data System–Next Generation (FPDS-NG) for those fiscal years. For Puerto Rico, we used data on the obligations awarded to businesses located in Puerto Rico for work performed there. We used the nationwide data as a reference point for our analysis of small business federal contracting trends in Puerto Rico. Using these data, we analyzed the level of federal contracting obligations to small businesses and the use of SBA’s socioeconomic programs to award obligations to businesses located in Puerto Rico and nationwide. Those programs are 8(a) Business Development (8(a)), Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZone), Women-Owned Small Business (WOSB), and Service- Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB). Additionally, using fiscal year 2016 data from FPDS-NG, we analyzed the industries with the highest amounts of obligations and the agencies that awarded the most obligations. To identify regulatory changes that could have influenced trends in the use of the SBA socioeconomic programs, we reviewed the Federal Register and GAO reports. We determined that the data from FPDS-NG were sufficiently reliable for analyzing trends by reviewing relevant documents related to the data to determine their reliability. To examine the potential influence of a change SBA made to the HUBZone program in June 2016 that expanded the number of eligible HUBZone areas, we analyzed monthly data provided by SBA on the number of applications to the HUBZone program in Puerto Rico from October 2015 through March 2017. We also obtained information from SBA on the names, addresses, and census tracts of the applicants that applied between June 2016 and March 2017 to determine if the applicants came from newly designated census tracts. Further, we obtained information to determine if the applicants to the HUBZone program had other certifications by downloading data from SBA’s Dynamic Small Business Search (DSBS) database on businesses with certifications in the 8(a), WOSB, and SDVOSB programs. Using DSBS data, we searched for the names of the HUBZone applicants to determine if they had these certifications. Additionally, we obtained economic data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey and compared economic conditions of the HUBZone census tracts that were newly designated and previously existing as well as census tracts ineligible for the program. We determined that the data from the Census Bureau, the DSBS database, and other data provided by SBA were sufficiently reliable for describing economic conditions in HUBZone areas and for describing the status of HUBZone applicants. We made this determination by reviewing relevant documents related to the data to determine their reliability as well as interviewing SBA officials about the data. To identify stakeholder views on any challenges small businesses in Puerto Rico face in obtaining federal contracting opportunities, including those posed by federal laws, and steps SBA and other agencies have taken to assist Puerto Rican small businesses in obtaining federal contracting opportunities, we interviewed SBA officials and other stakeholders, such as federal agency contracting officials, industry associations, and economic development entities in Puerto Rico. For SBA, we interviewed officials at the headquarters level and in the Puerto Rico District Office, as well as Procurement Center Representatives (PCR) responsible for federal contracting activities in Puerto Rico. For federal agencies, we interviewed contracting officials at the three agencies with the largest proportions of small business obligations in Puerto Rico in fiscal year 2016: the Department of Defense (DOD), Department of Veteran Affairs (VA), and General Services Administration (GSA). We also interviewed representatives from the following organizations located in Puerto Rico: Economic Development Bank for Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Trade and Export Company, Federal Contracting Center, Chamber of Commerce (which included a representative from the Small Business and Technology Development Center (SBTDC)), Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) Business Center, Minority Development Council, Manufacturers Association, Builders Association, General Contractors Association, and an industry observer formerly with the Economist Association. Several of these stakeholders, such as the Federal Contracting Center, MBDA Business Center, and SBTDC, provide information and assistance for federal contracting to businesses. We selected these organizations based on our analysis of relevant stakeholders, including those representing the largest industries in which obligations were awarded in Puerto Rico in fiscal year 2016. Additionally, as we conducted interviews, we asked each interviewee to suggest additional stakeholders we should interview. We did not assess the extent to which steps SBA and other agencies have taken address the challenges stakeholders identified. We reviewed data on outreach events that SBA provided. We determined that the data provided by SBA were sufficiently reliable for our purpose of describing outreach SBA conducted in Puerto Rico. We also conducted a literature review of trade articles, academic articles, testimonies, and GAO and SBA reports to identify challenges cited for the 8(a), HUBZone, WOSB, and SDVOSB programs and challenges faced by small businesses in federal contracting in Puerto Rico. In our review, we searched several databases, including ProQuest, Academic OneFile, SSRN, Scopus, National Technical Information Service, PolicyFile, and Lexis Nexis. The keywords used included “SBA,” “Puerto Rico,” and “contracting,” and the names of the four SBA programs we reviewed in this report. We restricted our review to items that were published from 2006 and 2016. Our review did not yield any literature on challenges faced by small businesses in Puerto Rico; additionally, literature on the four SBA programs generally consisted of trade articles and testimonies. We conducted this performance audit from September 2016 to June 2017 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. On June 16, 2016, the Small Business Administration (SBA) announced that it had revised the definition of qualified census tracts eligible to be designated as Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZone). Previously, in addition to poverty rate and income, a statutory population cap limited the number of eligible census tracts. Under the cap, in metropolitan areas where more than 20 percent of the population qualified, the list of eligible census tracts was ordered from the highest percentage of eligible households to the lowest until the 20 percent limit was exceeded. By lifting the population cap, the number of eligible census tracts increased by 1,499 (from 15,938 to 17,437) in the United States, excluding U.S. territories. Figure 4 shows newly eligible and previously eligible HUBZone census tracts in the United States. From fiscal years 2006 through 2016, for contracts performed in Puerto Rico, more contracts went to small businesses in Puerto Rico than to large businesses in Puerto Rico and both small and large businesses outside of Puerto Rico. Figure 5 shows the award of contracts performed in Puerto Rico by business size and location. From fiscal years 2013 through 2016, for contracts performed in Puerto Rico, more obligations were awarded to small businesses in Puerto Rico than to large businesses in Puerto Rico and both small and large businesses outside of Puerto Rico. Figure 6 shows the award of contracting obligations for contracts performed in Puerto Rico by business size and location. Figure 7 provides information on the award of federal prime contracting obligations to businesses by location and size for contracts where the place of performance was in that state or territory in fiscal year 2016. The Small Business Administration (SBA) has issued various final rules as well as made certain programmatic changes to the 8(a) Business Development (8(a)), Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone), Women-Owned Small Business (WOSB), and Service-Disabled Veteran- Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) programs. Agencies can count federal prime contracting dollars awarded to small businesses under more than one socioeconomic category. For example, if a business with both Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) and Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVSOB) designations received a contract through HUBZone set-aside, the contracting dollars would count towards both of these programs’ contracting goals. For a majority of the fiscal years from 2006 through 2016, businesses with HUBZone and Women-Owned Small Business designations received small percentages of obligations using those respective set-asides as compared to other set-asides or full and open competition; see figures 9 and 10, respectively. In contrast, obligations to businesses with 8(a) Business Development (8(a)) and SDVSOB designations generally received obligations using those respective set- asides, rather than other set-asides or through full and open competition; see figures 8 and 11, respectively. The Department of Veteran Affairs has a statutory mandate to prioritize SDVOSBs over other types of small businesses. As shown in figure 8, 61 percent to 96 percent of obligations awarded to 8(a) businesses located in Puerto Rico for work performed there were awarded using the 8(a) program from fiscal years 2006 through 2016. Nationwide, the percentage was between 60 percent and 67 percent for all years during the same period. For obligations awarded to HUBZone businesses located in Puerto Rico, around 0 to 7 percent of the obligations were awarded through the HUBZone program with the exception of fiscal years 2010 through 2012, in which it ranged from 34 percent to 69 percent (see fig. 9). Nationwide, obligations to HUBZone businesses through the HUBZone program ranged from around 12 percent to 17 percent from fiscal years 2006 through 2009 and from 23 percent to 28 percent in fiscal years 2010 through 2016. In Puerto Rico and nationwide, 2 percent or less of the obligations to WOSBs were WOSB set-asides or sole source awards from fiscal years 2006 through 2016 (see fig. 10). In Puerto Rico, from fiscal years 2010 through 2016, around 70 percent to 90 percent of the obligations to SDVOSBs were SDVOSB set-aside or sole source awards. Nationwide, the percentage of obligations to SDVOSBs using SDVSOB set-asides or sole source awards was around 11 percent and 20 percent for fiscal years 2006 and 2007 but has since ranged from around 30 percent to 40 percent from fiscal years 2008 through 2016 (see fig. 11). In addition to the contact named above, Harry Medina (Assistant Director), Weifei Zheng (Analyst in Charge), Abiud Amaro Diaz, Pamela Davidson, Julia Kennon, John McGrail, John Mingus, Jennifer Schwartz, and Jena Sinkfield made key contributions to this report.

Summary: SBA administers several programs nationwide and in Puerto Rico that provide federal contracting preferences to small businesses. The Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act includes a provision for GAO to review the application and utilization of SBA programs in Puerto Rico. GAO examined, among other things, (1) trends in small business contracting and the use of SBA programs in Puerto Rico that provide contracting preferences to small businesses and (2) stakeholder views on any challenges that small businesses in Puerto Rico face in obtaining federal contracting opportunities. To analyze trends in the use of SBA programs, GAO obtained data on prime contracts for Puerto Rico for fiscal years 2006 through 2016 and used nationwide data as a reference point. GAO interviewed stakeholders such as federal agency contracting officials, industry associations in Puerto Rico, and economic development entities about any challenges small businesses in Puerto Rico face in obtaining federal contracts and steps SBA has taken to promote participation in its programs. Additionally, GAO conducted a literature review to identify challenges cited for the 8(a), HUBZone, WOSB, and SDVOSB programs and challenges faced by small businesses in federal contracting in Puerto Rico. GAO makes no recommendations in this report. From fiscal years 2006 through 2016, a higher percentage of federal contracting obligations was awarded to small businesses within Puerto Rico for contracts performed there compared to the percentage for small businesses nationwide, particularly in the last 4 fiscal years of the period (see fig.). In fiscal year 2016, small businesses in Puerto Rico received about 47 percent of federal contracting obligations to Puerto Rico (about $319 million out of $682 million) compared to 23 percent of federal obligations awarded to small businesses nationwide. Of the four Small Business Administration (SBA) programs that provide contracting preferences based on socioeconomic designations, a higher percentage of obligations was awarded in Puerto Rico through the 8(a) Business Development program compared to the Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone), Women-Owned Small Business (WOSB), and Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) programs. The use of 8(a) contract awards in Puerto Rico was somewhat higher than nationwide, while the use of the other three SBA programs was roughly comparable. Agencies and industry associations GAO interviewed identified several challenges small businesses in Puerto Rico may face in obtaining federal contracting opportunities. Challenges they identified included a lack of knowledge about the federal contracting process; difficulty meeting procurement requirements; and difficulty accessing bonding, financing, and capital. Many of these challenges are similar to those GAO identified in a September 2012 report (GAO-12-873) that small businesses in general face in seeking federal contracting opportunities. However, stakeholders indicated that some challenges may be exacerbated by Puerto Rico's geography and economic conditions. Stakeholders did not identify any federal laws that have created unique contracting challenges for small businesses in the region. SBA and the three other federal agencies GAO contacted identified examples of conducting outreach, providing training and seminars, coordinating with local organizations, and other efforts intended to help Puerto Rican small businesses obtain federal contracting opportunities.