FCA is an independent federal regulatory agency responsible for supervising, regulating, and examining institutions operating under the Farm Credit Act of 1971, as amended. The act also authorizes FCA to assess the institutions it regulates to provide funds for its annual operating costs and to maintain a reserve amount for contingencies, as applicable.FCA regulations allow several methods for FCA to assess and apportion its administrative expenses among the various types of institutions it oversees. These institutions include primary market institutions (banks and associations) and related entities that collectively comprise the System, in addition to Farmer Mac (a secondary market entity). As of September 30, 2000, the System (excluding Farmer Mac) included 172 institutions holding assets of about $91 billion; Farmer Mac’s assets were about $3 billion. The System is designed to provide a dependable and affordable source of credit and related services to the agriculture industry. FCA regulates and examines Farmer Mac, the secondary agricultural credit market entity, through the Office of Secondary Market Oversight (OSMO), which is an independent office with a staff of two within FCA.Figure 1 depicts the regulatory relationships among FCA, OSMO, the System, and Farmer Mac. Farmer Mac was created to provide a secondary market to improve the availability of agricultural and rural housing mortgage credit to lenders and borrowers. Both the System and Farmer Mac are government-sponsored enterprises (GSE). Although FCA does not receive any funds from the U.S. Treasury for its operating budget, its annual budget is subject to the annual congressional appropriations process, which limits the dollar amount that the agency can spend on administrative expenses. For 2000, that amount was $35.8 million. FCA raises operating funds from several sources, but most of these funds are from assessments on the institutions that it regulates. Assessments accounted for about 94 percent (including 2 percent for Farmer Mac) of the funding for the FCA’s 2000 operating budget, with the balance coming from reimbursable services, investment income, and miscellaneous income (see fig. 2). FCA officials define administrative expenses as generally comprising personnel compensation, official travel and transportation, relocation expenses, and other operating expenses necessary for the proper administration of the act. FCA also has reimbursable expenses, which include the expenses it incurs in providing services and products to another entity. The five other federal financial regulators discussed in this report have oversight responsibility for various types of institutions. Table 1 shows these regulators, along with the types of institutions that they regulate. For purposes of comparison, we group the regulators into two categories according to the types of market primarily or exclusively served by the institutions they regulate, primary and secondary market entities. Of the five regulators, four—FHFB, NCUA, OCC, and OTS—regulate primary market institutions. OFHEO regulates secondary market entities. FHFB regulates the 12 Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBanks) that lend on a secured basis to their member retail financial institutions. Under certain approved programs and subject to regulatory requirements, the FHLBanks also are authorized to acquire mortgages from their members. By law, federal financial regulators are required to examine their regulated institutions on a periodic basis (e.g., annually). The primary purpose of these supervisory examinations is to assess the safety and soundness of the regulated institution’s practices and operations. The examination process rates six critical areas of operations—capital adequacy (C), asset quality (A), management (M), earnings (E), liquidity (L), and sensitivity to market risk (S), or CAMELS. The rating system uses a 5-point scale (with 1 as the best rating and 5 as the worst rating) to determine the CAMELS rating that describes the financial and management condition of the institution. Examiners issue a rating for each CAMELS element and an overall composite rating. The results of an examination, among other things, determine the extent of ongoing supervisory oversight. To varying degrees, the regulators also have responsibility for ensuring their institutions’ compliance with consumer protection laws. Moreover, two GSE regulators (FCA and FHFB) have responsibilities for ensuring compliance with their respective GSEs’ statutory missions. Mission and safety and soundness oversight for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are divided. The Department of Housing and Urban Development has general regulatory authority over Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to ensure compliance with their missions, while OFHEO has the authority for safety and soundness regulation. To meet the first objective, we examined agency budget reports and financial documents and interviewed FCA and Farmer Mac officials. We compared FCA’s reported actual administrative expenses (total operating expenses less reimbursable costs) with congressionally imposed limits; reviewed relevant statutes, legislative history, FCA regulations, and FCA legal opinions; and developed a 5-year trend analysis. To address the second objective, we interviewed agency officials, reviewed relevant statutes and regulations, and analyzed data on operational funding obtained from FCA and the five other federal financial regulatory agencies. We selected these five agencies because they use funding mechanisms that are similar to FCA’s to support their operating budgets. We did not independently verify the accuracy of the data that the regulators provided or review any agency’s accounting records. We obtained comments on a draft of this report from FCA and the five other federal financial regulatory agencies. FCA’s comments are summarized at the end of this report. Except for OFHEO, all agencies provided technical comments, which we incorporated as appropriate. We conducted our work from January to July 2001 at FCA headquarters in McLean, VA, and at the headquarters of the other five regulators in Alexandria, VA, and Washington, D.C. We conducted our review in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Over the last 5 years, FCA has reduced expenditures for administrative expenses, reflecting the agency’s success in controlling operating costs. Staff reductions—due, in part, to consolidation within the System—have accounted for most of the decline in administrative expenditures. While actual administrative expenditure amounts have varied from year to year, FCA has continued to operate below congressionally approved spending levels. Significant dollar decreases in personnel costs were largely responsible for the decrease in administrative spending and the 5.8 percent decline compared with the 8.59 percent growth rate in federal government expenditures. Despite increases in purchases of other contractual services and equipment, administrative costs remained below the 1996 level throughout the second half of the 1990s and into 2000 (see table 2). The decline was not spread evenly over the 5-year period (see fig. 3). Most of the decline occurred in 1996-98, and administrative spending has increased each year since then. For 2001, administrative expenditures are expected to rise by $852,000, or 2.6 percent, over their 2000 level, primarily because of rising costs for personnel, travel, and transportation. Our analysis of FCA data shows that personnel costs accounted for over 80 percent of the FCA administrative expenses during the 5-year study period. But these costs (staff salaries and benefits) also decreased the most in dollar and percentage terms during the period, falling by about $4.1 million (13 percent), and the share of personnel costs in administrative expenditures fell from 88.7 percent to 81.7 percent. Reductions in benefits were largely responsible for this decline; the amount spent on staff benefits dropped 36.3 percent, falling from $7.3 million in 1996 to $4.6 million in 2000. Decreases in the relocation allowances, severance pay, and buyouts necessitated by the consolidation of the System accounted for most of the decline. FCA officials told us that the number of employees fell almost 15 percent—from 331 in 1996 to 282 in 2000—in part, because of the industry consolidation. The number of institutions in the System dropped by 28 percent, declining from 239 in 1996 to 172 in 2000. For 2001, however, FCA projects personnel costs to increase by 5.3 percent to about $28.8 million. As a result, our analysis shows that these costs will continue to account for a substantial percentage of administrative costs. FCA officials attribute the increase to the rising cost of employee salaries and performance bonuses. Equipment purchases and other contractual services accounted for the largest increases in administrative expenditures in 1996 through 2000. Equipment purchases experienced the largest growth but fell behind contractual services in actual dollar increases. Equipment purchases rose about $1.1 million (from $395,000 in 1996 to $1.5 million in 2000), which was about a 268-percent increase over 1996. According to an FCA official, computer replacements and upgrades, which the agency undertakes every 3 years, accounted mostly for the increase. FCA officials expect equipment purchases to decline $202,000, or about 14 percent, in 2001. Other contractual services represented a growing percentage of FCA administrative costs, increasing from 2.8 percent in 1996 to 6.8 percent of the 2000 total. These expenses consisted mostly of consulting services for a new financial management system purchased from another government agency. They accounted for the largest dollar increase (about $1.3 million) and the second-largest percentage increase (about 130 percent) in administrative expenditures, climbing from $992,000 in 1996 to $2.3 million in 2000. For 2001, however, FCA expects this cost component to decline by $209,000, or 9.2 percent. Travel and transportation expenses declined (by about 10 percent) between 1996 and 2000. FCA officials told us the decrease was largely the result of a decline in the number of employee relocations. For 2001, FCA projects these costs to decrease by $231,000, or about 15 percent. All other expenses, a category that includes rent, communications, and utilities; printing and reproduction; supplies and materials; and insurance claims and indemnities, decreased by $79,000, or 8.3 percent, over the period, primarily because of decreases in supplies and materials. For 2001, FCA expects these costs to increase by 4.3 percent. Figure 4 shows FCA administrative expenses for 2000 by expense category. Each fiscal year, Congress sets a limit on the amount of money FCA can spend on administrative expenditures. However, Congress did not set a spending limit for 1996. For each year from 1997 to 2000, FCA was in compliance with its budget limits for administrative expenses (see table 3). FCA and the other federal financial regulators do not receive any federal money to fund their annual operating budgets, relying primarily on assessment revenue collected from the institutions they oversee. In general, the regulators assess institutions using either complex asset- based formulas or less complex formulas that are based on other factors, depending on the type of institution. The different funding methodologies are designed to ensure that each institution pays an equitable share of agency expenses. FCA uses two different methods of calculating assessments on the institutions it regulates—one for all primary market entities and the other for its secondary market entity, Farmer Mac. The methodology used for primary market entities, which is complex, is based on the institutions’ asset holdings and economies of scale as well as on the supervisory rating each institution received during FCA’s last periodic examination. The methodology used for Farmer Mac is less complex. FCA calculates the assessment on the basis of its own direct and indirect expenses, rather than on asset holdings. Direct expenses include the costs of examining and supervising Farmer Mac, while indirect expenses are the overhead costs “reasonably” related to FCA’s services. In general, the other federal financial regulators that regulate institutions similar to FCA’s use comparable methodologies to calculate assessments. The law requires that the assessments be apportioned “on a basis that is determined to be equitable by the Farm Credit Administration.” FCA’s current assessment regulations for banks, associations, and “designated other System entities” were developed in 1993 through the negotiated rulemaking process. Banks, associations, and the Farm Credit Leasing Services Corporation (Leasing Corporation) are assessed on the same basis (i.e., assets). According to an FCA official, the agency periodically reviews these rules but currently has no plans to modify them. FCA officials said that these rules are designed to equitably apportion the annual costs of supervising, examining, and regulating the institutions. For this reason, the methodology relies on asset “brackets” that are much like tax brackets and reflect economies of scale, since the costs of supervision rise as a regulated institution becomes larger; however, these costs do not increase as fast as asset growth. FCA “bills” the institutions annually, and the institutions pay their assessments on a quarterly basis. To calculate the assessments for banks, associations, and the Leasing Corporation, FCA first determines its annual operating budget, which could include a reserve for contingencies for the next fiscal year, then deducts the estimated assessments for Farmer Mac, other System entities, and any reimbursable expenses. What is left—the net operating budget—is the total amount that will be assessed. This amount is apportioned among the banks, associations, and the Leasing Corporation using a two-part formula. The net operating budget is divided into two components of 30 and 70 percent. (According to an FCA official, the 30/70 split was devised during the negotiated rulemaking process and represents the most equitable way to assess System institutions.) The first part of the assessment, covering 30 percent of the budget, is spread across institutions on the basis of each institution’s share of System risk-adjusted assets. For example, an institution whose assets equal 1 percent of System assets will have its assessment equal to 1 percent of this 30 percent of the FCA budget. The second part of an institution’s assessment is charged according to a schedule that imposes different assessment rates on assets over specified levels, with these marginal rates decreasing for higher levels of assets. For example, the assessment rate that an institution pays for its assets from over $100 million to $500 million is 60 percent of the assessment rate that it pays on its first $25 million in assets. Adding the 30-percent amount and the 70-percent amount together equals the general assessment amount. Table 4 shows the assessment rates for the eight-asset “brackets.” The assessment rates percentages are prescribed by FCA regulation. The general assessment may be subject to these adjustments: a minimum assessment fee, a supervisory surcharge, or both. The minimum fee of $20,000 applies only to institutions whose assessments are calculated at less than $20,000; these assessments are scaled upward, and no further charges are assessed. For institutions with assessments of more than $20,000, FCA may add a supervisory surcharge that reflects the institution’s financial and management conditions. The surcharge is based on the institution’s last supervisory examination rating. These ratings range from a high of 1 to a low of 5; a rating of 3, 4, or 5 can result in a surcharge ranging from 20 to 40 percent of the general assessment amount. The top-rated institutions (those rated 1 or 2) pay nothing over the general assessment. The variables in the formula allow FCA some flexibility in adjusting assessments to reflect its oversight costs. The formula not only reflects economies of scale but, by linking assessments with the financial and managerial soundness of the institutions, also seeks to ensure that the institutions that cost the most to supervise are paying their share. This approach relieves other entities within the System of bearing the cost of this additional oversight. FCA may adjust its assessments to reflect changes in its actual annual expenses and, if applicable, give institutions a credit against their next assessment or require them to pay additional assessments. Any credits are prorated on the basis of assessments paid by an institution. These credit adjustments are usually done at the end of the fiscal year. As required by law, FCA assesses Farmer Mac separately and differently from its primary market institutions. The law specifies that FCA’s assessment of Farmer Mac is intended to cover the costs of any regulatory activities and specifically notes a requirement to pay the cost of supervising and examining Farmer Mac. We could not identify any legislative history that addressed these provisions. FCA officials told us that they believed the difference between the statutory provisions for assessing banks, associations, and the Leasing Corporation and Farmer Mac is due to the difference in their assets—that is, unlike those institutions, Farmer Mac does not make loans. FCA developed the current assessment methodology for Farmer Mac in 1993. Farmer Mac’s assessment covers the estimated costs of regulation, supervision, and examination, but Farmer Mac is not assessed a charge for FCA’s reserve. The assessment includes FCA’s estimated direct expenses for these activities, plus an allocated amount for indirect or overhead expenses. In general, FCA uses the same estimated direct expenses and indirect expense calculations for Farmer Mac as for the “other System entities,” such as the Federal Farm Credit Banks Funding Corporation (Funding Corporation). Estimated direct expenses take into account the costs incurred in the most recent examination of Farmer Mac and any expected changes in these costs for the next fiscal year. We asked FCA officials if and how the assessment formula they use for Farmer Mac enables them to compensate for risks in Farmer Mac’s business activities. They explained that the amount assessed for direct expenses increases if additional examination time is needed. FCA officials also noted that, as their data show, direct costs can rise due to other factors. For example, from 1999 to 2001, FCA officials noted that they invested considerable resources in developing a risk-based capital rule for Farmer Mac. During this time, FCA incurred unique costs that increased Farmer Mac’s assessment for those years. A proportional amount of FCA’s indirect expenses—that is, those expenses that are not attributable to the performance of examinations—is allocated to Farmer Mac. This amount is calculated as a relationship between the budget for a certain FCA office and FCA’s overall expense budget for the fiscal year covered by the assessment. (The proportion for 2000 was 28.9 percent.) Multiplying the percentage by the estimated direct expenses attributable to Farmer Mac equals the amount of indirect expenses. The addition of the estimated direct expenses and indirect expenses equals the estimated amount to be assessed Farmer Mac for the fiscal year. Indirect expenses would include, for example, the cost of providing personnel services and processing travel vouchers for OSMO. At the end of each fiscal year, FCA may adjust its assessment to reflect any changes in actual expenses. Other entities in the Farm Credit System, such as the Funding Corporation, are assessed separately using a methodology similar to the one used for Farmer Mac. The assets of this group of institutions differ from those of the previously discussed entities that FCA regulates. These institutions are assessed for the estimated direct expenses involved in examinations, a portion of indirect expenses, and any amount necessary to maintain a reserve. FCA estimates direct expenses for each entity on the basis of anticipated examination time and travel costs for the next fiscal year. Allocations for indirect expenses are calculated as a percentage of FCA’s total budgeted direct expenses (excluding those for Farmer Mac) for the fiscal year of the assessment. As with its assessments of other entities in the System, FCA may adjust its assessments to reflect any changes in actual expenses at the end of the fiscal year. FCA and regulators of similar types of institutions use assessment formulas of varying complexity to assess the institutions they oversee. In general, they use relatively complex formulas for primary market institutions and less complex formulas for secondary market entities. FCA’s method for assessing banks, associations, and the Leasing Corporation, which are all primary market institutions, is similar to most other federal financial regulators (NCUA, OCC, and OTS) that oversee primary market institutions. Most of the regulators use complex formulas that take into account a variety of factors, including the regulator’s budget, the institution’s asset size and examination rating, and economies of scale (see fig. 5). Like FCA’s, these assessments generally include a fixed component that is based on an institution’s asset holdings, plus a variable component derived by multiplying asset amounts in excess of certain thresholds by a series of declining marginal rates. The assessment amount may then be adjusted on the basis of various factors—for example, the institution’s financial condition. Again like the FCA’s methodology, these formulas attempt to allocate regulatory costs in a way that reflects the agency’s actual cost of supervision. Institutions with a low examination rating pay an additional fee because they are likely to require more supervision than the top-rated institutions. NCUA and FHFB are the only regulators of primary market institutions that do not add a supervisory surcharge on the basis of an examination rating. However, NCUA does use a complex formula to determine an institution’s assessment amount, whereas FHFB uses a less complex formula. FHFB calculates assessments for the 12 FHLBanks on the basis of each bank’s total paid-in capital stock, relative to the total paid-in capital stock of all FHLBanks. FCA is the only primary market regulator that requires its institutions to pay a fixed minimum assessment amount (i.e., $20,000). Of the five other regulators we looked at, two—NCUA and OTS—reduce the assessments for qualifying small institutions. According to the report of the Assessment Regulations Negotiated Rulemaking Committee that developed the rule,the minimum assessment is required both to pay a share of FCA regulatory costs and as a necessary cost of doing business as a federally chartered System institution. The assessment methods of the two federal regulators that oversee secondary market entities are less complex than the methods applied to primary market institutions. For example, OFHEO’s method of assessing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which is prescribed by law, is based on the ratio of each entity’s assets to their total combined assets. OFHEO does not regulate any other entities; thus, this simple formula readily meets the need to equitably apportion the agency’s operating costs. FCA administrative expenditures were lower in 2000 compared with 1996, due in part to reductions in staff because of System consolidation. Although administrative expenses are projected to increase for 2001 because of rising personnel and travel costs, they are expected to remain within the congressional spending ceiling. FCA is unique among federal financial institution regulators because it regulates both primary and secondary market entities. The methods FCA uses to assess the institutions it oversees are analogous to those used by virtually all of the regulators of similar institutions and are based on the types of assets the entities hold. FCA’s complex formula for assessing primary market institutions is comparable to the methods used by most regulators of other primary market institutions. These regulators oversee numerous entities of various sizes and complexities, and their complex assessment methods enable them to consider these attributes in assessing for the cost of examinations. The few secondary market entities, which include Farmer Mac, are all assessed using less complex methodologies. We received written comments on a draft of this report from the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of FCA that are reprinted in appendix I. He agreed with the information presented in the draft report regarding FCA’s administrative spending between 1996 and 2000. FCA also provided technical comments that we incorporated where appropriate. The other federal financial regulators, except for OFHEO, provided technical comments on a draft excerpt of this report that we shared with them. We incorporated their technical comments into this report where appropriate. We are sending copies of this report to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry; the Chairmen and Ranking Minority Members of the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, the House Committee on Financial Services, and the House Committee on Agriculture; and Michael M. Reyna, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Farm Credit Administration. The report will be available on GAO’s Internet home page at http://www.gao.gov. If you have any questions about this report, please contact me or M. Katie Harris at (202) 512-8678. Joe E. Hunter was a major contributor to this report.

Summary: The Farm Credit Administration (FCA) regulates the farm credit system. Administrative expenses, which accounted for about 97 percent of FCA's total operating expenses of $34.5 million in fiscal year 2000, are funded primarily by assessments on the institutions that make up the system, including the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac). This report (1) analyses trends in administrative expenses for fiscal years 1996 through 2000 and (2) compares ways that FCA and other federal financial regulators calculate the assessments they need to fund their operations. GAO found that although FCA's administrative expenditures varied each year between 1996 and 2000, they remained below 1996 levels and stayed within congressionally imposed annual spending limits for each year during 1997 through 2000. Between 1996 and 2000, the agency experienced a decline in administrative spending of around $2 million, or 5.8 percent. Personnel costs were the largest single expense, consistently accounting for more than 80 percent of administrative spending; thus, a 15 percent staff reduction also provided the greatest overall savings. Unlike many government agencies whose operations are funded by taxpayers' money, the federal financial regulators are self-funded agencies that rely primarily on assessments from the entities they regulate. In calculating these assessments, FCA and the other federal financial regulators use separate methodologies for primary and secondary market entities.