The Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 authorized U.S. assistance to support a transition to democracy in Iraq in key areas, including radio and television broadcasting. In 1999 President Clinton designated the Iraqi National Congress (INC) as eligible to receive assistance under the act. INC was formed in the early 1990s when the two main Kurdish militias—the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan— participated in a June 1992 meeting of dozens of opposition groups in Vienna. INC subsequently developed into a broad-based coalition of political organizations opposed to Saddam Hussein. In 1999, INCSF was established as a foundation to provide support to INC and to provide an organizational structure for State’s funding of INC. A seven-member board of directors (the INC Leadership Council) governed INCSF. INCSF was headquartered in London, England, until the end of the war, when its operations were relocated to Baghdad. During its cooperative agreements with State, INCSF also maintained field offices in Washington, D.C.; Damascus, Syria; and Tehran, Iran. In April and May 2003, INCSF began the process of relocating its offices to Baghdad. From the beginning of its relationship with State, INCSF’s plans for broadcasting into Iraq represented one of its major initiatives, along with plans for resuming publication of a newspaper INC had established in 1992, participating in Department of Defense training programs, and establishing humanitarian and information collection programs. INCSF envisioned radio as a key medium for the dissemination of information to the Iraqi people. It planned to reestablish Radio Hurriah and have a signal receivable in Iraq by early 2001. To expand the area of coverage, INCSF also planned to purchase a high-power transmitter in Iraq. Radio broadcasting was to focus on news, current affairs, and programs dedicated to democracy and human rights. Based on its prior television experience (from August 1993 to August 1996, INC operated a television production and transmission facility in Iraqi Kurdistan), INCSF’s plans for Liberty TV included setting up a studio in London and using satellite equipment to broadcast directly to Iraq. Planned programming included news, current affairs, and programs censored by the regime in Baghdad. Beginning in March 2000, State entered into a series of cooperative agreements with INCSF that included funding totaling nearly $33 million as of September 2003, but most of this funding came under agreements and amendments provided at irregular intervals, involved some retroactive funding, and were short-term and thus affected INCSF’s ability to broadcast. Table 1 describes State’s cooperative agreements with INCSF in further detail. Agreement 1 laid the groundwork for initial planning, and Agreement 2 described what INCSF hoped to achieve in the broadcasting area. These goals included (1) setting up a satellite television facility in London to broadcast directly into Iraq and (2) planning and preparing to resume broadcasting of Radio Hurriah from inside Iraq and via satellite and the Internet. From March 2000 through May 2002, State provided about $17 million to INCSF through the first two cooperative agreements and amendments and Agreement 3 (the 2-month “bridge grant” for April and May 2002). Of this $17 million, only limited funding was for Radio Hurriah, largely because an acceptable location for a transmitter could not be found. About $5 million was earmarked for Liberty TV broadcasting activities, which included hiring staff and establishing studio operations. Liberty TV broadcasting actually began in August 2001. However, upon becoming operational, Liberty TV encountered technical problems that forced it to broadcast from the United States based on a signal transfer from London. Liberty TV had goals of original broadcasting for 24 hours a day, but at the peak of its operations it only had original broadcasts of 4 hours. It went off the air on May 1, 2002, because of funding disputes between State and INCSF which, according to an INCSF representative, left the INCSF seriously short of funds to pay its bills. After the bridge grant expired on May 31, 2002, State and INCSF did not conclude a new agreement until November 2002. Funding in that new cooperative agreement (Agreement 4) and its amendments included about $4.67 million for (1) restarting Liberty TV and (2) “pre-award” costs incurred by INCSF for the period not under the agreement, including salaries for Liberty TV staff retained by INCSF. In the course of the relationship between the two parties, State several times offered INCSF longer-term agreements that INCSF would not accept. For example, for the period March 2000 through February 2001, State and INCSF had concluded the first two cooperative agreements totaling about $4.27 million. In April 2001, as an alternative to short-term amendments to Agreement 2, INCSF requested a new 5-month agreement totaling $29 million that included funding for 24-hours-a-day satellite television broadcasting, installation of a small transmitter in Iraq, and 24-hours-a-day radio broadcasting from inside Iraq. State rejected the proposal. Similarly, in September 2001, INCSF requested $23 million over 5 months. According to the proposal, Liberty TV operations would be expanded to 24 hours a day, and radio operations would be initiated via a transmitter inside Iraq. State rejected INCSF’s proposal but in late September 2001 made a counteroffer of $8 million for a 5-month cooperative agreement. State renewed the same offer in early November 2001. While emphasizing that it was not prepared to fund INCSF activities inside Iraq, State did offer to fund a series of activities, including publication of the newspaper, satellite TV broadcasting, information collection analysis, and startup of radio broadcasting using a transmitter based in Iran. INCSF declined State’s offer. Three main concerns affected State’s funding decisions for INCSF and thwarted the parties’ ability to negotiate and conclude long-term funding agreements: concerns over INCSF’s financial management and accountability based largely on the results of audits of INCSF; the desire of INCSF to operate inside Iraq, which was inconsistent with U.S. policy; and State’s increasing concerns about the appropriateness and merits of funding INCSF’s information collection program. State officials acknowledged that the use of frequent short-term amendments to the cooperative agreements, plus the substantial period of time that an agreement was not in force in 2002, significantly complicated management of the program and made it difficult for INCSF to accomplish its objectives. However, State officials said that these arrangements were necessary in view of the financial management, policy, and operational issues that arose during the program. INCSF repeatedly claimed that the short-term nature of State’s funding led to financial problems in the organization and disrupted Liberty TV’s ability to pay its bills. In the very early stages of State’s agreements with INCSF, State received strong indications that INCSF had inadequate controls over cash transfers. For example, in 2000, a CPA firm reviewed INCSF’s controls as part of Agreement 1. The review identified concerns about INCSF’s travel reimbursement procedures, use of non-U.S. flag-carriers, and its cash payment practices. Also that year, State notified INCSF that it needed to rectify certain compliance issues before it could draw down funds. These issues included INCSF’s lack of proper documentation to support expenditures and the questionable use of cash payments. In early 2001, another CPA audit examined INCSF’s operations as part of State’s agreements and identified significant noncompliance and control issues affecting implementation of Agreement 2. According to a State document, the auditor “appear to confirm what we suspected—that the INCSF is not complying with the myriad of regulations that grantees are required to comply with.” Concern grew in State that there were serious mishandling of money issues that needed to be examined in INCSF to avoid a potentially embarrassing situation for the administration and for State. In early 2001, some allegations about fraud within INCSF also circulated within State. State’s concerns about accountability and the potential for misuse of funds led to an audit of INCSF by State’s Office of the Inspector General (OIG) in mid- 2001. The OIG audit covered the initial $4.3 million in awards to INCSF under Agreements 1 and 2. The OIG found serious financial management and internal control weaknesses, particularly in the cash management aspects of INCSF’s information collection program. The OIG also found that INCSF had an inadequate accounting and financial management structure, insufficient accounting staff, and inadequate banking procedures and that State had not created a total budget for the second cooperative agreement incorporating the funding that had been awarded to the INCSF up to that point. The OIG questioned approximately $2.2 million in INCSF costs. As a result, the OIG recommended that State withhold, or at least restrict, future funding to INCSF until it implemented adequate and transparent financial controls. The OIG also recommended that INCSF acquire expert financial management assistance to set up a standardized accounting system, hire a financial officer, establish cash management procedures, develop written accounting policies and procedures, and incorporate into its agreements with State a budget that accurately reflected approved costs. Although several accounting and internal control weaknesses were identified, OIG officials said that they found no evidence concerning the prior accusations of fraud. An INCSF representative acknowledged that it had financial management and accountability weaknesses in the early stages of the agreements. However, the representative believed that INCSF made significant improvements in late 2001 and early 2002 to correct the weaknesses and to respond to the OIG audit. OIG officials said that their audits of INCSF were done in accordance with generally accepted government audit standards and that their work was similar to other grant and cooperative agreement audits they had conducted. From the beginning of its relationship with INCSF, State had policy concerns that ultimately affected funding decisions and plans for several programs, including Radio Hurriah and Liberty TV. At the beginning of the cooperative agreements with INCSF, State officials said that the U.S. government had adopted a general policy of prohibiting INCSF operations inside Iraq. State officials said that the presence of U.S.-funded INCSF staff within Iraq could open the door to potentially disastrous diplomatic situations if INCSF operatives were caught and/or killed by Iraqi troops. INCSF resisted this policy. From INCSF’s perspective, working inside Iraq was vital for the success of many of its programs. To begin radio broadcasting inside Iraq, INCSF wanted to purchase and install a suitable transmission tower within the country. The INCSF also wanted the existing information program to collect data on the Hussein government’s military, political, and economic activities for input into its newspaper, Al Mutamar, and for Liberty TV broadcasts. In addition, INCSF believed that elements of that data could be used in its diplomatic activities to reinforce views of the international community that the Hussein government represented a danger to its neighbors. Further, INCSF saw the program as an effort to gather information on the government’s alleged weapons of mass destruction programs and its ties with international terrorist groups. However, State maintained its position, refusing to fund radio activities inside Iraq and limiting its funding of information collection to areas outside and bordering Iraq. In commenting on a draft of this report, State noted that, as the grantor, it had entire discretion to determine whether a grant to the INCSF would further and be consistent with U.S. government policies, and to condition any such grant to ensure that it would. State further believed that as a grantee, INCSF was an instrument of U.S. government policy, and, as such, was not in a position to disagree with State on how State’s funds could be used. In addition to concerns about operating inside Iraq, State’s OIG had questioned the nature of INCSF’s information program and its lack of controls over cash transactions, particularly those that were used as part of activities in the field. In State’s view, the potential for fraud in an officially State-sponsored program posed a risk that State was not prepared to take. Finally, State officials doubted the value of the information obtained through the program, a claim that the INCSF vigorously disputed. As these financial management and policy issues were emerging, State and INCSF continued their efforts to conclude new long-term agreements, with little success. For example, in fall 2001, State offered INCSF an $8 million agreement for 5 months that would provide television and radio funding but did not fund operations in Iraq. INCSF did not accept State’s proposal, largely because it held firm to the position that not letting INCSF operate inside Iraq would result in the disintegration of the organization. In February 2002, INCSF proposed another long-term agreement totaling $37.5 million covering March through December 2002. As part of that proposal, INCSF believed that several elements of INCSF’s mission needed to be addressed by both parties, including the lack of a complete INCSF communications strategy without a radio program and the need for a higher-quality television operation. In addition, INCSF believed it was imperative that its information collection program be expanded to ensure timely and reliable intelligence on developments inside Iraq and provide critical information on Saddam’s alleged weapons of mass destruction program and involvement in international terrorism. State determined around mid-March that the proposal was incomplete and, because INCSF indicated that it needed funds quickly, recommended that the overall proposal be considered in stages, with the first priority to get current operations in order, including Liberty TV. In late March 2002, State said it stood ready again to discuss a cooperative agreement for 9 months (April through December 2002), with an initial period funded at $3.6 million for 3 months to provide funding continuity until full accord on the elements of the agreement could be achieved. Concerning INCSF’s continuing proposals for starting up radio operations, State said that INCSF’s proposals were no longer a priority because (1) the Kurdish Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan opposed the plans and (2) both of those groups operated radio stations in Iraq, and the United States funded its own Radio Free Iraq. INCSF believed that State’s response to its proposal called into question State’s commitment to a new relationship and its general commitment to the INCSF. Of significant concern to INCSF were State’s demands for a short-term (3-month) funding period, as well as its continuing lack of support for a radio station. In lieu of a long-term agreement, State notified INCSF that it planned to award Agreement 3, referred to as the “bridge grant,” for 2 months (April through May 2002). State viewed its proposal as an austerity budget that would enable INCSF to get its house in order, including Liberty TV, and notified INCSF that what State considered as cost overruns under the prior grant would be handled with one or more “mop-up” amendments. As discussed below, INCSF regarded its unpaid bills as resulting from a failure on State’s part to meet its funding obligations. State’s initial proposal for the bridge grant caused great concern in INCSF for several reasons. First, it called for “heightened federal stewardship,” including on-site State participation in INCSF’s budget management and approval of all costs. INCSF believed that such conditions were unjustified and unacceptable, stating that it had already taken a number of steps to improve financial management consistent with the OIG recommendations. According to INCSF, it had hired internal accounting staff and a management consultant and implemented new and consolidated accounting systems. It also said that new procedures for documenting cash transactions were being installed. According to OIG officials, in a follow-up audit in mid-2002, OIG found that INCSF had taken several steps to implement recommendations for improved financial management and controls but had not fully implemented them. According to OIG officials, limited funding by State contributed to INCSF’s difficulties in improving its financial systems. INCSF said that such funding made it difficult for INCSF to pay for implementation of a new accounting system and contributed to delays in making reforms of the foundation’s accounting systems. Discussions between the two parties concerning the bridge grant further illuminated the financial issues faced in the program. Specifically, at the end of April 2002, INCSF complained to State that it had been operating for a month without a funding agreement and had incurred a $2 million shortfall. According to INCSF, that shortfall occurred because State had erroneously estimated INCSF’s monthly core operating costs at $850,000 to $900,000 during implementation of Agreement 2, whereas INCSF believed it was operating under a previously approved budget with estimated costs of $1.24 million. Implications for Liberty TV were particularly serious. Because of its financial shortcomings, INCSF had received notice that its service provider would terminate service for Liberty TV on April 30 because INCSF had not paid its bills. On May 1, 2002, Liberty TV stopped its broadcasting operations. State subsequently modified its proposal and signed the bridge grant agreement on May 17, awarding $2.4 million for the period April to May 2002 but deleting requirements for its on-site participation in budget management and approval of costs. Although the grant budget included funding for Liberty TV, broadcasting did not resume. INCSF operated without an agreement from June until November 2002, largely due to an impasse between the two parties over the information collection program. At a meeting of top INCSF and State officials in late May 2002, State officials said that the department would no longer fund the information collection program. However, State offered INCSF a new 7- month cooperative agreement totaling $8 million for the period June 10 through the end of 2002 that included about $4.2 million for Liberty TV and represented a substantial increase over the $400,000 per month funding levels previously supported. According to an INCSF representative, INCSF reacted negatively to the proposal for three reasons. First, INCSF negotiators received the proposal in the early morning of May 29, 2002, the day set for U.S./INCSF negotiations and 2 days before the bridge agreement was due to expire. Second, the proposal left INCSF with no funding for operations for the 10 days between the end of the bridge grant on May 31, 2002, and the effective date of the proposed new agreement on June 10, 2002. Third, and most important, INCSF was not willing to accept an agreement without funding for the information collection program. INCSF documents indicated that INCSF was in serious financial difficulty by October 2002, with staff being evicted and landlords threatening legal action. Several freelance employees of Liberty TV were released, but Liberty TV core staff were retained in the belief that State remained committed to Liberty TV broadcasting. In an attempt to successfully conclude a new agreement, INCSF sent a draft budget proposal to State that would cover costs from June through December 2002 and envisioned renewed Liberty TV broadcasting as soon as November 2002. State noted, however, that INCSF’s proposed budget differed in significant ways from State’s proposals and that modifications were needed for it to serve as a basis for a new agreement. State and INCSF were able to successfully conclude a new agreement in November 2002, in part because the Department of Defense agreed to take over funding of the information collection program. The new agreement included about $2 million in funding for Liberty TV costs incurred from June through the end of January 2003. However, Liberty TV did not become operational, primarily due to disagreements between State and INCSF over the amount of the funding provided and the time period of State’s commitment. Specifically: INCSF expressed concern that the new agreement did not include an additional $1 million it requested for long-term investment costs for television operations. State attributed this decision to its unwillingness to fund long-term capital costs and the uncertainty of congressional approval of additional funding for INCSF beyond January 2003. State indicated that one possible option for INCSF might include reducing costs of other budgeted items to cover television costs for one additional month but noted that option did not provide the type of commitment that INCSF was seeking. According to INCSF documents and an INCSF representative, the continued negotiations and lack of agreement over costs and commitment time periods for funding Liberty TV delayed resumption of broadcasting. INCSF told State in November 2002 that it was not prepared to begin Liberty TV broadcasts only to go off the air in 3 months. According to an INCSF representative, Liberty TV technically could have renewed limited broadcasting at this time because INCSF had retained many of the professional television staff on its payroll. However, INCSF’s representative said it was not willing to run an operation that, if taken off the air once again due to a shortage of funding, would further damage INCSF’s credibility. INCSF continued planning for options to restart Liberty TV. INCSF proposed that Liberty TV rent fully operational facilities on a short-term basis rather than invest in its own facilities. Quotes for rental facilities were obtained, and one organization was tentatively selected. In February 2003, State extended the agreement to July 2003, and $7 million was also added to INCSF’s funding, including about $2.67 million for television operations. INCSF notified State that it had signed two letters of intent with contractors that it hoped would get Liberty TV on the air: one for television and newspaper premises and another for television satellite capability. An INCSF official believed that Liberty TV could be operational 2 to 3 days after signing the satellite contract. According to an INCSF representative, these contracts were never signed because the drawdown of funds on the new February amendment was not received until March 12, just a few days before the war began. INCSF at this point developed yet another strategy: to open offices and install a television and radio station in northern Iraq for a 4-month period commencing upon the issuance of an Iraqi Sanctions Regulations License. According to an INCSF representative, this plan also fell through as the war began, and INCSF decided to move its operations to Baghdad. In early April 2003, State began working with INCSF to support its transition to Iraq, including the redirection of funding already committed to INCSF programs. According to State, those programs should include radio and television broadcasting at a time when it was critically important that Iraqis opposed to Saddam’s regime take control of the airwaves. State funding of INCSF continued through September 2003 and funds were available for television operations. According to an INCSF representative, INCSF decided in May 2003 that it did not have a dependable offer from the Department of State to resume Liberty TV broadcasts. Echoing a similar decision in November 2002, INCSF wanted to avoid a second shutdown of Liberty TV due to a gap in State funding. INCSF instead decided to concentrate its energies on establishing offices and hiring support personnel in Baghdad. The Department of State and INCSF provided written comments on a draft of this report (see apps. I and II). State said that our draft report provided a generally accurate account of the complex and difficult relationship that existed between the Department of State and INCSF. State said its actions with respect to INCSF were responsible and fully in accordance with U.S. law and administration policy. State also said it believed our observation that State and INCSF, through their inability to work together to restart Liberty TV, missed a chance to reach the Iraqi people at critical times prior to and during the war in Iraq lay outside the scope of our review. We disagree and believe that it is important to lay out the potential consequences of not successfully restarting Liberty TV, particularly in view of the significance that both State and INCSF attributed to television broadcasting into Iraq. State also provided some technical comments and suggested wording changes, which we have incorporated into the report as appropriate. INCSF agreed that due to the inability of State and INCSF to work together to restart Liberty TV, important opportunities to broadcast to the Iraqi people were lost. INCSF also provided technical comments on some of the points raised in our draft report concerning financial management, negotiation with State, and Liberty TV funding. We incorporated those comments into our report as appropriate. To document the history of State’s funding for INCSF programs and the issues affecting its funding decisions, we reviewed State’s cooperative agreement files. We also reviewed documentation gathered by the OIG as part of its audits. We also obtained files and other documentation from INCSF’s consultant. The documentation we reviewed included proposed and finalized cooperative agreements and amendments, letters of correspondence between State and INCSF, and e-mail traffic. We met with officials of State’s Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs and Bureau of Administration and also officials in State’s OIG who were responsible for audits of INCSF. In addition, we met with the consultant hired by INCSF to help improve the foundation’s accounting and financial management systems, and we obtained information from INCSF’s former controller and its manager of Liberty TV operations. The funding and related program data in this report were contained in State’s cooperative agreement files, OIG audit files, and documentation provided by INCSF’s consultant and its former controller and Liberty TV manager. Based on our examination of those data and discussions with State and INCSF’s consultant, we concluded that the documents we were able to obtain were sufficiently reliable for purposes of this engagement. We conducted our review from September 2003 to April 2004 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. As agreed with your offices, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution of it until 30 days from the date of this letter. At that time, we will send copies to the Secretary of State and interested congressional committees. We will also make copies available to others upon request. In addition, the report will be available at no charge on GAO’s Web site at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-4128. Janey Cohen, Richard Boudreau, John Brummet, and Lynn Moore made key contributions to this report. The General Accounting Office, the audit, evaluation and investigative arm of Congress, exists to support Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and accountability of the federal government for the American people. GAO examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and policies; and provides analyses, recommendations, and other assistance to help Congress make informed oversight, policy, and funding decisions. GAO’s commitment to good government is reflected in its core values of accountability, integrity, and reliability. The fastest and easiest way to obtain copies of GAO documents at no cost is through the Internet. GAO’s Web site (www.gao.gov) contains abstracts and full- text files of current reports and testimony and an expanding archive of older products. The Web site features a search engine to help you locate documents using key words and phrases. You can print these documents in their entirety, including charts and other graphics. Each day, GAO issues a list of newly released reports, testimony, and correspondence. GAO posts this list, known as “Today’s Reports,” on its Web site daily. The list contains links to the full-text document files. To have GAO e-mail this list to you every afternoon, go to www.gao.gov and select “Subscribe to e-mail alerts” under the “Order GAO Products” heading.

Summary: As part of the efforts by the United States to oust Saddam Hussein, a critical element of U.S. policy included funding the Iraqi National Congress as the lead Iraqi opposition coalition. In 1999, the Iraqi National Congress Support Foundation (INCSF) was established to provide an organizational structure for Department of State funding. From March 2000 until September 2003, the Department of State funded several INCSF programs, including television broadcasting. INCSF's broadcasting goals included broadcasts into Iraq focusing on providing the Iraqi people unbiased news and information and updating them on efforts to bring democracy to Iraq. GAO was asked to review (1) the history of the Department of State's funding of INCSF broadcasting activities and (2) the key issues affecting State's funding decisions. State's funding of INCSF programs totaled nearly $33 million for the period March 2000 through September 2003. This money was made available through 23 cooperative agreements and amendments that provided shortterm funding at irregular intervals. The funds were provided for several purposes, including establishing new satellite television capability (Liberty TV), newspaper publication, and information collection programs. About $10 million was earmarked for Liberty TV broadcasting activities, which included hiring staff, establishing studio operations, and actual broadcasting. There were several periods during which State did not have an agreement to fund INCSF's program, causing State to later fund INCSF activities retroactively. State's funding approach affected INCSF's ability to conduct television broadcast operations. Liberty TV broadcasted from August 2001 to May 2002, when funding shortages caused by funding and policy disputes between State and INCSF resulted in termination of broadcasting. Attempts to restart Liberty TV failed due to a combination of factors, including continued disagreements between INCSF and State over funding requirements for the broadcasts, the rapidly changing conditions associated with the war in Iraq, and INCSF's relocation of operations to Iraq in May 2003. INCSF repeatedly complained to State that the short-term nature of the funding agreements made it difficult to run an effective television broadcasting operation. State cited three reasons why it was unable to reach long-term funding agreements with INCSF: (1) State was concerned about INCSF's accountability for funds and operational costs, based largely on results of audits of INCSF, and remained concerned even after INCSF took steps to improve its accountability during late 2001 and 2002; (2) INCSF resisted U.S. government policy prohibiting INCSF operations inside Iraq; and (3) State questioned both the usefulness of INCSF's information collection program and whether it was appropriate for State to fund it. (In May 2002 State decided to drop its funding for the information collection program, effective August 2002.) Against this background and the sporadic funding arrangements that characterized the program, the process of proposal and counterproposal continued without producing agreements that could lead to restarting Liberty TV. Through their inability to work together to restart Liberty TV, State and INCSF missed a chance to reach the Iraqi people at critical times prior to and during the March 2003 war in Iraq.