The federal government owns and leases hundreds of thousands of buildings and permanent structures across the country that cost billions of dollars annually to operate and maintain. Federally owned buildings range from multi-story buildings located in urban centers to remotely located storage facilities in national parks or national forests. Federally owned buildings are used for offices, warehouses, schools, hospitals, housing, data centers, and laboratories, among others uses. Our prior work has found that when these types of buildings remain vacant, they may be good candidates for disposal or re-use for another agency (see fig. 1). Within the executive branch, OMB and GSA provide leadership in managing federal real property. As the chief management office for the executive branch, OMB is responsible for overseeing how federal agencies devise, implement, manage, and evaluate programs and policies. OMB develops and provides direction, such as issuing policies and memorandums, to federal agencies on real property management matters. OMB reports the progress of agencies’ efforts in freezing and reducing the federal real property footprint. GSA acquires, manages, and disposes of federally owned real property for which it has custody and control. The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended, provides GSA the authority to dispose of property for most federal entities and mandates the process for doing so. GSA’s Office of Government-wide Policy is responsible for identifying, evaluating, and promoting best practices to improve the efficiency of management processes. In this policy role, GSA also provides guidance for federal entities and publishes performance measures. Established in 2004 in response to requirements in Executive Order 13327, FRPP is a single comprehensive database that contains information on federal real property worldwide, including disposal information, and is maintained by GSA. The 24 CFO Act agencies are required to report their real property data on an annual basis. Government decision makers—including Congress, OMB, and agencies—can use FRPP data to understand the nature, use, and extent of the federal real-property inventory. In its June 2015 and September 2016 testimonies to Congress on agencies’ progress in implementing OMB’s Freeze the Footprint initiative, OMB used FRPP data to report on domestic, federally owned building disposals. Since 2012, OMB has undertaken several initiatives and issued guidance to federal agencies to improve the management of federal real property and address long-standing issues. In March 2015, OMB introduced the National Strategy for Efficient Use of Real Property to improve federal utilization of the real property portfolio. The National Strategy adopts a policy framework intended to improve the cost effectiveness and efficiency of the federal real-property portfolio: it aims to freeze federal real-property growth and identifies policy actions to measure the cost and utilization of real property assets and reduces the size of the federal real property portfolio. In March 2015, OMB also issued the “Reduce the Footprint” policy, which directed CFO Act agencies to establish targets for the reduction of office and warehouse space and for the disposal of federally owned buildings beginning in fiscal year 2016. Further, in December 2016, real-property reform legislation was enacted that could address some of the long-standing issues pertaining to excess and underutilized property. For example, the Federal Asset Sales and Transfer Act of 2016 established a commission to identify opportunities for the federal government to reduce its inventory of civilian real property and reduce its costs. In addition, the Federal Property Management Reform Act of 2016 codified the Federal Real Property Council to ensure efficient and effective real-property management while reducing costs to the federal government. The act requires executive branch agencies to annually submit to the Federal Real Property Council a report on all excess and underutilized real property that is in the inventory of each executive agency, among other things. Our body of work on federal real property over the past 10 years has found that FRPP data quality is limited and could be improved. We previously reported that FRPP data can provide reliable background information on the real property portfolio and that data agencies submit match the data contained in the FRPP database. GSA employs a number of data reliability measures within FRPP to help agencies report reliable real-property data—for example, FRPP can flag some errors such as numbers that are outside of a reasonable range (e.g., a negative number for the operating costs), improperly formatted data, and blank data elements. However, we previously found certain data within FRPP, such as annual O&M costs, may be unreliable because agencies do not report this data accurately and consistently even though federal real- property reporting guidance requires them to certify the data’s accuracy. In March 2016, we reported on limitations in the usefulness of FRPP data due to inconsistencies in collecting and reporting data across agencies, and a lack of transparency into the limitations of the data. We recommended that GSA, along with OMB and federal agencies, assess, analyze, and identify any limitations in how agencies collect and report FRPP data. GSA partially concurred with this recommendation and is currently working to implement it, as described later in this report. Our analysis of FRPP found that disposal data were generally reliable for domestic, federally owned buildings (hereafter referred to as “buildings”) for fiscal years 2014 and 2015. While reliable data must be reasonably complete and accurate and meet the intended purposes, this finding does not mean the data are error-free. Errors are considered acceptable when they are not substantial enough to cause a reasonable person, aware of the errors, to doubt a finding, conclusion, or recommendation based on the data. For example, as described below, we found a few instances of buildings with square footage outside reasonable ranges; however, we determined these errors did not have a substantial effect on the overall reported disposal data. For the purposes of this report, we determined that the different elements of disposal data in the FRPP database (e.g., disposal date, disposal method, square feet, and annual O&M costs) were generally complete, within reasonable ranges, and internally consistent. Specifically, for fiscal years 2014 and 2015, we found the following pertaining to the completeness, reasonableness, and internal consistency of the data, based on our data reliability guidance: Completeness of the data: All of the buildings reported as disposed of included values for the disposal date, square feet, and annual O&M cost data fields. Similarly, all of the buildings disposed of by sale had a corresponding sale value reported. Reasonableness of the data ranges: Nearly all of the data fields we reviewed were within reasonable ranges. For instance, using a square footage value of under 1 as a proxy for a likely error, we found 6 of approximately 7,500 total disposed buildings in fiscal year 2014 to have a reported square footage value of less than 1. In fiscal year 2015, we found 2 of nearly 4,800 buildings with reported square footage values of less than 1. In addition, we did not find any O&M data fields below zero. Of approximately 7,500 buildings reported disposed of in fiscal year 2014, 134 had disposal dates outside of fiscal year 2014, and all of the buildings reported in fiscal year 2015 had dates that fell within the fiscal year. Internal consistency: Nearly all of the owned buildings’ disposal records in our review included methods of disposal consistent with common categories (e.g., sold, transferred, conveyed, or demolished) and all of the leased buildings disposed of during the review period were disposed of in ways consistent with leasing (e.g., lease termination, lease expiration, other). However, we found a large proportion of building disposals—nearly 50 percent—disposed of by “other” means in fiscal year 2014. Selected agencies explained to us that no other disposal categories applied to those properties in that year and our analysis mostly concurred in these cases (see app. I for more details on this analysis). OMB’s reporting of FRPP data was also generally reliable. To gauge the progress on the Freeze the Footprint initiative, OMB used FRPP data to report on the overall progress of the disposal of federal real property. OMB reported the number of disposed buildings along with the associated square footage and annual O&M costs for fiscal years 2014 and 2015 in its June 2015 and September 2016 testimonies to Congress. Beginning in fiscal year 2017, the Reduce the Footprint initiative calls for OMB to report annually on progress agencies make toward meeting annual disposal targets. Using FRPP data, we were able to replicate OMB’s reported data, despite minor inconsistencies in reporting. We found slightly lower numbers for the number of buildings, square feet, and annual O&M costs for both fiscal years 2014 and 2015, ranging from 2 to 10 percent lower (see table 1). We traced the differences in our analysis and the data OMB reported and we identified three minor inconsistencies, all of which led to some over-reporting of building disposals; we discuss this over-reporting in more detail later in this report. First, OMB reported FRPP data that contained buildings with a disposal date from another reporting year. Second, OMB reported FRPP data that contained buildings disposed of in multiple reporting years (i.e., counting a building more than once). Third, in fiscal year 2015, OMB reported FRPP data that contained buildings other than those owned by the federal government. Given that these inconsistencies resulted in minor differences in the number of building disposals, we determined that they did not affect the overall reliability of the government-wide disposal data. Our work found that the federal government has demonstrated continued commitment to improving the management of federal real property by executing a number of reform efforts, many of which should improve federal real property data, as described below. For example, in addition to OMB’s National Strategy, which calls for data quality improvements and identifies actions to reduce the size of the federal real-property portfolio, OMB also issued a government-wide memo in January 2016 requiring all CFO Act agencies to begin implementing standard data validation and verification checks when submitting their annual FRPP data to GSA beginning in fiscal year 2017. GSA also has taken steps intended to improve real property data. These combined efforts should improve government-wide data on building disposals. In response to the January 2016 OMB memo, GSA issued its Federal Real Property Data Validation and Verification Guidance in May 2016. The data validation and verification (V&V) guidance establishes a third step—called anomaly resolution—in the V&V process (see fig.2). In anomaly resolution, agencies investigate whether the underlying data flagged as anomalies are accurate or inaccurate and take action to address them. For example, if the FRPP V&V process flags as an anomaly an agency’s office building as 2 square feet in size, the agency is required to investigate whether the underlying data is either correct or incorrect. The agency’s CFO must then certify and support that all identified anomalies are validated or corrected before the next reporting cycle (October 15 of each year). Implementation of the new V&V guidance and the anomaly resolution process began with the December 2016 data submissions and should help to improve the reliability of future data that agencies submit to FRPP. In August 2016, GSA issued a detailed user guide for V&V tools described in the May 2016 V&V guidance. GSA completed training sessions and demonstrations with agency staff to further familiarize them with the system in September 2016. GSA is also working to help agencies report operating costs more uniformly in response to our March 2016 recommendation to improve the quality of data entered into FRPP. We have consistently found that agencies report operating costs differently. For example, not all agencies directly calculate O&M costs because some agencies do not maintain data on costs for each specific building. For example, the Coast Guard estimates O&M costs to be equal to 3 percent of the estimated replacement value of the building. We also reported that some agencies estimate operating costs for some buildings based on their size and other attributes relative to a larger asset within the same geographic footprint or facility. Similarly, during this review, we found that two of the three selected agencies did not directly calculate O&M costs before reporting them in FRPP. Specifically, we found that Energy tracks maintenance costs at the asset level. Energy also assigns most of its operating costs across its owned buildings for a particular site based on hours of operations and gross square feet. Interior officials told us that the agency does not track or assign O&M costs at the individual building level (e.g., fueling station or security station), because the work is typically completed for the entire, multi- building site (e.g., a research campus). Further, according to Interior officials, splitting out the costs by individual buildings would not be useful in managing the site and would place unnecessary burden on real property managers. For example, they told us that local real- property managers do not track mowing costs for each of the restrooms and security stations at a site—such as at Glacier National Park. Rather, Interior’s real property system tracks costs for the entire site depending on factors such as the size of the buildings. GSA continues to respond to our March 2016 recommendation to improve FRPP data quality by deploying an in-depth survey in June 2016 to better understand the methods CFO Act agencies used to collect and prepare data for submission to the FRPP. This survey focused on the following data elements: operating costs, lease costs, repair needs, replacement value, status, and utilization. GSA selected these data elements based both on recommendations from federal agencies within the Federal Real Property Council and also on the findings of our prior reports. In November 2016, GSA completed its initial analysis of the FRPP data survey’s results, and officials stated that their next step would be to form an inter-agency working group— comprised of GSA, OMB, and executive branch agencies that contribute data to the FRPP—in 2017 to discuss each of the data elements and devise an action plan to address the findings of the survey. The working group is intended to review the survey results in more detail and reach consensus on: 1) changes to the definitions and requirements for these data elements in the FRPP data dictionary; 2) limitations on the use of the data for cross-agency analysis; and 3) best practices and methodologies for reporting these data elements. In response to the survey, GSA issued a memo in December 2016 to senior real-property officers of the Federal Real Property Council that included revised definitions for repair needs, replacement value, and annual O&M costs to improve the consistency and quality of FRPP data within and among agencies. This memo also requires CFO Act agencies to implement the revised definitions no later than the December 2018 FRPP reporting cycle. Officials from the three agencies we selected also told us that they have taken steps—including updating their real property databases and reporting guidance—to improve the reliability of their overall real-property data. Agriculture: Agriculture officials told us they modified their real- property management system in 2016 to align with GSA’s V&V requirements to address data anomalies. In August 2016, Agriculture also revised its real-property user guide, which describes the required data elements for FRPP reporting. In September 2016, Agriculture officials told us that they plan to hire contractors to further review the department’s data reliability for fiscal year 2017. Energy: In May 2016, Energy added GSA’s V&V requirements to its existing V&V procedures. Energy officials told us they updated their real-property management system to identify a number of common anomalies. Although Energy generates anomaly reports at the headquarters level before submitting data to FRPP, the real property system update allows users to implement anomaly checks through a new anomaly-reporting tool, which identifies issues with real property data. For example, the anomaly-reporting tool flags outliers, such as when the disposition year is a past fiscal year. Interior: According to officials, Interior plans to work with the bureaus to implement the V&V procedures. In November 2016, Interior updated its internal FRPP guidance to incorporate GSA’s new data V&V steps. Interior expects the bureaus to implement the new V&V procedures for the fiscal year 2016 real-property data it submits and address any anomalies in accordance with the guidance. In addition to improving government-wide real property data, GSA has also taken steps to improve disposal data specifically. As described above, we found disposal data and reporting to be generally reliable, with three minor inconsistencies, one of which GSA has addressed. Specifically, we found that GSA has addressed the issue wherein agencies reported buildings with a disposal date from another reporting year. For example, our analysis showed that approximately 2 percent of buildings reported as disposed of in fiscal year 2014 were actually disposed of in other years dating back to fiscal year 2001. These buildings comprised 1.2-million square feet and included annual O&M costs of $1.3 million of those reported in fiscal year 2014 (see table 1). Since OMB’s June 2015 testimony, GSA added a data validation procedure that prevents agencies from reporting buildings disposed of in other years. This new procedure seems to have addressed the issue, as we did not find any cases in the fiscal year 2015 data of buildings disposed of in other years. In this respect, GSA has improved the accuracy of the FRPP database. Regarding the second inconsistency we identified wherein agencies can report the same building disposed of multiple times, GSA intends to address this issue. We found 132 buildings that were reported as disposed of in fiscal years 2014 and 2015 that had already been reported as disposed of in a previous reporting cycle. For the 2015 reporting year, 121 buildings reported as disposed of (see table 1) were also reported in other fiscal years from 2011 through 2014. Our data reliability guidance suggests that controls to the data entry process should be in place to prevent duplicate reporting. When we asked about the cases in which buildings were reported as disposed of multiple times, GSA officials told us that currently, FRPP does not have a data validation procedure that prevents agencies from reporting disposals in multiple reporting cycles. An official also told us that the agencies’ own data V&V procedures may not identify cases in which agency staff report buildings as disposed of multiple times. In response, in December 2016, GSA officials asked agencies to review their current-year submissions to ensure that disposed buildings reported this cycle had not been reported as disposed of previously. GSA officials told us that they intend to add a data validation procedure to prevent agencies from reporting buildings as disposed of multiple times. Finally, GSA officials said that they intend to conduct a comprehensive review of all FRPP data-validation procedures. However, they did not provide details on how they would accomplish specific plans related to addressing the data validation procedure in light of several other concurrent initiatives under way. As noted above, GSA has several ongoing efforts to improve FRPP data reliability. Ensuring that a data validation procedure is put in place is important because without this control, building disposals can be overstated. As such, agencies might make real property management decisions based on data that could be more reliable. We also found that OMB could further improve the reliability of its reporting of federal real-property disposal data. OMB used FRPP data differently in reporting fiscal year 2014 disposals than it used in reporting fiscal year 2015 disposals; the result was less accurate reporting that included some state-owned buildings and leased buildings. For fiscal year 2014, OMB requested information on domestic, federally owned buildings disposed of in that year. In response, GSA conducted an analysis that only included domestic, federally owned buildings. Our analysis of fiscal year 2014 showed that OMB’s reporting was accurate in this respect (see table 1). For fiscal year 2015, OMB used summarized real property data from GSA’s FRPP website with slight modifications, excluding buildings that were disposed of through transfer to other federal agencies, lease expiration, and lease termination. However, this modified summary data did not exclude 207 non-federally owned buildings reported among the disposed buildings for fiscal year 2015 (see table 1). The data reported would have been more reliable without the inclusion of these non-federal buildings. OMB staff stated this happened because they did not have a procedure in place to verify with GSA, as they noted they should have, that the summary data they used in fiscal year 2015 were suitable for the purposes of reporting on the progress of reducing the federal footprint. Federal standards for internal control state that agencies should have procedures in place to help ensure actions are taken to address risks such as the risk of reporting inaccurate information. Thus, by not having a procedure in place to verify that the data OMB used were suitable for its purposes, OMB included 207 non-federally owned buildings that it should not have, and therefore its reporting of fiscal year 2015 disposals did not precisely represent what it intended to measure. As the Reduce the Footprint initiative calls for OMB to report annually on these data, it will be important to ensure that Congress and other stakeholders receive the most accurate data available. OMB and GSA face a complex task in reporting on and managing data agencies submit given the diversity of their real property inventories, which range from multistory buildings in urban centers to small, remotely located storage facilities in national forests. Reliable data, including building-disposal data, are critical to accurately gauge the federal government’s progress in disposing of unneeded and excess federal real property. OMB, GSA, and selected agencies have taken steps to address data reliability and reporting challenges. The combined initiatives (1) of OMB’s requirement for CFO Act agencies to implement standard data- validation and verification checks beginning in fiscal year 2017, (2) of GSA’s updated guidance and the expanded capacity of the FRPP to allow agencies to enter more complete disposal data, and (3) of selected agencies’ development of new processes should lead to improved data reliability. As these steps are relatively recent and have not been fully implemented, it is too soon to assess progress and the effect, if any, on federal real property data in general, and disposal data in particular. Additional opportunities exist for OMB and GSA to address insufficient controls which resulted in over-counting of domestic, federally owned disposed buildings in fiscal years 2014 and 2015. Although we found that the government-wide real property data were generally reliable, continued improvements in data reliability could lead to more effective real-property management decision making. We are making two recommendations, one to the Administrator of GSA and one to the Director of OMB. To improve the reliability of FRPP disposal data, we recommend that the Administrator of GSA implement a data validation procedure to prevent reporting the same building disposal multiple times. To improve the accuracy of reporting on progress in reducing the inventory of federal buildings, we recommend that the Director of OMB, in coordination with the GSA Administrator, establish a procedure to verify that the OMB’s reports include the intended data, such as, reporting individual buildings only once and reporting only federally owned buildings. We provided a draft of this report to OMB, GSA, and the Departments of Agriculture, Energy, and the Interior for review and comment. OMB provided oral comments and concurred with our recommendation to establish a procedure to verify that OMB’s reports include the intended data, such as, reporting individual buildings only once and reporting only federally owned buildings. OMB stated that it plans to implement procedures to ensure that subsequent data calls to GSA for FRPP data include the intended data. OMB also provided technical comments, which we incorporated where appropriate. We shared a written summary of the oral comments with the principal OMB staff who agreed that the information was accurate. GSA concurred with our recommendation to implement a data validation procedure to prevent reporting the same building’s disposal multiple times and provided actions and time frames for completion. GSA stated that it will create a new business rule in FRPP that will prevent agencies from reporting disposed buildings multiple times. This validation will be incorporated in fiscal year 2017 and will be active for the fiscal year 2017 reporting cycle and beyond. GSA’s official written response is reprinted in appendix IV. The Departments of Agriculture and Energy provided technical comments, which we incorporated where appropriate. Interior did not have any comments on the draft report. We are sending copies of this report to the appropriate congressional committees, the Director of OMB, the Administrator of GSA, and the Secretaries of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Department of Energy, and the Department of the Interior. In addition, the report will be available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions concerning this report, please contact me at (202) 512-2834 or wised@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. Key contributors to this report are listed in appendix V. In fiscal year 2014, Chief Financial Officer (CFO) Act agencies reported that they disposed of nearly 50 percent of their domestic, federally owned buildings through “other” means (see table 2). Because disposals by “other” means composed such a large percentage of the total in fiscal year 2014, we asked officials at three selected civilian agencies with some of the highest numbers of building disposals in that year—the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Agriculture), Department of Energy (Energy), and the Department of the Interior (Interior)—to describe the disposals through “other” means. The officials explained that, in most cases, they categorized these disposals as “other” because existing categories did not apply. Some of these buildings reported as disposed of by “other” means include portable trailers transferred from real property to personal property prior to disposal, and buildings transferred to state universities and Native American tribes. In fiscal year 2015, the Federal Real Property Profile (FRPP) included 7 new disposal methods—such as loss due to deterioration or natural disaster—so that agencies could use these categories instead of the “other” category. In our analysis of fiscal year 2014 and fiscal year 2015 building disposals, we found that family housing represented the largest category of disposed buildings and that half of the buildings disposed of in fiscal year 2015 were less than 1,710 square feet (see table 3). Our objectives were to assess (1) the reliability of government-wide data and reporting on domestic, federally owned buildings’ disposal data in fiscal years 2014 and 2015 and (2) steps the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), GSA, and selected CFO Act agencies have taken to improve disposal data. We found the data to be sufficiently reliable for our purposes. Because this review was limited to disposal-related data fields in the FRPP, our results are not generalizable to other FRPP data fields. Reliability and reporting of government-wide disposal data: To assess the reliability of government-wide data and reporting on domestic, federally owned buildings’ disposal data in fiscal years 2014 and 2015 we (1) examined information sources and methods OMB used to report on the number of buildings disposed of, square feet reduced, and O&M costs avoided for fiscal years 2014 and 2015; (2) analyzed data from GSA’s FRPP; (3) replicated the figures OMB used in its June 2015 and September 2016 testimonies; and (4) reviewed the data underlying OMB’s reported disposals to assess the extent that these data accurately reflected the building disposals that were intended to be reported. In addition, we interviewed officials from a non-generalizable selection of three CFO Act agencies—the Departments of Agriculture, Energy, and the Interior—to determine how they assess the reliability of their disposal data. We sorted fiscal year 2014 FRPP data to determine the civilian departments with the highest numbers of disposed buildings and the highest O&M costs avoided. We selected these three agencies for review based on the fact they were among the top four in at least two of these categories. Because we used a judgmental selection methodology, our findings are not generalizable to all federal agencies. We also analyzed fiscal years 2014 and 2015 FRPP data to learn more about the disposal methods used and the types of buildings disposed. Before analyzing the FRPP disposal data, we met with GSA officials and OMB staff to better understand how they analyzed and reported the FRPP data for the period. They told us that OMB relied on GSA analysis of FRPP data that included all federally owned buildings in the United States and territories reported as disposed of by CFO Act agencies. We also obtained FRPP datasets consisting of all civilian and defense buildings (358,495 and 351,781 in fiscal years 2014 and 2015, respectively), and using the “Real Property Unique Identifier” variable in FRPP as our unit of analysis, we performed the following steps to get to the base number of buildings, square feet, and annual O&M costs for our analyses. These steps yielded 7,213 domestic, federally owned buildings in fiscal year 2014 and 4,570 in fiscal year 2015. We excluded all non-building asset records in FRPP such as land and non-building structures such as antennae or navigational aids. This exclusion left us with all civilian and defense building records. We then removed all building records with a value in the “status indicator” field other than “disposed,” leaving us with disposed of building records. We then removed all records of buildings disposed of that had a value in the “country name” field other than the following, which left us with domestic, disposed building records: U.S. Minor Outlying Islands We then removed records for buildings that had values in the “legal interest indicator” field other than “owned.” This step left us with domestic, federally owned disposed-buildings’ records. We then removed records where the “reporting agency name” field was not a CFO Act agency. We then removed the buildings with disposal dates prior to or after the fiscal year being reported. For instance, for the fiscal year 2014 data set, we only included buildings with disposal dates ranging from October 1, 2013 through September 30, 2014. We then compared these remaining buildings against previous inventories and removed any buildings that had been previously reported as disposed. To assess the reliability of the domestic, federally owned disposed buildings’ data, we examined the disposal date, disposal method, square feet, and annual O&M fields within the FRPP database to identify the frequency of missing data, data anomalies, year-to-year inconsistencies, and relational errors. Specifically, we conducted the following electronic tests on the FRPP disposal data that OMB used to calculate the number of buildings disposed, square footage reductions, and savings in O&M and assessed the data to determine if they were within reasonable ranges, were internally consistent (e.g., owned buildings that were reported as disposed would not be disposed through “lease termination”), and appeared complete: Missing values in the “disposition method,” “disposal date,” “square feet,” and “annual operating cost” data fields. We found zero cases of missing values in the aforementioned data fields. Data field values beyond what we considered reasonable: “Square feet” less than 1. We found 6 buildings in the fiscal year 2014 data and 2 buildings in the fiscal year 2015 data with less than 1 square foot. “Annual operating and maintenance costs” less than zero. We found zero cases of buildings with annual O&M costs less than zero. “Disposed date” outside of the fiscal year corresponding to the report year (i.e., for reporting year 2014, disposal dates should fall within fiscal year 2014). We found 134 buildings in the fiscal year 2014 data with disposal dates prior to fiscal year 2014. All reported disposed buildings in the fiscal year 2015 data had a disposal date within fiscal year 2015. If the method of disposal is sale, then a disposal value is also supposed to be reported. We tested to identify instances where this was not the case. All buildings reported as disposed of by sale included a disposal value. If the ownership status of the building is leased, then the disposal method should be “lease expiration,” “lease termination,” or “other.” We tested the data to identify instances where this was not the case. All leased buildings in our fiscal year 2014 and 2015 datasets were reported disposed of by either “lease expiration,” “lease termination,” or “other.” If the ownership status of the building is owned, then the disposal method should not be lease expiration or lease termination. We tested to identify instances where this was not the case. None of the owned buildings in our fiscal year 2014 and 2015 datasets were reported disposed of by either “lease expiration” or “lease termination.” If a building was reported as disposed of in a reporting year, the building should not appear in FRPP in subsequent reporting years. We tested to identify instances where this was not the case with the fiscal year 2011 through 2015 data available to us. We found 132 buildings reported as disposed of in the 2014 and 2015 reporting years (11 buildings and 121 buildings, respectively) that had already been reported as disposed of in previous years. With more years of data, we may have found additional cases. In our analysis of the disposal methods used in fiscal year 2014 and 2015, we found 3,607 buildings in fiscal year 2014 that were disposed of by “other” means or disposed of in a way that could not be categorized (see app. I). We reviewed these disposals at three selected agencies (Agriculture, Energy, and Interior) to understand how some of these buildings were disposed. To avoid putting an administrative burden on the agencies, we sent our selected agencies short lists of “other” building disposals that were greater than 549 square feet and asked them to provide a more detailed description of the disposal method. In addition to analyzing these more detailed descriptions of “other” disposals, we interviewed officials at these agencies to better understand their internal processes for collecting and reporting disposal data. To further verify disposal information, we attempted to reconcile disposed buildings reported in the real property databases with those reported in the agencies’ financial accounting systems at the three agencies we reviewed. Internal Control Standards require appropriate documentation of transactions in a manner that allows documentation to be readily available for examination. The ability to reconcile an agency’s real property and accounting databases would provide confidence as to the reliability of the data. We found that, for various reasons, the agencies were unable to easily reconcile individual disposed buildings in their real property databases with their financial accounting systems. We did not request the agencies to perform further analysis, and therefore, this is not included in our report. To assess the reliability of the disposal figures OMB reported based on fiscal year 2014 and 2015 data, we first replicated the data OMB used in its reporting and then compared them against the figures we arrived at based on the criteria GSA officials and OMB staff provided to us (as discussed above). Where we identified differences between our analyses and OMB’s reporting of GSA data, we provided the differences to both GSA and OMB for comment to ensure that our analysis was correct. OMB and GSA officials concurred with the differences we found. Steps taken to improve disposal data: To describe steps GSA, selected CFO Act agencies, and OMB have taken to improve disposal data, we reviewed GSA and OMB guidance related to improving the quality of government-wide real property data; we interviewed GSA officials and OMB staff to identify any steps taken to improve the quality of disposal data; we interviewed officials at Agriculture, Energy, and Interior to understand what actions, if any, they have taken to improve their real- property data quality since the fiscal year 2014 reporting cycle, and we reviewed agency documents supporting recent efforts to improve the collection, reporting, and validation of building-disposal data. In addition to the contact named above, Amelia Shachoy (Assistant Director), Tina Paek (Analyst-in-Charge), Russell Burnett, Justin Fisher, Hannah Laufe, Steve Rabinowitz, Malika Rice, Minette Richardson, Amy Rosewarne, and Dawn Simpson made key contributions to this report.

Summary: Disposal of unneeded buildings—for example through demolition, sale, or transfer to other federal agencies—has the potential to save the government millions of dollars. To this end, OMB has developed policies to reduce space in federal buildings and identify buildings for disposal. Recent progress notwithstanding, GAO's body of work on real property has found limitations in the overall reliability of data in GSA's government-wide database. OMB has reported on the status of federal real property disposals for fiscal years 2014 and 2015. GAO was asked to examine the reliability of the data used to report disposals and any efforts to improve the data. This report assesses (1) the reliability and reporting of government-wide disposal data for fiscal years 2014 and 2015, and (2) steps OMB, GSA, and three selected agencies have taken to improve disposal data. GAO analyzed the most recent FRPP data, agency documents, and interviewed OMB, GSA, and agency officials. GAO selected the Departments of Agriculture, Energy, and the Interior based on the highest numbers of disposed buildings. GAO's analysis showed that government-wide data were generally reliable for reporting on real property disposals for fiscal years 2014 and 2015. The General Services Administration's (GSA) Federal Real Property Profile (FRPP) serves as the building inventory database for most of the largest federal agencies. FRPP's data on real property disposals were generally complete, reasonable, and internally consistent, based on GAO's guidance for assessing data reliability. For example, the disposal date, disposal method, and buildings' square footage data generally met these criteria. The Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) reporting of FRPP disposal data for fiscal years 2014 and 2015 was also generally reliable. Based on analysis of FRPP data, GAO was able to replicate OMB's reported numbers on building disposals, despite minor inconsistencies. GAO identified three minor inconsistencies in its analysis and OMB's reporting, all of which led to some over-reporting of building disposals. For example, the data showed 134 buildings as disposed of in multiple years. Given that these inconsistencies resulted in small differences in the number of buildings reported, GAO determined that the inconsistencies did not affect the overall reliability of government-wide reporting of disposal data. GAO recommends (1) that GSA implement a data validation procedure to prevent reporting a building as disposed of multiple times and (2) that OMB, in coordination with GSA, establish a procedure to verify that its reports include data as intended. GSA and OMB agreed with GAO's recommendations and identified steps to implement them.