Over the last three decades, Congress has enacted several laws to assist agencies and the federal government in managing IT investments. For example, to assist agencies in managing their investments, Congress enacted the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996. This act requires OMB to establish processes to analyze, track, and evaluate the risks and results of major capital investments in information systems made by federal agencies and report to Congress on the net program performance benefits achieved as a result of these investments. Most recently, in December 2014, Congress enacted IT acquisition reform legislation (commonly referred to as the Federal Information Technology Acquisition Reform Act or FITARA) that, among other things, requires OMB to develop standardized performance metrics, including cost savings, and to submit quarterly reports to Congress on cost savings. In carrying out its responsibilities, OMB uses several data collection mechanisms to oversee federal IT spending during the annual budget formulation process. Specifically, OMB requires federal departments and agencies to provide information related to their Major IT Business Cases (previously known as exhibit 300) and IT Portfolio Summary (previously known as exhibit 53). Major IT Business Case. The purpose of this requirement is to provide a business case for each major IT investment and to allow OMB to monitor IT investments once they are funded. Agencies are required to provide information on each major investment’s cost, schedule, and performance. IT Portfolio Summary. The purpose of the IT portfolio summary is to identify all IT investments—both major and non-major —and their associated costs within a federal organization. This information is designed, in part, to help OMB better understand what agencies are spending on IT investments. OMB directs agencies to break down IT investment costs into two categories: (1) O&M and (2) development, modernization, and enhancement (DME). O&M (also known as steady state) costs refer to the expenses required to operate and maintain an IT asset in a production environment. DME costs refers to those projects and activities that lead to new IT assets/systems, or change or modify existing IT assets to substantively improve capability or performance. Beginning in 2014, OMB directed agencies to further break down their O&M and DME costs to identify provisioned IT service costs. A provisioned IT service is one that is (1) owned, operated, and provided by an outside vendor or external government organization and (2) consumed by the agency on an as-needed basis. Examples of provisioned IT service could include cloud services or shared services from another federal agency or a private service provider. About 8.5 percent of federal agencies’ planned spending for fiscal year 2016 has gone toward provisioned IT services, leaving the vast majority of spending going toward IT that is non-provisioned. Figure 1 shows the breakdown in planned spending for fiscal year 2016. Further, OMB has developed guidance that calls for agencies to develop an operational analysis policy for examining the ongoing performance of existing legacy IT investments to measure, among other things, whether the investment is continuing to meet business and customer needs. This guidance calls for the policy to provide for an annual operational analysis of each investment that addresses cost, schedule, customer satisfaction, strategic and business results, financial goals, and innovation. Nevertheless, federal IT investments have too frequently failed or incurred cost overruns and schedule slippages while contributing little to mission-related outcomes. The federal government has spent billions of dollars on failed and poorly performing IT investments which often suffered from ineffective management, such as project planning, requirements definition, and program oversight and governance. Accordingly, in February 2015, we introduced a new government-wide high-risk area, Improving the Management of IT Acquisitions and Operations. This area highlights several critical IT initiatives underway, including reviews of troubled projects, an emphasis on incremental development, a key transparency website, data center consolidation, and the O&M of legacy systems. To make progress in this area, we identified actions that OMB and the agencies need to take. These include implementing the recently-enacted statutory requirements promoting IT acquisition reform, as well as implementing our previous recommendations. In the last 6 years, we made approximately 800 recommendations to OMB and multiple agencies to improve effective and efficient investment in IT. As of October 2015, about 32 percent of these recommendations had been implemented. OMB has implemented a series of initiatives to improve the oversight of underperforming investments and more effectively manage IT. These efforts include the following: IT Dashboard. In June 2009, to further improve the transparency into and oversight of agencies’ IT investments, OMB publicly deployed the IT Dashboard. As part of this effort, OMB issued guidance directing federal agencies to report, via the Dashboard, the performance of their IT investments. Currently, the Dashboard publicly displays information on the cost, schedule, and performance of over 700 major federal IT investments at 26 federal agencies. Further, the public display of these data is intended to allow OMB, other oversight bodies, and the general public to hold the government agencies accountable for results and progress. Among other things, agencies are to submit ratings from their Chief Information Officers (CIO), which, according to OMB’s instructions, should reflect the level of risk facing an investment relative to that investment’s ability to accomplish its goals. To do so, each agency CIO is to assess his or her IT investments against a set of six pre-established evaluation factors identified by OMB and then assign a rating of 1 (high risk and red) to 5 (low risk and green) based on the CIO’s best judgement of the level of risk facing the investment. Over the past several years, we have made over 20 recommendations to help improve the accuracy and reliability of the information on the IT Dashboard and to increase its availability. Most agencies agreed with our recommendations or had no comment. TechStat reviews. In January 2010, the Federal CIO began leading TechStat sessions—face-to-face meetings to terminate or turn around IT investments that are failing or are not producing results. These meetings involve OMB and agency leadership and are intended to increase accountability and improve performance. OMB also empowered agency CIOs to begin to hold their own TechStat sessions within their respective agencies by June 2012. In June 2013, we reported that OMB and selected agencies held multiple TechStats, but additional OMB oversight was needed to ensure that these meetings were having the appropriate impact on underperforming projects and that resulting cost savings were valid. Among other things, we recommended that OMB require agencies to address high- risk investments. OMB generally agreed with this recommendation. However, as of October 28, 2015, OMB had only conducted one TechStat review in the prior 2 years and OMB had not listed any savings from TechStats in its quarterly reporting to Congress since June 2012. Cloud computing strategy. In order to accelerate the adoption of cloud computing solutions across the government, OMB’s 25-Point IT Reform Plan included a “Cloud First” policy that required each agency CIO to, among other things, implement cloud-based solutions whenever a secure, reliable, and cost-effective cloud option exists. Building on this requirement, in February 2011, OMB issued the Federal Cloud Computing Strategy, which provided definitions of cloud computing services; benefits of cloud services, such as accelerating data center consolidations; case studies to support agencies’ migration to cloud computing; and roles and responsibilities for federal agencies. In April 2016, we reported, among other things, that we had identified 10 key practices that if included in cloud service agreements can help agencies ensure services are performed effectively, efficiently, and securely. OMB’s guidance, released in February 2012, included most of the key practices, and we recommended that OMB include all 10 key practices in future guidance. PortfolioStat reviews. To better manage existing IT systems, OMB launched the PortfolioStat initiative in March 2012, which requires agencies to conduct an annual, agency-wide IT portfolio review to, among other things, reduce commodity IT spending and demonstrate how their IT investments align with the agency’s mission and business functions. In 2013 and 2015 we reported that agencies had the potential to save at least $3.8 billion through this initiative. However, we noted that weaknesses existed in agencies’ implementation of the initiative; therefore, we made more than 60 recommendations to OMB and agencies. OMB partially agreed with our recommendations, and responses from 21 of the agencies varied, with some agreeing and others not. IT Shared Services Strategy. In May 2012, OMB released its Federal IT Shared Services Strategy. The strategy requires agencies to use shared services—IT functions that are provided for consumption by multiple organizations within or between federal agencies—for IT service delivery in order to increase return on investment, eliminate waste and duplication, and improve the effectiveness of IT solutions. Examples of commodity IT areas to consider migrating to a shared environment, as described in the strategy, include software licenses, e-mail systems, and human resource systems. We have previously reported on legacy IT and the need for the federal government to improve its oversight of such investments. For example, in October 2012, we reported on agencies’ operational analyses policies and practices. As previously mentioned, operational analysis is a key performance evaluation and oversight mechanism required by OMB to ensure O&M investments continue to meet agency needs. In particular, we reported that although OMB guidance called for agencies to develop an operational analysis policy and perform such analyses annually, the extent to which the selected five federal agencies we reviewed carried out these tasks varied significantly. Specifically, the Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and Health and Human Services (HHS) developed policies and conducted analyses, but excluded key investments and assessment factors. The Departments of Defense (Defense), the Treasury (Treasury), and Veterans Affairs (VA) had not developed a policy or conducted operational analyses. As such, we recommended that the agencies develop operational analysis policies, annually perform operational analyses on all investments, and ensure the assessments include all key factors. Further, we recommended that OMB revise its guidance to include directing agencies to post the results of such analyses on the IT Dashboard. OMB and the five selected agencies agreed with our recommendations and have efforts planned and underway to address them. In particular, OMB issued guidance in August 2012 directing agencies to report operational analysis results along with their fiscal year 2014 budget submission documentation (e.g., exhibit 300) to OMB. Thus far, operational analyses have not yet been posted on the IT Dashboard. We further reported in November 2013 that agencies were not conducting proper analyses. Specifically, we reported on IT O&M investments and the use of operational analyses at selected agencies and determined that of the top 10 investments with the largest spending in O&M, only the DHS investment underwent an operational analysis. DHS’s analysis addressed most, but not all, of the factors that OMB called for (e.g., comparing current cost and schedule against original estimates). DHS officials attributed this to the department still being in the process of implementing its new operational analysis policy. The remaining agencies did not assess their investments, which accounted for $7.4 billion in reported O&M spending. Agency officials cited several reasons for not doing so, including relying on budget submission and related management reviews that measure performance; however, OMB has noted that these are not a substitute for an operational analysis. Consequently, we recommended that seven agencies perform operational analyses on their IT O&M investments and that DHS ensure that its analysis was complete and addressed all OMB factors. Three of the agencies agreed with our recommendations; two partially agreed; and two agencies had no comments. Federal agencies reported spending the majority of their fiscal year 2015 IT funds on operating and maintaining a large number of legacy (i.e., steady-state) investments. Of the more than $80 billion reportedly spent on federal IT in fiscal year 2015, 26 federal agencies spent about $61 billion on O&M, more than three-quarters of the total amount spent. Specifically, data from the IT Dashboard shows that, in 2015, 5,233 of the government’s nearly 7,000 investments were spending all of their funds on O&M activities. This is a little more than three times the amount spent on DME activities (See figure 2). According to agency data reported to OMB’s IT Dashboard, the 10 IT investments spending the most on O&M for fiscal year 2015 total $12.5 billion, 20 percent of the total O&M spending, and range from $4.4 billion on the Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Medicaid Management Information System to $666.1 million on HHS’s Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services IT Infrastructure investment (see table 1). Over the past 7 fiscal years, O&M spending has increased, while the amount invested in developing new systems has decreased by about $7.3 billion since fiscal year 2010. (See figure 3.) Further, agencies have increased the amount of O&M spending relative to their overall IT spending by 9 percent since 2010. Specifically, in fiscal year 2010, O&M spending was 68 percent of the federal IT budget, while in fiscal year 2017, agencies plan to spend 77 percent of their IT funds on O&M. (See figure 4.) Further, 15 of the 26 agencies have increased their spending on O&M from fiscal year 2010 to fiscal year 2015, with 10 of these agencies having over a $100 million increase. The spending changes per agency range from an approximately $4 billion increase (HHS) to a decrease of $600 million (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). See table 2 for more details on agency spending. In addition, 20 of the 26 agencies have increased the percentage of total IT spending on O&M from fiscal year 2010 to fiscal year 2015, with 13 agencies having an increase of over 5 percent. The percentage of total IT spending on O&M ranges from a 20 percent increase (Department of Education) to a 16 percent decrease (Office of Personnel Management). Appendix II provides detailed information on agency spending on operations and maintenance from fiscal year 2010 to fiscal year 2015. According to agency officials, reasons for the increase in O&M spending include the recent shift of major systems from DME to O&M (as the investment completed development activities and began O&M activities); and rising costs to maintain legacy IT infrastructure, such as those that use older programming languages. They also noted that improved reporting (i.e., ensuring that O&M expenditures were properly reported as O&M instead of as DME) has made it appear that O&M spending has increased. For example, a DHS official in the Office of the CIO stated that one reason for the increased spending on O&M as a percentage of its total is because initially DHS had high DME spending to setup the agency, but now that the major parts of the agency are established, the funding has shifted to O&M. DHS officials stated that they anticipate future increases in DME funding as prioritized IT modernization efforts are approved and funded. Further, an official in Department of State’s (State) Bureau of Information Resource Management stated that the increase is largely due to increased costs of maintaining the infrastructure, including meeting security requirements. Moreover, VA officials stated that updates to its technology are the primary reason for the increase in spending. In addition, an official in HHS’s Office of the CIO stated that the increased spending on O&M was largely due to grants to states and local entities for new programs, such as the Affordable Care Act. Conversely, several agencies have decreased spending on O&M. For example, as we have previously reported, the Department of Energy (Energy) reduced spending by approximately $300 million, which it attributed to the reclassification of high performance computers from the IT portfolio to facilities. According to Energy officials, these investments were re-categorized because they include both supercomputers and laboratory facilities. Similarly, the Department of Commerce (Commerce) reduced spending by approximately $110 million and attributed it to the reclassification of satellite ground systems from its IT portfolio. In making this decision, Commerce determined that it needed to refocus oversight efforts to a more appropriate level and consequently minimized the role of the CIO and others in the oversight of satellites. We disagreed with these reclassifications, and reported that they run contrary to the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996, which specifies requirements for the management of IT. Further, we reported that by gathering incomplete information on IT investments, OMB increases the risk of not fulfilling its oversight responsibilities, of agencies making inefficient and ineffective investment decisions, and of Congress and the public being misinformed as to the performance of federal IT investments. We recommended that Energy and Commerce appropriately categorize their IT investments, but both agencies disagreed. A policy analyst within OMB’s Office of E-Government and Information Technology expressed concern when agencies, or their bureaus, spend a low percentage of their IT funds on DME. The analyst further stated that this could indicate that the agency’s maintenance costs are reducing its flexibility and the agency or bureau is unable to innovate. For example, 5 of the 26 agencies that report to the IT Dashboard reported spending less than 10 percent on DME activities in fiscal year 2015 (see table 3). Further, 34 percent of bureaus (i.e., 51 of the 151) spent less than 10 percent on DME. For more details on the bureaus spending less than 10 percent on DME activities, see appendix III. According to agency officials, reasons for these bureaus’ low spending on DME include the size and mission of the bureau (e.g., smaller bureaus do not perform much DME work), as well as several bureaus having recently completed major DME work that is now in the O&M phase. Further, according to Commerce officials, one of their bureaus had no actual IT systems in its budget, as its IT has been absorbed by headquarters, and thus any DME spending is part of the Office of IT Services’ budget. OMB staff in the Office of E-Government and Information Technology have recognized the upward trend of O&M spending and identified several contributing factors, including (1) the support of O&M activities requires maintaining legacy hardware, which costs more over time, and (2) costs are increased in maintaining applications and systems that use older programming languages, since programmers knowledgeable in these older languages are becoming increasingly rare and thus more expensive. Further, OMB officials stated that in several situations where agencies are not sure whether to report costs as O&M or DME, agencies default to reporting as O&M. According to OMB, agencies tend to categorize investments as O&M because they attract less oversight, require reduced documentation, and have a lower risk of losing funding. OMB encourages agencies to adopt provisioned IT services, such as cloud computing and shared services, to make IT more efficient and agile, and enable innovation. Specifically, it provides an approach for agencies to implement cloud-based solutions whenever a secure, reliable, and cost-effective cloud option exists and to use shared services for IT service delivery in order to increase return on investment, eliminate waste and duplication, and improve the effectiveness of IT solutions. Further, as part of its guidance on the implementation of recent IT legislation, OMB identified a series of performance metrics for agencies’ PortfolioStat sessions to measure the federal government’s progress in driving value in federal IT investments. One measure is the percent of IT spending on non-provisioned O&M spending. An OMB official stated that focusing on the O&M spending that has not been provisioned will allow OMB to identify legacy systems in need of modernization. Federal agencies reported spending $55 billion—69 percent of total IT spending—on non-provisioned O&M in fiscal year 2015, with the percent allocated to non-provisioned O&M varying by agency. For example, State allocates about 87 percent of its IT spending on non-provisioned O&M, whereas the Department of Transportation (DOT) allocates 50 percent. See figure 5 for details on agencies’ planned spending allocations. Additionally, OMB has not identified an associated goal with its non- provisioned IT measure that is part of PortfolioStat process. An OMB official within the Office of E-Government and Information Technology stated that the aim is for the amount of spending on DME and provisioned IT services to rise, thus reducing the percent of spending on non- provisioned IT. This official also stated that OMB has not identified a specific goal for the measure because it would be ever changing. While goals for performance measures may change over time, it is still important for OMB to set a target by which agencies can measure their progress in meeting this measure. In particular, leading practices stress that organizations should measure performance in order to evaluate the success or failure of their activities and programs. Performance measurement involves identifying performance goals and measures, identifying targets for improving performance, and measuring progress against those targets. Without links to outcomes and goals, organizations are not able to effectively measure progress toward those goals. Further, OMB’s own website, performance.gov states that when measuring performance, a goal is a simple but powerful way to motivate people and communicate priorities. In addition, the website states that the federal government operates more effectively when agency leaders, at all levels of the organization, starting at the top, set clear measurable goals aligned to achieving better outcomes. Until OMB develops a specific goal associated with measuring non- provisioned services, OMB and agencies will be limited in their ability to evaluate progress that has been made and whether or not they are achieving their goals to increase the amount spent on development activities and provisioned IT services. According to OMB guidance, the O&M phase is often the longest phase of an investment and can consume more than 80 percent of the total lifecycle costs. As such, agencies must actively manage their investment during this phase. To help them do so, OMB requires that CIOs submit ratings that reflect the level of risk facing an investment. Several O&M investments were rated as moderate to high risk in fiscal year 2015. Specifically, CIOs from the 12 selected agencies reported that 23 of their 187 major IT O&M investments were moderate to high risk as of August 2015. They requested $922.9 million in fiscal year 2016 for these investments. Of the 23 investments, agencies had plans to replace or modernize 19 investments. However, the plans for 12 of those were general or tentative in that the agencies did not provide specificity on time frames, activities to be performed, or functions to be replaced or enhanced. Further, agencies did not plan to modernize or replace 4 of the investments (see table 4). The lack of specific plans to modernize or replace these investments could result in wasteful spending on moderate- and high-risk investments. In instances where investments experience problems, agencies can perform a TechStat, a face-to-face meeting to terminate or turn around IT investments that are failing or not producing results. In addition, OMB directs agencies to monitor O&M investments through operational analyses, which should be performed annually and assess costs, schedules, whether the investment is still meeting customer and business needs, and investment performance. While agencies generally conducted the required operational analyses, they did not consistently perform TechStat reviews on all of the at-risk investments. Table 5 provides details on the 23 investments and whether the operational analyses and TechStats were performed. Although not required, agencies had performed TechStats on only five of the at-risk investments. Moreover, TechStats were not performed on three of the four investments rated as high risk: DHS’s Customs and Border Protection - Integrated Fixed Towers, HHS’s Trusted Internet Connection Investment, and U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Enterprise Telecommunications Shared Services. Agencies provided several reasons for not conducting TechStats. For example, according to agency officials, several of the investments’ risk levels were reduced to low or moderately-low risk in the months since the IT Dashboard had been publicly updated. An Acting Deputy Executive Director in DHS’s Enterprise Business Management Office stated that the agency had performed an internal “health assessment” on its Integrated Fixed Towers investment, understood the issues it was facing, and decided that a TechStat was not necessary. An official from HHS’s Office of the CIO stated that, at the time it was evaluated, its Trusted Internet Connection Investment did not meet its internal TechStat criteria of having cost variance over 10 percent. An official from USDA’s Office of the CIO stated that while the office did not hold a formal TechStat, the program was required to work on a corrective action plan and has since been upgraded from high to moderate risk. It should be noted that recent legislation requires agencies to perform a review of each major IT investment that receives a high-risk rating for 4 consecutive quarters. Further, the associated OMB guidance requires agencies to hold a TechStat on an investment if it has been rated as high risk for 3 consecutive months. In addition, operational analyses were not conducted for four at-risk investments. These investments were: Commerce’s Enterprise Cyber Security Monitoring and Operations, DHS’s Integrated Fixed Towers, Treasury’s Departmental Offices IT Infrastructure Mainframes and Servers Services and Support, and Treasury’s Departmental Offices IT Infrastructure End User Systems and Support. An official from Commerce’s Office of the CIO stated that, in place of operational analyses, National Weather Service (the responsible bureau) reviews the status of the previous month’s activities for the development, integration, modification, and procurement to report issues to management. However, Commerce’s monthly process does not include all of the key elements of an operational analysis. The Integrated Fixed Towers Program Manager stated that since the investment had only become operational in October 2015, an operational analysis was not yet required. DHS plans to perform the analysis on the investment in August 2017. Performing the analysis once the investment is operational will enable DHS to determine whether it is meeting the needs of the agency and delivering the expected value. The Director of Treasury’s Capital Planning and Investment Control program stated that the department’s policy does not require infrastructure investments to have an operational analysis performed. However, OMB’s guidance on operational analyses does not exclude infrastructure investments. Until agencies ensure that their O&M investments are fully reviewed, the government’s oversight of old and vulnerable investments will be impaired and the associated spending could be wasteful. Legacy IT investments across the federal government are becoming increasingly obsolete. Specifically, many use outdated languages and old parts. Numerous old investments are using obsolete programming languages. Several agencies, such as the Department of Justice (Justice), DHS, HHS, Treasury, USDA, and VA, reported using Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL)—a programming language developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s—to program their legacy systems. It is widely known that agencies need to move to more modern, maintainable languages, as appropriate and feasible. For example, the Gartner Group, a leading IT research and advisory company, has reported that organizations using COBOL should consider replacing the language and in 2010 noted that there should be a shift in focus to using more modern languages for new products. In addition, some legacy systems may use parts that are obsolete and more difficult to find. For instance, Defense is still using 8-inch floppy disks in a legacy system that coordinates the operational functions of the United States’ nuclear forces. (See figure 6). Further, in some cases, the vendors no longer provide support for hardware or software, creating security vulnerabilities and additional costs. For example, each of the 12 selected agencies reported using unsupported operating systems and components in their fiscal year 2014 reports pursuant to the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002. Commerce, Defense, DOT, HHS, and VA reported using 1980s and 1990s Microsoft operating systems that stopped being supported by the vendor more than a decade ago. Lastly, legacy systems may become increasingly more expensive as agencies have to deal with the previously mentioned issues and may pay a premium to hire staff or contractors with the knowledge to maintain outdated systems. For example, one agency (SSA) reported re-hiring retired employees to maintain its COBOL systems. Selected agencies reported that they continue to maintain old investments in O&M. For example, Treasury reported systems that were about 56 years old. Table 6 shows the 10 oldest investments and/or systems, as reported by selected agencies. Agencies reported having plans to modernize or replace each of these investments and systems. However, the plans for five of those were general or tentative in that the agencies did not provide specific time frames, activities to be performed, or functions to be replaced or enhanced. For a full list of the agencies’ reported oldest systems, see appendix IV. Separately, we profiled one system or investment from each of the 12 selected agencies. The selected systems and investments range from 11 to approximately 56 years old, and serve a variety of purposes. For example, Treasury’s Individual Master File was first initiated about 56 years ago and currently is the authoritative data source for individual taxpayer accounts where accounts are updated, taxes are assessed, and refunds are generated during the tax filing period. In addition, DOT’s profiled system was initiated about 46 years ago and allows the agency to maintain comprehensive information on hazardous materials incidents. Of the 12 investments or systems, agencies had plans to replace or modernize 11 of these. However, the plans for 3 of those were general or tentative in that the agencies did not provide specificity on time frames, activities to be performed, or functions to be replaced or enhanced. Further, there were no plans to replace or modernize 1 investment. The profiles of these systems and investments are summarized in table 7 and can be found in appendix V. We have previously provided guidance that organizations should periodically identify, evaluate, and prioritize their investments, including those that are in O&M; at, near, or exceeding their planned life cycles; and/or are based on technology that is now obsolete, to determine whether the investment should be kept as-is, modernized, replaced or retired. This critical process allows the agency to identify and address high-cost or low-value investments in need of update, replacement, or retirement. Agencies are, in part, maintaining obsolete investments because they are not required to identify, evaluate, and prioritize their O&M investments to determine whether they should be kept as-is, modernized, replaced, or retired. According to OMB staff from the Office of E-Government and Information Technology, OMB has created draft guidance that will require agencies to identify and prioritize legacy information systems that are in need of replacement or modernization. Specifically, the guidance is intended to develop criteria through which agencies can identify the highest priority legacy systems, evaluate and prioritize their portfolio of existing IT systems, and develop modernization plans that will guide agencies’ efforts to streamline and improve their IT systems. The draft guidance includes time frames for the efforts regarding developing criteria, identifying and prioritizing systems, and planning for modernization. However, OMB did not commit to a firm time frame for when the policy would be issued. Until OMB’s policy is finalized and carried out, the federal government runs the risk of continuing to maintain investments that have outlived their effectiveness and are consuming resources that outweigh their benefits. Regarding upgrading obsolete investments, in April 2016, the IT Modernization Act was introduced into the U.S. House of Representatives. If enacted, it would establish a revolving fund of $3 billion that could be used to retire, replace, or upgrade legacy IT systems to transition to new, more secure, efficient, modern IT systems. It also would establish processes to evaluate proposals for modernization submitted by agencies and monitor progress and performance in executing approved projects. Of the more than $80 billion that the 26 agencies reported spending for federal IT in fiscal year 2015, the agencies spent about $61 billion on O&M. This O&M spending has steadily increased and as a result, key agencies are devoting a small amount of IT spending to DME activities. To its credit, OMB has identified a performance metric to measure the percent of IT spending on non-provisioned IT spending. However, it has not identified an associated goal with this measure. Until it does so, OMB and agencies will be constrained in their ability to evaluate their progress in adopting cloud and shared services. Several of the 12 selected agencies’ major O&M investments were rated as moderate or high risk in fiscal year 2015. While the agencies had specific plans to retire or modernize some of these investments, most investments did not have specific plans with time frames, activities to be performed, or functions to be replaced or enhanced. Further, agencies did not consistently perform required analysis on at-risk investments. Until agencies fully review at-risk O&M investments, the government’s oversight of such investments will be impaired and its spending could be wasteful. Finally, legacy federal IT investments are becoming obsolete. Several aging investments are using unsupported components, many of which did not have specific plans for modernization or replacement. This is contrary to OMB’s draft initiative, which calls for agencies to analyze and review O&M investments. Until this policy is finalized and implemented, the federal government runs the risk of continuing to maintain investments that have outlived their effectiveness and are consuming resources that outweigh their benefits. To better manage legacy systems and investments, we are making 2 recommendations to OMB and 14 recommendations to federal agencies. Specifically, we recommend that the Director of OMB identify and publish a specific goal associated with its non-provisioned O&M spending measure, and commit to a firm date by which its draft guidance on legacy systems will be issued, and subsequently direct agencies to identify legacy systems and/or investments needing to be modernized or replaced. To monitor whether existing investments are meeting the needs of their agencies, we recommend that the Secretaries of Commerce and the Treasury direct the respective agency CIO to ensure that required analyses are performed on investments in the operations and maintenance phase. Further, to address obsolete IT investments in need of modernization or replacement, we recommend that the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, State, the Treasury, Transportation, and Veterans Affairs; the Attorney General; and the Commissioner of Social Security direct their respective agency CIOs to identify and plan to modernize or replace legacy systems as needed and consistent with OMB’s draft guidance, including time frames, activities to be performed, and functions to be replaced or enhanced. We received comments on a draft of this report from OMB and the other 12 agencies in our review. Eight agencies (USDA, Commerce, HHS, DHS, State, Transportation, VA, and SSA) and OMB agreed with our recommendations, Defense and Energy partially agreed, and Justice and the Treasury stated they had no comment on the recommendations. Each agency’s comments are discussed in more detail below. In comments provided via e-mail on May 12, 2016, an official from OMB’s Office of E-Government and Technology stated that it concurred with our recommendations. The agency also provided technical comments, which we have incorporated in the report as appropriate. In comments provided via e-mail on May 3, 2016, an official from USDA’s Office of the CIO’s Oversight and Compliance Division stated that the department concurred with our recommendation. In written comments, Commerce concurred with both of its recommendations. Regarding the recommendation that the department ensure that required analyses are performed on investments in the O&M phase, the department concurred and stated that it will reiterate and expand the department’s existing policies requiring such analyses. The department also concurred with the recommendation to identify and plan to modernize or replace legacy systems and stated that it is already appropriately replacing and modernizing systems as needed within budget constraints. Commerce’s comments are reprinted in appendix VI. The department also provided technical comments, which we have incorporated in the report as appropriate. In written comments, Defense partially concurred with our recommendation to address obsolete IT investments in need of modernization or replacement. It stated that the department has modernized, upgraded, or retired hundreds of systems in the last several years through an investment review process. The department stated it plans to continue to identify, prioritize, and manage legacy systems that should be modernized or replaced, based on existing department policies and processes, and consistent to the extent practicable with OMB’s draft guidance. Defense’s plan to be consistent with OMB’s guidance to the extent practicable is consistent with the intent of our recommendation. Defense’s comments are reprinted in appendix VII. In written comments, Energy partially concurred with our recommendation to address obsolete IT investments and stated that the department continues to take steps to modernize its legacy investments and systems, as needed and as funding is available. It further stated that all four of the systems listed in appendix IV have been identified for modernization or replacement and three have been modernized as recently as fiscal year 2015. However, since OMB’s draft guidance has not yet been issued, Energy could not concur with this part of the recommendation, but plans to review and consider implementation of such guidance. Energy’s plan to consider OMB’s guidance when it is finalized is consistent with the intent of our recommendation. Energy’s comments are reprinted in appendix VIII. The department also provided technical comments, which we have incorporated in the report as appropriate. In written comments, HHS stated that it concurred with our recommendation and is working to identify and plan to modernize or replace IT systems. HHS’s comments are reprinted in appendix IX. The department also provided technical comments, which we have incorporated in the report as appropriate. In written comments, DHS stated that it concurred with its recommendation and that the department plans to establish a framework for identifying and replacing or modernizing legacy systems after receipt of the finalized guidance. DHS’s comments are reprinted in appendix X. The department also provided technical comments, which we have incorporated in the report as appropriate. In comments provided via e-mail on May 11, 2016, an official from Justice’s audit liaison group, speaking on behalf of the department, stated that it had no comment on the recommendation but plans to follow OMB’s guidance once it is formally issued. The department also provided technical comments, which we have incorporated in the report as appropriate. In written comments, State agreed with the recommendation and noted that it is currently awaiting final modernization guidance from OMB. Upon publication of OMB’s guidance, it plans to work with OMB to develop detailed plans for modernization. State’s comments are reprinted in appendix XI. The department also provided technical comments, which we have incorporated in the report as appropriate. In comments provided via e-mail on May 12, 2016, an official from Treasury’s Office of the CIO stated that the department had no comments on the draft report. In comments provided via e-mail on May 6, 2016, an official from Transportation’s Office of the Secretary stated that the department concurred with the draft findings and recommendations and had no additional comments on the report. In written comments, VA concurred with our recommendation and stated that it launched a new office in April 2016 that will provide lifecycle management oversight for portfolios of systems. In addition, it stated that the department is planning to retire two high-risk, COBOL- based systems (Personnel and Accounting Integrated Data and Benefits Delivery Network) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. VA’s comments are reprinted in appendix XII. In written comments, SSA stated that it agreed with our recommendation and that it has already initiated numerous activities to modernize or replace legacy systems. SSA’s comments are reprinted in appendix XIII. We are sending copies of this report to interested congressional committees; the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, State, the Treasury, Transportation, and Veterans Affairs; the U.S. Attorney General of the Department of Justice; the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration; the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and other interested parties. This report will also be available at no charge on our website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staffs have any questions on matters discussed in this report, please contact me at (202) 512-9286 or pownerd@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made major contributions to this report are listed in appendix XIV. Our objectives were to (1) assess the extent to which federal agencies have invested in operating and maintaining existing information technology (IT), (2) evaluate the oversight of at-risk legacy investments, and (3) assess the age and obsolescence of federal IT. For our first objective, our review included the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the 26 agencies that report to OMB’s IT Dashboard. For all three objectives, to identify specific reasons for changes in spending and specific information on individual systems or investments, we focused on the 12 agencies with the highest planned IT spending for fiscal year 2015, given that these agencies make up over 90 percent of reported federal IT spending: Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Justice, Department of State, Department of the Treasury, Department of Transportation, Department of Veterans Affairs, and Social Security Administration. To assess the extent to which federal agencies have invested in operating and maintaining existing IT, we reviewed data reported to OMB as part of the budget process to determine operations and maintenance (O&M) spending for fiscal years 2010 through 2017. We analyzed that data to determine the extent to which spending had changed over those years. We also compared OMB’s associated performance measure on driving value in federal IT investments (the percent of IT spending that is on development, modernization, and enhancement (DME) activities or provisioned O&M services) to federal best practices. To assess the cause of the changes in spending, we evaluated OMB budget data and interviewed officials at the 12 selected agencies and OMB. To evaluate the oversight of at-risk legacy investments, we reviewed agency IT Dashboard data from the 12 selected agencies to identify investments in O&M that had been identified as being moderate to high risk. Specifically, we reviewed IT Dashboard data on O&M investments to identify those that were rated as moderate to high risk by the agency chief information officer (CIO). We reviewed agency documentation such as TechStat documentation and operational analyses that had been performed on the investments, as available. In addition, we interviewed agency officials to determine plans for replacing or modernizing the investments. To assess the age and obsolescence of federal IT, we reviewed agency documentation associated with their legacy investments, such as operational analyses and enterprise architecture documents, and interviewed agency officials on the issues related to legacy investments. We also requested that agencies provide a list of their three oldest systems. In some cases, agencies reported that they do not track the ages of individual systems. In those cases, we requested that the agencies provide their three oldest IT investments. Agencies noted that these systems and investments may have components that are newer than their operational age. We also compared OMB and agencies’ current practices with federal guidance, such as OMB’s Circular No. A-11: Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget and its associated supplement on capital assets, to determine whether OMB and agencies are adequately managing the age and obsolescence of federal IT. We then interviewed agency officials to confirm and obtain additional information on the systems or investments. To select systems or investments to profile, we identified agencies’ existing investments in O&M that were rated as medium or high risk by their agencies’ CIO (from the previous objective on oversight). Since not all of our selected agencies had identified an at-risk O&M investment (the Departments of Defense, Justice, State, Transportation, and Veterans Affairs and the Social Security Administration did not), we also used the list of agency-identified oldest systems or investments. From the resulting list of systems and investments, we selected one system or investment per agency using the following factors: investment type (major or non- major), system or investment age, and risk level as of November 2015. In particular, we sought to have a mix of systems and investments that included both major and non-major investment types; a range of ages; and a range of risk ratings. We also reviewed agency documentation and interviewed agency officials on those profiled systems or investments. To assess the reliability of the OMB budget data and IT Dashboard data, we reviewed related documentation, such as OMB guidance on budget preparation, capital planning, and IT Dashboard submissions. In addition, we corroborated with each agency that the data downloaded were accurate and reflected the data it had reported to OMB. We determined that the budget and IT Dashboard data were reliable for our purposes of reporting IT O&M spending and related information on O&M investments. We conducted this performance audit from April 2015 to May 2016 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. Table 8 provides the reported spending by agency on operations and maintenance (O&M) and the percentage of IT spending on O&M for fiscal years 2010 and 2015. Table 9 lists the 51 federal bureaus which reported spending less than 10 percent of their IT funds on development, modernization, and enhancement in fiscal year 2015. As part of this review, we requested that agencies provide a list of their three oldest systems. In some cases, agencies reported that they do not track the ages of individual systems, and as a result, we requested that the agency provide their 3 oldest IT investments and their approximate age. Table 10 provides a listing these systems or investments, as reported by agencies. We selected one system or investment per agency using a combination of factors including investment type (major or non-major), system or investment age, and risk level as of November 2015. In particular, we sought to have a mix of systems and investments that included both major and non-major investment types, a range of ages, and a range of risk ratings. The Contractor Business Financial and Administrative Systems investment is intended to provide business and administrative systems for the Department of Energy’s (Energy) Savannah River Site’s management and operating contractor, liquid waste contractor, and the site security contractor to manage human resources (including payroll, benefits, and retirement for 13,000 employees and pensioners), transparent financial reporting to Energy, supply chain, and project management. The investment is a commercial off-the-shelf system that runs on Windows and Unix servers using Oracle’s PeopleSoft applications. Specifically, the investment uses the PeopleSoft Supply Chain Management and PeopleSoft Financials modules. According to an agency official in Savannah River Operations, the vendors still support all of the hardware and software used by this investment. The agency is not currently planning future modernization activity because the investment has gone through several updates in the past, with the last allowing the retirement of 16 associated legacy applications in 2011 and retired two mainframe systems. The officials stated that there is no projected end of life date, and they plan to continue to maintain and use the system. Department of Homeland Security—U.S. Coast Guard Number of users: 14,000 Coast Guard users and also services the Transportation Security Administration Investment start date: 1998 Age: 18 years Investment anticipated end date: 2018 Fiscal year 2016 funding: $29.8 million Total estimated life-cycle costs: $543.2 million Development costs: $0 Operations and maintenance costs: $543.2 million Plans for retirement or modernization: Agency plans to transition to federal shared services in fiscal year 2018. The Core Accounting System (CAS) Suite is the primary financial management system for the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and, as a shared service, the financial management system for the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO). CAS is a set of several applications that assist the agencies in several areas, including accounts receivable, accounts payable, purchasing, asset management, procurement, and document imaging and processing. According to the investment’s operational analysis document, CAS relies on outdated and heavily customized Oracle software and has become expensive to support. Specifically, it uses a version of Oracle Federal Financials software that was first available in 2004 and the extended vendor support for the software ended in November 2013. Further, it relies on Windows 2003 servers and any changes would require recoding of many functions within the CAS suite. The agency plans to pursue using other shared services to provide its financial management services and, therefore, began the Financial Management Service Improvement Initiative to migrate the services from CAS to the Department of the Interior’s shared service offering for financial management. In August 2014, the agencies agreed to a staggered transition of these services, with DNDO transitioning in fiscal year 2016, TSA in fiscal year 2017, and USCG in fiscal year 2018. Until the migration is complete and CAS can be decommissioned, USCG plans to resolve emergent issues and maintain applications. In the meantime, due to the costs associated with implementing a full fix and the impending transition to shared services, USCG has accepted the security risks associated with its legacy software. The Diversity Visa Information System (DVIS) is an electronic case management system used by approximately 30 federal employees and contractor staff working at the Department of State’s (State) Kentucky Consular Center to track and validate application information submitted by foreign nationals under the Diversity Visa immigration program. Department of State Number of users: Approximately 30 to 40 consular center staff and 55,000 applicants annually System start date: early 1990s Age: Approximately 26 years System anticipated end date: 2020 Fiscal year 2016 funding: about $164,000 Total estimated life-cycle costs: $2.4 million Development costs: Not tracked at system level Operations and maintenance costs: Not tracked at system level Plans for retirement or modernization: Plans to replace with ConsularOne at an unknown time. The DVIS interface software, PowerBuilder, is no longer supported by the vendor. According to State officials, the main challenges in maintaining DVIS’s aging technology are related to information security and infrastructure concerns. In 2013, State initiated an effort to replace numerous legacy systems, including DVIS. As a part of this effort, State plans to replace DVIS’s functionality with a project called ConsularOne. According to State officials, the replacement effort is to begin in October 2018 and they plan to retire DVIS when appropriate. In the meantime, the department plans to upgrade the unsupported software to a new version, which is also not supported. Department of Transportation—Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Number of users: 250 federal users, 547,000 active hazardous materials facilities, 10,000 active pipeline operators, and several million potential facilities Investment start date: 1970s Age: about 41 years Investment anticipated end date: 2018 Fiscal year 2016 funding : $6.7 million Total estimated life-cycle costs: $38.0 million Development costs: $22.7 million Operations and maintenance costs: $15.3 million Plans for retirement or modernization: Developing new system to replace legacy modules, and plan to retire the legacy modules by the end of fiscal year 2018. The Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Hazardous Materials Information System maintains and provides access to comprehensive information on hazardous materials incidents, exemptions and approvals, enforcement actions, and other elements that support the regulatory program. The system consists of five modules that register carriers and shippers, document incidents involving hazardous materials, issue special permits, facilitate approvals and exemptions pertaining to safety regulations, and document standards. Officials from Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety’s Office of the Chief Information Officer stated that software applications and processes used by the system have become outdated and costly to maintain. For example, the system uses Microsoft.NET and Classic Active Server Pages. Officials stated that costs have increased due to maintaining the personnel with the knowledge to use these older applications. In particular, the costly applications include those for scanning, imaging, and documentation management. Further, these applications are compartmentalized, so data is duplicated and not integrated. Finally, the system uses an application that is no longer supported by the manufacturer, which can cause security risks, among other issues. Specifically, the system uses Kofax Indicius software to perform optical character recognition on scanned hazardous materials incident reports; the software was no longer supported by the vendor, as of December 2014. DOT is in the process of updating the functions performed by the system. The new system’s modules are intended to be integrated, automated, and improve efficiency, effectiveness, and data quality. Further, the unsupported application is planned to be eliminated. While DOT does not have dates for when individual legacy modules will be retired, officials stated that they plan to have all the legacy modules retired by the end of fiscal year 2018. Department of the Treasury—Internal Revenue Service Number of users: Approximately 230 million tax accounts Investment start date: 1960s Age: Approximately 56 years Investment anticipated end date: 2019 Fiscal year 2016 funding: $13.6 million Total estimated life-cycle costs: $135.4 million Development costs: $38.8 million Operations and maintenance costs: $96.6 million Plans for retirement or modernization: Will be replaced by Customer Account Data Engine 2 at an unknown date. The Internal Revenue Service’s (IRS), Individual Master File (IMF) is the authoritative data source for individual taxpayer accounts. Within IMF, accounts are updated, taxes are assessed, and refunds are generated as required during each tax filing period. Virtually all IRS information system applications and processes depend on output, directly or indirectly, from this data source. IMF was written in an outdated assembly language code and operates on a 2010 IBM z196/2817-m32 mainframe. This has resulted in difficulty delivering technical capabilities addressing identify theft and refund fraud, among other things. In addition, there is a risk of inaccuracies and system failures due to complexity of managing dozens of systems synchronizing individual taxpayer data across multiple data files and databases, limitations in meeting normal financial requirements and security controls, and keeping pace with modern financial institutions. IRS plans to address these issues by replacing IMF with the Customer Account Data Engine 2 (CADE 2) investment. The CADE 2 investment includes plans to re-engineer the IMF by: (1) applying modern programming languages, (2) establishing CADE 2 as the authoritative data source, and (3) implementing functionality to address the IRS financial material weakness. However, the replacement date is currently unknown. In addition, we have previously reported on IRS’s difficulty in delivering planned capabilities on time and on budget. Further, a key phase of the replacement project was initially to be completed by March 2015, but IRS is currently planning to complete parts of this phase well into 2020. As a result, the agency will continue to maintain two separate systems until the replacement is complete. Department of Health and Human Services – Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Number of users: 1,900 system users Investment start date: 2005 Age: 11 years Investment anticipated end date: none Fiscal year 2016 funding: $6.7 million Total estimated life-cycle costs (through fiscal year 2017): $99.6 million Development costs: $20.6 million Operations and maintenance costs: $79.0 million Plans for retirement or modernization: The agency has general plans to continuously update the system. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Medicare Appeals System is a case tracking system that is to facilitate maintenance and transfer of case specific data with regard to Medicare appeals through multiple levels of the appeal process. In addition, the system is to provide the capability to report on appeals data and enable more accurate and expedient responses to Congressional questions. The system runs on a Solaris 10 operating system, last updated in February 2016, and uses commercial off-the-shelf systems for case management and reporting. According to the agency, the software is still supported by the vendors. The system has faced challenges due to the rapid growth in appeals processed each year, expanded use of settlements, and the increased interest in appeals data. This has resulted in an increased need for infrastructure changes, such as more storage, licenses, and processing capacity. Agency officials stated that they do not have any plans to address these gaps and that doing so is contingent on funding. They also noted general plans to continuously update the system, but they too are contingent on receiving funding. Department of Commerce—National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Number of users: Thousands of users across the federal, state, and local levels, in addition to those in the international and academic communities Investment start date: 1985 Age: 31 years Investment anticipated end date: 2017 Fiscal year 2016 funding: $12.7 million Total estimated life-cycle costs: $282.8 million Development costs: $35.4 million Operations and maintenance costs: $247.4 million Plans for retirement or modernization: Agency plans to retire the system in fiscal year 2017 and replace it with a new system. The National Weather Service Telecommunication Gateway (NWSTG) system is operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a component of the Department of Commerce. It is the nation’s hub for the collection and distribution of weather data and products and provides national and global real-time exchange services using automated communications resources to collect and distribute a wide variety of environmental data such as observations, analysis, and forecast products. Thousands of customers worldwide use data distributed by the NWSTG and these data affect a wide range of economic and emergency management decisions. Concerns with the system had been increasing because the investment faced risks and challenges associated with an aging and unsupportable infrastructure, limited backup capability, and un-scalable architecture to support future data volume collection and dissemination. In 2013, the agency upgraded its hardware and software to Power7 IBM servers and Unix operating systems (as depicted in the figure); however, NWSTG still lacks full backup capability for 26 percent of its functions. In fiscal year 2013, a major rearchitecture and redesign effort began which, according to Department of Commerce officials, will result in an entirely new dissemination architecture which will replace the NWSTG with an integrated system that is more capable, more reliable, and have 100 percent backup capability. According to officials, a detailed project plan to rearchitecture NWSTG is now being carried out and is scheduled to replace the NWSTG in early fiscal year 2017. The Personnel and Accounting Integrated Data (PAID) system automates time and attendance for employees, timekeepers, payroll, and supervisors in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). The PAID software has three major modules: Time and Attendance, Employee Master Record Downloads, and Education Tracking. Department of Veterans Affairs Number of users: 2,900 system users across 200 human resources offices System start date: 1963 Age: 53 years System anticipated end date: 2017 Fiscal year 2016 funding: $6.7 million Total estimated life-cycle costs: n/a, not tracked by system Development costs: n/a, not tracked by system Operations and maintenance costs: $6.6 million yearly Plans for retirement or modernization: The system will mostly be replaced by the Human Resources Information System Shared Service Center, which will consolidate several IT services to provide core human resources- related functions. According to VA officials, PAID is a 50-year old COBOL-based system at the end of its life span. The system runs on IBM mainframes and uses an IBM database. Officials stated the system is not user friendly and requires extensive training in order to use the system successfully. As a result, the cost of maintaining the personnel to manage the system is high. VA officials stated that PAID is intended to be mostly replaced by Human Resources Information System Shared Service Center in 2017, which is to consolidate human resources IT functions and services to provide core human resources-related functions, such as benefits and compensation. However, the target solution is experiencing cost overruns of $14.8 million and VA officials stated that they will not be able to replace all of PAID’s functions. The agency is currently working on a transition plan and will determine whether VA should find another solution for the missing functionality or continue to keep PAID running indefinitely. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) U.S. Forest Service’s Resource Ordering and Status System (ROSS) is used to mobilize and deploy a multitude of resources, including qualified individuals, teams, aircraft, equipment, and supplies to fight wildland fires and respond to all hazard incidents. The system supports the basic needs of the first responders and support personnel at an incident location by processing orders and replenishing supplies. According to the U.S Forest Service, the technology used by ROSS is on the verge of technical obsolescence. Specifically, one of the applications ROSS uses is no longer supported by the vendor, creating vulnerability issues. In addition, in order to use the system, users must download client software onto their local computers, as opposed to accessing the system through the web. In September 2015, the U.S. Forest Service issued a request for information for services to develop ROSS’s replacement—Interagency Resources Ordering Capability. Additionally, in January 2016, Forest Service officials signed a charter to begin this project. Agency officials estimated that this effort will cost $14 million through fiscal year 2019 and the solution will go live in 2018. Department of Justice—Bureau of Prisons Number of users: 38,000 Bureau of Prisons staff, private institution staff, and other federal agencies Investment start date: 1981 Age: 35 years Investment anticipated end date: None Fiscal year 2016 funding: $40.4 million Total estimated life-cycle costs: $571.5 million Development costs: $9.8 million Operations and maintenance costs: $561.7 million Plans for retirement or modernization: Plans to update the user interface and integrate system data through September 2016. Plans for continuous modernization. The Bureau of Prisons Sentry is a real-time information system comprised of various modules that are to enable the agency to maintain proper custody of persons committed to their custody. It provides information regarding security and custody levels, inmate program and work assignments, and other pertinent information about the inmate population. Sentry is used to process inmates at all phases of incarceration, including release, transfer, and sentence computation. When Sentry was first deployed over 30 years ago, it was comprised of approximately 700 program routines written in COBOL and ran on a mainframe platform with an Integrated Database Management System database. It became increasingly more difficult and expensive to maintain complex, highly-customized systems written in older programming languages. Sentry’s entire platform—its mainframe operating system, transaction processing software, the system software, and the database software and system were recently updated in 2012 and uses Java and a new database. As part of this, the bureau migrated the older database, merged the legacy data into the newer database platform, and modified the COBOL programs to ensure compatibility with the new software and database. In addition, the legacy Sentry programs are now accessible via a web browser and use a relational database and both COBOL and Java programming languages. The bureau has plans for updating the user interface and integrating the data through September 2016. According to agency officials, there are no plans to replace Sentry, as the system is the main system used by the bureau. Department of Defense—Air Force Number of users: 175 users across command functions for intercontinental ballistic missiles, bombers, tankers, munitions sites, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance platforms Investment start date: 1963 Age: 53 years Investment anticipated end date: 2030 Fiscal year 2016 funding: $5.6 million Total estimated life-cycle costs: $135 million through 2032 Development costs: Approximately $60 million Operations and maintenance costs: $75 million Plans for retirement or modernization: Defense is initiating a $60 million full system replacement which is scheduled to be completed in fiscal year 2020. The Strategic Automated Command and Control System is the Department of Defense’s (Defense) dedicated high-speed data transmission, processing, and display system. The system coordinates the operational functions of the United States’ nuclear forces, such as intercontinental ballistic missiles, nuclear bombers, and tanker support aircrafts, among others. For those in the nuclear command area, the system’s primary function is to send and receive emergency action messages to nuclear forces. According to Defense officials, the system is made up of technologies and equipment that are at the end of their useful lives. For example, the system is still running on an IBM Series/1 Computer, which is a 1970s computing system, and written in assembly language code. It also uses 8-inch floppy disks, which are a 1970s-era storage device; and assembly programming code typically used in mainframes. Replacement parts for the system are difficult to find because they are now obsolete. As of March 2016, Defense is initiating a $60 million full system replacement which is scheduled to be completed in fiscal year 2020. In addition, Defense is also replacing some legacy functions in the near term—according to officials, there is a plan underway to replace the floppy disks with secure digital cards. This effort is underway and is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2017. Social Security Administration Number of users: Services general public, 1,300+ field offices with 50,000 to 60,000 employees, as well as other federal agencies System start date: 1985 Age: 31 years Investment anticipated end date: None Fiscal year 2016 funding: $9.6 million Total estimated life-cycle costs (through fiscal year 2017): $519.8 million Development costs: $235.7 million Operations and maintenance costs: $284.1 million Plans for retirement or modernization: Agency has ongoing modernization efforts. The Social Security Administration’s (SSA) Title II investment includes the Title II system which determines retirement benefits eligibility and amounts, 162 subsystems, as well as several smaller IT improvement initiatives and projects. According to SSA officials, the Title II investment accomplished its goal to improve service delivery by eliminating antiquated Title II programs, reducing compartmentalized systems across the agency, and reducing maintenance costs through integration. SSA officials stated that Title II is comprised of 162 subsystems and some are still written in COBOL. These systems were also built in a compartmentalized structure by SSA, rather than contractors, because the agency determined that there were not commercial programs that could satisfy the agency’s business needs and the volume of data needed. SSA officials stated that most of the employees who developed these systems are ready to retire and the agency will lose their collective knowledge. Officials further stated that training new employees to maintain the older systems takes a lot of time. SSA does not have plans to retire the Title II system. Rather, the agency plans to continue to eliminate and replace Title II’s older and more costly subsystems. Specifically, SSA currently is planning to retire four Title II subsystems, including a claims control system, and one that processes changes in earnings transactions. In addition, SSA has other efforts to modernize or consolidate Title II systems, such as its database management systems. To address the issues associated with losing knowledgeable employees, SSA officials stated that the agency has rehired retirees to work on the legacy systems. In addition to the contact name above, individuals making contributions to this report included Gary Mountjoy (assistant director), Kevin Walsh (assistant director), Scott Borre, Rebecca Eyler, Bradley Roach, Tina Torabi, and Jessica Waselkow.

Summary: The federal government invests more than $80 billion on IT annually, with much of this amount reportedly spent on operating and maintaining existing (legacy) IT systems. Given the magnitude of these investments, it is important that agencies effectively manage their O&M. GAO's objectives were to (1) assess federal agencies' IT O&M spending, (2) evaluate the oversight of at-risk legacy investments, and (3) assess the age and obsolescence of federal IT. To do so, GAO reviewed OMB and 26 agencies' IT O&M spending for fiscal years 2010 through 2017. GAO further reviewed the 12 agencies that reported the highest planned IT spending for fiscal year 2015 to provide specifics on agency spending and individual investments. The federal government spent about 75 percent of the total amount budgeted for information technology (IT) for fiscal year 2015 on operations and maintenance (O&M) investments. Such spending has increased over the past 7 fiscal years, which has resulted in a $7.3 billion decline from fiscal years 2010 to 2017 in development, modernization, and enhancement activities. Specifically, 5,233 of the government's approximately 7,000 IT investments are spending all of their funds on O&M activities. Moreover, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has directed agencies to identify IT O&M expenditures known as non-provisioned services that do not use solutions often viewed as more efficient, such as cloud computing and shared services. Agencies reported planned spending of nearly $55 billion on such non-provisioned IT in fiscal year 2015. OMB has developed a metric for agencies to measure their spending on services such as cloud computing and shared services, but has not identified an associated goal. Thus, agencies may be limited in their ability to evaluate progress. Many O&M investments in GAO's review were identified as moderate to high risk by agency CIOs, and agencies did not consistently perform required analysis of these at-risk investments. Further, several of the at-risk investments did not have plans to be retired or modernized. Until agencies fully review their at-risk investments, the government's oversight of such investments will be limited and its spending could be wasteful. Federal legacy IT investments are becoming increasingly obsolete: many use outdated software languages and hardware parts that are unsupported. Agencies reported using several systems that have components that are, in some cases, at least 50 years old. For example, Department of Defense uses 8-inch floppy disks in a legacy system that coordinates the operational functions of the nation's nuclear forces. In addition, Department of the Treasury uses assembly language code—a computer language initially used in the 1950s and typically tied to the hardware for which it was developed. OMB recently began an initiative to modernize, retire, and replace the federal government's legacy IT systems. As part of this, OMB drafted guidance requiring agencies to identify, prioritize, and plan to modernize legacy systems. However, until this policy is finalized and fully executed, the government runs the risk of maintaining systems that have outlived their effectiveness. The following table provides examples of legacy systems across the federal government that agencies report are 30 years or older and use obsolete software or hardware, and identifies those that do not have specific plans with time frames to modernize or replace these investments. GAO is making 16 recommendations, one of which is for OMB to develop a goal for its spending measure and finalize draft guidance to identify and prioritize legacy IT needing to be modernized or replaced. GAO is also recommending that selected agencies address at-risk and obsolete legacy O&M investments. Nine agencies agreed with GAO's recommendations, two agencies partially agreed, and two agencies stated they had no comment. The two agencies that partially agreed, Defense and Energy, outlined plans that were consistent with the intent of our recommendations.