OI work years devoted to investigating alien smuggling along the southwest border increased from about 190 work years in fiscal year 2005 to about 197 work years in fiscal year 2009, an overall increase of 4 percent, with hundreds of arrests, indictments, and convictions resulting. The overall number of work years decreased from about 190 work years in fiscal year 2005 to 174 in fiscal year 2008, but increased 23 work years from fiscal years 2008 to 2009 primarily due to an increase in one office. The percentage of time OI investigators spend on alien smuggling investigations, versus other investigative areas, such as drugs, has remained steady during this time period at 16–17 percent. DHS’s Human Capital Accountability Plan states that DHS is committed to ensuring that human capital resources are aligned with mission accomplishments and are deployed efficiently and effectively. However, in some cases OI investigators are conducting immigration-related activities that are not consistent with OI’s primary mission of conducting criminal investigations. Officials from two of the four SAC offices we visited told us that OI has been tasked to respond to calls from state and local law enforcement agencies to transport and process apprehended aliens who may be subject to removal, which diverts OI resources from conducting alien smuggling and other investigations. For example, according to officials in one SAC office, the equivalent of two full-time investigators each week spent their time responding to non-investigation-related calls during fiscal year 2009. In 2006, in the Phoenix metropolitan area, ICE’s DRO developed the Law Enforcement Agency Response (LEAR) program, in which DRO took over responsibility from OI for transporting and processing apprehended aliens. DRO processed 3,776 aliens from October 1, 2008, to May 24, 2009, who otherwise OI would have had to process, thus enabling OI agents to spend more time on investigations. DRO headquarters officials stated that they have discussed expanding the LEAR program beyond Phoenix but have yet to conduct an evaluation to identify the best locations for expanding the program. By studying the feasibility of expanding the LEAR program, and expanding the program if feasible, ICE would be in a better position to help ensure that its resources are more efficiently directed toward alien smuggling and other priority investigations. Therefore, in our May 2010 report, we recommended ICE take such action. ICE concurred with our recommendation and stated that as a first step in potentially expanding the program nationwide, DRO’s Criminal Alien Division prepared and submitted a resource allocation plan proposal for its fiscal year 2012 budget. The value of OI alien smuggling asset seizures has decreased since fiscal year 2005, and two promising opportunities exist that could be applied to target and seize the monetary assets of smuggling organizations. According to OI data, the value of alien smuggling seizures nationwide increased from about $11.2 million in fiscal year 2005 to about $17.4 million in fiscal year 2007, but declined to $12.1 million in fiscal year 2008 and to about $7.6 million in fiscal year 2009. One opportunity to leverage additional seizure techniques involves civil asset forfeiture authority, which allows federal authorities to seize property used to facilitate a crime without first having to convict the property owner of a crime. OI investigators indicated that lack of such authority makes it difficult to seize real estate involved in alien smuggling activity. In 2005, we recommended that the Attorney General, in collaboration with the Secretary of Homeland Security, consider submitting to Congress a legislative proposal, with appropriate justification, for amending the civil forfeiture authority for alien smuggling. Justice prepared such a proposal and it was incorporated into several larger bills addressing immigration enforcement or reform since 2005, but none of these bills had been enacted into law as of July 2010. According to Justice officials, the current administration has not yet taken a position on civil asset forfeiture authority for alien smuggling cases. We continue to believe it is important for Justice to seek the civil asset forfeiture authority it has identified as necessary to seize property used to facilitate alien smuggling. Thus, in our May 2010 report, we recommended that the Attorney General assess whether amending the civil asset forfeiture authority remains necessary, and if so, develop and submit to Congress a legislative proposal. Justice concurred with this recommendation. A second opportunity involves assessing the financial investigative techniques used by an Arizona Attorney General task force. The task force seized millions of dollars and disrupted alien smuggling operations by following cash transactions flowing through money transmitters that serve as the primary method of payment to those individuals responsible for smuggling aliens. By analyzing money transmitter transaction data, task force investigators identified suspected alien smugglers and those money transmitter businesses that were complicit in laundering alien smuggling proceeds. ICE officials stated that a fuller examination of Arizona’s financial investigative techniques and their potential to be used at the federal level would be useful. An overall assessment of whether and how these techniques may be applied in the context of disrupting alien smuggling could help ensure that ICE is not missing opportunities to take additional actions and leverage resources to support the common goal of countering alien smuggling. In our May 2010 report, we recommended that ICE conduct an assessment of the Arizona Attorney General’s financial investigations strategy to identify any promising investigative techniques for federal use. ICE concurred with our recommendation and stated that the week of April 12, 2010, ICE participated in the inaugural meeting of the Southwest Border Anti-Money Laundering Alliance, a body consisting of federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies along the southwest border. The main purpose of the meeting was to synchronize enforcement priorities and investigative techniques. However, while these are positive steps toward combating money laundering along the southwest border, it is not clear to what extent these actions will result in ICE evaluating the use of the Arizona Attorney General’s financial investigative techniques. OI and CBP have not fully evaluated progress toward achieving alien smuggling-related program objectives. Federal standards for internal control call for agencies to establish performance measures and indicators in order to evaluate the effectiveness of their efforts. One of the major objectives of OI’s alien smuggling investigations is to seize smugglers’ assets, but OI does not have performance measures for asset seizures related to alien smuggling cases. Tracking the use of asset seizures in alien smuggling investigations as a performance measure could help OI monitor its progress toward its goal of denying smuggling organizations the profit from criminal acts. Thus, in our May 2010 report, we recommended that ICE develop performance measures for asset seizures related to alien smuggling investigations. ICE concurred with the recommendation and stated that ICE is in the process of assessing all of its performance measures and creating a performance plan. In addition, ICE operates the Mexican Interior Repatriation Program (MIRP), which removes aliens apprehended during the hot and dangerous summer months to the interior of Mexico to deter them from reentering the United States and to reduce loss of life. However, ICE does not know the effectiveness of MIRP at disrupting alien smuggling operations or saving lives because ICE lacks performance measures for the program. Thus, in our May 2010 report, we recommended that ICE develop performance measures for MIRP. ICE did not agree with this recommendation because it believed that performance measures for this program would not be appropriate. According to ICE, any attempt to implement performance measures for MIRP to emphasize the number of Mexican nationals returned or the cost-effectiveness of the program would shift its focus away from the program’s original lifesaving intent and diminish and possibly endanger cooperation with the government of Mexico. However, we believe that performance measures would be consistent with the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed by the United States and Mexico related to MIRP which calls for evaluation by appropriate officials. Thus, we believe that measuring MIRP’s program performance would be consistent with the MOU’s intent. CBP operates several programs that address alien smuggling, such as the Operation Against Smugglers Initiative on Safety and Security program (OASISS) in which suspected alien smugglers apprehended in the United States are prosecuted by Mexican authorities. In addition, CBP’s Operation Streamline prosecutes aliens for illegally entering the United States in order to deter them from reentering the United States. Lack of accurate and consistent performance data has limited CBP’s ability to evaluate its alien smuggling-related programs. CBP is in preliminary discussions to establish systematic program evaluations, but has not established a plan, with time frames, for their completion. Standard practices in project management for defining, designing, and executing programs include developing a program plan to establish an order for executing specific projects needed to obtain defined results within a specified time frame. Developing a plan with time frames could help CBP ensure that the necessary mechanisms are put in place so that it can conduct the desired program evaluations. Therefore, in our May 2010 report, we recommended that the Commissioner of CBP establish a plan, including performance measures, with time frames, for evaluating CBP’s alien smuggling-related enforcement programs. CBP concurred with our recommendation and stated that it is developing a plan that will include program mission statements, goals, objectives, and performance measures. CBP stated that it also has begun gathering data and holding workshops on developing performance measures for some of it programs. However it is not clear to what extent these actions will include time frames for evaluating CBP’s enforcement efforts. This concludes my prepared testimony. I would be pleased to respond to any questions that members of the subcommittee may have. For further information regarding this testimony, please contact Richard M. Stana at (202) 512-8777 or stanar@gao.gov. In addition, contact points for our Offices of Congressional relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this statement. Individuals who made key contributions to this testimony are Assistant Director Michael P. Dino, Ben Atwater, Bintou Njie, and Katherine Davis. This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. The published product may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. However, because this work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately.

Summary: This testimony discusses federal efforts to address alien smuggling along the southwest border. Alien smuggling along the southwest border is an increasing threat to the security of the United States and Mexico as well as to the safety of both law enforcement and smuggled aliens. One reason for this increased threat is the involvement of drug trafficking organizations in alien smuggling. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center's (NDIC) 2008 National Drug Threat Assessment, the southwest border region is the principal entry point for smuggled aliens from Mexico, Central America, and South America. Aliens from countries of special interest to the United States such as Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan (known as special-interest aliens) also illegally enter the United States through the region. According to the NDIC assessment, Mexican drug trafficking organizations have become increasingly involved in alien smuggling. These organizations collect fees from alien smuggling organizations for the use of specific smuggling routes, and available reporting indicates that some Mexican drug trafficking organizations specialize in smuggling special-interest aliens into the United States. As a result, these organizations now have alien smuggling as an additional source of funding to counter U.S. and Mexican government law enforcement efforts against them. Violence associated with alien smuggling has also increased in recent years, particularly in Arizona. According to the NDIC assessment, expanding border security initiatives and additional U.S. Border Patrol resources are likely obstructing regularly used smuggling routes and fueling this increase in violence, particularly violence directed at law enforcement officers. Alien smugglers and guides are more likely than in past years to use violence against U.S. law enforcement officers in order to smuggle groups of aliens across the southwest border. In July 2009, a border patrol agent was killed while patrolling the border by aliens illegally crossing the border, the first shooting death of an agent in more than 10 years. Conflicts are also emerging among rival alien smuggling organizations. Assaults, kidnappings, and hostage situations attributed to this conflict are increasing, particularly in Tucson and Phoenix, Arizona. Communities across the country are at risk since among those individuals illegally crossing the border are criminal aliens and gang members who pose public safety concerns for communities throughout the country. Within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Office of Investigations (OI) is responsible for investigating alien smuggling. In addition, DHS's Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and ICE's Office of Detention and Removal Operations (DRO) have alien smuggling-related programs. This testimony is based on a May 2010 report we are releasing publicly today on alien smuggling along the southwest border. As requested, like the report, this testimony will discuss the following key issues: (1) the amount of investigative effort OI has devoted to alien smuggling along the southwest border since fiscal year 2005 and an opportunity for ICE to use its investigative resources more effectively; (2) DHS progress in seizing assets related to alien smuggling since fiscal year 2005 and financial investigative techniques that could be applied along the southwest border to target and seize the monetary assets of smuggling organizations; and (3) the extent to which ICE/OI and CBP measure progress toward achieving alien smuggling-related program objectives. Our May 2010 report also provides a discussion of the extent to which ICE/OI and CBP have program objectives related to alien smuggling. We found the following: (1) OI work years devoted to investigating alien smuggling along the southwest border increased from about 190 work years in fiscal year 2005 to about 197 work years in fiscal year 2009, an overall increase of 4 percent, with hundreds of arrests, indictments, and convictions resulting. The overall number of work years decreased from about 190 work years in fiscal year 2005 to 174 in fiscal year 2008, but increased 23 work years from fiscal years 2008 to 2009 primarily due to an increase in one office. The percentage of time OI investigators spend on alien smuggling investigations, versus other investigative areas, such as drugs, has remained steady during this time period at 16-17 percent. (2) The value of OI alien smuggling asset seizures has decreased since fiscal year 2005, and two promising opportunities exist that could be applied to target and seize the monetary assets of smuggling organizations. According to OI data, the value of alien smuggling seizures nationwide increased from about $11.2 million in fiscal year 2005 to about $17.4 million in fiscal year 2007, but declined to $12.1 million in fiscal year 2008 and to about $7.6 million in fiscal year 2009. (3) OI and CBP have not fully evaluated progress toward achieving alien smuggling-related program objectives. Federal standards for internal control call for agencies to establish performance measures and indicators in order to evaluate the effectiveness of their efforts. One of the major objectives of OI's alien smuggling investigations is to seize smugglers' assets, but OI does not have performance measures for asset seizures related to alien smuggling cases. Tracking the use of asset seizures in alien smuggling investigations as a performance measure could help OI monitor its progress toward its goal of denying smuggling organizations the profit from criminal acts. Thus, in our May 2010 report, we recommended that ICE develop performance measures for asset seizures related to alien smuggling investigations. ICE concurred with the recommendation and stated that ICE is in the process of assessing all of its performance measures and creating a performance plan.