The Military Construction Authorization Act, 1984, established the Military Family Housing Leasing Program, commonly referred to as the Section 801 housing program. This authority provided a mechanism for DOD to contract with private developers to build new rental housing on or near military installations. The Section 801 program is also referred to as a build-to-lease program. The program permitted contracts entered into under its authority to allocate responsibility for operating and maintaining the units to either the government or the contractor, and required that units be constructed to DOD standards, initial leases be for a period not in excess of 20 years (excluding construction), and, upon termination of the lease period, that the government have the right of first refusal to acquire the facilities constructed and leased under the contract. The Section 801 program was initially authorized as a pilot program for approximately two years, under which the number of housing units to be built could not exceed 300 per contract, with a maximum of two contracts per military department. Subsequent legislation renewed the program, expanded the number of units that could be constructed, and increased the number of contracts allowed by each service. The housing constructed under the Section 801 housing program was available to all members of the armed forces who are eligible for assignment to military family housing. Between 1985 and 1996, under the Section 801 program, DOD awarded eight contracts to private developers to construct approximately 3,100 military family housing units—a combination of two-, three-, four-, and five- bedroom units—on seven military installations. Also, under the Section 801 authority, DOD built numerous housing units off-base, located near approximately 20 military installations. While the Section 801 program authority allowed for flexibility in contracting for operating and maintaining the units, DOD later decided that the operations and maintenance responsibilities would reside with the services for future projects. Additionally, in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, Congress replaced the Section 801 authority with a similar authority under which housing could only be built off-base. Finally, according to a DOD history of the Section 801 program, changes to federal budgeting and spending processes in 1990 resulted in Section 801 projects being less advantageous. In light of these changes, DOD decided that it would no longer pursue new on-base Section 801 housing projects. Since the establishment of the Section 801 program, DOD has leveraged private capital for developments on military land using several authorities approved by Congress. In 1996, Congress created a new military family housing program, called the Military Housing Privatization Initiative, which provides DOD with authorities to attract investments from private developers for the construction and improvement of military housing. Established by the National Defense Authorization Act of Fiscal Year 1996, the Military Housing Privatization Initiative provided DOD with a variety of authorities—including conveying existing properties to a developer, investing limited appropriated funds in a developer, and making direct loans to or loan guarantees for the developer for the acquisition or construction of housing units—to obtain private sector financing and expertise to repair, renovate, and construct military family housing. In a typical Military Housing Privatization Initiative project, the developer rents directly to the service member and gives the service members rental preference unless occupancy falls below a certain rate. Additionally, unlike the Section 801 program where service members and their families forfeit their basic allowance for housing when they are assigned to the housing units, under the new housing program the service members must use their basic allowances for housing to pay, and in some cases, to offset their rent; and they are permitted to keep any portion of their basic allowance for housing not spent on rent. While the Air Force refers to its program as Military Housing Privatization, the Army refers to its program as Residential Communities Initiative; the Navy refers to its program as Public-Private Ventures. In 2002, Congress expanded the Military Housing Privatization Initiative’s authority to include transient housing or lodging facilities for military members on temporary duty. Similar to the original 1996 act, this expanded authority provided DOD with a variety of authorities to obtain private sector financing and management to construct, operate and repair lodging facilities. In July 2010, we reported that under this expanded authority, the Army entered into a lease to privatize its lodging facilities with a developer for a 50-year term, during which the Army retains ownership of the land but conveys ownership of the structures to the developer. At the end of the lease term, the structures, along with any improvements, return to the Army. Although the Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force are currently not planning to privatize their lodging facilities, officials from these three services said that they are observing the Army’s efforts and might consider lodging privatization in the future. Additionally, many land use authorities exist that permit the Secretary of Defense, the secretaries of the military departments or both to make more efficient use of underutilized real property under their control—such as authorities permitting outleasing or conveyance of DOD real property or the issuance of licenses, permits, or easements upon DOD real property controlled by DOD. In July 2008, we reported that Section 2667 of Title 10 is the most frequently used land use authority throughout DOD for both traditional short-term leases, lasting no more than 5 years, as well as longer-term, more financially complex enhanced use leases which usually span more than 30 years and typically involve in-kind payments not less than the fair market value of the lease interest, such as new construction or maintenance of existing facilities. Leases executed pursuant to this authority benefit the installation by leveraging underutilized land in exchange for rent money or in-kind consideration, and also benefit the developer and the community. According to the Army’s draft Enhanced Use Leasing Handbook, the longer lease terms are more in line with private real estate development standards, and therefore help satisfy financial lending requirements and help make the development worthwhile to all enhanced use lease project stakeholders. The status of contracts for on-base Section 801 military housing varies widely, ranging from continuing the in-lease phase of the contracts to demolishing unneeded units. There are eight on-base Section 801 housing contracts: four remain in the in-lease phase during which DOD rents all of the units from the developer for up to 20 years whether the units are occupied or not, two are in the out-lease phase during which developers may be permitted to lease units to the general public and pay DOD rent for the use of the land for another 20 to 30 years, and two are involved in contract disputes or litigation. Three of the four in-lease contracts involve Air Force installations—Eielson Air Force Base (Moose Lake and French Creek housing units), Ellsworth Air Force Base, and Hurlburt Field—and the Air Force is reviewing options for transitioning all three from in-lease to out-lease. At the remaining installation in the in-lease phase, Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme, the Navy is using vacant family housing units to accommodate both military families and unaccompanied service members, and is conducting a study to evaluate options beyond the expiration of the in-lease. Generally, as contracts enter the out-lease period, the services must decide to either proceed with the contracts as written, and potentially permit developers to lease the housing to the general public, or attempt to renegotiate contracts with the developer to reflect evolving needs for military housing and security. Of the two contracts in the out-lease phase, one (Fort Wainwright) has completed its housing transition to the general public’s use, while the other (Fort Hood) has renegotiated its contract to retain priority use of the housing units for military personnel or DOD civilians. Finally, the two contracts in dispute or litigation are Eielson Air Force Base and Naval Weapons Station Earle. Eielson Air Force Base: Sprucewood—The base is involved in litigation with the developer regarding potential rental payments and $3.27 million in demolition costs. The Air Force has paid for the demolition costs but is seeking reimbursement. The original contract included a provision under which the developer was responsible, at the expiration of the lease, for vacating the property and restoring the land to the order and condition existing at the beginning of the lease term. Naval Weapons Station Earle: Laurelwood—The Navy is involved in a dispute with a developer about the amount of compensation due to the developer as a result of the Navy’s decision first to suspend its Record of Decision to provide unimpeded access to housing units at Naval Weapons Station Earle and later the Navy’s decision to terminate its housing contract for the units. According to Navy officials, the Navy elected to suspend the Record of Decision and terminate the contract for the Section 801 housing units because of (1) difficulties in obtaining the required state permits for the construction of a new road that could have significantly delayed the Navy’s ability to provide unimpeded access to the units and (2) the challenges of resolving the Navy’s and the developer’s conflicting interpretations of their respective obligations under the contract. In April 2010, after the Navy suspended the contract, the developer submitted a certified claim to the Navy’s contracting officer under the Contract Disputes Act. At the time of our report, the Navy contracting officer was still determining the final resolution on the developer’s claim for compensation. If the developer disagrees with the decision, the developer has the right to appeal. If the developer disagrees with the decision, the developer has the right to appeal. See Table 1 for the status of all installations. Additionally, while some Section 801 contracts provide that DOD may terminate early in the event of a national emergency or other specific circumstances, such as when the developer fails to perform or violates certain contractual requirements, none of the original contracts specifically address potential liability in instances where DOD might terminate for reasons such as reduced demand for housing due to base realignment and closure, or security concerns with permitting the general public to occupy on-base housing. According to Fort Hood officials, the developer may expect that the government would take measures to mitigate the financial impact of such a termination decision. The decision to terminate the Section 801 contract for off-base housing units at March Air Force Base in California, which is now closed because of a base realignment and closure action, is an example of the potential government liability that can result from early termination of a Section 801 housing contract. According to the developer who previously owned these off-base housing units, in 1998 when March Air Force Base closed, the Air Force bought out the remaining terms of his contract and issued him a check for $3.5 million. The developer stated that he unsuccessfully appealed the amount of the payment, and eventually accepted the payment. This developer is also the owner of the on-base Section 801 housing units on Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme. For further details on the current status and next milestones for each installation, see Appendix I. Competition can occur at any installation with housing units operated by different developers and where there are differences in the age, size, or rental rates for housing. However, we only found two installations with on-base Section 801 housing—Fort Hood and Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme—that are experiencing competition. These two installations have both an on-base Section 801 housing developer and another developer that either constructed new housing or renovated existing housing under DOD’s Military Housing Privatization Initiative. For example, while the potential for competition exists at Fort Hood between the Section 801 developer and Residential Communities Initiative housing privatization partner, Fort Hood and both developers found the competition to be negligible because both programs have an insufficient inventory of two-bedroom units to meet the installation’s demand. By comparison, competition between the on-base Section 801 housing units and the other privatized housing units at Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme has resulted in less demand and reduced occupancy of the Section 801 housing units because service members are choosing to live in other privatized military housing units on or off base or to utilize the local rental housing market. The on-base Section 801 housing at Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme had an occupancy rate of 16 percent when units were used solely for family housing prior to 2009, although the Navy leases all of the units during the in-lease phase. In contrast, Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme experienced a 98 percent occupancy rate for newer family housing units under the Navy’s Public-Private Ventures housing privatization initiative, where the Navy has no lease obligation. Under subsequent legislation in 2008, during the in-lease period, the services were authorized to rent the Section 801 units to unaccompanied members in addition to military families. At Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme, the Navy exercised this new authority and increased the occupancy rate of its Section 801 housing units to 38 percent. According to Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme officials, if their out-lease with the developer is renegotiated to give the service members priority when renting the housing units, as is done under the Navy’s Public-Private Ventures housing privatization initiative, then the developer could adjust the rental rates for the Section 801 housing to be more competitive with other housing developments on and off-base, thereby increasing the occupancy rate for these units. While the out-lease, as written, does not preclude the developer from renting units directly to service members, it does not provide rental priority to them either. We found that DOD, under specific conditions, may need to implement security-related measures to comply with DOD’s antiterrorism and force protection standards at one military installation with Section 801 housing, Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme. The conditions involve whether the use of housing units changes from military family housing to another purpose, and whether there is an increase in the occupancy of those units (i.e. bachelor housing, the general public’s use, or any other use). Specifically, Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme officials stated that they would likely need to take measures—such as stand-off distance between fencing and structures—to securely separate the housing from the main base in order to avoid potential security risks. These standards require a range of 33 feet to 82 feet between the fence line and any DOD structures. Ellsworth Air Force Base and Hurlburt Field— two other installations that may convert their on-base Section 801 housing to the general public’s use—have no apparent need for additional security measures beyond installing a fence around the Section 801 housing areas which are located along the periphery of the installations. The security challenge at Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme is that the on-base Section 801 housing units are adjacent to mission-critical or service support facilities, which could require mitigating measures to continue meeting antiterrorism and force protection standards and to allow access to the facilities. However, this security challenge was not a factor at Fort Wainwright because its on-base Section 801 housing is located along the installation’s periphery and was easily separated to meet the anti-terrorism and force protection standards. Similarly, the housing at Ellsworth Air Force Base and Hurlburt Field is located on each installation’s periphery and allows easy separation, which, according to Air Force officials, does not create additional security concerns. Also, there is no security concern at Eielson Air Force Base and Fort Hood because these installations are planning to maintain the on-base Section 801 housing as military family or DOD civilian housing. Additionally, Fort Hood’s Section 801 housing units are located along the periphery and, if necessary, can be easily separated. At another base, Naval Weapons Station Earle, the local community expressed concerns regarding security risks associated with the general public potentially living on the installation in Section 801 housing. Community officials stated that they were concerned that opening the housing to the general public would potentially attract high-risk residents. Navy officials stated that they disagreed with the community’s concerns because all anti-terrorism and force protection standards would have been met. However, the community’s concern was eliminated once the Navy decided to suspend and then terminate its Section 801 contract, rather than allow the general public to occupy its housing because of extensive delays in providing the developer with unimpeded access to the units and challenges in resolving conflicting interpretations of the Navy’s and the developer’s obligations under the out-lease. We found there would be transition costs for DOD and communities at three of the four installations remaining in the in-lease phase of their contracts—the period in which DOD rents all of the units from the developer for a period of up to 20 years whether the units are occupied or not—if the on-base Section 801 housing units were to transition to the out- lease (the general public’s use). The transition costs include security, education, transportation and environmental considerations. The three affected sites are: Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme, Ellsworth Air Force Base, and Hurlburt Field. Eielson Air Force Base, the fourth installation with a housing contract, is in the in-lease phase and is not expected to have any transition costs because the contract no longer includes an out-lease phase during which the developer may be permitted to lease units to the general public and pay DOD rent for the use of the land; also, the Air Force is planning to convey the units to its Military Housing Privatization developer to meet its housing requirements. At the remaining installations that are currently in their out-lease or in contract dispute, we found no likely costs for DOD or the communities related to the transition of on-base Section 801 housing to the general public’s use. For example, at Naval Weapon Station Earle, the Navy decided to terminate the out-lease of its Section 801 housing contract, so there was no longer a need to build a cost estimate for transferring the on-base housing units to the general public’s use. Developers may be required to cover transition costs associated with constructing required public access roads, erecting fencing to separate the housing from the installation, realigning utility services, maintaining the housing units, and demolishing them at the expiration of the contract. However, the terms of the Section 801 contracts generally determine which party (i.e. the developer, the community or DOD) ultimately pays certain transition costs. Education costs are not covered within Section 801 contracts, and the community would typically be responsible for the entire cost of any new enrollments in the school systems as a result of converting the housing to the general public’s use. According to the education officials we interviewed from the various school systems, if the occupancy of these units were to increase, they would have the capacity to educate the children who may occupy these housing units. Furthermore, according to officials from the various school systems, along with representatives from the Department of Education’s Impact Aid Program, the Impact Aid Program provides federal assistance to local educational agencies that are financially burdened by federal activities, including basic support payments for federally connected children (e.g. children residing on federal property). However, according to these education officials, this aid could decrease if units were converted from military to the general public’s use since the civilian children residing on federal property would carry less weight in the calculations used to compute impact aid. Although the developer may be responsible for certain transition costs, we found there would be costs for DOD and the communities related to security, transportation or environmental considerations at one or more installations; however, there were no estimates of most of the expected costs before we completed our review in July 2010. Because many of these projects are in their preliminary stages, we were not provided detailed information in these three areas on the costs and benefits of the projects. The potential cost areas that we identified: Ellsworth Air Force Base—If the on-base Section 801 housing units transition to the general public’s use in 2011, the community expects to upgrade roadways between the housing and the town of Box Elder, but there were no estimated costs at the time of our review. The town of Box Elder completed a traffic impact analysis to assess the potential traffic impact when the Section 801 housing units transition to the general public’s use and concluded that more than 300 vehicles per hour would use the affected roads. The upgrades—aimed at improving the traffic flow—could involve building a two-lane road from the housing to existing off-base roads, installing a traffic signal, and posting school speed limit signs as needed. Additionally, the community of Box Elder is planning to pay for three potential water system projects to serve the housing units; according to community officials, cost estimates were solicited, and an initial bid was received for $4.3 million for the three water system projects to benefit the housing residents. Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme—If the on-base Section 801 housing units transition to the general public’s use in 2014, the community expects to incur transportation costs for constructing a road to intersect a planned access road to some of the housing units and adding traffic signals to reduce congestion on the roadways. Also, the Navy may incur costs for building the new intersecting-access road, erecting a fence to separate the housing from the Navy base, increasing security patrols, relocating adjacent Navy facilities, and demolition expenses. The Navy estimates that if demolition is needed to meet DOD anti-terrorism standards for open space on both sides of a perimeter fence, it may have to demolish 17 of the developer’s structures including 120 housing units, which would equal 40 percent of the developer’s inventory. If this occurs, the Navy—depending on the outcome of any negotiations—may have to compensate the developer for demolishing the units. No cost estimate was available at the time of our review. Hurlburt Field—The Section 801 housing units are behind a security fence with controlled entry and routine patrols by Air Force security forces. If the housing units transition to the general public’s use in 2012, these security services will no longer be available unless the developer or the community decides to pay for them. However, if the majority of residents remain service members, the base commander may decide to continue providing these services. At the time of our review there was no final decision on security plans, and no cost estimates were available. We found that the Air Force shares information regarding its Section 801 housing contracts within the service through the Air Force Real Property Agency, an office with oversight over all Air Force installations with on- base Section 801 housing. To facilitate information sharing, this Air Force agency maintains an on-line community of practice for its Section 801 program, which includes a lessons-learned forum. The Army and Navy do not have a single source for obtaining such data, and they share information only on a limited basis within each service. However, DOD and the services do not have a process for sharing military housing-related information across the services to ensure that the three installations that may transition their on-base Section 801 units have all available information that could assist in planning any lease modifications prior to potential general public occupancy of on-base housing or lease terminations. We found, for example, that Fort Hood renegotiated its on- base Section 801 contract to contractually agree to the terms of any potential early termination of its lease and retain priority use of the housing units for future military or DOD civilians. However, in our interviews with housing officials at five installations, Air Force and Navy officials stated they were unfamiliar with Fort Hood’s Section 801 housing contract modifications or any contract changes at other installation with Section 801 contracts. These officials stated they were unfamiliar with these contract modifications because they did not have a communication system for sharing such information as they began planning for the transition into the out-lease phase of their contracts. After learning of the contract changes at Fort Hood, Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme officials stated that this information would help them broaden their options for negotiating the terms of the out-lease with the installation’s Section 801 developer. According to federal best practices for sharing information to ensure efficient use of resources, program managers should communicate information within a time frame to management and others within the entity to meet goals for effective and efficient use of resources. The military services and DOD lack a communications process that would enable them to share information on Section 801 contract changes as installations begin to transition into the out-lease phase of their contracts. Specifically, our review found two installations completed housing contract negotiations and another installation interacted with its local community to discuss upcoming changes in the use of on-base housing and the potential impact on the community, and these detailed developments were not shared with all installations with Section 801 housing. Without a communications process to share installations’ experiences with any major housing contract changes and community interaction, DOD and the services cannot ensure that the four installations facing potential contract changes in their out-lease will have all timely information to position them to negotiate the most cost-effective contract terms for the U.S. government. In our review, we found a number of bases experienced significant changes in demand for their Section 801 military housing—either during the in-lease in which DOD pays a developer rent for housing units or during the out-lease when a developer pays DOD rent for the use of the land while renting the units to either military or general public occupants. On-base housing demand can vary if the installation’s mission is expanded or reduced (e.g., increasing or decreasing the number of personnel assigned to that base) or even eliminated. Because of changes in installations’ operations, the Army and the Air Force sought changes in their housing leases. In the previously cited Fort Hood example, the Army renegotiated its out-lease to accept several changes that could have relevance to other installations facing potential changes in their leases, but these lease changes were not shared with Air Force or Navy installations with Section 801 housing. In one change, the Army renegotiated its out- lease to give rental preference to its military and DOD civilian members and their families, and agreed to lease to the general public when base operations change because of a base closure, low occupancy, or changes in the number of on-base military personnel. This option allowed Fort Hood to keep the on-base Section 801 housing units within its inventory for service member or DOD civilian use and not have to separate the housing units from the installation. In addition, we found that Fort Hood’s renegotiated contract in 2008 expanded the reasons under which the federal government may terminate a base’s housing contract with a developer—from the standard termination clause of “in the event of a national emergency” to also include “base closure, deactivation or substantial realignment, or in the interest of national defense.” In today’s changing environment, if installations could renegotiate the contract terms to include broader reasons for contract terminations, it could potentially protect the taxpayers interests in the event of unforeseen circumstances that could significantly impact the DOD’s occupancy of the housing. Additionally, DOD’s Inspector General recommended in 1991 that the military services include “termination for convenience” clauses in future contracts, in order to retain some flexibility in the contract terms for early termination. Specifically, the DOD Inspector General’s report found that most Section 801 housing contracts did not contain termination for convenience clauses, as required by the Federal Acquisition Regulation in solicitations for award of fixed-price and cost-reimbursement contracts, in order to protect the interests of the government in the event of unforeseen circumstances. The report found that the failure to incorporate termination for convenience clauses, along with other issues, constituted material internal control weaknesses. Included in the DOD Inspector General’s report was a recommendation that DOD incorporate termination for convenience clauses in future Section 801 transactions, especially given DOD’s efforts to reduce and realign its military forces. However, DOD disagreed with this recommendation, stating that the decision against including termination for convenience clauses in Section 801 contracts was a calculated business decision to avoid extra costs for bidders to cover the additional financial risk of a termination for convenience clause, which could potentially be passed along to the government. While the DOD Inspector General’s report recognized that DOD can always cancel a lease agreement whether or not a termination for convenience clause is incorporated into the contracts, the report also stated that it was in the government’s best economical interest to retain its flexibility by incorporating clauses that recognize all liabilities for each party in the agreement rather than imply such liabilities. Subsequently, between 1992 and 1996, DOD awarded Section 801 contracts at three installations: Eielson Air Force Base; Hurlburt Field; and Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme; however, none of these contracts included the termination for convenience clause. Moreover, we found that at Eielson Air Force Base, which has the Moose Lake and French Creek Section 801 housing units, the Air Force negotiated changes in its contract in 1996 that may be of interest to other Section 801 housing installations facing potential contract changes and seeking to reduce their financial liability for any unexpected termination of a contract. Specifically, the Air Force in 1996 renegotiated the out-lease phase of the contract to end on the same date as the in-lease—September 2016—and give the government the option of purchasing the units at any time during the remainder of the contract for the price equal to the indebtedness of the developer, including a prepayment premium. In addition, the developer’s responsibility for removing its improvements and restoring the property at the end of the contract was deleted. These renegotiated contract terms helped the Air Force avoid any unexpected termination liability costs; this information could be of interest to other installations seeking best practices for any transition into an out-lease. We found that any DOD interaction with a community related to housing use was tied to whether on-base Section 801 military housing was being considered for public use; however, the installation’s community interaction experience is not shared with all services. In planning for occupancy by the general public, the installation, developer, and local community are likely to have interactions to address potential impacts on school enrollment, road access, utilities, and other services. For example, at Fort Wainwright officials met with community representatives on potential impacts before converting on-base housing to the general public’s use. Fort Wainwright officials stated that they started conducting meetings with the local Chamber of Commerce, Board of Realtors, and community officials approximately 18 months prior to the expiration of the in-lease in May 2007. At these meetings, Fort Wainwright and the community representatives discussed potential community impacts and costs from the transition of the on-base housing units, including costs that would be incurred by the Army, community, and developer. For example, according to Fort Wainwright officials, in preparation for the transition of the units to the general public’s use, the Army was responsible for erecting a security fence, relocating an installation entry gate, and constructing a new entrance from the housing to a public road. Additionally, while the community would assume the responsibility for patrolling the units and continuing its snow removal services for the streets outside of the community, the developer would be responsible for snow removal within the community. Fort Wainwright officials, however, were uncertain whether the developer or the community would be responsible for trash removal. Furthermore, Fort Wainwright officials stated that local developers and property managers expressed concern about the impact of increasing the local rental market’s inventory and the potential competition among rental housing developments. Moreover, Fort Wainwright officials held town hall meetings with service members to discuss time frames and service members’ options for moving or continuing to live in the units with the understanding that in June 2007 the units would no longer be base housing. Fort Wainwright officials stated that, as a best practice, installations with on-base Section 801 housing should begin discussing the potential transition with service members as early as possible (even earlier than 18 months) in order to prevent unnecessary relocations. This information could be useful to other installations as they begin to plan for transitioning into the out-lease phase of their contracts. However, during our review of other installations, we found that officials at the four installations with contracts in the in-lease phase were unaware of the process undertaken by Fort Wainwright as it transitioned the housing from military housing to public use. As the military services continue to adapt to meet their challenges around the world, the services’ installations can gain or lose personnel and experience significant impacts at on-base housing. Faced with long-term leases with private developers, some installations with on-base Section 801 housing have, over time, sought minor or major changes in their housing contracts, including specifying additional reasons for potential early termination. However, other than a general provision for the resolution of contract disputes, Section 801 contracts are typically silent regarding potential government liability for terminations resulting from reduced demand for housing because of base realignment and closure, security concerns, and other reasons. Some installations have successfully completed other revisions to their contracts, including one developer who gave military personnel priority over the general public when the contract advanced beyond the in-lease phase. Although this report has identified some contract changes that could benefit multiple installations with Section 801 housing, we believe there remains the potential for many other experiences and best practices to be shared over time as installations transition to the out-lease phase. While the individual services may have a means for sharing information within the service, such as the Air Force’s centralized office that evaluated out-lease options for its Section 801 housing program (a potential best practice), DOD does not have a communications process to share this type of information among all services. Also, while at least one installation has interacted with the community—including communicating which entity pays for security, education, transportation, and environmental considerations when the general public occupy on-base housing—DOD lacks a communications process to share any community interaction experiences among all Section 801 housing installations. Without such a communications process, the installations nearing the out-lease phase of their housing contracts will not be fully informed about significant contract changes included in the renegotiated contracts with private developers and may be unaware of the best practices for interacting with communities before allowing the general public’s use of on-base housing. Finally, unless all installations with Section 801 housing communicate their contract changes with each other in a timely manner, there is no assurance that future contracts will be negotiated with the benefit of best practices identified elsewhere to help ensure that resulting Section 801 contract changes are in the best financial interest of the federal government. To ensure that DOD and the military services have all information and possible options they need to revise relevant housing contracts in the future in the best interests of the federal government, we recommend that the Secretary of Defense direct the Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition, Technology and Logistics) to develop a communications process so that all Section 801 housing installations may share information and best practices for negotiating any revisions to military housing contracts and for interacting with communities before allowing the general public’s use of on-base housing. In written comments on a draft of this report, DOD concurred with our recommendation. Specifically, DOD stated that its Housing Policy Panel meetings with the military services will become the venue for sharing information and best practices for negotiating revisions to its Section 801 contracts and interacting with communities before potentially opening on- base housing to the public’s use. The Housing Policy Panel meetings are held quarterly to discuss issues and initiatives about government-owned and privatized military housing. We agree that using the Housing Policy Panel as a sounding board would be an effective first step to ensure that relevant information about on-base Section 801 housing contracts is communicated in a timely manner to the installations that will be entering into their out-leases within the next 1 to 6 years. DOD also provided technical comments which have been incorporated into our draft as appropriate. DOD’s written comments on this report are reprinted in their entirety in appendix II. We will send copies of this report to the appropriate congressional committees. We will also send copies to the Secretary of Defense; the Secretaries of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force; and the Director, Office of Management and Budget. The report will be available at no charge on GAO’s Web site at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions on this report, please contact me at (202) 512-4523 or leporeb@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made significant contributions to this reports are listed in appendix III. Structural Lease: 20 years from October 1996— September 2016 Number/Type of Units: 366 units (two-, three-, four-, and five-bedrooms, but predominantly three-bedroom units) New developer to be selected—As of January 2010, Eielson Air Force Base became part of the Continental Group for the Air Force’s Military Housing Privatization program. After the Continental Group’s project developer is selected, the Air Force’s strategy is to transfer DOD’s option to purchase to that developer. Therefore, the project developer will purchase the units to incorporate into future private developments on Eielson Air Force Base. The renegotiated contract states that the purchase price is equal to the indebtedness of the current project owner as set forth in loan documents. Developer: Originally Eielson Housing Build to Lease (HEBL), but units were purchased by CH2M Hill in 2007 DOD is still leasing housing units—Eielson Air Force Base continues paying the developer to lease the Moose Lake and French Creek military housing units. This in-lease phase expires in September 2016. In 1996, the Air Force renegotiated its contract with the developer to reduce the out-lease term to end with the in-lease and give the Air Force the option to purchase the structures at any time for a price equal to the indebtedness of the developer. In addition, the developer’s responsibility for removing its improvements and restoring the property at the end of the contract was deleted. No costs for DOD or community—Because of the terms of the revised lease agreement, the military will retain use of the on-base housing. DOD and the local community will not incur any transition costs. domain action against the extended lease, and the court ruled in favor of the Air Force, stating that the Air Force successfully renewed its housing lease and the land lease would expire in January 2008. However, the developer did not remove the units and abandoned them. The Air Force contracted for demolition and restoration services, which were scheduled to begin in summer 2010. Structural Lease: Originally 20 years from August 1986—August 2006, extended one year to August 2007 Number/Type of Units: 300 units (two- and three- bedrooms) Air Force and developer remain at odds—Air Force officials stated that since July 2006, the Air Force and the developer have remained in litigation. The Air Force continues to seek reimbursement for the cost of mainte- nance during the lease extension and for the cost of demolition and restoration services—both of which were the developer’s responsibility under the original contracts. However, the developer seeks compensation for the rental payments for the lease extension period. DOD’s Lease Payment: $3,600,000 per year (last payment was in August 2006) Demolition cost alone is $3.27 million—The contract between the Air Force and the developer did not include an out-lease phase in which the developer had the option to lease the on-base Section 801 housing units to the general public. Therefore, there will be no housing transition involving the general public and no related cost for the Department of Defense and the local community. However, DOD has incurred costs from the contract dispute for: maintaining the housing units during the lease extension, demolishing the housing units (contracted for $3.27 million), and continuing litigation with the developer. limited storage, heating problems and frozen pipes, and the units remain in less than desirable conditions despite many attempts to correct the deficiencies. For example, during the winter, some families have reported being unable to sleep in the upstairs bedrooms because of the heating problems and the intense cold room temperatures. Structural Lease: 20 years from December 1990—July 2011 (contract amended to end when the last unit’s in-lease expires) Number/Type of Units: 828 units (two-, three-, and four-bedrooms) Air Force recommends housing use by civilians—In a January 2010 study examining Ellsworth Air Force Base’s out-lease options, the Air Force recommended continuing the out-lease phase as written, which allows the developer to rent the units to civilians. It further recommended that a new, short-term lease (i.e., 3-year term with two 1-year renewal options) be negotiated and executed to retain the three senior officer quarters until they can be replaced under the newer Military Housing Privatization Initiative. Installation officials, the developer, and the Box Elder community are working together to meet the July 2011 transition. The Box Elder planner is also requiring the developer to meet any requirements of a new developer. Community to pay transportation and environmental costs—If housing units are converted to civilian use in 2011, the town of Box Elder expects to upgrade roadways between the housing and the community, including building a two-lane road from the housing to existing roads, installing a traffic signal, and posting school speed limit signs as needed. The community is also planning three potential water system projects to serve the housing units; an initial bid was received for $4.3 million for the three projects. No DOD costs are expected. Contract has been renegotiated—The renegotiated land lease with the Section 801 developer expires in May 2029. Structural Lease: August 1988—July 2008 Number/Type of Units: 300 units (all two-bedrooms) Occupancy Rate: approximately 98 percent DOD’s Lease Payment: approximately $2,000,000 (last payment was in July 2008) Developer: Universal Services Fort Hood, Inc. Housing retained for military use—In June 2008, the Army signed a revised land lease with the Section 801 developer of Liberty Village. The revised lease extended the contract terms, adding 10 years and expanding the reasons under which the contract may be terminated, including base closure, deactivation or substantial realignment, or in the interest of national defense. Also under the revised lease, the Army incorporated two characteristics used by Fort Hood’s Residential Community Initiative in which the developer rents directly to the service member and rental preference is given to active duty service members and civilian personnel at Fort Hood. The rental agreement allows unaccompanied military person- nel, active National Guard and Reserve, military retirees, federal government civilians, and unaffiliated civilians to rent the housing if occupancy falls below a certain rate. No costs for DOD or community—Because of the terms of the revised lease agreement, the military will retain use of the on-base housing. The Department of Defense (DOD) and the local community will not incur any transition costs. Land Lease (includes construction period): June 1986— June 2018 Structural Lease: November 1987—May 2007 Number/Type of Units: 400 units (three-, four-, and five-bedrooms) Decide whether to extend developer’s lease—In June 2018, Fort Wainwright will complete its Section 801 out-lease. At the expiration of the out-lease, the developer is responsible for removing the property and restoring the land to its previous condition. However, the developer has requested an extension of the out-lease so that he may either refinance or sell the housing units. As of July 2010, the Army had not made a decision on whether to extend the out-lease. DOD’s Lease Payment: approximately $8,200,000 per year (last payment was in May 2007) Developer: North Star Alaska Housing Corporation Housing transitioned to the general public’s use—Fort Wainwright’s in-lease expired in May 2007. Fort Wainwright separated the Birchwood units from the installation and the developer is operating the units as private housing. However, approximately 28 percent of the residents are service members assigned to Fort Wainwright. Fort Wainwright is the only installation with Section 801on-base housing that has converted units to the general public’s use under the terms of the out-lease phase of the original contract. Some community and DOD costs incurred—According to Fort Wainwright officials, the community adjacent to the installation had to assume the responsibility for policing and patrolling the units; a service that was provided by Ft. Wainwright during the in-lease. DOD paid the costs of erecting the security fence, relocating an installation entry gate, and constructing a new entrance from the housing to a public road. The units already were integrated into the community’s utilities, so there were no additional costs to put meters on the units. Land Lease (includes construction period): 40 years from January 1991—January 2031 Structural Lease: 20 years from June 1992—June 2012 Number/Type of Units: 300 units (two-, three-, and four-bedrooms) Air Force recommends housing use by civilians—In a February 2010 draft study on out-lease options for Commando Village, the Air Force recommended that Hurlburt Field continue with the out-lease provision to allow the housing units to be leased to civilians. If this occurs, the developer will be responsible for the cost of utilities and paying land lease payments to the Air Force totaling 8 percent of gross rental income. Also, one out-lease provision states if the developer agrees to set a rent ceiling for the units in exchange for nominal rent for the federal land, the government will refer personnel and dependents to the units and the developer will give priority to these personnel as tenants who would pay rent directly to the developer. However, the Air Force also is considering entering a bridge lease with the developer that would be renewed annually to preserve all the housing for military use until its new military housing units are available under its Military Housing Privatization Initiative. At the time of our review, there was no final decision on the next step for the housing’s use. Community may incur security services costs—The housing units are behind a security fence with controlled entry and routine patrols by the Air Force. If the housing is converted to civilian use in 2012, these security services will no longer be available unless the developer or the community continues to provide these services. However, the base commander may continue providing these services if the majority of residents remain service members. Otherwise, DOD is not expected to incur any transition costs. Study under way on housing’s future use—Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme is studying options for the Section 801 property. The study will include a formal assessment and appraisal of the property and outline seven options for the Navy and developer, including alternative uses for the structures. For example, several of the options consider using the units as family or bachelor housing, military lodging or a combination of the three. The study began in early July 2010 and is scheduled for completion in November 2010. Some DOD and community costs are expected—If units are converted to the general public’s use in 2014, the community expects to incur transportation costs, including constructing a road to intersect an expected Navy-built access road and adding traffic signals. In addition to building an access road to the housing units, the Navy also would incur costs for erecting a fence to separate the housing from the installation, increasing security patrols, and relocating adjacent Navy facilities. Moreover, the new fence’s boundaries may require the Navy to pay for demolition of 17 structures belonging to the Section 801 developer that includes 120 housing units, which would equal 40 percent of the developer’s inventory. studies about security, transportation, and economic impacts to be completed before the permits could be granted. Additionally, in September 2009, the community filed suit against the Navy, claiming that the decision to lease to civilians--which required the construction of an access road--would violate the National Environmental Policy Act and the Clean Water Act. Land Lease (includes construction period): September 1988—August 2040 Structural Lease: May 1990—April 2010 Number/Type of Units: 300 units (two-, three-, and four-bedrooms) In April 2010, the Navy suspended execution of the Record of Decision, because of (1) difficulties in obtaining the required state permits for the construction of a new road that could have significantly delayed the Navy’s ability to provide unimpeded access to the units and (2) the challenges of resolving the Navy’s and the developer’s conflicting interpretations of their respective obligations under the contract. Also, in April 2010, the developer submitted a certified claim for compensation to the Navy under the Contracts Dispute Act. In June 2010, the Navy terminated its contract with the developer, and subse- quently, the community’s complaint against the Navy and developer was dismissed. Final decision on contract dispute pending—The Navy notified the developer that it would issue a final decision on the certified claim for compensation by September 30, 2010; however this date was extended so that settlement negotiations could continue. At the time of our report, the Navy had not made a decision regarding the claim. No costs for DOD or community—Because of the termination of the out-lease, the DOD and the local community will not incur any costs related to the transition of the on-base Section 801 housing to the general public’s use. However, DOD will incur some lease termination costs. In addition to the contact listed above, key contributors to this report include Mark J. Wielgoszynski, Assistant Director; Jennifer Echard; Tisha Derricotte; Elizabeth Dunn; Greg Marchand; Jacqueline S. McColl; Leonard Ogborn; and Richard Powelson. Defense Infrastructure: Army's Privatized Lodging Program Could Benefit from More Effective Planning. GAO-10-771. Washington, D.C.: July 30, 2010. Military Housing Privatization: DOD Faces New Challenges Due to Significant Growth at Some Locations and Recent Turmoil in the Financial Markets. GAO-09-352. Washington, D.C.: May 15, 2009. Defense Infrastructure: Services’ Use of Land Use Planning Authorities. GAO-08-850. Washington, D.C.: July 23, 2008. Rental Housing Programs: Excluding Servicemembers' Housing Allowances from Income Determinations Would Increase Eligibility, but Other Factors May Limit Program Use. GAO-06-784. Washington, D.C.: July 31, 2006. Defense Infrastructure: Continuing Challenges in Managing DOD Lodging Programs as Army Moves to Privatize Its Program. GAO-07-164. Washington, D.C.: December 15, 2006. Military Housing: Management Issues Require Attention as the Privatization Program Matures. GAO-06-438. Washington, D.C.: April 28, 2006. Military Housing: Further Improvements Needed in Requirements Determination and Program Review. GAO-04-556. Washington, D.C.: May 19, 2004. Military Housing: Better Reporting Needed on the Status of the Privatization Program and the Costs of Its Consultants. GAO-04-111. Washington, D.C.: October 9, 2003. Military Housing: Management Improvements Needed as the Pace of Privatization Quickens. GAO-02-624. Washington, D.C.: June 21, 2002. Military Housing: DOD Needs to Address Long-Standing Requirements Determination Problems. GAO-01-889. Washington, D.C.: August 3, 2001. Military Housing: Continued Concerns in Implementing the Privatization Initiative. GAO/NSIAD-00-71. Washington, D.C.: March 30, 2000. Military Housing: Privatization Off to a Slow Start and Continued Management Attention Needed. GAO/NSIAD-98-178. Washington, D.C.: July 17, 1998.

Summary: In the Military Construction Authorization Act, 1984, Congress authorized the Section 801 housing program, which provided a means for improving and expanding military family housing through private developers' investment. Under this authority, the Department of Defense (DOD) awarded eight contracts for the construction of on-base housing that typically consisted of two phases: the in-lease (DOD leases all of the units from developers for up to 20 years whether housing is occupied or not) and the out-lease (under some contracts, developers may rent housing to the general public while leasing the land from DOD for up to 30 more years). Based on a mandate in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 conference report, GAO's objectives were to assess (1) the status of contracts for on-base Section 801 military housing, (2) the estimated costs to DOD and local communities that would result from the general public occupying this housing, and (3) the extent to which DOD and the services share information on modifications to the contracts and community interaction experiences. GAO visited five installations with on-base Section 801 housing, analyzed housing contracts, and interviewed relevant officials. The status of contracts for on-base Section 801 military housing varies widely, ranging from continuing the in-lease phase of the contracts to demolishing unneeded units. Of the eight on-base Section 801 housing contracts, four remain in the in-lease phase (when housing is reserved for service members and their families), two are in the out-lease phase (when, depending on the terms of the contract, the installation may allow the developer to rent housing to the general public or reserve housing for service members), and two are in contract dispute or litigation--Eielson Air Force Base and Naval Weapons Station Earle. For the two contracts in the out-lease, Fort Wainwright converted its housing units to the general public's use, while Fort Hood renegotiated its contract to retain housing for military or DOD civilians' use. The housing contracts generally require the developer to pay certain costs (potentially including roads construction, utilities, and demolition costs) to permit the Section 801 housing units' transition to the general public's use; however, no cost estimates existed during GAO's review. Also, GAO found potential transition costs for DOD and the communities linked to three installations: Naval Base Ventura County Port Hueneme, Ellsworth Air Force Base, and Hurlburt Field. The potential costs relate to security, education, transportation, and environmental considerations. GAO did not identify any potential benefits that might accrue from converting the leases to the out-lease phase because it was outside of the scope of our work. GAO found that the services share information regarding their Section 801 housing contracts with other installations within the service; but DOD and the services do not share this information across the services. For example, Fort Hood renegotiated its contract to specify additional reasons for potential early termination of its lease, and retained priority use of the housing units for military personnel or DOD civilians; however, Air Force and Navy officials stated they were unfamiliar with these contract modifications. Additionally, GAO reported that most Section 801 contracts provide that DOD may terminate early in the event of national emergency or other limited circumstances, but none of the contracts specifically address potential liability in instances where DOD might terminate for other reasons such as reduced demand for housing or security concerns. GAO found that the services and DOD lack a communications process to share information from contract negotiations and community interaction--both of which can affect the efficient use of military housing resources. According to best practices for internal control in the federal government, program managers should communicate information within a time frame to management and others within the entity to meet goals for effective and efficient use of resources. Without a communications process to share installations' experiences with any major housing-contract changes and community interaction, DOD and the services cannot ensure that the four installations facing potential contract changes will have the timely information to better position the installations to negotiate the most cost-effective contract terms for the federal government. GAO recommends that DOD develop a communications process among installations with Section 801 housing to share information regarding any contract changes. DOD concurred with GAO's recommendation.