The nation’s 3,600 colleges, universities, and teaching hospitals continually need to construct new facilities or renovate obsolete or aging facilities. While it has been long recognized that replacing or repairing facilities is a critical problem for these schools, there are no reliable data on the extent of needed construction and renovation. Connie Lee estimates that more than $100 billion will be required during this decade to meet the need. In the 1980s, federal support of academic facilities in the form of grants and loans to schools of higher education was cut drastically. Alternative financing means such as internal funding, fund raising campaigns, and bank financing options generally were inadequate for significant construction and renovation projects. Issuing municipal bonds to finance such projects was limited mostly to schools with the highest credit standing. To help fundamentally sound but less creditworthy schools issue bonds to finance needed facilities projects, in 1986 the Congress established a college construction loan insurance corporation— Connie Lee. Municipal bonds are debt securities (long-term loans) that issuers (borrowers) sell to investors (lenders) so they can finance public projects—such as roads, airports, and public college facilities—and certain kinds of private projects—such as private college and hospital facilities—deemed to be serving public purposes. Municipal bonds may also be used to refinance existing debt. For the use of investors’ money, issuers promise to pay investors interest on specific dates and to repay the amount borrowed (principal) on a specific date or dates. Municipal bonds are issued through state and local government agencies. Repayment periods typically are 20 to 30 years. Municipal bonds are typically divided into two categories: general obligation bonds and revenue bonds. General obligation bonds usually finance public projects and are backed by the taxing authority of the state or local government that issues the bonds; the principal and interest are paid from tax receipts. The principal and interest on revenue bonds, by contrast, are generally paid from income (revenues) produced by the project that the bonds finance. For example, the principal and interest on a revenue bond issued to finance a college dormitory would be paid from fees collected from residents of the dormitory. Some municipal bonds issued to finance public projects may not be funded from state appropriations. In some states, for example, bonds issued by public colleges and universities for dormitory projects do not qualify for state backing. In these states, public schools may issue revenue bonds to finance the construction or renovation of dormitories. The interest income from municipal bonds is generally exempt from both federal income tax and state and local taxes of the state in which the bonds are issued. Because investors receive tax-free interest, they may be willing to purchase bonds that have a lower interest rate than they would otherwise require. The ability to issue tax-exempt bonds at lower interest rates may substantially reduce the issuer’s costs. To make its bonds appealing to investors, an issuer may obtain a credit rating for its bonds from a nationally recognized credit rating firm. These firms independently assess issuers’ ability to make scheduled interest and principal payments when they are due. The firms assign credit ratings to bonds as a gauge of the risk of default—nonpayment of interest or principal. Standard and Poor’s Corporation, for example, assigns ratings ranging from AAA, for the highest quality bonds, to D, for the lowest quality. Standard and Poor’s refers to bonds rated in its top four categories—AAA, AA, A, and BBB—as “investment grade” bonds. They are judged to have a high probability of on-time interest and principal payments and little risk of default. Bonds rated in categories BB to C, commonly called “junk bonds,” are referred to by Standard and Poor’s as “noninvestment” or “speculative” grade. They are considered to have a higher risk of default. Bonds rated D are in default with respect to principal or interest payments. Other credit rating firms use similar rating categories. Credit rating firms generally consider revenue bonds to have a higher risk of nonpayment than general obligation bonds because revenue bonds are not backed by the taxing authority of the state or local government and usually depend on the project funded to produce sufficient revenues to make interest and principal payments when due. In addition, Standard and Poor’s generally considers hospitals and private colleges and universities to be among the relatively riskier categories of institutions that issue municipal bonds. Private schools lack the backing of any taxing authority, and some of these schools have limited resources. The health care industry, in general, is viewed as having an uncertain future. To enhance a bond’s credit quality, an issuer may purchase insurance for its bond. Through such insurance, an insurer guarantees investors that it will pay the bond interest and principal when due if the issuer defaults. Rating firms that rate bonds also rate bond insurance companies on their ability to pay claims for defaulted interest or principal payments. Consequently, insured bonds are issued with the rating of the insurer rather than the rating of the issuer. Enhancing the quality of a bond in this manner may persuade investors to accept lower interest rates than they might otherwise. The lower interest cost may more than offset the cost to the issuer of obtaining insurance. Rating firms use a variety of criteria to evaluate the creditworthiness of bond insurers. They are judged on capital adequacy, which is the amount of capital they have relative to the amount of debt they have insured; their management experience; their underwriting policies; their financial performance; and other organizational factors. The key area in the assessment, however, is capital adequacy. Since its credit rating is the commodity that the bond insurer sells, the performance guidelines established by firms that rate it exert a considerable influence on its business practices. According to Standard and Poor’s, there are 10 major municipal bond insurance companies in the United States, including Connie Lee, which is one of the newest and smallest of the 10 companies. Nine of the companies, including Connie Lee, are rated AAA by one or more of the major rating firms. The one exception has a AA rating. The municipal bond insurance market is dominated by three insurers that have captured more than 90 percent of the bond insurance market. In 1994, insured municipal bonds totaled about $61 billion, about 37 percent of all municipal bonds that were issued. Connie Lee has approximately a 1-percent share of the overall municipal bond insurance market. It is the only major municipal bond insurance company exclusively insuring schools of higher education. Over the past 3 years, it has insured more BBB schools than any other major municipal bond insurance company. The Congress amended the Higher Education Act in 1986 to establish Connie Lee. The Congress was concerned that there were many fundamentally sound but less creditworthy schools of higher education unable to obtain bond insurance at a reasonable cost, thereby preventing them from issuing municipal bonds to finance needed facilities construction and renovation projects. Connie Lee is authorized to insure municipal bonds rated by a national rating firm at or below the lowest investment grade category—the equivalent of Standard and Poor’s BBB and below ratings—issued by schools of higher education; the proceeds of these bonds are to be used to finance the construction and renovation of academic facilities. In 1992, the Congress further amended the act to allow Connie Lee to insure a limited volume of higher rated bonds through calendar year 1997 on the condition that other municipal bond insurance companies declined to insure the bonds. Under the 1986 amendments, Connie Lee was incorporated in February 1987 as a bond insurance holding company. During 1987 and 1988, Connie Lee sold stock to the Department of Education and the Student Loan Marketing Association (Sallie Mae) and, in 1991, to a group of private investors. Currently, Education owns about 14 percent of Connie Lee’s stock; Sallie Mae owns about 36 percent; and the other stockholders own about 50 percent. Under the act, Connie Lee is managed by an 11-member board of directors: 3 appointed by Sallie Mae, 2 appointed by the Secretary of Education, 2 appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and 4 elected by the private stockholders. In December 1987, Connie Lee purchased an existing insurance company, which it renamed the Connie Lee Insurance Company, to carry out its insurance operations. It began insurance operations as a bond reinsurer in December 1988, when it received from Standard and Poor’s a AAA rating as a bond reinsurer. It began operating as a primary insurer in October 1991 when it received from Standard and Poor’s a AAA rating as a primary insurer. The Connie Lee Insurance Company is authorized to operate in 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. As of October 1995, proposed legislation under consideration by the Congress would sever Connie Lee’s relationship with the federal government, a process commonly referred to as “privatization.” If enacted, such legislation could change the way in which Connie Lee operates and could affect the types of projects it insures. Between October 29, 1991, the date Connie Lee sold its first primary insurance, and September 30, 1995, Connie Lee insured 95 bonds, totaling about $2.6 billion, for colleges, universities, and teaching hospitals. Of these, 90 were rated BBB, the lowest investment grade rating, and 5 were rated A or better. None was noninvestment grade at the time it was insured; that is, none was rated below BBB, although several have subsequently received ratings in the noninvestment grade category. Almost all were revenue bonds. The five bonds rated A or better were insured after the Higher Education Amendments of 1992. According to Connie Lee officials, each bond was refused insurance by other insurance companies before Connie Lee agreed to insure it, in accordance with the 1992 amendments. The bonds did not exceed the limits on the amount of A-rated business imposed on Connie Lee by the act, as amended. In addition to the 95 bonds that Connie Lee insured, at the end of September 1995, 17 schools were considering whether to accept Connie Lee’s offer of insurance. As of September 30, 1995, Connie Lee had declined to insure 406 bonds because of concerns it had about the schools’ ability to repay bond principal and make interest payments as scheduled. It had also rejected an undetermined number of bonds for insurance because the bonds’ credit ratings were A or better. Data are not available on those applications for insurance because Connie Lee does not maintain such data. Since October 1991, at least 23 HBCUs have approached Connie Lee about obtaining bond insurance for 25 bonds. As of September 30, 1995, Connie Lee had insured only one bond for an HBCU—a BBB-rated $2.2 million bond insured in July 1994 for a 4-year public university. Standard and Poor’s has since downgraded that bond into the noninvestment grade category. As of September 30, 1995, this school was continuing discussions with Connie Lee about insuring a second bond, but Connie Lee had not decided whether to offer insurance for the bond. In addition to the bond it insured, Connie Lee offered to insure seven other bonds for HBCUs. As of September 30, 1995, two HBCUs were considering whether to accept Connie Lee’s offers. The remaining five HBCUs did not accept Connie Lee’s offers. Three of the five schools purchased insurance from other companies, whose premiums were lower than Connie Lee’s, school officials said. Another school had no record of Connie Lee’s having quoted a rate to them; it purchased insurance from another company, the school said. The fifth school had issued its bond without insurance and Sallie Mae had bought the bond issue, school officials said. Connie Lee did not insure bonds for at least 16 HBCUs that applied. It declined to insure three bonds because of concerns about the schools’ credit status. Although data are not available, Connie Lee estimated that it turned down at least 13 HBCUs because the schools’ A or better rating made them ineligible for insurance. At the time, federal law limited Connie Lee to insuring bonds rated BBB or below. At two of the three HBCUs that Connie Lee declined to insure, school officials said the schools were denied insurance because Connie Lee believed their student loan default rates were too high. One of the two schools reported on its application to Connie Lee that its default rates in fiscal years 1989, 1990, and 1991 were 27 percent, 32 percent, and 25 percent, respectively, officials of this school said. The second school’s rates, as reported to Connie Lee, were 25 percent, 32 percent, and 18 percent for the same 3 years, this school said. The third school was unable to provide us with information about why it was denied insurance. Those who had filed the application were no longer at the school and no record of it could be located, according to school officials. Connie Lee offered to insure a second bond for this school; it is one of the two HBCUs that, as of September 30, 1995, was considering whether to accept Connie Lee’s offer of insurance. According to Connie Lee, a school’s Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP) (formerly the Guaranteed Student Loan Program) default rate is a critical element in Connie Lee’s decision whether to insure a bond for the school. Connie Lee believes that private schools that rely on funds provided by student loans for a significant portion of their revenues and also have high student loan default rates are at greater risk of defaulting on bond interest and principal payments. The Department of Education uses a school’s student loan default rate to determine the school’s eligibility to participate in FFELP. In 1990, the Congress established a process that Education can use to bar schools with high student loan default rates from continuing to participate in FFELP. Each year, Education assesses a school’s eligibility, which is based on that school’s three most recent available annual loan default rates. To remain eligible, a school’s default rate must be below the statutory threshold in at least 1 of the last 3 consecutive fiscal years. The threshold for determining a school’s eligibility was 35 percent in fiscal years 1991 and 1992 and 30 percent in 1993. Beginning in fiscal year 1994, the threshold has been 25 percent. HBCUs are exempt from the default rate eligibility requirements until July 1, 1998. There are several reasons why some colleges, universities, and teaching hospitals have not obtained bond insurance from Connie Lee. Federal and state law and industry practices impose limits on Connie Lee. In addition, for many schools, bonds or bond insurance is unnecessary or unsuitable. Federal law limits Connie Lee to a defined sector of the bond market: bonds generally rated BBB and below, issued by colleges, universities, and teaching hospitals, to finance academic facilities. Many schools, however, are financially strong. If they issue bonds, their bonds most likely would be rated above BBB. In addition, public schools’ bonds that are fully or partially backed by the state in which they are located are usually rated A or better because of the state’s A or better rating. Connie Lee generally is unable to insure bonds rated A or better. States require municipal bond insurance companies that operate in them, including Connie Lee, to have a specified percentage of their business in investment grade categories, that is, bonds rated BBB or above. In effect, the highest percentage required by any state in which a company operates sets the minimum standard for the company for all states in which it operates. Because two states in which Connie Lee operates require bond insurance companies to have 95 percent of their business in the investment grade categories, Connie Lee must meet this 95-percent standard in all jurisdictions in which it operates. As previously discussed, credit rating firms, because they determine the rating that a bond insurance company can confer on bonds, have influence over the business practices of bond insurers. Credit rating firms’ guidelines effectively restrict the amount of noninvestment grade business an insurer can have and still maintain its rating. For example, under Standard and Poor’s guidelines, Connie Lee, as well as the other bond insurance companies it rates, should have at least 50 percent more capital for any noninvestment grade business than for investment grade business. Many colleges, universities, and teaching hospitals do not need to issue bonds or obtain bond insurance. In some states, public schools receive funds from the state for the construction and renovation of facilities. In addition, some public and private schools receive funds for capital projects from other sources, such as endowments. Consequently, these schools may not have to incur debt to finance the cost of capital projects. Furthermore, some schools are fiscally conservative, preferring to save for projects rather than incur debt. However, schools that consider issuing a bond must take into account such critical factors as the size of the debt to be incurred and the costs to issue a bond. Generally, it is not cost-effective to issue bonds of less than $4 million, according to Connie Lee. Costs—such as fees for financial advisers, underwriters, attorneys, credit rating firms, brokers, and others; and insurance premiums—can add substantially to the total cost of a bond. Many schools, especially small schools, either (1) do not need facilities costing millions of dollars or (2) are unwilling or unable to take on debt of that magnitude or to commit to repayment periods of 20 to 30 years. These schools may be able to obtain financing from sources such as bank loans. In addition, the credit rating of a bond may influence a school’s decision about whether to issue a bond and, if so, whether to insure it. Schools whose bonds would be rated BBB or lower may decide not to issue the bonds because the interest rates and insurance costs may be too high. On the other hand, schools, regardless of their credit ratings, may decide to issue bonds without insurance because they believe that the bonds would sell without the enhancement of insurance. Issuing a bond insured by Connie Lee is just one way to finance the construction and renovation costs of HBCUs’ academic facilities. Like non-HBCU schools, not all HBCUs need to, can, or want to issue bonds, and not all HBCUs that issue bonds need to, or can, obtain bond insurance from Connie Lee. HBCU officials described other ways in which the schools can finance their projects. Some HBCUs may issue bonds without insuring them, and some may be able to obtain bond insurance from companies other than Connie Lee. Public schools located in states with an A or better credit rating may issue bonds that have the same rating as their states. Because the 49 public HBCUs, except for one located in the District of Columbia, are located in states with an A or better rating, they may be able to issue bonds that are rated A or better. Financially strong private HBCUs also may be able to issue bonds rated A or better. However, if these schools issue bonds that are rated A or better, they may decide to issue them without obtaining insurance. As discussed earlier, one HBCU that Connie Lee offered to insure issued its bond without insurance, and four obtained insurance from other companies. As discussed earlier with respect to all schools, some HBCUs, especially small schools, either do not need multimillion-dollar facilities or are unwilling or unable to take on the large debt to finance them. Of the 102 HBCUs, 53 had an enrollment in 1993 of less than 2,000 students. Some HBCUs traditionally do not issue debt securities to finance capital projects because their managers are fiscally conservative. Typically, these HBCUs attempt to raise needed funds from alumni and friends rather than incur debt. Other HBCUs use these and other means to finance their projects: Federal and state governments, banks, and private foundations and companies make funds available to HBCUs for various purposes, including funding construction and renovation projects. For example, 27 federal departments and agencies support HBCUs to some extent. Federal programs provide funds to HBCUs for administration; research and development; faculty development; student tuition assistance; and the acquisition, construction, maintenance, and renovation of facilities and equipment. Specifically, the Department of Education provides money for HBCUs through several grant programs. For example, the Strengthening HBCUs Program provides for a $500,000 minimum allotment for each of its grant recipients. Through another program, the Department of the Interior’s National Park Service maintains part of the campus of Tuskegee University, a private school, because it has been designated a national historic site. Tuskegee recently received $14 million from the Park Service to renovate four buildings. Tuskegee also receives financial support from the state of Alabama; it received about $3 million in 1994. The United Negro College Fund, a consortium of 41 private HBCUs, is a private foundation that provides funds to member HBCUs. Since its inception in 1944, it has raised nearly $1 billion for its members. The schools may use the funds for scholarships, program and faculty development, administration, endowments, and facilities construction and renovation. Also, Sallie Mae financed in fiscal year 1994 construction projects totaling about $343 million at colleges, universities, and teaching hospitals, including HBCUs. Education’s HBCU Capital Financing program—authorized in 1992 to finance the construction and renovation of educational facilities at HBCUs—is a more appropriate vehicle than Connie Lee to serve schools with characteristics such as small size and limited resources that many HBCUs share, a number of those that we interviewed at HBCUs and at Education suggested. The program is just getting under way. The Secretary of Education has selected a private, for-profit corporation to issue bonds, the proceeds of which will be loaned to eligible HBCUs for construction projects. The corporation will issue approximately $357 million in bonds in 1995, Education estimates, and expects to make the first loans before December 31, 1995. Eligibility for the loan program is based on criteria that Education and the corporation developed. Connie Lee officials suggested several federal legislative actions that they said would help Connie Lee serve a broader range of schools, including HBCUs, targeted by its mission. For example, officials suggested that limits in federal law that restrict Connie Lee to (1) serving only schools of higher education and (2) insuring primarily bonds rated BBB and below could be removed. This would permit Connie Lee to operate the way other bond insurance companies operate; that is, to diversify its business by insuring bonds of other types of issuers and to balance the lower-rated bonds it insures by also insuring higher-rated bonds. Giving Connie Lee authority to borrow money from the federal government, as needed, to pay claims on defaulted bonds that it insured is another suggestion that Connie Lee officials offered. This could be accomplished by giving Connie Lee a direct line of credit with the U.S. Treasury or allowing it to borrow from Treasury’s Federal Financing Bank.In effect, this would be a federal guaranty—a federal reinsurance of Connie Lee—that could be made applicable only to bonds rated below BBB. The guaranty could be administered by Connie Lee through a separate subsidiary company, unrelated to the Connie Lee Insurance Company, that would not be subject to state insurance requirements. Structuring support in this way would preclude Connie Lee from violating state licensing requirements for the proportion of debt it insures that must be investment grade, Connie Lee officials suggested. A one-time federal subsidy for Connie Lee was yet another suggestion. Although Connie Lee currently has sufficient capital to continue insuring only BBB-rated bonds, it would need considerably more capital to insure bonds rated below BBB, its officials said. This is because of Standard and Poor’s high capital requirements for insuring noninvestment grade issues. A federal subsidy might take the form of a low-interest loan or a grant to Connie Lee, Connie Lee officials said. Allowing Connie Lee to make loans to schools that usually cannot issue bonds or that are unable to obtain bond insurance because their bonds would be relatively low rated was also suggested. Connie Lee would borrow money from the Treasury or the Federal Financing Bank to make loans to schools whose bonds would be rated BBB, but especially to those that would be noninvestment grade, they said. This would be a new line of business for Connie Lee and could be administered apart from its bond insurance business through a separate subsidiary company. Connie Lee officials realized that their proposed actions would require federal legislation. While we recognize that each of these actions may have its disadvantages and advantages, we did not assess their feasibility or the need for them because this was not within the scope of our review. We recognize, however, that they could increase federal costs and contingent financial liability. Connie Lee is limited to insuring bonds issued by a narrow range of schools. More specifically, federal law generally limits it to insuring bonds that are relatively greater credit risks, that is, bonds rated BBB or below. State law, however, constrains bond insurance companies, including Connie Lee, to insuring 95 percent of their business in bonds rated BBB and above. Industry practice further constrains these companies. Rating firms’ guidelines require larger amounts of capital for insuring bonds rated below BBB than for insuring bonds rated BBB and above. Among those schools that Connie Lee is permitted to serve, some— including some HBCUs—do not need or want to issue bonds or to insure the bonds that they issue. For example, some bonds that public schools issue do not need insurance because the bonds have the states’ credit ratings; these high ratings reduce or eliminate the benefits of insurance. Some schools, both public and private, are fundamentally strong. They do not have to incur debt to finance their construction or renovation projects, or they can issue bonds without insurance. Yet other schools find the cost to issue bonds or the size of the debt incurred makes using bonds to finance a project impractical. Finally, some schools find alternative sources of financing available. For HBCUs, for example, the Department of Education’s recently implemented HBCU Capital Financing program is such an alternative. Connie Lee and the Department of Education commented on a draft of this report. Connie Lee provided us with information to update and clarify the report, and we incorporated its comments as appropriate. Education did not disagree with our facts. Instead, it chose to state its support for privatizing Connie Lee. It also highlighted programs it administers that provide HBCUs funds for constructing and renovating academic facilities. These programs are noted in our report. (See app. IV.) We will send copies of this report to the Chairmen and Ranking Minority Members of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, the House Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities, and the House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight; the Secretary of Education; the President of Connie Lee; and other interested parties. We will make copies available to others on request. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please call me or Joseph J. Eglin, Jr., Assistant Director, at (202) 512-7014. Major contributors to this report include John T. Carney, Sheila R. Nicholson, and Laurel H. Rabin. (continued) Southern University at Shreveport-Bossier City LA (continued) Connie Lee’s financial record is sound, according to Standard and Poor’s, which has rated Connie Lee’s claims-paying ability “AAA” each year since 1991. In reaffirming Connie Lee’s rating in May 1995, Standard and Poor’s said Connie Lee’s AAA rating is based on Connie Lee’s very strong ratio of capital resources to insurance in force, stable financial performance, pragmatic strategic and business planning, and proven underwriting practices. In Standard and Poor’s May 1995 ranking of the 10 major municipal bond insurers, however, it most often ranked Connie Lee seventh or below in 16 performance categories assessed. But Standard and Poor’s noted that Connie Lee’s rankings, compared with the other companies, reflect that it is (1) a new insurer and, therefore, suffers from the disproportionately high expense base of a start-up company; (2) a small company; and (3) an insurer restricted to the higher-education sector of the bond market. During 1992, the first full year that Connie Lee insured bonds, and continuing into 1993, falling interest rates sparked an increase in bond refinancing that caused the volume of municipal bond insurance and profits to surge throughout the bond insurance industry. However, as interest rates increased in 1994, the overall municipal bond and associated insurance volume dropped, as bond refinancing significantly decreased, causing profits to decline industrywide. Connie Lee’s net premiums written declined 36 percent in 1994, after having increased 148 percent in 1992 and decreased 22 percent in 1993. But net premiums written fell 29 percent for municipal bond insurers as a whole in 1994, after having increased 25 percent in 1993. Despite this, Connie Lee’s key financial indicators have shown positive trends. As reflected in Connie Lee’s audited financial statements, as of December 31, 1994, Connie Lee’s total insurance in force was $6.6 billion, an increase of 25 percent since December 31, 1992. For the year ended December 31, 1994, Connie Lee’s total revenue was $19.7 million, an increase of 8 percent since the end of 1993. Total revenue had shown an increase of 18 percent during 1993. Net income for 1994 was $8 million, an increase of only 9 percent over 1993, although the increase from 1992 to 1993 was 27 percent. Connie Lee’s total assets rose 3 percent between 1993 and 1994, totaling $225 million on December 31, 1994. Total assets had shown an increase of 13 percent during 1993. In 1994, Connie Lee reported its return on equity as 5.6 percent and its return on assets as 3.6 percent. Both indicators rose slightly in 1994, but both are below estimates of the industry averages, as reported by industry analysts, which were 13.7 percent for return on equity and 5.3 percent for return on assets. At the end of 1994, Connie Lee held $1 in capital for every $57 of exposure to loss, that is, every $57 it was obligated to pay in case of defaults, whereas the average for the industry as a whole was $1 of capital for every $134 of exposure to loss. Since its inception, Connie Lee has not incurred any losses from bond defaults. However, in 1994, Connie Lee set up a loss reserve of $1.5 million to cover potential losses due to the default of a hospital it reinsured. According to Standard and Poor’s and other industry analysts, the amount of capital held by bond insurers is so far in excess of minimum levels required to maintain a AAA rating that it represents a problem for the industry—too much idle capital. Because of the slowdown in the bond market and associated bond insurance business, Standard and Poor’s is urging municipal bond insurers to put unutilized capital to use by opening new lines of business instead of lowering premiums or insuring riskier projects. Among the new lines of business that Standard and Poor’s suggests are investment management services and international insurance. But Connie Lee’s authorizing legislation restricts it from expanding into new lines of business. To develop information for this report, we reviewed federal and state laws applicable to the authorization and establishment of Connie Lee, and Connie Lee’s legislative history. We also reviewed literature on Connie Lee and the bond insurance industry. We interviewed officials at Connie Lee to determine its policies and practices for obtaining and approving applications for bond insurance and its suggestions that would enable it to better serve more schools. We also collected data on the colleges, universities, and teaching hospitals that were either approved or rejected—from October 29, 1991, through June 30, 1995—by Connie Lee for bond insurance. We analyzed the data on the schools Connie Lee approved for insurance. In addition, we obtained information and collected data on Connie Lee’s financial record and profitability through December 1994, as reported in Connie Lee’s audited financial statements. We did not assess Connie Lee’s financial condition, but instead relied on Standard and Poor’s credit analysis. Nor did we independently verify the information provided by Connie Lee or others. We interviewed officials in a judgmentally selected sample at HBCUs and other schools that had applied to Connie Lee for bond insurance. We included schools that had obtained insurance from Connie Lee and those that had not. We also interviewed representatives of the bond insurance industry, Standard and Poor’s, and the Department of Education. We did not assess the extent of needed construction and renovation among colleges, universities, and teaching hospitals. We also did not determine the number of schools for which Connie Lee might be an appropriate vehicle for helping to finance facilities’ construction and renovation. The first copy of each GAO report and testimony is free. Additional copies are $2 each. Orders should be sent to the following address, accompanied by a check or money order made out to the Superintendent of Documents, when necessary. Orders for 100 or more copies to be mailed to a single address are discounted 25 percent. U.S. General Accounting Office P.O. Box 6015 Gaithersburg, MD 20884-6015 Room 1100 700 4th St. NW (corner of 4th and G Sts. NW) U.S. General Accounting Office Washington, DC Orders may also be placed by calling (202) 512-6000 or by using fax number (301) 258-4066, or TDD (301) 413-0006. Each day, GAO issues a list of newly available reports and testimony. To receive facsimile copies of the daily list or any list from the past 30 days, please call (202) 512-6000 using a touchtone phone. A recorded menu will provide information on how to obtain these lists.

Summary: Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on how the College Loan Insurance Association (Connie Lee) has served the needs of 102 Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU). GAO found that: (1) Connie Lee insured 95 bonds totalling $2.6 billion from October 1991 through September 1995, 90 of which received the lowest investment grade rating; (2) Connie Lee offered to insure 8 HBCU bonds, declined to insure 3 HBCU bonds it considered risky, determined that 13 HBCU were rated above the category of risk they applied for, and was undecided on whether to issue insurance for 1 HBCU bond; (3) Connie Lee is limited to insuring low grade bonds by federal and state laws, as well as by industry practices; (4) some HBCU may finance the construction and renovation of HBCU facilities by issuing bonds without insurance, obtaining bond insurance from companies other than Connie Lee, and using loans or grants from federal and state governments, alumni, and private foundations; and (5) officials suggest removing federal limits and credit ratings on certain types of bonds Connie Lee insures, guaranteeing federal loans to pay for defaulted bonds, and providing Connie Lee with additional loans and grants for capital.