As part of its mission and in accordance with the Homeland Security Act, DHS has responsibility for coordinating efforts to share homeland security information across all levels of government, including federal, state, local, and tribal governments and the private sector. Specifically with respect to fusion centers, DHS envisions creating partnerships with state and local centers to improve information flow between DHS and the centers and to improve their effectiveness as a whole. As such, the Office of Intelligence and Analysis (I&A) was designated in June 2006 by the Secretary as the executive agent to manage a program to accomplish DHS’s state and local fusion center mission. The Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis approved the establishment of the State and Local Program Office (SLPO) under the direction of a Principle Deputy Assistant Secretary to implement this mission. Specifically, the office is responsible for deploying DHS personnel with operational and intelligence skills to state and local fusion centers to facilitate coordination and the flow of information between DHS and the center, provide expertise in intelligence analysis and reporting, coordinate with local DHS and FBI components, and provide DHS with local situational awareness and access to fusion center information. As part of this effort, DHS is conducting needs assessments at fusion centers to review their status and determine what resources, such as personnel, system access, and security, are needed. As of September 2007, DHS had conducted 25 fusion center needs assessments. The SLPO also coordinates the granting of DHS security clearances for personnel located in fusion centers and the deployment of DHS classified and unclassified systems for use in the fusion center. The Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP) awards funds to states, territories, and urban areas to enhance their ability to prepare for, prevent, and respond to terrorist attacks and other major disasters. HSGP consists of five separate programs, three of which can be used by states and local jurisdictions, at their discretion, for fusion center-related funding. The State Homeland Security Program (SHSP) supports the implementation of the State Homeland Security Strategies to address the identified planning, equipment, training, and exercise needs for preventing acts of terrorism. The Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program (LETPP) provides resources to law enforcement and public safety communities to support critical terrorism prevention activities. Each state receives a minimum allocation under SHSP and LETPP and additional funds are allocated based on the analyses of risk and anticipated effectiveness. The Urban Areas Security Initiative (UASI) program addresses the unique planning, equipment, training, and exercise needs of high-threat, high-density urban areas and assists them in building an enhanced and sustainable capacity to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from acts of terrorism. UASI funds are allocated on the basis of risk and anticipated effectiveness to about 45 candidate areas. The fiscal year 2007 HSGP grant guidance specified the establishment and enhancement of state and local fusion centers as a prevention priority, making them a priority for LETPP. DHS’s Federal Emergency Management Agency National Preparedness Directorate (FEMA/NPD) manages the grant process and allocates these funds to state and local entities. The FBI serves as the primary investigative unit of DOJ, and its mission includes investigating serious federal crimes, protecting the nation from terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, and assisting federal, state, and municipal law enforcement agencies. Following the attacks on September 11, 2001, the FBI shifted its primary mission to focus on counterterrorism; that is, detecting and preventing future attacks. The FBI primarily conducts its counterterrorism investigations through its Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTF), which are multi-agency task forces that generally contain state and local officials. As of September 2007, there were JTTFs in 101 locations, including one in each of the FBI’s 56 field offices. Since 2003, each of the 56 field offices has also established a Field Intelligence Group (FIG) to serve as the centralized intelligence component responsible for the management, execution, and coordination of intelligence functions. Recognizing that fusion centers are becoming focal points for the sharing of homeland security, terrorism, and law enforcement information among federal, state, and local governments, the FBI has directed that its field offices, through their FIGs, become involved in the fusion centers in order to enhance the FBI’s ability to accomplish its mission and “stay ahead of the threat.” In June 2006, the FBI’s National Security Branch directed each field office to assess its own information sharing environment and, when appropriate, detail a FIG special agent and intelligence analyst to the leading fusion center within its territory. The FBI’s Directorate of Intelligence established an Interagency Integration Unit in January 2007 to provide headquarters oversight of FBI field offices’ relationships with fusion centers. While the FBI’s role in and support of individual fusion centers varies depending on the interaction between the particular center and the FBI field office, FBI efforts to support centers include assigning FBI special agents and intelligence analysts to fusion centers, providing office space or rent for fusion center facilities, providing security clearances, conducting security certification of facilities, and providing direct or facilitated access to the FBI. FBI personnel assigned to fusion centers are to provide an effective two-way flow of information between the fusion center and the FBI; participate as an investigative or analytical partner uncovering, understanding, reporting, and responding to threats; and ensure the timely flow of information between the fusion center and the local JTTF and FIG. Established under the Intelligence Reform Act, the PM-ISE is charged with developing and overseeing implementation of the ISE, which consists of the policies, processes, and technologies that enable the sharing of terrorism information among local, state, tribal, federal, and private sector entities as well as foreign partners, and, as such, released an ISE Implementation Plan in November 2006. Recognizing that the collaboration between fusion centers and with the federal government marks a tremendous increase in the nation’s overall analytic capacity that can be used to combat terrorism, the plan—integrating presidentially approved recommendations for federal, state, local, and private sector terrorism-related information sharing—calls for the federal government to promote the establishment of a nationwide integrated network of state and local fusion centers to facilitate effective terrorism information sharing. The plan outlines several actions on the part of the federal government, largely through DHS and DOJ, to support fusion centers, including providing technical assistance and training to support the establishment and operation of centers. In addition, the PM-ISE has established a National Fusion Center Coordination Group (NFCCG), led by DHS and DOJ, to identify federal resources to support the development of a national, integrated network of fusion centers. The NFCCG is to ensure that designated fusion centers achieve a baseline level of capability and comply with all applicable federal laws and policies regarding the protection of information and privacy and other legal rights of individuals. The NFCCG also is to ensure coordination between federal entities interacting with these fusion centers and has been tasked to develop recommendations regarding funding options relating to their establishment. However, to date, the efforts of the NFCCG have not included delineating whether such assistance is for the short-term establishment or long-term sustainability of fusion centers. In addition, the PM-ISE, in consultation with the Information Sharing Council—the forum for top information sharing officials from departments and agencies with activities that may include terrorism-related information—has also established a Senior-Level Interagency Advisory Group that oversees the NFCCG as part of its overall responsibility to monitor and ensure the implementation of the ISE. We reported in April 2007 that DHS and DOJ have 17 major networks and 4 system applications that they use to support their homeland security missions, including sharing information with state and local entities such as fusion centers. In addition, state and local governments have similar information technology initiatives to carry out their homeland security missions. Table 1 provides information on the primary networks and systems used by fusion centers. Established by state and local governments to improve information sharing among federal, state, and local entities and to prevent terrorism or other threats, fusion centers across the country vary in their stages of development—from operational to early in the planning stages. Those centers that are operational vary in many of their characteristics, but generally have missions that are broader than counterterrorism, have multiple agencies represented—including federal partners—in their centers, and have access to a number of networks and systems that provide homeland security and law enforcement-related information. Since September 2001, almost all states and several local governments have established or are in the process of establishing a fusion center. Officials in 43 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted described their centers as operational as of September 2007. Specifically, officials in 35 states, the District of Columbia, and 7 local jurisdictions we contacted described their fusion center as operational, officials in 14 states and 1 local jurisdiction considered their centers to be in the planning or early stages of development, and 1 state did not have or plan to have a fusion center, as shown in figure 1. In 6 states we contacted, there was more than one fusion center established. Officials cited a variety of reasons why their state or local jurisdiction established a fusion center. To improve information sharing—related to homeland security, terrorism, and law enforcement—among federal, state, and local entities and to prevent terrorism or threats after the attacks of September 11 were the most frequently cited reasons. For example, officials in one state said that their state was “mentioned 59 times in the 9/11 Commission Report, the majority of which were not complimentary,” and as a result established a 24-hour-per-day and 7-day-per-week intelligence and information analysis center to serve as the central hub to facilitate the collection, analysis, and dissemination of crime and terrorism-related information. Several officials cited the need to enhance information sharing within their own jurisdictions across disciplines and levels of government as the reason why their jurisdiction established a center. While most officials from fusion centers that were in the planning or early stages of development stated that they were establishing a fusion center in general to enhance information sharing or protect against future threats, officials in a few centers also noted that their jurisdictions were discussing or establishing fusion centers because of available DHS grant funding or their perception that DHS was requiring states to establish a center. Appendixes II and III provide basic information about operational fusion centers and fusion centers in the planning and early stages of development, respectively. Appendix IV provides a state-by-state summary of state and local areas’ efforts to establish and operate fusion centers. Officials in operational fusion centers provided varying explanations for their centers’ stage of development. Officials in 16 of the 43 operational fusion centers said that their fusion centers were at an “intermediate” stage of development, that is, the centers had limited operations and functionality. For instance, several of these officials said that while they had many operational components (such as policies and procedures, analytical personnel, or technical access to systems and networks) in place, at least one of these components was still in the process of being developed or finalized. For example, officials in one fusion center said that its analysts have completed training and are producing products, but the center is still in the final stages of reconstructing its facility and establishing access to systems and networks. Officials in 21of the 43 operational fusion centers considered their fusion centers to be “developed,” that is, fully operational and fully functional. For example, an official in one center said that the fusion center has analysts from DHS, FBI, and state and local entities; operates at the Top Secret level; and has a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF). Additionally, several officials also stated that even though their centers were developed, the centers would continue to expand and evolve. Officials in the remaining six fusion centers considered their centers to have more than limited operations and functionality but not yet be fully operational. For example, one official said that the center would like to develop its strategic component, for example related to risk assessments. Another official stated that his center would like to expand its operations but does not have enough personnel. Thirty-four of the operational centers are relatively new, having been opened since January 2004, while 9 centers opened in the couple of years after September 11, as shown in figure 2. Consistent with the purpose of a fusion center, as defined by the Fusion Center Guidelines, officials in 41 of the 43 operational centers we contacted said that their centers’ scopes of operations were broader than solely focusing on counterterrorism. For example, officials in 22 of the 43 operational centers described their centers’ scopes of operations as all crimes or all crimes and counterterrorism, and officials in 19 operational centers said that their scopes of operations included all hazards. There were subtle distinctions in officials’ descriptions of an all-crimes scope; however, they generally either said that their center focused on all “serious” crimes, such as violent crimes or felonies, or specified that the center focused on those crimes that may be linked to terrorist activity. Officials who described their centers as including an all-hazards focus provided different explanations of this scope, including colocation with the state’s emergency operations center or partnerships with emergency management organizations or first responders. One official referred to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita as reasons why the center had an all-hazards scope of operation. Officials provided two primary explanations for why their fusion centers have adopted a broader focus than counterterrorism. The first explanation was because of the nexus, or link, of many crimes to terrorist-related activity. For example, officials at one fusion center said that they have an all-crimes focus because terrorism can be funded through a number of criminal acts, such as drugs, while another said that collecting information on all crimes often leads to terrorist or threat information because typically if there is terrorist-related activity there are other crimes involved as well. The second reason why officials said that their fusion centers had a broader focus than counterterrorism was in order to include additional stakeholders or to provide a sustainable service. For example, one official said that because the state is rural with only two metropolitan areas and many small communities, the center needed to have a broader focus than terrorism to obtain participation from local law enforcement. Officials in another center said that their center opened in the months after September 2001, so it focused on homeland security and terrorism, but since then has evolved to include an all-hazards focus as it has established partnerships with agencies outside of law enforcement. An official in another center said that while counterterrorism is the primary mission of the center, in the past year the center has included an all-crimes element since on average the center only receives three terrorism-related tips a day, and as a result, it is difficult to convince agencies to detail a staff person to the center for this mission alone. The majority of the operational fusion centers we contacted were primarily led by law enforcement entities, such as state police or state bureaus of investigation. Some of these centers were established as partnerships between state or local law enforcement entities and the FBI, and others were established as partnerships with the state homeland security offices. While all of the operational fusion centers we contacted had more than one agency represented in the centers, the staff size and agencies represented varied. For example, three centers we contacted had fewer than five people on their staff representing fewer than five agencies. Whereas, 2 of the centers we contacted had over 80 people staffed to the center, representing about 20 agencies. In its fusion center report, CRS determined that the average number of full-time staff at about 27 persons. In addition to law enforcement agencies, such as state police or highway patrol, county sheriffs, and city police departments, 29 of the 43 operational centers we contacted had personnel assigned to their centers from the state’s National Guard, and some centers’ also included emergency management, fire, corrections, or transportation partners. At least 34 of the 43 operational fusion centers we contacted had federal personnel assigned to their centers. Officials in about three quarters of the centers we contacted reported that the FBI has assigned personnel, including intelligence analysts and special agents, to their centers. Most had one or two full-time intelligence analysts or special agents at their center. Additionally, 12 of the 43 operational centers we contacted were colocated in an FBI field office or with an FBI task force, such as a JTTF or a FIG, allowing the center’s personnel access to FBI systems and networks. Also, officials in 17 of the 43 operational centers reported that DHS’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis had assigned intelligence officers to their centers. These officers are assigned to fusion centers on a full- time basis and are responsible for, among other things, facilitating the flow of information between the center and DHS, providing expertise in intelligence analysis and reporting, and providing DHS with local situational information and access. Finally, officials in 19 of the 43 operational centers reported that they had other DHS and DOJ components represented in their centers including personnel from U.S. Customs and Border Protection; U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE); United States Secret Service; United States Coast Guard; Transportation Security Administration; United States Attorneys Office; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms; Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA); or the United States Marshals Service. As we have previously highlighted, operational fusion centers we contacted reported having access to a variety of networks and systems for collecting homeland security, terrorism-related, and law enforcement information. For example, as of September 2007, 40 and 39 of the 43 operational fusion centers we contacted told us they had access to DHS’s and FBI’s unclassified networks, such as HSIN and LEO, respectively. Further, about half of the operational centers also said that they had access to one of the RISS networks. In addition, 16 of the 43 operational centers we contacted reported that they had access or had plans to obtain access to HSDN, and 23 indicated that they had access or were in the process of obtaining access to FBINet or FBI’s other classified networks. Further, 3 centers also reported having access to FBI’s Top Secret network. Additionally, several operational fusion centers reported having access to other classified and unclassified federal systems and networks providing defense, financial, drug, and immigration-related information, including the Department of Defense’s Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet), Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC), and the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS). Thus far, products disseminated and services provided also vary. Fusion centers reported issuing a variety of products, such as daily and weekly bulletins on general criminal or intelligence information and intelligence assessments that, in general, provide in-depth reporting on an emerging threat, group, or crime. For example, one center’s weekly bulletin contained sections on domestic and international terrorism, cold case investigations, missing persons, officer safety, and items of interest to law enforcement. Some centers provide investigative support for law enforcement officers. For example, one fusion center reported that it provided response within 20 minutes to requests for information from law enforcement officers who were conducting traffic stops or responding to major crime scenes. Further, several of the centers in our review were organized into two sections—an operational section that manages and processes the information flowing into the center and an analytical section responsible for analyzing the information and disseminating products. Officials in 7 states and one local jurisdiction said that their fusion centers were in the early stages of development and officials in 7 states said that they were in the planning stage. For example, one official said that the center is developing memorandums of understanding for agency representation at and support of the center, working to get the center’s secure space certified, and placing equipment and furniture. Officials from another state said that they had appointed an officer-in-charge and are in the process of acquiring additional staff members but had not acquired access to federal networks and systems. Officials in 6 of the 15 centers said that their centers had already opened or were expected to open by the end of 2007. Efforts to establish a fusion center are being led by homeland security offices, law enforcement entities, and in some states, by a partnership of two or more state agencies. As with operational centers, these centers planned to include all crimes and all hazards scopes of operations. While most of these centers were being newly established, a few were in the process of transitioning from existing law enforcement intelligence units or criminal intelligence centers. For example, an official in one center said the fusion center is in the planning stages and is transitioning from an intelligence center, which was established prior to the 2002 Winter Olympics. One state, Wyoming, was planning to partner with an adjacent state instead of building a physical fusion center. In light of the importance of fusion centers in facilitating information sharing among levels of government, DHS and DOJ have several efforts under way that begin to address challenges that fusion center officials identified in establishing and operating their centers. DHS and DOJ have made efforts to provide fusion centers access to federal information systems, but some fusion center officials cited challenges accessing relevant, actionable information and managing multiple information systems. As a result, these center officials said that their ability to receive and share information with those who need it may be limited. Additionally, both DHS and the FBI have provided clearances to state and local officials, but some fusion center officials told us they had encountered challenges obtaining and using security clearances, which interfered with their ability to obtain classified information. Further, notwithstanding DHS and FBI efforts to deploy personnel to fusion centers and DHS’s grant funding to support their establishment and enhancement, fusion center officials noted challenges obtaining personnel and ensuring sufficient funding to sustain the centers. Finally, DHS and DOJ have taken steps to develop guidance and provide technical assistance and training, but fusion center officials cited the need for clearer and more specific guidance in a variety of areas to help address operational challenges. As described earlier, DHS and FBI have provided access to their primary unclassified systems (HSIN and LEO) to many of the 43 operational fusion centers we contacted. Further, DHS and DOJ have outlined plans to provide access to their primary classified networks, HSDN and FBINET, to state and local fusion centers that have federal personnel at the center. However, officials in 31 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted told us that they had difficulty obtaining access to federal information networks or systems. For example, officials in some centers cited challenges with DHS and FBI not providing fusion center personnel with direct access to their classified systems. In these centers, fusion center personnel must rely on federal personnel who are assigned to the center or other state personnel assigned to FBI task forces to access these systems, obtain the relevant information and share it with them. Further, officials in 12 of 58 fusion centers reported challenges meeting system security requirements or establishing technical capabilities necessary to access information systems. For example, officials cited challenges with the cost and logistics of setting up a secure room or installing the requisite hardware to access the information systems. DHS and FBI have taken steps to address these logistical challenges to providing access to classified systems. For example, as part of its needs assessment process, DHS reviews the fusion centers’ security status and assesses its adequacy in light of DHS’s intention to assign personnel and information systems in the center. The FBI has provided fusion centers access to classified systems through JTTF members and has colocated with some fusion centers in FBI space. Finally, several FBI field offices have coordinated with fusion centers to rent or build and certify facilities or secure rooms for those centers located outside of FBI-controlled space. For example according to FBI field offices, it is paying estimated costs of about $40,000 and $50,000 respectively to provide secure facilities in two fusion centers. While officials in many fusion centers cited challenges obtaining access to systems, primarily classified systems, officials in 30 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted told us that the high volume of information or the existence of multiple systems with often redundant information was challenging to manage. More specifically, officials in 18 fusion centers said that they had difficulty with what they perceived to be the high volume of information their center receives, variously describing the flow of information as “overwhelming,” “information overload,” and “excessive.” For example, officials said that center personnel must sort through the large amount of information, much of which is not relevant to the center, to find information that is useful or important to them. Additionally, officials in 18 fusion centers found the lack of integration among these multiple, competing, or duplicative information systems challenging, or said that they wanted a single mechanism or system through which to receive or send information. Finally, officials in 11 centers said that the redundancy of information from these multiple sources posed a challenge. For instance, an official said that the center receives volumes of information that contain redundancies from DHS and the FBI. CRS also reported that one of the most consistent and constant issues raised by fusion center officials relates to the plethora of competing federal information-sharing systems, including, but not limited to, DHS and DOJ systems such as HSIN, HSDN, LEO, and RISS. DHS/DOJ’s current joint guidance on operating fusion centers—the Fusion Center Guidelines—does not delineate the primary systems to which fusion centers should have access or provide guidance to centers about how to manage multiple systems with potentially redundant information. For example, the guidance recommends that fusion centers obtain access to a variety of databases and systems and provides a list of 17 available system and network resources that provide homeland security, terrorism-related, or law enforcement information, including the LEO, RISS, and HSIN, but do not identify which of the 17 available systems are critical to sharing information with federal counterparts. In addition, we have previously reported on the redundancies and lack of coordination among DHS’s HSIN and other systems. For example, we found in April 2007 that in developing HSIN, DHS did not work with the two key state and local initiatives comprising major portions of the RISS program, thereby putting itself at risk that HSIN duplicated state and local capabilities. In that report, we recommended that DHS identify existing and planned information-sharing initiatives and assess whether there are opportunities for DHS to avoid duplication of effort. In response, DHS initiated efforts to accomplish this goal—such as creating a bridge between the RISS and HSIN systems to allow reports to flow back and forth between these two systems—though it is currently too early to determine the effect of these efforts. The PM-ISE also reported that in consultation with the Information Sharing Council, it has been coordinating the efforts of a working group intended to address the issue of duplicative or redundant information systems that handle sensitive but unclassified information. Officials from the PM-ISE stated that this group has completed a review of the most commonly used systems, such as LEO, RISS, and HSIN. According to the officials, the review included an examination of the services provided by the systems and the needs of the systems’ users to identify any potential areas to streamline system access. The review is in accordance with recommendations that fusion centers made during the National Fusion Center Conference in March 2007. Specifically, fusion centers recommended the federal government explore using a single sign-on or search capability, which would facilitate accessing multiple systems. Further, in our interviews, officials in 23 of the 58 fusion centers said that DHS and DOJ, to facilitate the implementation of a national network of fusion centers, should streamline existing systems or develop a unified platform or mechanism for information sharing with fusion centers. In addition, PM-ISE officials said that they, along with DHS and DOJ and other federal agencies, were taking steps to improve the quality and flow of information through the development of an Interagency Threat Assessment Coordination Group (ITACG). As part of the National Counterterrorism Center, this group will provide advice, counsel, and subject-matter expertise to the intelligence community regarding the types of terrorism-related information needed by state, local, and tribal governments and how these entities use that terrorism-related information to fulfill their counterterrorism responsibilities. In doing so, ITACG will enable the timely production by the National Counterterrorism Center of clear, relevant, and federally coordinated terrorism-related information products intended for dissemination to state, local, and tribal officials. As of September 2007, ITACG has achieved an initial operational capability, according to PM-ISE officials. Additionally, the 9/11 Commission Act, enacted in August 2007, made the ITACG a statutorily mandated body. Both DHS and the FBI have provided clearances for numerous state and local personnel and have set goals to shorten the length of time it takes to obtain a security clearance. DHS and the FBI provide clearances at the Secret level for state and local officials with a need-to-know national security information classified at the Confidential or Secret level, and the FBI, when necessary, also provides clearances at the Top Secret level to state and local officials with a need-to-know national security information classified at this level and who need unescorted access in FBI facilities. For instance, to date DHS reported that it had provided security clearances, typically granted at the Secret level, for 1,291 state and local personnel—not necessarily personnel in fusion centers. The FBI, in fiscal year 2007, reported that as of April it had provided 520 security clearances, typically granted at the Top Secret level, to state and local fusion center personnel. Further, CRS reported that on average, as of July 2007, each fusion center appeared to have 14 staff with Secret clearances and 6 staff with Top Secret clearances. However, officials in 21 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted reported difficulties obtaining the clearances necessary to access different levels of classified materials. DHS and FBI also have provided centers with information for state and local personnel about the security clearance process, stating that processing time for individual security clearances can vary depending on complexity. For example, DHS set a goal of 90 days to complete a Secret clearance, and FBI set a goal of 45 to 60 days to complete a Secret clearance and 6 to 9 months to complete a Top Secret clearance. Yet, officials in 32 of the 58 fusion centers at the time we contacted them reported difficulties with the length of time it takes to receive a security clearance from DHS or the FBI. For example, in one center that receives security clearances from both DHS and the FBI, officials said that it was taking 6 to 9 months for a Secret clearance and 1 year to 1½ years for a Top Secret clearance. While some fusion center officials acknowledged that the process (and the associated length of time) was necessary—to perform the requisite background checks to ensure that clearances are only given to individuals who meet the requirements—others said it was detrimental to the fusion center because newly hired or newly promoted analysts were unable to work without the clearances to perform their duties. To address timeliness concerns, the FBI has taken steps to reduce the turnaround time for clearances. According to the FBI, Top Secret security clearances granted by the FBI to state and local personnel in March 2007 took an average of 63 days to complete, down from an average of 116 days in fiscal year 2006. The FBI is also implementing both short- term solutions—including prioritization of background investigations for state, local, and tribal officials and the electronic submission of fingerprints—and long-term solutions, such as training fusion center security officers to conduct preliminary background checks, according to a May 2007 FBI Interagency Integration Unit review of security clearances. Indeed, officials at one fusion center told us that when the center was opening in 2003, it took approximately 2 years to obtain a clearance, but in January 2007, it took only 3 months to obtain a security clearance for new personnel. While law and executive order provide that a security clearance granted by one federal agency should generally be accepted by other agencies, officials in 19 fusion centers we contacted said they faced challenges with federal agencies, particularly DHS and the FBI, accepting each others’ clearances. This reported lack of reciprocity could hinder the centers’ ability to access facilities, computer systems, and information from multiple agencies. For example, an official at one fusion center who holds an FBI security clearance said he was unable to access other federal agencies’ facilities. An official at another fusion center said that DHS did not accept clearances that had been issued by the FBI to fusion center personnel and therefore would not provide access to information technology or intelligence. DHS and DOJ officials said that they were not aware of fusion centers encountering recent challenges with reciprocity of security clearances, but they said that there were complications in the clearance process. For example, a DHS official said that multiple federal agencies carry out their own clearance processes and grant clearances without central coordination. For example, both DHS and the FBI could each be conducting a separate security clearance investigation and determining eligibility for access to classified information on the same individual. An FBI official also explained that some agencies and some parts of the Department of Defense do require a polygraph examination to obtain a clearance and some do not, so reciprocity among those agencies with different standards may be an issue. Indeed, the DHS official acknowledged that, overall, federal agencies do not have a consolidated system for granting and handling security clearances and said that currently there are not sufficient federal efforts to develop such a system. Officials in 43 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted reported facing several challenges related to obtaining personnel, and officials in 54 of the centers reported encountering funding challenges when establishing and operating their centers, challenges which some of these officials also indicated affected their centers’ sustainability. Although many of these reported challenges were attributed to difficulties at the state and local level, DHS and FBI have efforts under way to help support fusion centers by providing some personnel and grant funding. Officials in 37 of the 58 centers we contacted said they had difficulty with state, local, and federal agencies assigning personnel to the center—one means of staffing the centers—primarily as a result of resource constraints. Most (27 of the 37) of these officials identified challenges with state and local agencies rather than with federal agencies contributing personnel. For instance, an official at one fusion center said that, because of limited resources in state and local agencies, it is challenging to convince these agencies to contribute personnel to the center because they view doing so as a loss of resources. In addition, officials in 8 of the 58 centers we contacted said that they had difficulty with state and local agencies contributing personnel to their centers specifically because the state and local agencies had to continue to fund the salaries of personnel assigned to the fusion centers from their own budgets. Similarly, CRS reported that there are many cases in which local law enforcement agencies appear unconvinced of the value of fusion centers—and by their cost/benefit analysis, it does not benefit their agencies to detail personnel to the center. In terms of federal personnel, officials in 11 of the 58 fusion centers said that they encountered challenges with federal agencies not contributing personnel to their centers. In addition, officials in 20 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted said that they faced challenges finding, attracting, and retaining qualified personnel. Specifically, officials from 12 of these centers said that they had difficulty finding qualified personnel. For instance, an official from one fusion center said that finding personnel with the expertise to understand the concept behind the development of the center and to use the tools to build the center was challenging, while an official at another fusion center acknowledged that there was a very limited number of qualified candidates in the state from which to hire personnel. Additionally, officials in eight centers reported that retention was a challenge because of competition with other entities, particularly higher-paying federal agencies and private sector companies. In some cases, such as for those analysts hired by the FBI, the official said that the federal salaries are almost twice what the center could afford to pay. An official at another fusion center expressed concern that, if fusion centers do not find a way to offer state and local analysts a career path comparable to that offered by the federal agencies, fusion centers will see a plateau in the quality of available analysts. To support fusion centers and facilitate information sharing, DHS and FBI have each assigned federal personnel to centers. As of September 2007, DHS had deployed intelligence officers to 17 of the 43 operational fusion centers we contacted, and was in the process of staffing 6 additional centers we contacted. The FBI had assigned personnel to about three quarters of the operational fusion centers we contacted. Additionally, DHS was in the process of staffing 2 local fusion centers we did not contact, and the FBI had assigned personnel to 7 local fusion centers that were not included in our review. In terms of the future, DHS plans to place intelligence officers in as many as 35 fusion centers by the end of fiscal year 2008. DHS has not determined to what extent it will provide additional staff to centers after the first round of assessments and placements are completed. For its part, FBI officials noted in January 2007 that the FBI process and criteria for staffing personnel to fusion centers remains ongoing. Because of the variety of fusion centers, the FBI—through its field office leaders— conducts its staffing efforts on a case-by-base basis using criteria such as whether the fusion center has a facility, connectivity to state and local systems, and personnel from multiple agencies. Officials in 35 of the 58 centers we contacted cited a variety of challenges with the federal grant process, including its complexity, and challenges related to uncertain federal funding or declining federal funding, challenges that led to overall concerns about the sustainability of the centers. For example, officials in 16 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted said that they faced challenges with the federal grant process, including unclear and changing grant guidance and a lack of understanding of how federal funding decisions are made. One official said that the fusion center did not perceive a link between the work performed at the center and the level of federal funding received, and hence, he did not understand how DHS made its funding decisions for fusion centers. The official added that it is important for local units of government to better understand these issues to help them understand the need to provide funding for fusion centers. Further, officials in 22 of the fusion centers said that they encountered challenges related to the sustainability of federal funding, such as the potential for, or actual, declining federal funding, which created concerns for the officials about their centers’ ability to sustain capability for the long term. Officials at another fusion center said that they are concerned that they will establish a fusion center with DHS funding only to have the funding end in the future and the center close because the region is unable to support it. When asked about key factors for sustaining their centers, officials in 41 of the 58 fusion centers indicated funding, and several specified a sustainable source or mechanism for that funding. Officials in 40 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted identified challenges with finding adequate funding for specific components of their centers’ operations—in particular personnel, training, and facilities—and officials in 24 of those 40 centers related these challenges to restrictions and requirements of federal grant funding. Specifically, officials in 21 fusion centers we contacted said that obtaining adequate funding for personnel was difficult, and officials in 17 fusion centers found federal time limits on the use of DHS grant funds for personnel challenging—challenges that they said could affect the sustainability of their centers. For example, one official at another fusion center said that the 2-year time limit on the use of DHS grant funds for personnel makes retaining the personnel challenging because state and local agencies may lack the resources to continue funding the positions, which could hinder the fusion center’s ability to continue to operate. Officials in eight of the fusion centers expressed concerns about maintaining their personnel levels, particularly if federal funding declines. For instance, one fusion center official said that a state police official did not want to fund analysts with federal grant funds because of a concern that, if the federal grant funds end, the center will lose qualified personnel who will take away their knowledge base. Furthermore, officials in 17 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted found complying with the DHS grant requirement for training newly hired analysts (that they attend training within 6 months or have previous analytical experience) or the funding costs associated with training challenging. For example, one fusion center official said that the center found limitations on the particular training the grant funds can be used for to be challenging. In addition, officials in 14 of the centers said that they had difficulty funding training costs, such as when using the funds for training conflicted with buying equipment or other tangible goods. Finally, officials in 14 fusion centers said that funding their facilities poses a challenge, particularly because of DHS restrictions on the use of grant funds for construction and renovation. For example, officials in eight fusion centers said that the DHS grant restrictions on construction and renovation have made it challenging to meet security requirements for their facilities, build a secure room, or build or renovate their facilities. Officials in 17 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted said that competition for funding with state and local entities was challenging, particularly as a result of the pass-through requirement associated with DHS grant funding in which the state must make no less than 80 percent of the total grant available to local units of government. For example, one fusion center official said that it is very difficult for state-run fusion centers to cover costs such as hiring analysts and completing renovations to their physical space out of the 20 percent of the DHS grant funds they are eligible to receive after the state complies with the pass-through requirement. Other officials noted that, even after the state has complied with the pass- through requirement, fusion centers must still compete with other state and local entities for the remaining DHS funding. For instance, one fusion center official said that the state emergency management agency wants to dedicate DHS funds to priorities other than the fusion center, such as the purchase of new fire-fighting equipment. CRS also reported that the 80 percent funding requirement was cited continually by fusion center officials as a major hurdle in channeling homeland security funds toward statewide fusion center efforts. Officials in 28 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted told us that they also had difficulty obtaining state or local funding for a variety of other reasons, including state or local budgetary constraints; challenges with convincing state officials, for example, in disciplines other than law enforcement, to provide funding to support the fusion center; and managing state and local officials who thought the federal government should be responsible for funding fusion centers. Further, 5 of these fusion center officials expressed concerns about their centers’ long-term sustainability without state or local funding. For example, one official said that federal funding for the center will eventually end and the state will need to provide funding to support the fusion center, but the state currently has no plan for providing that support. However, an official at another fusion center expressed concern that federal funding could cause states to lose autonomy over their centers, and the centers would become federal fusion centers located in a state rather than the state fusion centers originally envisioned. DHS homeland security grant programs, such as SHSP, LETPP, and UASI, have provided funding to state and local entities for data collection, analysis, fusion, and information-sharing projects, and DHS has adjusted the programs for fusion centers. Table 2 shows that from fiscal years 2004 through 2006, DHS allocated almost $131 million to states and local areas from these programs for what DHS defined as fusion-related activities. Further, according to DHS, 49 states and 37 local jurisdictions submitted grant investment justifications in fiscal year 2007 in support of information-sharing and dissemination efforts, with requests for funding totaling nearly $180 million, though exact funding amounts had not been determined as of August 2007. Exact funding amounts for fusion centers will be determined on the basis of the prioritization and allocation of funds by states. For fiscal year 2007, DHS included language in its grant guidelines emphasizing fusion center activities and explicitly made establishing and enhancing fusion centers a priority for the Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program. However, these grant programs are not specifically targeted at or limited to fusion centers. As a result, funding provided to states may not necessarily reach a particular fusion center because, as a DHS official noted, states are free to reprioritize their use of grant funds after submitting their grant justifications to DHS and receiving allocated funds. Thus, fusion centers cannot be certain that they will receive funds to sustain fusion center activities from year to year or over the long term. Over time, DHS has also made several changes to help address challenges identified by fusion centers by focusing homeland security grants on fusion-related activities, by taking steps to ease the grant process, and by adjusting some of the restrictions on the timing and use of grant funds. For example, DHS expanded grant funding in fiscal year 2006 in the area of allowable costs for information sharing and collaborative efforts. Funds could be used by states to develop and enhance their fusion centers, particularly by hiring contract or government employees as intelligence analysts; purchasing information technology hardware, software and communications equipment; hiring consultants to make recommendations on fusion center development; or by leasing office space for use by a fusion center. In addition, DHS continued to make Homeland Security Grant Program adjustments in fiscal year 2007 based on outreach to grant program stakeholders. For example, DHS gave potential applicants more time to complete the grant application process and the period for performance under HSGP grants increased from 2 years to 3 years. DHS and DOJ have collaborated to provide guidance and technical assistance to fusion centers and, along with the PM-ISE, have sponsored regional and national conferences, in part to determine the needs of fusion centers. For example, DHS and DOJ jointly issued their most recent Fusion Center Guidelines in August 2006 that outline 18 recommended elements for establishing and operating fusion centers. The Guidelines were intended as a way to ensure state and local fusion centers could be established and operated consistently and were developed to help fusion center administrators create policies, manage resources, and evaluate fusion center services. Officials in 48 of the 58 fusion centers told us that the Guidelines were generally good and useful. However, officials in 20 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted found the available federal guidance lacking in specificity, conflicting, confusing, or difficult to implement in their individual centers. For example, some of these officials said that the Guidelines were broad and did not provide guidance on specific issues relevant to operating a fusion center, such as how to connect the multiple information-sharing systems or set up their physical space. In addition, officials in 19 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted said that they lacked guidance on specific information-sharing policies and procedures, such as sharing or handling sensitive or classified information or privacy and civil liberties issues. For example, officials in some fusion centers we contacted said that they lacked guidance on sharing and handling classified information, and officials in five fusion centers said the lack of guidance on privacy and civil liberties issues is a concern when sharing or storing information. To illustrate, officials at one fusion center said that the absence of an encompassing guideline to use as a standard makes it difficult to manage information sharing across levels of government and among states because of the variations in state and federal privacy laws and regulations. For instance, federal regulation provides that certain information on individuals may not be retained for longer than 5 years, whereas the center’s state requirement provides that information may not be retained for longer than 1 year. FEMA/NPD, DOJ’s Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), and the FBI have partnered to provide a program of technical assistance services for fusion centers to facilitate information sharing. As shown in table 3, many of the technical services provided under this program provide an overview or general information, and the technical assistance efforts focus on giving the state or local area the basic tools they need to successfully establish and operate a fusion center, such as helping to create a governance board, assisting with the development of a fusion process of implementation plan, and providing the basics of fusion center operations. As of September 2007, there have been 35 service deliveries to 19 fusion centers, according to FEMA/NPD and BJA officials. DHS and DOJ have numerous efforts to provide training to fusion centers. Also, DHS offers over 90 courses from 45 training partners and is working to increase the availability of training under Homeland Security Grant Program funding. According to FEMA/NPD officials, DHS recently approved for funding three courses, two of which involve analyst training. DHS and BJA provide a number of training services under their joint technical assistance program, and the FBI provides ongoing training for fusion centers through its field offices. However, officials in 21 of the 58 fusion centers we contacted said that the availability of adequate training for mission-related issues, such as training on intelligence analysis was a challenge. Further, officials in 11 fusion centers we contacted, most of whom were in fusion centers that had been in operation for more than 2 years, said that they lacked national standards or guidelines for analyst training or qualifications. For example, one fusion center official said that no one federal agency has taken responsibility for determining a single, standardized training agenda—including content and length of time—for both new and experienced analysts. Officials in another fusion center said that the center had difficulty creating a training program for its analysts because of the lack of a coordinated, trusted set of training guidelines. Two other officials said that they would like to see a federal baseline for appropriate and necessary training for analysts with a certification attached to its completion or a standardized course of analyst training to ensure that analysts are trained in the same way nationwide. They said that this would help fusion center analysts better communicate and be more likely to share information with analysts in other centers. DHS and FBI officials noted some challenges with designating a single training curriculum for fusion center analysts because agencies and training groups differ on what should constitute the minimum baseline. To remedy this, the NFCCG has developed and documented minimum baseline capabilities for state and major urban area fusion centers, and as of September 2007 was in the process of evaluating the current level of capability of designated state and major urban area fusion centers. The minimum baseline capabilities require fusion centers to develop a training plan to ensure their personnel are knowledgeable of fusion center operations, policies, and procedures, including training on the intelligence and fusion processes, analytic processes and writing skills, security policy and protocols, and the fusion center mission and goals. However, it is too soon to determine the extent to which the baseline document sets out minimum training standards for fusion center analysts that would address the challenges fusion centers reported to us. Although state and local governments created fusion centers to fill their information needs, the centers have attracted the attention of the federal government as it works to improve information sharing with state, local, and tribal entities in accordance with the Homeland Security and Intelligence Reform Acts, as amended. Indeed, recognizing that the collaboration between fusion centers and the federal government marks a tremendous increase in the nation’s overall analytic capacity that can be used to combat terrorism, the PM-ISE’s implementation plan envisions that the federal government will work to promote fusion center initiatives to facilitate information sharing and designates fusion centers as the focus of sharing with state, local, and tribal governments. Given the federal interest in fusion centers and the fusion centers’ interest in supporting such a national network, it is important that the federal government continue to provide fusion centers with added value as an incentive to facilitate such a network. To date, DHS’s and DOJ’s efforts to assist fusion centers, such as providing access to information systems, security clearances, personnel, funding, and guidance have begun to address a number of the challenges fusion center directors identified to us. However, it is also important for fusion center management to understand the federal government’s longer-term role with respect to these centers. Many fusion center officials were uncertain about the level of future resources and the sustainability of federal support. Although the federal government cannot make promises regarding future resources, decisions could be made and articulated to fusion centers regarding whether the federal government views its role with respect to providing resources— such as grant funding, facilities, personnel, and information-sharing systems—to fusion centers as short term for start-up resources or longer term for operational needs. The National Fusion Center Coordination Group (NFCCG) is already tasked with identifying grant funding, technical assistance, and training to support fusion centers. However, to date, the efforts of the NFCCG have not included delineating whether such assistance is for the short-term establishment or for the long-term sustainability of fusion centers. The NFCCG, through the PM-ISE and the Information Sharing Council, would be in the best position to articulate whether fusion centers can expect to continue to receive this support over the longer term. To improve efforts to create a national network of fusion centers, we recommend that the NFCCG, through the Information Sharing Council and the PM-ISE, determine and articulate the federal government’s role in, and whether it expects to provide resources to, fusion centers over the long- term to help ensure their sustainability. Particular emphasis should be placed on how best to sustain those fusion center functions that support a national information sharing capability as critical nodes of the ISE. We requested comments on a draft of this report from the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Acting Attorney General, and the Program Manager for the Information Sharing Environment or their designees. In commenting on drafts of the report, DHS and the PM-ISE concurred with our recommendation that the federal government should determine its long-term fusion center role and whether it expects to provide resources to centers to help ensure their sustainability. DOJ had no comments on the draft. Further, DHS commented that it, along with its federal partners, is reviewing strategies to sustain fusion centers as part of the work plan of the National Fusion Center Coordination Group. This group plans on presenting these strategies to the federal departments before the end of the year. As agreed with your offices, unless you publicly release the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution until 30 days from the report date. We will then send copies of this report to the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, the Acting Attorney General, the Program Manager for the Information Sharing Environment, selected congressional committees, and other interested parties. In addition, this report will be available at no charge on GAO’s Web site at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions concerning this report, please contact me at (202) 512-8777 or larencee@gao.gov. Contact information for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made major contributions to this report are listed in appendix V. The objectives of our review were to (1) describe the stages of development and characteristics of state and local fusion centers and (2) identify to what extent efforts under way by the Program Manager for the Information Sharing Environment (PM-ISE), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and Department of Justice (DOJ) help to address some of the challenges identified by fusion centers. To describe the stages of development and characteristics of state and local fusion centers, we conducted semistructured telephone interviews with the director (or his or her designee) of every state fusion center, the District of Columbia fusion center, and eight local fusion centers. We defined “local fusion center” to include centers established by major urban areas, counties, cities, and intrastate regions. Our selection criteria for local fusion centers included their relationships with the state fusion center, stage of development, and geographic diversity. Fusion center officials we spoke with included state and local police officials, agents in state bureaus of investigation, state homeland security directors, and directors in state public safety departments. Where a fusion center was in the planning stages, we spoke with officials involved in planning and establishing the center, such as directors of state homeland security offices. We asked fusion center officials about the status and characteristics of the fusion centers, including their stages of development, reasons for establishing, scopes of operations, and the types of funding the centers received. We relied on the centers’ own definitions of themselves as fusion centers and did not evaluate their status, characteristics, or operations. From February through May, we spoke with officials from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and 8 local jurisdictions. While we did contact officials in all state fusion centers, we did not contact officials in all local fusion centers; therefore our results are not generalizable to the universe of fusion centers. Data were not available to determine the total number of local fusion centers. We also obtained and summarized descriptive information from the fusion centers including structure, organization, personnel, and information technology systems used. We provided the summaries to the fusion centers for a review of accuracy. However, we did not independently verify all of the information provided to us. We also interviewed officials from 11 agencies conducting research on state and local information sharing, including RAND, the Police Executive Research Forum, the International Association of Chiefs of Police, and the Congressional Research Service (CRS), which released a report in July 2007 on fusion centers. Finally, to obtain detailed information about centers’ operations, we conducted site visits to fusion centers in Atlanta, Georgia; Phoenix, Arizona; Richmond, Virginia; Baltimore, Maryland; West Trenton, New Jersey; and New York, New York. Our selection criteria for these centers included their stages of development, extent of federal partnerships, and geographic representation. To identify to what extent efforts under way by the PM-ISE, DHS, and DOJ help to address some of the challenges identified by fusion centers, we analyzed fusion center responses to our semistructured telephone interviews, reviewed applicable documents, and interviewed officials at the PM-ISE, DHS, and DOJ, as well as several organizations conducting research about fusion centers. Specifically, to describe the challenges fusion centers encountered in establishing themselves and operating, we asked officials during our semistructured telephone interviews whether they had encountered challenges in 10 different categories and, if so, the extent to which the category was a challenge both at establishment and, for operational centers, in day-to-day operations. These categories included federal partnerships, personnel, guidance, training, funding, access to information, and security clearances. Fusion center officials provided open-ended, descriptive responses of challenges faced by their centers. On the basis of a content analysis of fusion center officials’ responses, we identified, categorized, and counted similar challenges. Fusion center officials may not have indicated that they encountered all the challenges discussed in the report. In addition, individual fusion center officials may have identified multiple challenges in a given category, for example funding. We also reviewed CRS’s July 2007 report to obtain information on fusion center challenges. In addition, to determine to what extent efforts under way by the PM-ISE, DHS, and DOJ help to address some of the challenges identified by fusion centers, we reviewed applicable federal laws, executive orders, directives, briefings, testimonies, plans, reports, and documents to identify efforts of the PM-ISE, DHS, and DOJ to address challenges identified by fusion centers. We interviewed officials at the PM-ISE’s office, DHS’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis, the Federal Emergency Management Agency National Preparedness Directorate, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and DOJ’s Bureau of Justice Assistance and discussed efforts under way to address challenges identified by fusion centers. We also asked fusion center officials in our semistructured telephone interviews to describe the support they had received and were interested in receiving from DHS and the FBI. We performed our work from August 2006 through September 2007 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Table 4 presents information about operational fusion centers as reported to us by fusion center officials during semistructured interviews, as of September 2007. During these interviews, we asked officials to characterize their fusion centers as being in one of the following stages: planning, early development, intermediate (limited operations and functionality), or developed (fully operational and fully functional). Table 5 presents information about fusion centers in the planning and early stages of development, as reported to us by fusion center officials during semistructured interviews as of September 2007. During these interviews, we asked officials to characterize their fusion centers as being in one of the following stages: planning, early development, intermediate (limited operations and functionality), or developed (fully operational and fully functional). Following is a summary of the status and selected characteristics of the state and local fusion centers we contacted between February and May 2007. The summaries are primarily based on documents provided to us by fusion centers and interviews we conducted with fusion center officials. Specifically, we obtained and summarized documentation about the centers that covered a variety of topics including mission; lead agency; staffing; federal, state, and local entities represented; and types of services performed and products disseminated. During semistructured interviews with officials, we asked about the stage of development of the fusion center, reasons for establishing the center, and the scope of operations (e.g., counterterrorism). In some instances we augmented the information provided to us by fusion center officials with publicly available information about the fusion center or information provided to us by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) or the FBI. We sent the summaries to the fusion centers for a review of accuracy as of September 2007. However, we did not independently verify all of the information provided to us. The Alabama Department of Homeland Security is in the final planning stage of establishing the Alabama Information Fusion Center. The center intends to use information not normally considered crime-related to prevent terrorist activity, but it will also adopt an all-crimes scope of operations. The fusion center has appointed an officer in charge and is in the process of acquiring additional staff members. However, the center is not yet fully operational. The executive order that will establish the office has been submitted to the Governor for approval, and it is expected that the fusion center will open for business in the fall of 2007. The Alaska Fusion Center is in the advanced planning stage with the major concentration being on defining the missions, developing the governance, and outlining potential products and services. The fusion center will be a combined effort of the Alaska Department of Public Safety and the Alaska Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management. While they do not have a physical fusion center, planning officials have partnerships established with the FBI, other federal and state law enforcement, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, the U.S. Coast Guard, the military, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Through these partnerships, the member agencies already share information and coordinate activities. The officials said that they are considering the advantages of a joint, permanently staffed facility. If feasible and advantageous, they will plan to build or move into an available facility in the future. The Alaska Fusion Center will have an all-crimes, all-hazards, and all- source scope of operations. As a result of Public Safety and Homeland Security and Emergency Management involvement in developing the fusion center, the center will have both law enforcement and emergency management components. All-source includes law enforcement as well as economic information and infrastructure issues. The center will have three focus areas: day-to-day compilation, distillation, and distribution of information products; analyses and assessments of patterns and trends in the risks, threats, and hazards facing Alaska; and serving as an operational planning group serving all agencies when a threat emerges or a disaster occurs. The center has access to DHS’s Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN), Department of Justice’s Law Enforcement Online (LEO), and the Department of Defense’s Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet). The Arizona Counter Terrorism Information Center (AcTIC) opened in October 2004 as a cross-jurisdictional partnership among local, state, and federal law enforcement; first responders; and emergency management. Mandated by the Governor’s Arizona Homeland Security plan, AcTIC’s mission is to protect the citizens and critical infrastructures of Arizona by enhancing intelligence and domestic preparedness operations for all local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies. Mission execution will be guided by the understanding that the key to effectiveness is the development of information among participants to the fullest extent permitted by law or agency policy. AcTIC has an all-crimes focus and both an analytical and investigative scope of operations. AcTIC is run jointly by the FBI and the Arizona Department of Public Safety. There are 24 state, local, and federal agencies represented in the center. Among them are the Arizona Department of Public Safety; Arizona Department of Homeland Security; Arizona National Guard; Arizona Motor Vehicle Department; Arizona Department of Liquor License & Control; a number of county and city fire and law enforcement departments; the Rocky Mountain Information Network; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF); U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE); the Department of State; DHS’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis (I&A); and the FBI. AcTIC is colocated in the same building with the FBI’s Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) and Field Intelligence Group (FIG). These FBI groups are located in a separate suite and operate at the Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI) level. In addition, AcTIC has collaborated with Arizona State University-West Campus to create an internship program. Overall, there are about 240 personnel in AcTIC, including investigators, analysts, and support personnel. Most AcTIC personnel receive Secret clearances from the FBI. AcTIC is overseen by a Management Board that consists of the leader of every agency represented in the center and a governor-appointed Oversight Committee that provides guidance to the center. Within AcTIC, there is a Watch Center that is the central location for all information coming into the AcTIC. In addition, the facility houses the Terrorism Liaison Officer (TLO) squad, the HAZMAT/Weapons of Mass Destruction unit, a computer forensics laboratory, the Criminal Investigations Research Unit, Geographical Information Systems, and the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program. AcTIC concentrates on an all-crimes focus for gathering information, which is collected from a variety of Web sites; federal, state, and local databases and networks; the media; and unclassified intelligence bulletins. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the center include LEO Special Interest Groups, HSIN-Intel, HSIN-Intel Arizona, and HSDN. AcTIC has direct connectivity to FBI classified systems and networks. However, those AcTIC personnel with Top Secret clearances must enter the JTTF suite and access an FBI system. AcTIC has access to, among others, Regional Information Sharing System (RISS) Automated Trusted Information Exchange (ATIX), SIPRNet, the National Criminal Information Center (NCIC), International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), and El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC). In total AcTIC has over 100 law enforcement and public source databases available to it. AcTIC produces biweekly intelligence briefings, advisories, citizens’ bulletins, information collection requirement bulletins, information bulletins, intelligence bulletins, and threat assessments. These products are primarily created for law enforcement entities and specific community partners, but some are for the public (e.g., advisories and citizens’ bulletins). The products are typically disseminated via e-mail, Web site postings to LEO or HSIN, or faxes on occasion. The Arkansas State Police is in the early stage of development of the Arkansas Fusion Center. The focus of the Arkansas Fusion Center will initially be all crimes and all threats, although the intent is to incorporate an all-hazards element in the future. Currently, the center has commitments from the following federal, state, and local agencies to assign between 12 to 13 full-time personnel to the center: FBI, Arkansas Highway Police, Arkansas Crime Information Center, Arkansas National Guard, Arkansas Department of Corrections, Arkansas Department of Health, Arkansas State Police, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, the Arkansas Association of Chiefs of Police, and the Arkansas Sheriff’s Association. The officials said that they expect to receive funding in the fall of 2007, and that the center may be able to begin limited operations by the winter of 2007. In addition to the State Terrorism Threat Assessment Center (STTAC), California has established four regional fusion centers known as Regional Terrorism Threat Analysis Centers (RTTACs) that are located in San Diego, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Sacramento and correspond to the FBI’s four field office regions. The mission of the RTTACs is to collect, fuse, and analyze information related to terrorism from local law enforcement, fire departments, and public health and private sector entities. Each RTTAC is uniquely organized, but each is closely linked with local sheriffs. We contacted the STTAC, the Los Angeles RTTAC, known as the Joint Regional Intelligence Center (JRIC), and the Sacramento RTTAC. Former Governor Gray Davis and Attorney General Bill Lockyer created the California Anti-Terrorism Information Center on September 25, 2001, and in December 2005 the center was transformed into the State Terrorism Threat Assessment Center. STTAC is a joint partnership of the Governor’s Office of Homeland Security, California Department of Justice, and the California Highway Patrol. The mission of STTAC is to serve as a joint operation among the parties with the function of receiving, analyzing, and maintaining relevant intelligence information obtained from various federal, state, local, and tribal sources, and disseminating counterterrorism intelligence information in appropriate formats to individuals and entities in California for the purpose of protecting California’s citizens, property, and infrastructure from terrorist acts. STTAC’s core mission is serving as California’s central all-crimes and counterterrorism criminal intelligence center. STTAC is also to perform warning functions with the California State Warning Center in the Office of Emergency Services. STTAC operates in close cooperation with the Office of Homeland Security, California Highway Patrol, Office of Emergency Services, the four RTTACs, and federal agencies including DHS and FBI. STTAC’s authorized staff level is 44, and the staff is composed primarily of California Department of Justice and Office of Homeland Security analysts and investigators. There are also representatives from the California Highway Patrol and the state National Guard. STTAC does not have DHS or FBI staff assigned directly to it. However, DHS has provided one senior intelligence officer who resides at the Sacramento RTTAC and supports STTAC and another officer who resides at the Los Angeles JRIC. The FBI provides support to STTAC upon request and has assigned personnel to all of the California RTTACs. An Executive Management Board consisting of leaders from the partner agencies provides strategic oversight of STTAC. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN (e.g., the Law Enforcement, Counterterrorism, and Intel portals), LEO, the Federal Protective Service (FPS) portal, and the Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force portal, as well as several California law enforcement and justice information and intelligence systems and commercially available databases. STTAC provides intelligence support to all state agencies and disseminates situational awareness products. For instance, it supports regional intelligence analysis and criminal investigations by supplying the RTTACs analytical support, field investigations, and intelligence assessments and reports, among other things. STTAC produces a variety of intelligence products including, but not limited to, the following: advisories that provide a brief description of a local tactical issue, suspect, event, or situation that may be of immediate concern to law enforcement or key policy makers; intelligence bulletins that provide a strategic in-depth review of a particular terrorist group, event, or public safety issue affecting the state; alerts that are issued when there is a specific, validated, and verified threat; special reports that provide extensive overviews of a particular group or issue and contain background information, methods and geographical areas of operation, violence potential, conclusions, and recommendations for interdicting the activity; and threat assessments. The Los Angeles Joint Regional Intelligence Center (JRIC) opened in July 2006. However, according to Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department and FBI officials, the three founding agencies of JRIC—the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department, FBI Los Angeles, and the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD)—came together and realized that the region needed a center to address counterterrorism and critical infrastructure protection missions after the events of 9/11. The County Sheriff, the Chief of LAPD, and the Assistant Director in Charge of the FBI Los Angeles Field Office jointly decided to develop the center to cover the seven counties in the Los Angeles/southern California area. JRIC brought together the FBI’s FIG, LAPD’s Major Crimes Division, and the Sheriff Department’s Terrorism Early Warning (TEW) group. JRIC has an all-crimes and counterterrorism scope of operations. Specifically, JRIC collects information using an all-crimes approach, converts the information into operational and strategic intelligence, and disseminates the intelligence to prevent terrorist attacks and combat crime in the Central District of California. Its mission is intelligence intake, fusion, and analysis, with an emphasis on terrorist threat intelligence; providing timely, regionally focused, and actionable information to consumers and producing assessments; and identifying trends, patterns and terrorist tactics, techniques and procedures; and sponsoring training opportunities. In addition to JRIC’s founding agencies, cooperating agencies in JRIC include DHS I&A, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, Governor’s Office of Homeland Security, and California Department of Justice. DHS I&A has assigned an intelligence officer to JRIC, and the center includes about 30 full-time personnel representing 14 agencies. JRIC personnel receive Secret or Top Secret clearances from the FBI. TLOs connect law enforcement and public safety partners in the seven-county region to JRIC by collecting, assessing, and passing on information, intelligence, tips, and leads to the center and then distributing advisories, bulletins, assessments, and requests for information to their home agencies. JRIC collects information from national reporting; leads and tips from the FBI, LAPD, the Sheriff’s Department and the TLOs; and from private sector outreach. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to JRIC include LEO; every HSIN portal (e.g., Intelligence, Law Enforcement, Emergency Management); the classified Homeland Security Data Network (HSDN); and all of the system and databases available in the FBI’s FBINet/Trilogy system. The center also has access to the FBI’s Top Secret network, the Sensitive Compartmental Information Operational Network (SCION) through a facility located on the same floor as JRIC. JRIC disseminates information to, among others, JTTFs, California Office of Homeland Security, DHS and LEO portals, law enforcement and public safety partners, affected municipality and critical infrastructure owners, and the originator of the information (in the form of feedback). JRIC also produces daily and weekly reports. The Sacramento RTTAC was established primarily to bring analysts from different state, local, and federal agencies together to work on terrorism- related issues. The center has been located in its current building, which has a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF), and operating at its current level of functionality, at the TS/SCI level, since November 2006. Prior to that, the center operated at a Law Enforcement Sensitive level for about 2 years in a different facility. RTTAC has an all-crimes and counterterrorism scope of operations and handles all of the critical asset management and threat assessment capabilities in its area of responsibility. Participating agencies include the National Guard, FBI, U.S. Attorney’s Office, ICE, and representatives from fire, law enforcement, and public health disciplines. DHS I&A has assigned an intelligence officer, and the FBI has assigned two analysts and one intelligence research specialist, and recently added a JTTF threat squad to the RTTAC team to vet tips and leads. In addition, there are other state and local analysts in the center. The FBI also provides RTTAC personnel with TS/SCI security clearances. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include LEO, HSIN, HSIN-Counterterrorism portal, HSDN, as well as FBI systems, such as the Automated Case Support (ACS) system and SCION. The RTTAC also has access to SIPRNet, among other federal and state systems and networks. The Colorado Information Analysis Center (CIAC) became operational in October 2004 under the direction of the Colorado Bureau of Investigation. The Colorado State Patrol took over operation and management of CIAC in March 2005, and it moved into its new facility in April 2005. CIAC was originally opened to support and respond to credible threats during the elections in 2004, but has since evolved to have an all-crimes and all- hazards scope of operation. Its mission is to provide an integrated, multidiscipline information-sharing network to collect, analyze, and disseminate information to stakeholders in a timely manner in order to protect the citizens and critical infrastructure of Colorado. CIAC has no investigative power but does have the ability to collect, analyze, and vet information for authenticity. When additional investigation is necessary, CIAC sends information to the DHS, the FBI’s FIG, and to local law enforcement. CIAC is staffed full-time by the Colorado State Patrol, the National Guard, the Department of Revenue, and the FBI. There are part-time participants in CIAC from the Colorado Departments of Agriculture, Public Health, Corrections, Education, and the Colorado Springs Police Department, as well as from the U.S. Marshals Service. The University of Denver also provides interns to CIAC. DHS I&A has conducted a needs assessment of CIAC. However, at the time of our review, it had not placed an intelligence analyst in the center. CIAC has access to a regional DHS protective security advisor. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to CIAC include HSIN, LEO, and the FPS portal. In addition, the center has access to, among others, Rocky Mountain Information Network, U.S. Northern Command, and SIPRNET, which is accessed through the FBI. CIAC produces several types of bulletins and summaries, including For Official Use Only and Law Enforcement Sensitive versions of a monthly summary of reported incidents, daily reports, officer safety bulletins, and early warning and special reports. These products are e-mailed to a number of recipients, including members of the critical infrastructure sectors. Products are also distributed directly to law enforcement officers via in- car mobile data computers. The monthly summaries are produced with the FBI FIG and also cover incidents in Wyoming, and some of the special reports are produced jointly with the FBI and the U.S. Northern Command. The Connecticut Intelligence Center (CTIC) opened in April 2005 as the centralized point of information sharing for the state. CTIC is a multi- agency operation representing various jurisdictions that serves to collect, analyze, and disseminate criminal and terrorism-related intelligence to all law enforcement agencies in the state. CTIC has an all-crimes scope of operations and endeavors to identify emerging threats or crime trends. Colocated with an FBI field office and jointly led by the FBI and the Connecticut State Police, CTIC’s 12-member staff includes representatives from the FBI, the U.S. Coast Guard, the state department of corrections, State Police, and local law enforcement agencies. DHS I&A placed an intelligence officer in the center in September 2007. FBI personnel serve in both supervisory and analytical roles in CTIC. For example, CTIC Operations Supervisor is also the FBI FIG supervisor. Day-to-day operations are managed by an FBI Supervisory Special Agent and supported by two Intelligence Coordinators, one from the state police and one from the FBI. The FBI also provides Top Secret clearances to CTIC personnel. The state is divided into five regions, each of which is represented in CTIC by a Regional Intelligence Liaison Officers. The officers are appointed by the corresponding Connecticut Police Chiefs Association and represent local law enforcement agencies in the center. The officers maintain full- time positions at CTIC and serve a recommended minimum of 2 years after obtaining a Top Secret clearance. CTIC offers a stipend for each municipality that places an officer in the center. The officers serve as the communication link between CTIC and a network of Intelligence Liaison Officers who are specially trained officers who represent local departments within each region. The Intelligence Liaison Officers are responsible for providing information to CTIC and for providing statewide and jurisdictional-specific information from CTIC to their respective agencies. CTIC has an Advisory Board that meets quarterly and defines strategy and policy for the center. CTIC also has partnerships with the private sector through Connecticut Infragard. CTIC takes an all-crimes approach to information collection and has access to a number of state and federal systems and networks. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to CTIC include HSIN, LEO, and ACS, Guardian, and Investigative Data Warehouse (IDW) through the FBI. In addition, CTIC has access to the New England State Police Information Network, which is part of RISSNet, and SIPRNet. CTIC produces a variety of intelligence products, including weekly bulletins on criminal activities; weekly intelligence bulletins; intelligence assessments, which provide in-depth reporting on an emerging threat, group, or crime; and intelligence information reports. Their primary customers are the law enforcement officers, emergency managers, and the private sector in the state and Northeast region. After the September 11, 2001, attacks, Delaware officials identified a need to establish a conduit for information flow, both to and from the federal government and local entities and in and out of Delaware. Led by the Delaware State Police, the Delaware Information Analysis Center (DIAC) was subsequently opened in December 2005. DIAC, through a multijurisdictional and multidiscipline effort, is committed to providing a coordinated, professional, and all-hazards approach in preventing, disrupting, and defeating criminal and terrorist activity while safeguarding individuals’ constitutional guarantees. Specifically, using an all-crimes and all-hazards approach, DIAC will collect, analyze, and disseminate criminal intelligence; conduct crime analysis; provide officer and public safety alerts to all disciplines; and disseminate critical infrastructure information to those persons in law enforcement, government, and the private sector who have both a right and need to know, with the objective of protecting the citizens, infrastructure, and key assets of the state. Partners from other state agencies include Public Health, Department of Technology and Information, Department of Corrections, Transportation, Division of Revenue, and Natural Resources, as well as the Delaware Volunteer Firemen’s Association and all other law enforcement entities in the state, including local and federal agencies. At the time of our review, DIAC staff included six full-time analysts and two Delaware National Guard analysts, as well as three personnel assigned to critical infrastructure protection. DIAC also has two Delaware State Police commissioned officers assigned in administrative roles. Two of the six state police analysts have Top Secret clearances that were granted by the FBI. At the time of our review, there were no DHS or FBI personnel represented in DIAC. Analysts produce a variety of products, including a weekly intelligence report for law enforcement and a weekly infrastructure bulletin for private sector partners as well as situational reports and homeland security and situational alerts. Tactical alerts and reports on multijurisdictional criminal activity are supplied to Delaware law enforcement agencies in many forms such as officer safety warnings, warnings and indicators of terrorist events, site-specific critical infrastructure and asset alerts, and informational bulletins and assessments. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN, LEO, and FPS portal. In addition, DIAC has access to information from High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) and the Information Sharing and Analysis Centers, which are private sector critical infrastructure protection sharing centers. Both information and intelligence are collected from and disseminated to other state fusion centers, DHS, the FBI, the U.S. Coast Guard, local law enforcement, the private sector, the Delaware National Guard, Dover Air Force Base, other state agencies, and the Information Sharing and Analysis Centers. After a planning stage that began in 2005, the Metropolitan Washington Fusion Center (MWFC) opened in the spring of 2006 to provide local governments and agencies with an approach and capability for networked information sharing. Led by the Metropolitan Police Department, MWFC has multiple agencies and disciplines represented and serves the National Capital Region. MWFC has a 24/7 command center that provides a constant flow of information and looks at that information for patterns of activity alongside the crime analysis unit. MWFC is an all-crimes center, but also has an all- hazards function as it follows the National Infrastructure Protection Plan, in particular focusing on the large number of national monuments located within the Washington metropolitan area. The all-hazards function is supported by partnerships with the Department of Health, which helps with responding to health issues such as pandemics and natural disasters, and the Washington, D.C., National Guard, which helps with the analysis of patterns and response to events. It is also coordinated with the MWFC’s Emergency Management Agency functions. An official said that MWFC did not want to focus only on crime because important threat information and information that leads analysts to detect suspicious patterns occurs in many other areas as well. In addition, it was also important to MWFC to adopt the dual all-crimes, all-hazards focus because the fusion center wanted to give a number of partner agencies “a seat at the table” to increase support of the center. An official also noted that the MWFC has created a Fusion Center Regional Programmatic Workgroup to develop a regional strategy, product development, and charter, and to form a solid, cohesive, common operating picture for the region. The FBI and DHS I&A have assigned personnel to MWFC. At the time of our review, the fusion center was located in secure space provided by the FBI. However, according to the official, the center is planning to move into D.C. government space within 30 months. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include LEO and FBINet. The center will be a RISS node through the Middle Atlantic-Great Lakes Organized Crime Law Enforcement Network and is in the review process with DHS to receive HSDN. The Florida Fusion Center is a component of the Florida Department of Law Enforcement’s (FDLE) Office of Statewide Intelligence. According to FDLE officials, the Office of Statewide Intelligence was created in 1996 with the primary mission “to provide FDLE leadership with sufficient information so that they (sic) may make informed decisions on the deployment of resources.” The office is responsible for the coordination of FDLE’s intelligence efforts and analysis and dissemination of intelligence and crime data information. The office has always had an all-crimes approach that was reflective of FDLE’s investigative strategy and focus areas. This approach was enhanced with the addition of a domestic security mission after 9/11. Under the coordination of FDLE, seven regional domestic security task forces were created, along with an analytical unit within the Office of Statewide Intelligence to enhance domestic security and counterterrorism investigative efforts. Each task force is cochaired by an FDLE Special Agent in Charge and a sheriff from the region. The task forces include multidisciplinary partners from education, fire rescue, health, communications, law enforcement, and emergency management. These disciplines are also reflected in the composition of the fusion center. The Florida Fusion Center was established in January 2007 with a mission to protect the citizens, visitors, resources, and critical infrastructure of Florida by enhancing information sharing, intelligence capabilities, and preparedness operations for all local, state, and federal agencies in accordance with Florida’s Domestic Security Strategy. The fusion center will serve as the state node and will provide connectivity and intelligence sharing amongst Florida’s regional fusion centers. The center consists of approximately 45 FDLE members, federal agencies, state multidisciplinary partners, and includes outreach to private sector entities. FDLE members who are part of the fusion center have assignments to various squads within the Office of Statewide Intelligence, to include counterterrorism intelligence, financial crime analysis, critical infrastructure, and a 24/7 situational awareness unit, the Florida investigative support squad. FFC also has full-time analysts from DHS I&A and the FBI working at the center, as well as representation from the U.S. Attorney’s Office. The center will add a full-time analyst from the Florida National Guard in October 2007. State agencies and departments that have committed to participate as members of the Fusion Center Executive Policy Board and have designated an intelligence liaison officer or analyst to the fusion center include: Agriculture; Business and Professional Regulation; Corrections; Education; Emergency Management; Environmental Protection; Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; Financial Services; Health; Highway Safety; FDLE; Transportation; and the National Guard. DHS and DOJ systems and networks the center has access to include LEO, HSIN, HSIN-Intel, HSIN-Florida, and HSDN. The Georgia Information Sharing and Analysis Center (GISAC) was established in October 2001 and falls under the responsibility and management of the Georgia Office of Homeland Security. The initial focus of GISAC was to address terrorism and the information gap among federal, state, and local law enforcement in providing homeland security intelligence. Its mission is to serve as the focal point for collection, analysis, and dissemination of information on threats or attacks of a terrorist nature within and against the State of Georgia, its citizens, or infrastructure. GISAC is one of the three components of the Georgia Office of Homeland Security and is divided into four sections—law enforcement, criminal intelligence, fire services/hazmat, and emergency management. GISAC has a staff of 27, the majority of whom are personnel from the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. Other state agencies with assigned personnel at the center include the Georgia Emergency Management Agency, Georgia State Patrol, Georgia Department of Corrections, and Georgia National Guard. The Georgia Sheriffs’ Association, Georgia Fire Chiefs Association, and Georgia Association of Chiefs of Police have each assigned one person to the center. DHS I&A has assigned two staff to GISAC; one Southeast region representative and one intelligence officer. There are no FBI personnel assigned directly to GISAC. However, there are two GISAC personnel assigned to the JTTF, and all analysts have access to the FBI FIG, whereby they have access to FBI systems. GISAC is also located in the same building as the FBI field office with its JTTF and FIG. GISAC produces a variety of products, including an open source report weekly, which is posted on the Office of Homeland Security-Georgia Emergency Management Agency Web site and distributed electronically; a monthly intelligence report that is For Official Use Only and distributed electronically; alerts and notices, which are produced on an as-needed basis; a monthly outbreak and surveillance report from the Georgia Department of Health; and an Georgia Bureau of Investigation-produced joint GISAC/FBI multipage monthly bulletin that contains GISAC statistics combined with FBI information. DHS and DOJ systems and networks to which GISAC has access include HSIN, HSDN, and LEO. In addition, GISAC analysts are able to access FBI systems, such as E-Guardian, IDW, and ACS. According to a State of Hawaii Department of Defense official, for the past 2 years officials from civil defense and state law enforcement have discussed the possibility of establishing a fusion center in Hawaii. Specifically, they have discussed establishing an intelligence unit under state and local law enforcement control to complement the FBI’s JTTF in Honolulu. A state fusion center would provide intelligence and analysis to all disciplines, especially law enforcement. Planning officials are not seeking a center that is only focused on the prevention and disruption of terrorism, but one that would complement other departments, agencies, and task forces within the context of all hazards. The official noted that the establishment of a fusion center in Hawaii depends on the adequacy and allocation of Homeland Security grant funds in fiscal years 2007 and 2008. According to the official, Hawaii’s fiscal year 2007 allocation will not support the current investment strategy for a fusion center. The official said that they will have to wait until fiscal year 2008 or find an alternative funding strategy. Idaho does not have and is not planning to establish a physical fusion center. However, according to the directors of the Bureau of Homeland Security and Idaho State Police, the state has a “virtual fusion process.” The fusion process grew out of monthly information-sharing meetings prior to September 11 that were held by the Idaho Bureau of Hazardous Materials with other federal, state, and local officials in Idaho. In October 2001, the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Idaho offered to serve as the cornerstone of an information-sharing effort. A member of the U.S. Attorney’s Office, who is also a member of the Anti-Terrorism Advisory Council, provides the overarching structure for the fusion process by facilitating connections between federal sources of intelligence in Idaho and state and local law enforcement. This individual holds meetings several times a year, provides information and analyses to consumers by way of the Internet and coordinates with the two JTTFs in the area. Participants in the fusion process also use HSIN. The officials articulated several reasons why they are not planning to establish a fusion center, including the state’s commitment to support the efforts of the U.S. Attorney’s Office to conduct threat analyses and share information, political concerns about the role of the government in information sharing, local agencies’ lack of interest in participating in a fusion center because they perceive the centers to be intelligence- gathering entities, and local communities do not want law enforcement to be involved in gathering intelligence, the state’s low risk for international terrorism, and difficulties staffing a center because state and local agencies would not have the capacity to provide personnel to work in a fusion center. There are two fusion centers in Illinois, the Statewide Terrorism and Intelligence Center (STIC) and the Chicago Crime Prevention and Information Center (CPIC). Led by the Illinois State Police, the Statewide Terrorism and Intelligence Center (STIC) was established in May 2003 with the mission to provide timely, effective, and actionable intelligence information to local, state, and federal law enforcement and private sector partners in order to enhance public safety, facilitate communication between agencies, and provide support in the fight against terrorism and criminal activity. STIC is an all-crimes fusion center that is colocated with the Illinois Emergency Management Agency, with which it works closely during disasters. When STIC was established, it absorbed the state police intelligence unit, which focused on general crimes (e.g., violent crimes, narcotics, sex offenders), because, in part, the planners wanted to combine all of the silos of information needed to prevent criminal and terrorist activity. STIC is organized into two sections: a terrorism section, which staffs the 24/7 watch, and the field support section, which has a criminal intelligence unit with specialists working on drugs, violent crimes, motor vehicle theft, and sex offenses. The Illinois State Police and the Illinois National Guard provide nearly all of the personnel, including 7 sworn officers, 18 terrorism research specialists, 4 narcotics analysts, 3 other crime/violent crime analysts, 1 senior terrorism lead analyst, 1 firearms analyst, 2 motor vehicle theft analysts, 6 Internet crime analysts, 1 America’s Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response (AMBER) Alert analyst, and 2 office assistants. The FBI has assigned two analysts to work terrorism-related cases, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has assigned one analyst to work narcotics cases, and DHS I&A has assigned one analyst to work on homeland security issues. The Illinois Terrorism Task Force, which is composed of representatives from state and local agencies involved in emergency planning in the event of a critical incident, provides support to the Illinois State Police and approves the funding for STIC. STIC also has partnerships with the private sector. For example, the Illinois Association of Chiefs of Police and its Public-Private Liaison Committee, along with STIC, initiated the Infrastructure Security Awareness program in September 2004. The program was designed to share critical and sensitive non-law-enforcement information in a timely manner with corporate security executives as well as provide a forum for information exchange among private security professionals. This program enables STIC to provide threat information to major corporations and to receive reports of suspicious activity. STIC provides information to private security partners by using HSIN, which allows for the exchange of data, text messages, meeting dates, and the building of specialized tools to meet various applications through a secure Internet connection. STIC’s terrorism research specialists collect, analyze, and disseminate terrorism-related intelligence data; complete in-depth threat assessments; and identify predictive, incident-based indicators of potential terrorist activities within the state. The specialists have access to various state and federal law enforcement intelligence databases, public records databases, and financial databases. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to STIC include HSIN, JRIES, LEO, RISSNET, R-DEX, and the FPS portal as well as FinCEN and HIDTA. The officials said that they will have access to FBI and DHS classified systems when their SCIF, for which the FBI is funding the construction, is completed. STIC provides a variety of services to support officers in the field, including a 20-minute workup on requests from officers conducting traffic stops and responding to major crime scenes, lead management and development, on-scene analytical services, and statewide deconfliction to all law enforcement agencies by using the HIDTA nationwide network. STIC recently adopted the Internet Crimes Analysis Unit, which takes calls from the public regarding fraud, sexual predators, terrorism, and other issues and also administers the AMBER Alert program. The Chicago Crime Prevention and Information Center (CPIC), led by the Chicago Police Department, opened in April 2007 with the mission “to enhance partnerships which foster a connection between every facet of the law enforcement community. CPIC will afford the men and women, who are dedicated to protecting the public and addressing violence, with all available intelligence resources, and communications capabilities.” CPIC’s goal is to be the clearinghouse of information that is fused and delivered to stakeholders. CPIC has an all-crimes and counterterrorism focus. The Chicago Police Department is involved in the fusion process as it relates to violent crime, and the department has an in-house counterterrorism section. In addition to Chicago Police Department officers, the FBI has assigned three analysts to the CPIC. The center also has personnel from ICE, ATF, HIDTA (5 days a week), Chicago’s Metrarail, the Cook County Sheriff’s Department, the Illinois State Police, and 35 suburban police departments. CPIC is in the process of establishing a transportation “desk” staffed with Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Amtrak, Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS), and local agency personnel. DHS I&A has conducted a needs assessment. However, at the time of our review, it had not placed an intelligence analyst in the center. CPIC is tactically oriented and designed to provide direct, near-real-time support to law enforcement personnel on the street. It provides, among other things, real-time violent crime detection monitoring and response, continual assessment of available resources for the purpose of possible redeployment of manpower, instantaneous major incident notification, analysis and identification of retaliatory violence and automated construction of enforcement missions to thwart retaliatory violence, crime pattern identification, and immediate access to in-depth background data on persons of investigative interest. DHS and DOJ systems and networks accessible to CPIC include HSIN, HSDN, FPS Portal, LEO, FBI’s ACS and IDW, as well as NCIC, FinCEN, RISSNET, RISS ATIX, INTERPOL, International Justice and Public Safety Information Sharing Network (NLETS), EPIC, National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC), Treasury Enforcement Communications System, and numerous other state and local systems and data sources. CPIC also recently added a satellite tracking system that traces stolen bank funds and the offender. CPIC focuses on producing products to assist police officers on the street. A primary product is the District Intelligence Bulletin System, which is a Web-based application that uses multiple data sources to provide officers with a law enforcement road map. It provides officers with calls for service, wanted persons, most recent shootings/homicides, and additional intelligence in a succinct format. All of this information is automatically updated on a continuous basis throughout the day and is accessible by deployed patrol officers. It allows an officer to review information by district and deployment area. CPIC also publishes a daily intelligence briefing, which is designed to give officers a more detailed overview of potential threats based on international, national, and local events, and a weekly version for the private sector. The Indiana Intelligence Fusion Center (IIFC), which opened in December 2006, was established with the mission to collect, evaluate, analyze, and disseminate information and intelligence data regarding criminal and terrorist activity in the State of Indiana while following Fair Information Practices to ensure the rights and privacy of citizens. In addition to collecting information on all crimes, IIFC will specifically collect information as it relates to terrorism and its impact on Indiana. IIFC has an all-crimes approach, acting as an intelligence group for the state. However, there is a terrorism nexus to the fusion center’s work. IIFC is operated by the Indiana Department of Homeland Security and has been staffed as a task force entity with federal and state partners. Indiana state agency, department, and association partners in IIFC are: Homeland Security, National Guard, State Excise Police, Natural Resources, Association of Chiefs of Police, Gaming Commission Division of Gaming Agents, Indiana State Police, Corrections, Sheriff’s Association, Marion County Sheriff’s Department, and the Indiana Campus Law Enforcement Association. Federal partners in IIFC include the FBI, and the U.S. Attorneys for the Northern and Southern Districts of Indiana. The FBI has assigned two FIG analysts to IIFC. DHS I&A has conducted a needs assessment of IIFC. However, at the time of our review, it had not yet placed an intelligence analyst in the center. A 12-member executive committee oversees IIFC’s activities. The center is a 24/7 intelligence operations center that works in conjunction with statewide law enforcement liaisons, providing for intelligence-led policing throughout the state. IIFC operates a 1-800 tip line and an IIFC e-mail box and produces a bulletin three times a week. DHS and DOJ systems and networks that IIFC has access to include HSIN-Intel, HSDN, RISS, FPS portal, LEO, as well as SIPRNet, RISS, NCIC, and EPIC. The FBI has built a Top Secret secure room within IIFC, and also provided access to the ACS and Guardian systems in the secure space. The Iowa Intelligence Fusion Center was established in December 2004 with the mission to enable the State of Iowa to proactively direct core resources with its partners to avert or meet current, emerging, and future public safety and homeland security threats. Following the attacks of September 11, Iowa established a Homeland Security Advisory Council to enhance the state’s capability to implement the Iowa Homeland Security Initiative. In the spring of 2002, the council’s Information and Intelligence Sharing Task force was formed to make recommendations for sharing intelligence and information, and among other things, it recommended the establishment of a fusion center. Built on the backbone of the Iowa Law Enforcement Intelligence Network, the Intelligence Fusion System consists of the fusion center, six regional fusion offices, and a number of partner agencies and organizations. The fusion center is led by the Iowa Department of Public Safety and serves as a centralized information collection, analysis, and dissemination point. It is staffed with 18 full-time analysts (16 of whom are state funded), 11 investigator/collectors, and 5 support staff. Nearly all are Iowa Department of Public Safety personnel. However, there is an Iowa National Guard analyst assigned to the center, and the Midwest HIDTA provides funding for one intelligence analyst in the center. Although no federal agencies have assigned personnel to the fusion center yet, the center conducts regular meetings with the FBI’s FIG and JTTF, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, and the DHS Protective Security Advisor. The fusion center has placed one Department of Public Safety agent full-time at the JTTF and conducts regular and as-needed coordination and information-sharing meetings with the state Homeland Security Advisor, the Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management Division, the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, and the Iowa Department of Public Health, among others. The six regional fusion offices are strategically located across the state. A fusion center agent is assigned to each regional office and is partnered with two to four local officials at each site. Fusion system personnel also regularly participate in meetings of the local InfraGard chapter. In addition, the Department of Public Safety is part of the Safeguard Iowa Partnership, which is a voluntary coalition of business and government leaders who combine their efforts to prevent, protect from, respond to, and recover from catastrophic events. The Safeguard Iowa Partnership was formally launched in January 2007. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include LEO and HSIN (law enforcement and counterterrorism portals), as well as RISSNET. HSIN–Secret has been deployed to the State Emergency Operations Center, but DHS has not deployed the system to the fusion center. Fusion center personnel who are JTTF members are granted Top Secret clearances and can access FBI systems at the JTTF office. The Adjutant General of Kansas, Kansas Bureau of Investigation, and Kansas Highway Patrol formed the Kansas Threat Integration Center (KSTIC) in June 2004 with the mission to assist Kansas law enforcement and other related agencies in their mission to protect the citizens and critical infrastructures within Kansas through enhanced gathering, analysis, and dissemination of criminal and terrorist intelligence information. KSTIC focuses on the development, gathering, analyzing, and dissemination of criminal and terrorist threat information in order to protect citizens, property, and infrastructure in Kansas. Additionally, KSTIC works to increase threat awareness among law enforcement, other governmental agencies, and private infrastructure providers in the state. KSTIC’s scope of operations is primarily focused on terrorist/extremist activities with a secondary all-crimes scope of operations that comes into play when criminal acts serve as a prelude to terrorist or extremist activities. It is not an all-hazards facility, but KSTIC is colocated with the Kansas Division of Emergency Management and therefore has access to its resources. KSTIC is a joint operation of the Kansas Bureau of Investigation, National Guard, and Highway Patrol. An Executive Board, consisting of one member from each agency, provides oversight and the KBI representative is responsible for the day-to-day operations of KSTIC. There are three full- time staff—a Kansas Bureau of Investigation senior special agent, an investigator from the Highway Patrol, and a National Guard Captain— however, KSTIC can use Kansas Bureau of Investigation analysts for assistance as needed. Personnel hold TS/SCI clearances. KSTIC is in the process of hiring two to four analysts depending on funding availability. While KSTIC has no federal partners, it interfaces with state FBI JTTFs on a regular basis and is discussing the possibility of colocating with the JTTF. KSTIC accesses sensitive but unclassified bulletins and reports and open source information to report on terrorist/extremist threats to Kansas in particular and the Midwest in general. Additionally, KSTIC receives tip and other information directly from citizens and state law enforcement. KSTIC uses access to classified systems to identify and monitor potential threats to Kansas. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to KSTIC include HSIN, HSIN-Secret, LEO, FPS portal, as well as SIPRNet and FinCEN. KSTIC personnel also have full access to the FBI’s various databases (i.e., Guardian and IDW) at an FBI field office or JTTF location. Through the National Guard, the KSTIC is planning to construct a SCIF, which when completed will provide space for approximately 15 personnel as well as secure connectivity to a variety of Top Secret and other systems. KSTIC produces intelligence/information bulletins for state and regional law enforcement. All information disseminated is sensitive but unclassified, with the exception of the periodic open source bulletins published for dissemination to a public/infrastructure distribution list. Bulletins are posted on several secure sites, such as LEO and FPS Web sites, as well as distributed via statewide teletype and e-mail. The distribution list includes state, local, and federal agencies in Kansas as well as other agencies around the country. The Kentucky Intelligence Fusion Center (KIFC) opened in December 2005 as an all-crimes fusion center. The fusion center focuses on all crimes, rather than those with a nexus to terrorism, primarily to obtain buy-in from local agencies. KIFC was established with support from the Kentucky Office of Homeland Security; the Kentucky State Police, which transferred its intelligence center to KIFC; and the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, which provides KIFC its facility. Other agencies in the fusion center include ATF, the Kentucky Department of Corrections, Kentucky Department of Military Affairs, Kentucky Vehicle Enforcement, and the Lexington Metro Police. The FBI has assigned one full-time FIG analyst to the center. KIFC does not have any DHS personnel assigned to the center. The fusion center provides all-crimes and terrorism intelligence analytical services; supports the JTTF with counterterrorism investigators; assists all federal, state, and local law enforcement with requests for information on suspects; assists law enforcement in the location of subjects, suspect vehicle registration, and suspect driver’s license photo and data; provides link analysis charts such as association links, communication links, and event flow; serves as the conduit for law enforcement’s request for information from other state fusion centers; provides access to HSIN-KY, the state Web site for law enforcement information sharing; and serves as a repository for the state’s identified critical infrastructures. Some KIFC components are operational 24/7, such as the law enforcement communication and the transportation component. KIFC receives statewide all-crimes tips through a toll-free hotline and through Web site submission and has law enforcement radio and data communications capability through Kentucky State Police Communications, which is located in the fusion center. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN and LEO, as well as RISS/Regional Organized Crime Information Center. The official said that KIFC does not have the capacity to receive classified information because the facility has no secure room or SCIF. Established in October 2004, the Louisiana State Analysis & Fusion Exchange (La-SAFE), which is led by the Louisiana State Police, evolved from existing state police analytical units. The state police Investigative Support Section has been in place since the late 1960s and early 1970s, with an intelligence collection and analysis unit that was developed primarily to handle organized crime. As the investigative and intelligence needs of the police shifted over time, so too did the mission of the intelligence component, expanding from organized crime to gangs, drug trafficking, and, post-September 11, homeland security. The police intelligence unit was engaged in all-crimes collection of intelligence to support all criminal investigations. La-SAFE has adopted an all-crimes/all- hazards scope of operations. The mission of La-SAFE is to (1) promote a collaborative environment for governmental and corporate partners to work together in providing timely information for use in providing public safety and promoting national security against terrorist and other criminal threats; (2) actively work to collect and analyze information from various sources to provide those responsible for protecting state resources with information that is pertinent in decision-making processes, allows for the maximizing of resources, and improves the ability to efficiently protect the citizens of Louisiana in matters of infrastructure protection and against organized criminal activity; and (3) evaluate all information provided and ensure that the information La-SAFE retains and utilizes is directly related to legitimate law enforcement purposes and has been legally obtained. La- SAFE will not interfere with the exercise of constitutionally guaranteed rights and privileges of individuals. La-SAFE is staffed by 3 commissioned personnel and 20 analysts with experience in case support, information production, and information sharing in the areas of organized crime and terrorism. Louisiana State Police, the Louisiana Governor’s Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness, Louisiana National Guard, East Baton Rouge Parish Sheriff’s Office, DHS I&A, and FBI have assigned full-time analysts to La-SAFE. The center recently established a relationship with the U.S. Coast Guard. La-SAFE produces a variety of information and intelligence products, including general information bulletins (e.g., notices on general crimes or intelligence); daily incident briefs (i.e., daily reports of incidents reported to the center from a variety of sources); a weekly homeland defense bulletin covering homeland security issues around the world; and a summary of monthly regional crime information called the Intelligator. DHS and DOJ systems and networks accessible to La-SAFE include HSIN, LEO, and the U.S. Coast Guard’s Homeport. Louisiana has a state HSIN portal, HSIN-LA, that provides a secure capability to share information and collaborate with public and private sector partners. It allows users to report suspicious activities to the fusion center for review and action. There are currently over 800 participants representing law enforcement, first responders, and critical infrastructure with access to HSIN-LA. Information currently being shared within HSIN-LA includes safety bulletins, intelligence reports, training opportunities, information-sharing meetings, and requests for information. The Maine Intelligence and Analysis Center is a collaborative effort between the Maine State Police and the Maine Emergency Management Agency to share resources, expertise, and information to maximize homeland security efforts and to detect and assist in the deterrence of terrorist activity. Maine has had a traditional state police criminal intelligence unit for 30 years, but the state’s background in counterintelligence was limited to traditional criminal enterprises. The Governor decided after September 11 that the state needed a counterintelligence unit that was homeland-security driven to deliver information to the Governor. The center was formally established by an executive order that was effective December 2006. The Maine Intelligence and Analysis Center is in the early stages of development and at the time of our review was not yet fully functional. For example, the center has physical space and personnel, has developed standard operating procedures, and is in the process of conducting outreach with state and local entities. The center’s mission is to support the Maine State Police and the Maine Emergency Management Agency in their respective roles of public safety protector and homeland security incident manager for the citizens of the State of Maine. The center is to be a clearinghouse of and central repository for intelligence and information related to Maine’s homeland security and any terrorist-related activity that may threaten the lives and safety of the citizens of the United States and the State of Maine. Its scope of operations is counterterrorism. However, the center plans to expand its focus in the future to include an all-crimes approach. The Maine Intelligence and Analysis Center has one intelligence analyst and one homeland security specialist, along with a backbone of four analysts from the Maine State Patrol Criminal Intelligence Unit. An official indicated that the center will absorb the Criminal Intelligence Unit in the near future forming a single unit. While there are no federal personnel assigned to the center, it has partnered with FBI’s JTTF, the U.S. Attorney’s Office Anti-Terror Section, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), TSA, U.S. Coast Guard, ICE, Maine National Guard, other state and local law enforcement agencies with intelligence sections, and the Maine Anti-Terror Intelligence Network, which is organized by the U.S. Attorney’s Office to facilitate interaction between partner agencies’ analysts. The center is overseen by an Advisory Board consisting of three members who meet at least twice annually. The center conducts research and analysis to provide actionable intelligence for field units and policy makers, and provides quick (i.e., within 15 minutes) response to queries from the field to allow officers to take action within constitutionally reasonable time frames. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include LEO and HSIN, as well as RISS ATIX, RISS, FinCEN, INTERPOL, EPIC, and NLETS. The center also has access to a variety of state and commercial information systems and databases. Products include notices, bulletins, briefing information, reports, and assessments that cover day-to- day events, warnings, and officer safety issues. First responders, law enforcement, emergency managers, civilians, and the private sector (e.g., utilities, chemicals, food supply, and technology) are among the center’s customers. The Maryland Coordination and Analysis Center (MCAC) is operated by the Anti-Terrorism Advisory Council Executive Committee and is governed by a charter that was developed with input from the FBI and approved by the Executive Committee. MCAC began operations in November 2003 in response to the events of September 11 and the need for ways for the FBI and local agencies to disseminate terrorist-related information. MCAC has an all-crimes and counterterrorism scope of operations and consists of representatives of 24 agencies who staff the center, including the FBI, DHS, U.S. Army, U.S. Coast Guard, and Maryland state and local organizations. DHS I&A has assigned one analyst, and the FBI has seven analysts, one special agent, and one supervisory special agent assigned to MCAC. MCAC, which operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, is organized into two sections, the Watch Section and the Strategic Analysis Section. The Watch Section provides support to federal, state, and local agencies by receiving and processing information, monitoring intelligence resources, coordinating with Maryland law enforcement, and disseminating intelligence information. The Watch Section primarily consists of representatives from Maryland police and sheriffs, along with representation from the U.S. Army and the Maryland National Guard. As information enters MCAC, it is passed through the Watch Section, which either passes that information on to federal or state entities or the Strategic Analysis Section or enters it into federal and state databases, such as the FBI’s Guardian. The Strategic Analysis Section receives, processes, analyzes, and disseminates information. MCAC has 12 analysts, and the section is staffed by representatives from various organizations, including the Maryland State Police, FBI, U.S. Coast Guard, and the Maryland National Guard. Information enters MCAC through a variety of ways, including tips from the general public or law enforcement, as well as from the National Guard or emergency response personnel. Information is received via a tip line or e-mail. DHS and DOJ systems and networks accessible to MCAC include HSIN, HSDN, LEO, FBINet, SCION, as well as RISS/Middle Atlantic-Great Lakes Organized Crime Law Enforcement Network, SIPRNET, NCIC, INTERPOL, EPIC, and NLETS, among others. MCAC provides a daily report to every police chief in the state as well as other state fusion centers and any other organization that is on its distribution list. Entities such as the Maryland JTTF, Terrorism Screening Center, and National Counterterrorism Center receive information from MCAC. Terrorism- related law enforcement information is also shared and entered into the FBI’s Guardian database. Products include a daily watch report, which is a brief summary of tips and requests for information received by the Watch Section over the previous 24-hour period, and intelligence bulletins, which are intelligence/law enforcement-related information disseminated to law enforcement and homeland security personnel by fax, teletype, or e-mail, and may also be posted to LEO or RISS. Other products include threat assessments, covering, for example, threats to military-recruiting stations, propane cylinders, agroterrorism, or gang activity. The Commonwealth Fusion Center (CFC) was established in October 2004 on the foundations of the State Homeland Security Strategy and an executive order designating it the state’s principal center for information collection and dissemination. Its mission is to collect and analyze information from all available sources to produce and disseminate actionable intelligence to stakeholders for strategic and tactical decision making in order to identify, disrupt, or deter domestic and international terrorism as well as criminal activity. CFC takes an all-threats, all-crimes approach and has both criminal and counterterrorism analytical support roles. The center focuses on precursor crimes—such as organized crimes, which can be indicators of terrorism. CFC also supports the state’s Emergency Management Agency, which is responsible for handling all hazards. CFC works with various federal and state and agencies including FBI, ICE, U.S. Coast Guard, HIDTA, Secret Service, TSA, ATF, the United States Marshals Service, U.S. Attorney’s Office, the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency, Massachusetts Department of Fire Services, Department of Public Health, Department of Corrections, and the National Guard. There are 15 analysts assigned to CFC, the majority of who are Massachusetts State Police employees. However, officials said that four of these analysts are assigned to other duties, such as the Crime Reporting Unit or security officer, or are otherwise engaged. The Department of Corrections and the Army National Guard have also each assigned an analyst to CFC. All analysts and most sworn members of CFC have Secret clearances, and a few sworn members have Top Secret clearances. The FBI has assigned both an intelligence analyst and special agent to CFC. DHS has assigned an intelligence officer to the center. CFC also possesses an investigative component through the Massachusetts State Police Criminal Intelligence Section that provides 5 state troopers and the Massachusetts JTTF, which has 11 state troopers in Boston and Springfield, for a total of 16 investigators assigned to CFC. CFC also has a railroad representative and is involved in public/private outreach through Project Sentinel, which is a program targeting businesses likely to identify precursor terrorist activity. CFC also has personnel assigned to the Boston Regional Intelligence Center, which is the regional intelligence center for the Boston/Cambridge Urban Areas Security Initiative (UASI) region and is led by the Boston Police Department. CFC analysts produce information and intelligence briefings and assessments and provide support to the statewide assessment of critical infrastructure. Past products include an overview of gang activity in the state, an assessment on prison radicalization in the state, a report on trafficking and possible links to terrorism, a report on the stock market and possible indicators of terrorism, and an overview of white supremacist activity in the state. CFC also uses Geographic Information Systems to develop products and provide data to law enforcement and critical infrastructure stakeholders. DHS and DOJ unclassified systems and networks accessible to CFC include HSIN and LEO, and CFC also has access to FBI and DHS classified systems on site. Briefings and assessments are posted on CFC secure Web site, HSIN-MA, which also provides a document library and information-sharing capability to Massachusetts’ law enforcement, public safety, and critical infrastructure sectors. CFC has developed e-mail lists and extensive contact lists for state, local, and federal law enforcement partners, military stakeholders, fire services, transportation, and other critical infrastructure sectors. There are two fusion centers in Michigan, the statewide Michigan Intelligence and Operations Center (MIOC) and the Detroit and Southeastern Michigan Regional (Detroit UASI) Fusion Center. Led by the Michigan State Police, MIOC opened in December 2006 and went to a 24/7 operation in January 2007. The center was built on the preexisting foundation of the Michigan State Police Intelligence and Operations sections. MIOC’s mission is to collect, evaluate, collate, and analyze criminal justice-related information and intelligence and, as appropriate, disseminate this information and intelligence to the proper public safety agencies so that any threat of terrorism will be successfully identified and addressed. Additionally, MIOC will provide criminal justice information to appropriate law enforcement agencies to aid in the successful prosecution of individuals involved in criminal behavior. MIOC has an all-crimes, all-threats scope of operations with a focus on the prevention of terrorism. MIOC is divided into two components: (1) the operational, 24/7 portion where all tips, requests for information, and initial information flow into MIOC, and (2) the intelligence portion, where information is processed, analyzed, disseminated, and reviewed. MIOC’s 45-person staff includes operational, intelligence, and administrative personnel, most of whom are Michigan State Police personnel. There are 26 intelligence personnel (detectives and analysts) and 13 operational personnel (officers and dispatchers). Included in the intelligence personnel are five analysts assigned by the National Guard, one responsible for narcotics and four responsible for HSIN-Intel and critical infrastructure protection at a statewide level. The state Department of Corrections has assigned a person 2 days per week, and the Michigan State University Police Department has assigned a full-time inspector. The FBI has assigned one analyst and one special agent to MIOC. Three Michigan State Police detectives are also assigned to the JTTF. DHS I&A has conducted a needs assessment of MIOC and posted the position for an analyst. However, at the time of our review an analyst an analyst had not yet been assigned to the center. Additionally, MIOC is expecting the assignment of a U.S. Coast Guard intelligence lieutenant and a DEA analyst. MIOC has established an internship program with the Michigan State University Criminal Justice Program. MIOC’s 14-member advisory board, which includes representatives from state and federal entities, civil rights groups, the Detroit UASI Fusion Center, and state law enforcement associations, provides advice and counsel to MIOC. MIOC collects and disseminates information regarding criminal investigations of all natures and serves as a direct case support for various investigations. Its personnel are divided into the four priority areas of international terrorism, domestic terrorism, organized crime, and smuggling. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to MIOC include HSIN, LEO, and HSDN, as well as RISS/MAGLOCLEN. MIOC is planning to have access to SIPRNET, ACS, and Guardian, for members of those agencies residing at MIOC. MIOC disseminates information via briefings and bulletins (weekly and special) to law enforcement, responds to requests for information, prepares intelligence analysis reports, provides case support, operates a Tip Line, provides support services (such as K-9, underwater recovery, hazmat, forensic artists, and emergency support team), and posts its products on sites such as LEO, HSIN-Law Enforcement, and MAGLOCLEN. Non-law-enforcement homeland security and critical infrastructure protection partners receive information through postings on HSIN-Michigan. The Detroit and Southeastern Michigan Regional (Detroit UASI) Fusion Center is in the early stages of development. Led by the Detroit Homeland Security and Emergency Management, there are seven regional partners in the urban area that are planning the center, including Wayne County, the City of Detroit, and five other surrounding counties. The vision for the fusion center is to identify, monitor, and provide analysis on all terrorism, all crimes, and all hazards in the Southeast Michigan Region in support of law enforcement, public safety, and the private sector’s prevention, preparedness, and response activities. The center will focus on prevention and protection by serving as a conduit to local police officers and emergency managers in the field and will follow up on tips, conduct a watch function, and provide “foresight on emerging situations.” The fusion center is in the first phase of planning, which is expected to culminate in the center being fully operational in January 2008. At the time of our review, planning officials were in the process of establishing partnerships, selecting and training analysts, and planning to move into the center’s new facility, which will be colocated with the Michigan HIDTA. Federal partners identified include ICE, CBP, TSA, Secret Service, U.S. Coast Guard, FBI, Federal Bureau of Prisons, U.S. Attorney’s Office, and HIDTA. The center did not have access to DHS and DOJ systems, but would obtain access to FBI systems once it was colocated with the HIDTA. Additionally, the fusion center plans to work with MIOC to leverage technology purchases and utilize similar policies and standard operating procedures. The Minnesota Joint Analysis Center (MN-JAC) opened in May 2005 as a partnership of the Department of Public Safety, the FBI, and several local police departments. Its mission is the collection, management, and distribution of strategic and tactical information and the development and implementation of useful and meaningful information products and training, focusing on all crimes and all hazards within and affecting Minnesota. MN-JAC has an all-crimes and all-hazards scope of operations. However, the center is not a law enforcement or investigative agency because of restrictions imposed by state law. As the center works to determine its position relative to the existing laws, it serves primarily to coordinate among FBI and DHS and state and local agencies. One of the ways MN-JAC accomplishes its information-sharing function is through the development and maintenance of its information-sharing Web portal, the Intelligence Communications Enterprise for Information Sharing and Exchange (ICEFISHX). MN-JAC has 10 employees, 2 of whom are provided by the state, and the remainder from local law enforcement agencies and the National Guard. MN-JAC does not have an FBI analyst staffed to its center. However, MN- JAC and the FBI’s field office are colocated in the same building, and MN- JAC personnel have access to the FBI’s systems and networks. DHS I&A has conducted a needs assessment of MN-JAC. However, at the time of our review, it had not yet placed an intelligence analyst in the center. DHS and DOJ systems and networks accessible to MN-JAC include HSIN, HSIN-Law Enforcement, FPS portal, LEO, ACS, the FBI Intelligence Information Reports Dissemination System, as well as SIPRNet. The center also has access to HSIN-Secret. However, the system is accessible only at the state’s Emergency Operations Center. MN-JAC produces two weekly briefs, one for all subscribers that covers critical infrastructure and one for law enforcement agencies that is law enforcement sensitive, as well as situation analyses of incidents and threats and special threat assessments. The Mississippi Office of Homeland Security and Mississippi Department of Public Safety are in the early stages of developing a state fusion center. The Mississippi Analysis & Information Center (MSAIC) is expected to open its door at the end of September 2007 and become operational at that time. Currently, planning officials are developing memorandums of understanding for agency representation at and support of the center, certifying the center’s secure space, and placing equipment and furniture. The fusion center will have a broad scope of operations—focusing on all crimes, all hazards, and all threats—in order to support the needs of the state and to help with the sustainability of the center. For instance, the official said that with an all-crimes scope of operations, the fusion center could give something back to local law enforcement entities, many of which have limited resources and access to information. In terms of all hazards, the fusion center is to support the state strategy to aid in prevention and deterrence and will be colocated with the state emergency management agency. The Missouri Information Analysis Center was established in December 2005 with the mission to provide a public safety partnership, consisting of local, state, and federal agencies, as well as the public sector and private entities, that will collect, evaluate, analyze, and disseminate information and intelligence to the agencies tasked with homeland security responsibilities in a timely, effective, and secure manner. The main goal of the center is to serve as the fastest means for sharing information during hazards, along with the ability to acquire and disseminate information throughout the state. The center was initially established with analysts who were transferred from the Missouri Highway Patrol Criminal Intelligence and Analysis Unit. The center, which is led by the Missouri Highway Patrol, has an all-crimes and all-hazards focus, which was established in part as a result of the center’s partnerships. The center is a member of the RISS project and is partners with the Missouri Department of Public Safety, the Missouri Emergency Management Administration, and the Missouri National Guard, the latter two with which it is colocated. In addition to its director, the Missouri Information Analysis Center has 21 other personnel, including an assistant director and an intelligence network manager, 8 full-time criminal intelligence analysts, and 10 part- time intelligence intake analysts. The Missouri Gaming Commission has also dedicated a full-time intelligence analyst to the center. Investigators are assigned to cases out of the Highway Patrol’s Division of Drug and Crime Control as needed. The center also provides local law enforcement the opportunity to assign analysts and officers to it for internships. The center works closely with the JTTFs and FIGs in the state and, according to officials, is close to completing its secure room for two FBI special agents currently working in the center. The center also works with the Business Executives for National Security, which has representation from the majority of the private corporations within the state as well as individuals interested in assisting homeland security, and has a 13-member oversight board that is composed of state, local, and federal representatives. The Missouri Information Analysis Center collects and disseminates information involving all crimes, all threats, and all hazards. The information can be tips, leads, law enforcement reports, and open source reports as well as information provided from the federal level. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN, HSIN-Secret, JRIES, RISSNet, RDEx, and LEO, as well as the Midwest HIDTA Safety Net. Analysts conduct numerous services, including, but not limited to, responding to intelligence and criminal activity inquiries from local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies and prosecuting attorneys; performing various analyses to evaluate patterns of criminal activity; compiling and disseminating intelligence booklets containing data on subjects in question for criminal activity to case investigation officers and prosecutors; developing reports, threat assessments, bulletins, summaries, and other publications on relevant criminal activity trends; serving as liaison for the statewide intelligence database; providing strategic analytical services, development, and training at the state level to support the Midwest HIDTA; maintaining close liaison with the Midwest HIDTA; and developing various standardized statistical reports involving criminal and terrorist threat assessments. The Montana All-Threat Intelligence Center (MATIC) developed from the intelligence unit of the Montana Department of Justice, Division of Criminal Investigation. After the attacks of September 11, the unit relocated to a Department of Military Affairs facility and colocated with the JTTF. The unit opened its fusion center incarnation, MATIC, in the spring of 2003 with the mission to collect, store, analyze, and disseminate information on crimes, both real and suspected, to the law enforcement community and government officials concerning dangerous drugs, fraud, organized crime, terrorism and other criminal activity for the purposes of decision making, public safety, and proactive law enforcement. The center has an all-crimes scope of operations. MATIC, administered by the Division of Criminal Investigation, is a joint venture of the division and the Department of Corrections, Department of Military Affairs, and the Rocky Mountain Information Network. There are eight full-time employees, five of whom are Division of Criminal Investigation employees. The Department of Corrections, Department of Military Affairs, and the Rocky Mountain Information Network each provide one full-time employee. The FBI has assigned one analyst to MATIC, and all MATIC analysts are also considered assigned to the JTTF. DHS and DOJ systems and networks accessible to MATIC analysts include HSIN, LEO, NCIC, and FBI classified systems located in the JTTF, as well as the RISS/Rocky Mountain Information Network, FinCEN, and INTERPOL. MATIC analysts provide case support to all Montana law enforcement and assist investigators in identifying evidence, suspects, and trends in their investigation. Each analyst assigned to MATIC has one or more portfolios for which he or she is responsible; the portfolios include drugs, outlaw motorcycle gangs, corrections, general crime, left wing, right wing, northern border, critical infrastructure, and international terrorism. Analysts review new organizations active within the state, ongoing or potential criminal activity, trends or activity around the country that could affect Montana, and trends or activity in Montana that could affect other parts of the United States or Canada. MATIC produces a daily brief for Montana that covers three topic areas—international terrorism/border issues, domestic terrorism, and general crime—and is disseminated on RISS and on the MATIC Web portal. MATIC also responds to specific requests for information, manages the critical infrastructure program, conducts training sessions for law enforcement, and maintains a Web portal to assist in the secure sharing of information among law enforcement. About 180 local, state, tribal, and federal agencies access MATIC information on its Web portal. The Nebraska State Patrol is in the planning stage of establishing the Nebraska Fusion Center. The Nebraska State Patrol is setting up the command structure for the center, has reorganized and placed staff into positions, and, according to an official, is awaiting DHS funding to hire a consultant to help develop a blueprint for the center. The official also noted that funding will allow purchase of software necessary to fuse their intelligence databases together. The center’s timeline has the center scheduled to open in the fall of 2007. The fusion center is to be all-crimes, all-hazards, including terrorism. Nebraska State Patrol officials said that the center will collect as much intelligence information as it can, whether related to crime, drugs, threats, terrorism, or other hazards, and then combine it and share it with the necessary agencies. The fusion center will be the lead intelligence-sharing component in the state and provide a seamless flow of information to assess potential risks to the state. The fusion center is planning to initially invite FBI, DEA, and ICE at the federal level; the Nebraska Emergency Management Agency, Department of Health and Human Services, and Department of Roads at the state level; and the Omaha Police Department, the TEW in the Omaha area, and the Lincoln Police Department at the local level. The center also plans to partner with key elements of the private sector since the center plans to develop infrastructure protection plans. The officials expect that many information systems will be in place, including LEO and RISS/Mid-States Organized Crime Information Center, and the center is planning to disseminate an intelligence update either daily or weekly. The Nevada Department of Public Safety is in the planning stages of establishing the Nevada Analytical and Information Center. The center is planning to have an all-crimes and all-threats focus, which would include major crimes (such as burglary rings, fraud, rape, or homicides) and terrorism. The state fusion center will look at crimes at the state level and will share information with federal and local law enforcement agencies to identify crime trends and patterns. The center will also have an all- hazards mission and plans to include fire departments and public health entities as stakeholders. The center will be responsible for 15 of the 17 counties in the state, excluding Clark and Washoe Counties, which will be covered by separate centers operated by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department and the Washoe County Sheriff’s Office. The New Hampshire Department of Safety Division of State Police is in the early stages of establishing the New Hampshire Fusion Center. They are in the process of developing the fusion center as a separate entity from several existing intelligence units within the state. For example, after the events of September 11 the State Police created a terrorism intelligence unit, in addition to a criminal intelligence unit that focuses on narcotics and organized crime. The fusion center is planning to open in 2008. The New Hampshire Fusion Center will focus on all crimes and all hazards. The state chose to adopt an all-crimes focus both because terrorism is funded by and associated with many other crimes (such as drug trafficking, credit card fraud, and identity theft). The New Hampshire State Police intelligence unit has a full-time member assigned to it and coordinates with the FBI JTTF. Also, the State Police sustain interoperability with the FBI because four of its members have FBI clearances. The fusion center will be housed within the New Hampshire Department of Safety, which includes the State Police, the Division of Motor Vehicles, and the Bureau of Emergency Communication (911), and the Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Management. The fusion center has access to LEO and RISS systems. The Regional Operations Intelligence Center (ROIC) was established in January 2005 and moved into its current facility in October 2006. ROIC is a 24-hour a day all-crimes, all-hazards, all-threats, all-the-time watch command and analysis center. The New Jersey State Police is the executive agency of ROIC and administers the general personnel, policy, and management functions. The center’s mission is to collect, analyze, and disseminate intelligence to participating law enforcement entities; evaluate intelligence for reliability and validity; provide intelligence support to tactical and strategic planning; evaluate intelligence in the Statewide Intelligence Management System; and disseminate terrorism-related activity and information to the FBI, among others. ROIC is also the home of the State Emergency Operations Center, the State Office of Emergency Management, and the State Police Emergency Management Section Offices. ROIC has personnel assigned (including 13 analysts) from the FBI, DHS, ATF, ICE, FAMS, and the U.S. Coast Guard, in addition to personnel from the State Police, New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness, and the Department of Transportation. ROIC is seeking representation from the departments of Corrections, Parole, Health and Senior Services; Environmental Protection; and Military and Veteran Affairs. ROIC is overseen by a Governance Committee, chaired by the director of ROIC, that consists of representatives from state and federal entities and law enforcement associations who meet quarterly to discuss ROIC policies and other related matters. ROIC is seeking to develop additional relationships with private sector organizations—such as the American Society of Industrial Security, the Princeton Area Security Group, the Bankers and Brokers Group, and the All Hazards Consortium— to further the mission of the intelligence analysis element of ROIC. ROIC consists of three components: (1) an analysis component, responsible for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating intelligence information entered into the Statewide Intelligence Management System by local, county, state, and federal law enforcement; (2) the operations component, which will control the actions of State Police operational and support personnel and serve as a liaison to federal agencies, other state entities, and county or municipal agencies on operational matters; and (3) a call center component, which will provide the center with situational awareness intelligence about emergency situations. DHS and DOJ systems and networks to which ROIC has access include LEO, HSIN, HSIN-Secret, and ACS, as well as SIPRNet. ROIC is scheduled to have HSDN installed in late September 2007. ROIC disseminates officer safety information, bulletins, and any other information deemed to be of value to the law enforcement or homeland security community. The State Police provide operational support to the law enforcement community on canine support for bomb and drug detection, bomb technicians, medevac helicopter support, and marine services. The New Mexico All Source Intelligence Center (NMASIC) will serve as New Mexico’s primary intelligence collection, analysis, and dissemination point for all homeland security intelligence matters, which will include intelligence support for counterterrorism operations, intelligence support for counter-human smuggling operations, critical infrastructure threat assessments, intelligence training, and terrorism and counterterrorism awareness training. According to officials in the New Mexico Governor’s Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, NMASIC was established to provide the Governor and State Homeland Security Advisor with the capability to receive information and intelligence from a number of sources and fuse that information and intelligence together to create a common intelligence and threat picture, upon which they, and other senior officials, can make long-term policy decisions. NMASIC was also established to provide tactical intelligence support to local, tribal, and state agencies in New Mexico. NMASIC will accomplish this mission by developing and sustaining five key projects and programs: a statewide integrated intelligence program, a statewide information sharing environment, intelligence product development and production management, collection requirements and collection management, and a state law enforcement operational component. NMASIC’s analytical functions will include a collection management analyst, an international terrorism/Islamic extremist analyst, a single-issue extremist analyst, a militia/white supremacists analyst, a border security analyst, and a critical infrastructure analyst. Once fully staffed, NMASIC will provide tactical and strategic intelligence support to agencies in New Mexico. Participating agencies and disciplines include the Governor's Office of Homeland Security, Department of Public Safety/New Mexico State Police, local law enforcement, local fire departments, local emergency management, Pueblo Public Safety Organizations, FPS, TSA, DHS I&A, Department of Energy, Department of State, the FBI, HIDTA, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. In addition to the state fusion center—the New York State Intelligence Center (NYSIC)—there are other local area centers in New York, including those operated by the New York City Police Department Intelligence Division and Rockland County. The New York State Intelligence Center (NYSIC) was established in August 2003 as a multijurisdictional intelligence and investigative center composed of representatives from state, federal, and local law enforcement, criminal justice, and intelligence agencies. Its mission is to advance the effectiveness and efficiency of New York State law enforcement operations and services by acting as a centralized and comprehensive criminal intelligence resource. NYSIC, which is led by the New York State Police, operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. NYSIC combines the duties of an intelligence center and fusion center to enhance collaboration among New York state law enforcement agencies and law enforcement agencies nationwide. Using an all-crimes approach, the NYSIC collects, analyzes, evaluates, and disseminates information and intelligence to identify emerging patterns and trends, investigate current criminal activities, and prevent future criminal acts. NYSIC opened the Counterterrorism Center (CTC) in May 2004, and this component is responsible for intelligence and information sharing in all areas outside New York City. The mission of NYSIC-CTC is to provide law enforcement agencies throughout New York state with timely and useful intelligence to assist in the prevention, detection, and deterrence of terrorism. NYSIC-CTC provides a centralized contact point for the reporting of suspicious activity from both civilians and law enforcement. NYSIC-CTC vets information and directs it to the appropriate federal, state, or local law enforcement agency for investigation. NYSIC has 18 agencies represented in the facility, with over 80 people in the center. Federal entities with personnel in NYSIC include the FBI (three intelligence analysts and one special agent); DEA (one intelligence analyst); the U.S Attorney’s Office (one part-time intelligence research specialist); DHS I &A (one senior intelligence analyst); ICE (one senior special agent); CBP (one special agent expected); and the Social Security Administration (one special agent). The New York State Police provides the majority of NYSIC’s personnel, with 44 investigators and 20 analysts assigned. In addition, the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Division of Parole, Department of Correctional Services, Department of Insurance, Office of Homeland Security, and National Guard have provided personnel and services to NYSIC. Among the local entities providing personnel, liaison, and services to NYSIC are the New York City Police Department, New York City Metropolitan Transit Authority Police Department, Rensselaer County Sheriff’s Office, and the Town of Colonie Police Department. The Executive Committee on Counter Terrorism, consisting of state police executives, the Director of the State Office of Homeland Security, commissioners of various state agencies, representatives from police chiefs and sheriffs, and the Office of the Governor, serves as an Advisory Board to NYSIC. NYSIC collects information including tips from law enforcement, the private sectors, and the public via crime and terrorism tip hotlines. NYSIC also receives reports from federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement entities. Federal information includes threat assessments, CBP reporting, and DHS daily reporting. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN (Unclassified and Secret), HSDN, FPS portal, LEO, as well as FinCEN and Treasury Enforcement Communications System. Some NYSIC personnel—CTC personnel with Top Secret clearances—have full access to FBI systems (e.g., ACS, IDW, and Guardian). Reporting from state, local, and tribal agencies includes investigative and intelligence submissions, suspicious incidents, public safety and public health information, and infrastructure information. NYSIC also collects information from open sources. The types of services performed and products disseminated include counterterrorism and criminal intelligence analysis and reporting, situational awareness reporting, situation reports on emerging incidents, investigative support, and outreach and training. NYSIC conducts critical infrastructure and outreach and awareness in conjunction with New York Office of Homeland Security. The NYPD Intelligence Division opened its Intelligence Center in March 2002. The center has both an all-crimes and counterterrorism focus, for example, focusing on traditional crimes (e.g., guns, gangs, and drugs) as well as having one group of intelligence analysts who analyze information for ties to terrorism. Analysts look at global trends and patterns for applicability to New York City. Personnel have access to among others, all FBI systems, LEO, and HSIN. The Rockland County Intelligence Center has been in existence since 1995. However, according to its director, the center changed focus after September 2001. The mission of the center is to provide intelligence to law enforcement agencies based upon the collection, evaluation, and analysis of information that can identify criminal activity. The center takes an all- crimes approach and is involved in any crime that occurs within the county. The center is composed of sworn officers from Rockland County law enforcement agencies who are assigned specialized desks, such as street gangs, burglary/robbery, terrorism, and traditional organized crime. In addition, the FBI assigned a special agent on a full-time basis to the center. DHS and DOJ networks and systems to which the center has access include HSIN and LEO, as well as HIDTA and RISS/Mid-Atlantic Great Lakes Organized Crime Law Enforcement Network. The North Carolina Information Sharing and Analysis Center (ISAAC) opened in May 2006 and is overseen by the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation’s (SBI) Intelligence and Technical Services Section within the state Department of Justice. The mission of ISAAC is to serve as the focal point for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of terrorism and criminal information relating to threats and attacks within North Carolina. ISAAC will enhance and facilitate the collection of information from local, state, and federal resources and analyze that information so that it will benefit homeland security and criminal interdiction programs at all levels. Specifically, ISAAC develops and evaluates information about persons or organizations engaged in criminal activity, including homeland security, gang activity, and drug activity. ISAAC partners include the U.S. Attorney’s Office, the FBI, SBI, the State Highway Patrol, National Guard, Association of Chiefs of Police, Sheriff’s Association, Division of Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Department of Corrections, Alcohol Law Enforcement, Emergency Management, and the Governor’s Crime Commission. Partners take what ISAAC refers to as “a global approach to a state response.” The ISAAC team consists of investigators and analysts from SBI, the Raleigh Police Department, Wake County Sheriff’s Office, State Highway Patrol, state Alcohol Law Enforcement, National Guard, U.S. Attorney’s Office, and the FBI. Specifically, the FBI assigned a full-time analyst and a part-time special agent to ISAAC. ISAAC investigators actively investigate leads and tips and work jointly with the JTTFs throughout the state. DHS I&A has conducted a needs assessment of the ISAAC. However, at the time of our review, it had not yet placed an intelligence officer in the center. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN, LEO, as well as FinCEN, Regional Organized Crime Information Center, RISSNET, EPIC, INTERPOL, as well as a variety of state information. The FBI analyst has access to FBI classified systems, and the FBI has cleared all sworn and analytical personnel assigned to the fusion center. ISAAC produces a variety of products, including an open source report; Suspicious Activity Reports; and a monthly information bulletin with articles of interest, a special events calendar, tips and leads summary, and products and services of ISAAC. ISAAC also supports special events, maintains a tips and leads database, and conducts community outreach. For instance, ISAAC has developed relationships with several Muslim organizations. The North Dakota Fusion Center was established in September 2003 with support from the North Dakota Division of Homeland Security and the North Dakota National Guard. In January 2004, the North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation and the North Dakota Highway Patrol assigned a special agent and a captain, respectively, to the center. The fusion center takes an all-crimes and all-hazards approach to terrorism. As such, it collects and disseminates all-hazard and all-crime information with possible links to terrorism. The fusion center is staffed with personnel from the Bureau of Criminal Investigation, North Dakota Division of Homeland Security, North Dakota National Guard, and North Dakota Highway Patrol. The fusion center consists of law enforcement, intelligence analysts (both domestic and international), operations and planning, and critical infrastructure personnel and is divided into three sections—law enforcement, operations, and intelligence—that work together. While there are no FBI personnel assigned to the center, fusion center law enforcement personnel are JTTF members. The North Dakota Fusion Center provides training and terrorism investigative support; conducts critical infrastructure assessments; and disseminates products including a monthly newsletter to law enforcement and homeland security stakeholders, and summaries to military stakeholders. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN, HSIN-Secret, and FBI’s ACS, as well as RISS, RISS ATIX, INTERPOL, FinCEN, and INFRAGARD. The fusion center is located in a secure National Guard facility. After the September 11 attacks, Ohio established the Ohio Strategic Task Force, a working group of state cabinet-level positions, to develop a strategic plan that included the formation of a fusion center. In January 2005, the Ohio Homeland Security Division’s Strategic Analysis and Information Center (SAIC) began initial operations with a base group composed of state National Guard, State Highway Patrol, Emergency Management, and Homeland Security personnel. According to an SAIC official, legislation subsequently widened the foundation and basis for the center. In December 2005, SAIC moved to its second phase of development and implemented a work-week-style operation, acquired personnel, conducted additional training in intelligence analysis, and bought additional software to handle information acquisition. SAIC’s third phase of development is projected to begin in the fall/winter of 2007 and will include an evening second shift. SAIC maintains a 10-hour-a-day, 5- day-a-week schedule with 24-hour radio and telephone coverage through the Highway Patrol. The center serves as a secure one-stop shop that collects, filters, analyzes, and disseminates terrorism-related information. SAIC has a counterterrorism and all-crimes scope of operations. The center has seven full-time employees with a number of agencies represented on a part-time rotational basis. State entities represented include the Department of Agriculture, Attorney General’s Office, Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation, Emergency Medical Services, Environmental Protection Agency, Fire Marshal, Department of Health, Highway Patrol, Homeland Security, National Guard, Department of Public Safety, Department of Transportation, the Ohio Association of Chiefs of Police, and the Fire Chief’s Association. There are also a number of city and county agencies represented on a part-time basis. The FBI has assigned a full-time analyst and a special agent to the center. DHS has assigned a full-time intelligence analyst to the center. Other federal partners in SAIC include ATF, TSA, U.S. Coast Guard, and the U.S. Attorney’s Office. SAIC’s Investigation Unit is composed of law enforcement personnel from multiple agencies and includes commissioned officers from local, state, and federal agencies as well as intelligence analysts. The unit’s primary mission is the detection of persons engaged in terrorist activities. This unit receives information from law enforcement agencies, crime reports, and field interrogation contacts as well as direct reports from both the public and law enforcement via a telephone tip line and Internet Web applications. DHS and DOJ systems and networks accessible to SAIC include HSIN and LEO. SAIC has HSDN installed in its secure room, but the system is not currently operational pending certification of the secure space. The FBI’s classified systems are accessible by the FBI analyst assigned to SAIC, and preparations are underway to build a secure room to house FBINet. The Investigation Unit conducts preliminary investigations of information and either processes the complaint, lead, or tip internally or forwards the complaint, lead, or tip to the JTTF or law enforcement agency with primary jurisdiction. The Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation, in collaboration with other state and local entities, is in the early stages of developing the Oklahoma Information Fusion Center. Specifically, it has obtained funding, developed an implementation plan, and identified 10 positions for which it will be hiring. The official opening of the center is expected in early 2008. There were two primary reasons for the establishment of the center. First was to help in the prevention of future attacks, and second was to serve as a hub to facilitate information and intelligence sharing with law enforcement officers in the field. The purpose of the fusion center will be to screen the information, determine whether it is pertinent to Oklahoma, and consolidate the information. As such, the proposed mission statement for the center is to serve as the focal point for the collection, assessment, analysis, and dissemination of terrorism intelligence and other criminal activity information relating to Oklahoma. The scope of operations for the center will be both all-crimes and all-hazards. The Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation is to act as the host agency for the fusion center, serving as the focal point for all fusion center activities, housing the fusion center within its headquarters, and providing most of the center’s analysts and agents. The fusion center will include nine Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation analysts. In addition, the center plans to include analysts from the Oklahoma Office of Homeland Security, the FBI FIG, and the Oklahoma National Guard. There are also six Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation agents who will play a support role to the center. The Oklahoma Information Fusion Center will collect information on all crimes in accordance with 28 CFR, part 23. Fusion center personnel are expected to perform intelligence analysis on all investigative reports and informational reports provided to the center. Personnel can provide investigative support through the use of intelligence products such as charts, timelines, intelligence summary reports, and many other products. Center personnel also have direct access to numerous databases that can be used to support investigative activities as well as intelligence investigations. DHS and DOJ systems to which the fusion center has access include LEO, HSIN, as well as RISSNet, FinCEN, and VICAP. Oregon’s Terrorism Intelligence and Threat Assessment Network (TITAN) Fusion Center opened in June 2007. Its primary mission is information sharing and coordination of terrorism intelligence among Oregon’s 220 law enforcement entities. In addition, the coordination and passing of terrorism-related information to the FBI is a primary function for the center. The center will also support an all-crimes approach to identifying terrorism-related activity, including criminal activities in areas such as money laundering, counterfeiting and piracy, and human and weapons smuggling. The center is administered by the Oregon Department of Justice and has representatives from the FBI, ATF, Internal Revenue Service, the Oregon HIDTA program, Oregon State Police, and the Oregon Military Department. TITAN Fusion Center is located in the same building as an FBI’s resident agency. The Terrorism Intelligence and Threat Assessment Network is Oregon’s terrorism liaison officer program. This program began in May 2004 and has since grown to include 53 members who represent 35 agencies. The primary mission of the program is information sharing between the fusion center and first responders. The fusion center is the clearinghouse and information hub within the state. Intelligence is collected, collated, analyzed, and then disseminated as briefings, intelligence, and officer safety bulletins and alerts. The Pennsylvania Criminal Intelligence Center (PaCIC) was established in July of 2003 to serve as the primary conduit through which law enforcement officers in Pennsylvania can submit information and receive actionable intelligence for the benefit of their decision makers. PaCIC, which is a component of the Pennsylvania State Police, is an all-crimes analysis center. However, the center is planning to diversify and focus on all hazards in the future. According to its director, PaCIC is a developed criminal intelligence center. However, in terms of a fusion center, it is still in the early stages of development. PaCIC is staffed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. PaCIC’s 32-member staff includes Pennsylvania State Police intelligence analysts, research analysts, officers, and an information technology specialist. PaCIC also contains a watch-center component of enlisted supervisors designed to maintain situational awareness. A representative of the state Department of Corrections works in the center on a part-time basis and provides direct access to corrections intelligence. There are currently no federal entities represented in PaCIC. However, DHS representation is being planned with the eventual expansion into an all-crimes and all-hazards fusion center. FBI security modifications to the center are under way, and FBI representation is anticipated by November 2007. PaCIC has access to HSIN and disseminates products including daily reports, strategic assessments, intelligence alerts, information briefs, and threat assessments. The center also operates a drug tip line and a terrorism tip line. The Rhode Island Fusion Center was established in March 2006 and is a component of the Rhode Island State Police. In establishing the center, the state recognized the importance of the fusion center concept for state and local information sharing. The fusion center is colocated with an FBI field office and thus focuses primarily on counterterrorism. However, the center also serves as a resource for the local police agencies in the state. The fusion center has three personnel—one investigator and two analysts. The FBI is the fusion center’s only federal partner, although the director said that he works with ICE on a regular basis. The fusion center works closely with the JTTF, to which there are also State Police officers assigned. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN, LEO, FPS portal, and FBI’s ACS system and Guardian. The FBI also facilitates all of the center’s security clearances and provides the center’s facility, which is colocated with the JTTF, free of charge. In South Carolina, the Chief of the State Law Enforcement Division is the state Director of Homeland Security and the state representative to DHS. In July 2004, the Chief of the Division approved the development of a fusion center and the South Carolina Information Exchange (SCIEx) was established in March 2005. SCIEx has an all-crimes scope of operations and has devoted its resources to combating all nature of criminal activity. Its mission is to prevent and deter acts of terrorism and criminal activity, and to promote homeland security and public safety through intelligence fusion and information sharing with all sectors of South Carolina society. SCIEx also handles reports of suspicious activity and includes a component that deals with “situations as they develop,” including a response to emergent hazards. Further, SCIEx goals focus on providing real-time response and timely assistance to local law enforcement agencies, developing actionable intelligence and analysis to predict and prevent homeland security threats, and using intelligence-led policing and other products to facilitate the prevention and interdiction of criminal and terrorist activities. SCIEx’s 14-person staff includes agents and analysts from the State Law Enforcement Division; the National Guard; Department of Heath and Environmental Control; Department of Corrections; Department of Probation, Pardon, and Parole; and the FBI, which assigned one FIG analyst. DHS I&A has conducted a needs assessment of SCIEx. However, at the time of our review, it had not yet placed an intelligence analyst in the center. The center is organized into an 8/5 watch (with a 24/7 on-call duty roster); a collection, analysis, and production unit; AMBER alert and missing persons coordinators; and liaisons to JTTF and Project SeaHawk. SCIEx analysts collect information from a variety of sources including federal intelligence and law enforcement agency reports, incident reports, and other first responder reports and graphics to produce daily bulletins, targeted advisories, and intelligence assessments. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN/JRIES, LEO, EPIC, and VICAP, as well as RISSNET, Interpol, and FinCEN. HSIN-Secret is available to personnel if they travel to the Emergency Operations Center, which is located in a different facility than SCIEx. Additionally, the FBI funded the development of a secure room at SCIEx, and once the room is completed, SCIEx will also gain access to FBI systems. SCIEx also uses a variety of analytical tools such as Geographic Information System and crime mapping to enhance its analytic products. The South Dakota Fusion Center was established in June 2006 with the mission to protect the citizens by ensuring the resiliency of critical infrastructure operations throughout South Dakota by enhancing and coordinating counterterrorism intelligence and other investigative support efforts among private sector and local, state, tribal, and federal stakeholders. The principal role of the fusion center is to compile, analyze, and disseminate criminal and terrorist information and intelligence and other information to support efforts to anticipate, identify, prevent, and/or monitor criminal and terrorist activity. The center has an all-hazards and all-crimes scope of operations and focuses on all criminal activity, not just those with a nexus to terrorism. The all-hazards focus comes from the center’s coordination with the state Office of Emergency Management. The center is staffed by the South Dakota Office of Homeland Security and the South Dakota Highway Patrol and receives oversight from the State Homeland Security Senior Advisory Committee. The center has one full- time staff person and two part-time personnel from the Office of Homeland Security. There were no federal entities represented in the fusion center. However, officials said that they coordinate with the local JTTF, the HIDTA, and other drug and fugitive task forces. The fusion center gathers information about all-hazard, all-crimes incidents and disseminates it to first responders, surrounding states, and the federal government. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN, LEO, as well as RISS/Mid- States Organized Crime Information Center, ICEFISHX, and Law Enforcement Intelligence Network, which are operated by fusion centers in Minnesota and Iowa. The state center for Tennessee, the Tennessee Regional Information Center (TRIC), opened in May 2007, with the mission to lead a team effort of local, state, and federal law enforcement in cooperation with the citizens of the state of Tennessee for the timely receipt, analysis, and dissemination of terrorism and criminal activity information relating to Tennessee. TRIC provides a central location for the collection and analysis of classified, law enforcement sensitive, and open source information; provides a continuous flow of information and intelligence to the law enforcement community; and provides assistance to law enforcement agencies in criminal investigation matters. TRIC has an all-crimes scope of operations that includes crimes such as traditional organized crime, narcotics, gangs, fugitives, missing children, sex offenders, and Medicaid/Medicare fraud. TRIC also has a terrorism/national security focus that includes international and domestic terrorism, foreign counterintelligence, and other national security issues (such as Avian Flu). Led by the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation and the Tennessee Department of Safety/Office of Homeland Security, TRIC’s 31-person staff includes analysts from these two entities, as well as the Department of Corrections, the National Guard, and the FBI FIG. Other partner agencies include the Highway Patrol, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, HIDTA, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, ATF, and the Regional Organized Crime Information Center, as well as a growing connectivity to the state’s local law enforcement agencies. TRIC provides support to all agencies within the state, reviews and analyzes data for crime trend patterns and criminal activity with a potential nexus to terrorism, disseminates information through regular bulletins and special advisories, develops threat assessments and executive news briefs, performs requests for information as needed, and produces suspicious incident report analysis. The public can provide tips and information to TRIC through its Web site and via a toll-free telephone number. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to TRIC include HSIN and LEO, as well as RISS and the Regional Organized Crime Information Center. Fusion center operations work in concert with other ongoing Tennessee Bureau of Investigation programs, including AMBER Alerts, sex offender registry, and the aviation unit. In addition to the statewide Texas Fusion Center, there are regional fusion centers including the North Central Texas Fusion Center. After September 11, Governor Rick Perry created a task force to study homeland security matters, and the task force identified communication and coordination as predominant themes. Subsequently, the Texas Legislature passed a bill that created a communications center to serve as the focal point for planning, coordinating, and integrating government communications regarding the state’s homeland defense strategy. This center, then known as the Texas Security Alert and Analysis Center, opened in July 2003. The center functioned as a call center to allow the public and law enforcement to report suspicious activities. In July 2005, the center was expanded and renamed the Texas Fusion Center, which acts as a tactical intelligence center for law enforcement that is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and helps coordinate multi-agency border control activities. The fusion center has an all-crimes and all-hazards scope of operations in order to disrupt organizations that are using criminal activities to further terrorist activities. The center gathers information from the public and law enforcement, analyzes it, and provides it to JTTFs. The fusion center also focuses on border security, narcoterrorism, and criminal gangs. The all-hazards scope of operations was adopted in the aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The center works in conjunction with, and is located in, the State Operation Center, in order to create an all-hazards response capability. The Texas Fusion Center has dual oversight by the Criminal Law Enforcement Division and the Governor’s Office of Homeland Security at the Texas Department of Public Safety. It is staffed by Department of Public Safety officers and analysts. The FBI assigned a part-time analyst to the center. The Texas Fusion Center is the central facility for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating intelligence information related to terrorist activities. The center is designed to handle and respond to telephone inquiries from law enforcement and the general public, in addition to having access to several information systems. The Texas Fusion Center monitors HSIN, LEO, and JRIES and has access to FBI systems, though only through the part-time analyst assigned to the center. The center also uses a variety of state systems and databases, including the Texas Data Exchange, which is a comprehensive information-sharing portal that allows criminal justice agencies to exchange jail and records management systems data, and provides system access to a variety of state databases. The North Central Texas Fusion Center (NTFC) became operational in February 2006, after a 2½-year planning process. The planners recognized the fusion center needed a different mission from those already being conducted by the North Texas HIDTA and FBI FIG, so NTFC adopted an all-crimes and all-hazards scope of operations. Specifically, NTFC works to prevent or minimize the impacts of natural, intentional, and accidental hazards/disasters through information sharing across jurisdictions and across disciplines. The center also supports emergency response, field personnel, and investigations. Stakeholders include those in homeland security, law enforcement, public health, fire, emergency management, and state and federal government such as the Texas Fusion Center, Texas National Guard, and DHS. DHS I&A has assigned an intelligence analyst to the center. The center provides intelligence support to regional task forces, State of Texas initiatives, and local police department homicide and criminal investigations and also assesses regional threats. Users from 42 regional jurisdictions and agencies covering five major disciplines, including law enforcement, health, fire, emergency management, and intelligence, receive bulletins and alert information. Reports and alerts are also distributed via e-mail to the stakeholders. Most of the reports are all- hazard and all-discipline focused and look at trends, observations, and predictive elements primarily in support of prevention and preparedness. DHS and DOJ systems and networks accessible to NTFC include HSIN, LEO, and HSDN, in addition to a variety of other state and open source information databases. The Utah Fusion Center is in the planning stage and is transitioning from an intelligence center—the Utah Criminal Intelligence Center—which was established prior to the 2002 Winter Olympics. Led by the Utah Department of Public Safety, the fusion center is in the process of developing operations guidelines and memorandums of understanding and consulting with DHS’s Office of Grants and Training. The Utah Fusion Center will adopt an all-crimes and all-hazards scope of operations to move beyond law enforcement and broaden the center’s focus to include homeland security and public safety. The fusion center was established to enhance the ability to share information across disciplines beyond law enforcement and levels of government. The fusion center, as was the criminal intelligence center, is colocated with the local FBI JTTF and will employ criminal researchers and investigators. The center works closely with the FBI JTTF and the local DHS representative, partnerships that were developed with the establishment of the precursor intelligence center in 2002. The FBI provides Top Secret clearances, and most of the staff members have had Top Secret security clearances since the 2002 Winter Olympics. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN, LEO, FBI classified systems, as well as RISS/Rocky Mountain Information Network. The Vermont Fusion Center, which is managed by the Vermont State Police, was established in August 2005 in order to further the national homeland security mission in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11. The fusion center, which is colocated with ICE’s Law Enforcement Support Center (LESC), is a partnership of the Vermont Department of Homeland Security, Vermont State Police Criminal Intelligence Unit, ICE, Vermont National Guard Counter Drug Program, and the U.S. Coast Guard. Each entity provides personnel to the center. The fusion center serves as Vermont’s clearinghouse to analyze and assess information received from law enforcement and disseminate information from a single location. The goals of the Vermont Fusion Center include providing timely, accurate, and actionable information to the state, national, and international law enforcement communities; identifying parallel investigations, reducing duplication, and increasing officer safety (deconfliction); and providing strategic analysis, to include crime mapping for all types of criminal activity, particularly related to illegal narcotics, money laundering crimes, identity theft, crimes that support terrorism, and other major crimes. The center has an all-crimes scope of operations reflecting the multiple sectors, including public safety and law enforcement, that have come together to form the fusion center. The center provides major criminal case assistance, such as fugitive tracking, phone searches, liaison with federal and Canadian agencies, analytical reports, and utilization of federal capabilities such as cellular telephone triangulation, mail covers, passport information, and border lookouts. The center also disseminates notifications, alerts, indicators, and warnings to Vermont law enforcement. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN, Student and Exchange Visitor Information System, U.S. Visitor and Immigration Status Indicator Technology System, National Security Entry-Exit Registration System, FPS portal, U.S. Coast Guard Homeport, LEO, VICAP, EPIC, NCIC, as well as RISS/New England Police Information Network, NLETS, INTERPOL, HIDTA, FinCEN, and Treasury Enforcement Communications System. The center also has access to a number of state and commercial systems and databases, and to the Canadian Border Information / Intel Center. The Virginia Fusion Center was established in February 2005 after being mandated by legislation and moved into a new facility in November 2005. Operated by the Virginia State Police, in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Emergency Management, the primary mission of the center is to fuse together resources from local, state, and federal agencies and private industries to facilitate information collection, analysis, and sharing in order to deter and prevent criminal and terrorist attacks. The secondary mission of the center is, in support of the Virginia Emergency Operations Center (with which it is colocated), to centralize information and resources to provide coordinated and effective response in the event of an attack. The center has an all-hazards and counterterrorism scope of operations. The Virginia Fusion Center has partnerships established with state, local, and federal law enforcement agencies, including ATF and the U.S. Secret Service; DHS’s Homeland Security Operation Center; FBI JTTFs in the state of Virginia; the private sector; Fire and Emergency Medical Services; the military, including the Army and the U.S. Coast Guard; the National Capitol Regional Intelligence Center; other state intelligence centers; as well as the public. There are over 20 people in the center—17 analysts, 5 special agents, and other management and administrative personnel. The analysts are primarily from the Virginia State Police and the Department of Emergency Management. The National Guard has also assigned an analyst. DHS has detailed one intelligence analyst, and the FBI has assigned one reports officer to the center. The DHS Protective Security Advisor has a desk in the center as well. Several center employees are detailed to other organizations; for example, the Virginia State Police have five agents assigned to JTTFs in the state. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN, HSIN-Intel, HSDN, LEO, and JRIES, as well as the RISS/Regional Organized Crime Information Center. The FBI reports officer in the center can access FBI classified systems. The fusion center shares all-hazards information and intelligence, tactical information, raw information, and finished intelligence products with a variety of clients. These products include daily terrorism intelligence briefings that could be produced at Law Enforcement Sensitive, For Official Use Only, and open source levels and are e-mailed to all law enforcement and military contacts and posted to a bulletin; intelligence bulletins that describe emerging trends or upcoming events; threat assessments for events; and information reports on pertinent information that has not been fully analyzed. Virginia Fusion Center analysts also produce special projects or reports, provide case support, follow up on calls, and respond to requests for information. The center has established a variety of performance measures, including quarterly surveys disseminated to its users and activity reports (e.g., daily, weekly, quarterly, and yearly). All personnel also have core responsibilities and competencies. The Washington Joint Analytical Center (WAJAC) started as a small project in 2003 to facilitate information sharing within the state and with the federal government and has gradually evolved. WAJAC, which is a joint effort between the Washington State Patrol and the FBI, has an all-crimes, all-hazards, and counterterrorism scope of operations to support the state and local law enforcement community. This approach allows WAJAC intelligence analysts and investigators the ability to fully evaluate information for trends, emerging crime problems, and their possible connections to terrorism. WAJAC has recently included an all-hazards focus and has started looking at natural disasters and public health epidemics. WAJAC personnel include representatives from the Washington State Patrol, King County Sheriff’s Office, Bellevue Police Department, Seattle Police Department, the Washington Military Department (National Guard), ICE, and TSA. There are no FBI personnel assigned directly to WAJAC; however, WAJAC is colocated in an FBI field office and WAJAC analysts work side by side with the FIG in the field office. DHS I&A has conducted a needs assessment of WAJAC, and, according to DHS, had assigned an intelligence analyst to the center. DHS and DOJ information systems or networks accessible to the fusion center include HSIN, LEO, ICE and TSA systems; all FBI systems; as well as access to systems of each partner agency in WAJAC. WAJAC personnel receive all of their clearances, at the Top Secret level through the FBI. WAJAC produces a variety of weekly intelligence briefings, bulletins, and assessments in conjunction with the FIG. These products are e-mailed to law enforcement agencies, other government agencies, private sector security officers, and military units. The Department of Military Affairs and Public Safety’s Homeland Security Division is in the planning stage of establishing the West Virginia Fusion Center. The planning team for the development of the fusion center consists of multiple agencies and stakeholders with leadership from the Homeland Security Advisor. The West Virginia Fusion Center is to operate under the direct control of the Homeland Security Advisor and the State Administrative Agency. A governance committee, to be chaired by the State Administrative Agency with representatives from the Northern and Southern Anti-Terrorism Advisory Councils, state police, National Guard, health care, higher education, the private sector, and the interoperability coordinator will be responsible for providing guidance and policy. At the time of our review, the West Virginia Fusion Center was beginning its phased opening and bringing in personnel from the National Guard and the state police. The vision for the fusion center is to prevent, deter, and disrupt terrorism and criminal activity, enabling a safe and secure environment for the citizens of West Virginia. The fusion center will adopt an all-crimes, all- hazards, and counterterrorism scope of operations but plans to tailor each depending on the stakeholders in the center. For example, the West Virginia Public Broadcasting System will be represented in the fusion center to help gather and manage information. However, if there is an evacuation event, it will also disseminate the information directly to the public as public service announcements through television and radio stations. There are two fusion centers in Wisconsin: the Wisconsin Statewide Intelligence Center (WSIC) and the Milwaukee-based Southeastern Terrorism Alert Center (STAC). Led by the Wisconsin Department of Justice Division of Criminal Investigation, the Wisconsin Statewide Intelligence Center (WSIC) became operational in March 2006 as the central information and intelligence- gathering entity for the state of Wisconsin and acts as the clearinghouse for information and intelligence coming from local and county agencies. WSIC’s mission includes managing intelligence gathering efforts and passing information to appropriate agencies and the JTTF; interfacing with the Emergency Operations Center and Joint Operations Center during critical incidents or as requested; producing general weekly law enforcement bulletins and daily intelligence briefings for the Governor, top law enforcement officials, and partner agency heads, among others; supporting the Division of Criminal Investigation technology assets in the field; and providing statewide major case support and analytical services. Though counterterrorism is the primary concern of WSIC, the center operates with an all-crimes, all-hazards, all-events approach directed by the state Homeland Security Council, which wanted the center to be the intelligence voice for the state and to help the state in a comprehensive way. WSIC is staffed by eight full-time personnel, five of whom are Division of Criminal Investigation personnel. There are also two National Guard analysts, a special investigator from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and one FBI analyst at the center. DHS I&A has conducted a needs assessment of WSIC. However, at the time of our review it had not yet placed an intelligence analyst in the center. WSIC also supports the STAC by providing three Division of Criminal Investigation personnel to the center. WSIC is overseen by a Governance Board made up of federal, state, and local representatives. WSIC analysts provide short- or long-term assistance to agencies by using analytical tools and systems to clarify and visualize case investigations, tailoring the analytical support to the requesting agency’s needs. WSIC analysts work in a variety of areas and initiatives, including counterterrorism and domestic security, gang intelligence, identity theft, and the Highway Drug Interdiction Program with the Wisconsin State Patrol. DHS and DOJ networks and systems accessible to WSIC include HSIN, LEO, and NCIC, as well as RISSNET and a statewide law enforcement network that enables law enforcement officers to submit intelligence or requests for assistance to WSIC, and it provides law enforcement with WSIC bulletins and alerts, staff contact information, officer safety information, and resource links. WSIC provides a variety of products and services that include weekly law enforcement bulletins for every agency in the state containing sections on domestic and international terrorism, cold case investigations, missing persons, officer safety, and items of interest to law enforcement. Additionally, WSIC prepares a daily Command Staff Intelligence Briefing for the Governor, the Attorney General, the Adjutant General, and top law enforcement officials across the state that is primarily focused on issues within the previous 24 hours. WSIC also broadcasts statewide Alert Bulletins when it receives time-sensitive information, handles major criminal case analytical support, provides assistance on electronic surveillance, and conducts training events across the state and region. The Southeastern Wisconsin Terrorism Alert Center (STAC) is a counterterrorism, all-crimes, all-hazards intelligence organization made up of law enforcement, fire service, homeland security, military, DOJ, FBI, emergency management, and health department members. STAC officials said they were exposed to the TEW concept from Los Angeles and saw a need for establishing a TEW in their urban area in 2005 to improve information sharing. STAC was built on the TEW foundation as a satellite of WSIC. STAC began operating when its analysts were hired in October 2006. However, the officials said that they are still getting the physical location established and are in the final stages of reconstruction and establishing the facility. The mission of STAC is to protect the citizens, critical infrastructure, and key resources of southeastern Wisconsin by promoting intelligence-led policing, supporting criminal investigative efforts, and enhancing the domestic preparedness of first responders, all levels of government, and its partners in the private sector. STAC staff will eventually include 10 full- and part-time officers, detectives, and analysts from the Milwaukee Police Department, Office of the Sheriff of Milwaukee County, one DCI analyst, and one Milwaukee Fire Department analyst. The FBI has assigned a full-time intelligence analyst and a part-time special agent. A governance board provides oversight for the center. STAC is in the process of developing a TLO program, which is a network of police, fire department, public health, and private sector partners that collect and share information related to terrorism threats. STAC TLO coordinators will be responsible for analyzing available sources of terrorist threat information and preparing versions for distribution to the first responder agencies within their regions. STAC has also conducted some initial critical infrastructure assessments and published alerts, threat assessments, and intelligence information bulletins with information for first responders about local threats, terrorism trends, and counterterrorism training and offers training information for critical incident preparation. DHS and DOJ systems or networks accessible to STAC include LEO, HSIN, and RISS. STAC does not have classified FBI systems in its facility. However, the FBI analyst at STAC has access to them. The FBI also provides STAC personnel with their security clearances, most at the Secret level, and one at the Top Secret level. Wyoming does not have and is not planning to establish a physical fusion center. However, the Office of Homeland Security is working with Colorado officials to develop a plan for Wyoming to become an “adjunct” to CIAC. The officials stated that Wyoming, which has a population of only around 400,000 people and operates its law enforcement agencies with a total of only 1,600 officers, does not have the threat or the necessity for a full-fledged fusion center, much less the funding or personnel to support such a center. In addition, the Wyoming Office of Homeland Security is supported by the FBI’s JTTF in Wyoming that provides assistance such as helping with analytical review of information. Wyoming officials said that they have taken several steps to facilitate the development of a partnership with Colorado’s CIAC, including putting in place a technical system to augment the communications capability of Wyoming’s law enforcement agencies to transmit intelligence and information with CIAC. Wyoming officials intend to develop memorandums of understanding with CIAC to cover a regional area including both Colorado and Wyoming. In addition, Wyoming will furnish personnel for CIAC. The officials characterized the development of the partnership as between the planning and early stages of development and said that Wyoming and CIAC will have their partnership operational approximately in the fall of 2007. However, a Wyoming official noted that the state’s fiscal year 2007 funding did not designate any funding to continue with the fusion initiative. The official said that the fusion center initiative is critical to efforts to thwart terrorism, and the state intends to continue its partnership with CIAC and attempt to obtain future grant funding. In addition to the contact named above, Susan H. Quinlan, Assistant Director; Michael Blinde; Katherine Davis; George Erhart; Jill Evancho; Mary Catherine Hult; Julian King; Tom Lombardi; and Jay Smale made key contributions to this report.

Summary: In general, a fusion center is a collaborative effort to detect, prevent, investigate, and respond to criminal and terrorist activity. Recognizing that fusion centers are a mechanism for information sharing, the federal government--including the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Department of Justice (DOJ), and the Program Manager for the Information Sharing Environment (PM-ISE), which has primary responsibility for governmentwide information sharing and is located in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence--is taking steps to partner with fusion centers. In response to Congressional request, GAO examined (1) the status and characteristics of fusion centers and (2) to what extent federal efforts help alleviate challenges the centers identified. GAO reviewed center-related documents and conducted interviews with officials from DHS, DOJ, and the PM-ISE, and conducted semistructured interviews with 58 state and local fusion centers. The results are not generalizable to the universe of fusion centers. Data are not available on the total number of local fusion centers. Most states and many local governments have established fusion centers to address gaps in information sharing. Fusion centers across the country vary in their stages of development--from operational to early in the planning stages. Officials in 43 of the centers GAO contacted described their centers as operational, and 34 of these centers had opened since January 2004. Law enforcement entities, such as state police or state bureaus of investigation, are the lead or managing agencies in the majority of the operational centers GAO contacted; however, the centers varied in their staff sizes and partnerships with other agencies. Nearly all of the operational fusion centers GAO contacted had federal personnel assigned to them. For example, DHS has assigned personnel to 17, and the FBI has assigned personnel to about three quarters of the operational centers GAO contacted. DHS and DOJ have several efforts under way that begin to address challenges fusion center officials identified. DHS and DOJ have provided many fusion centers access to their information systems, but fusion center officials cited challenges accessing and managing multiple information systems. Both DHS and the FBI have provided security clearances for state and local personnel and set timeliness goals. However, officials cited challenges obtaining and using security clearances. Officials in 43 of the 58 fusion centers contacted reported facing challenges related to obtaining personnel, and officials in 54 fusion centers reported challenges with funding, some of which affected these centers' sustainability. The officials said that these issues made it difficult to plan for the future and created concerns about the fusion centers' ability to sustain their capability for the long-term. To support fusion centers, both DHS and the FBI have assigned personnel to the centers. To help address funding issues, DHS has made several changes to address restrictions on the use of federal grants funds. These individual agency efforts help address some of the challenges with personnel and funding. However, the federal government has not clearly articulated the long-term role it expects to play in sustaining fusion centers. It is critical for center management to know whether to expect continued federal resources, such as personnel and grant funding, since the federal government, through the information sharing environment, expects to rely on a nationwide network of centers to facilitate information sharing with state and local governments. Finally, DHS, DOJ, and the PM-ISE have taken steps to develop guidance and provide technical assistance to fusion centers, for instance, by issuing guidelines for establishing and operating centers. However, officials at 31 of the 58 centers said they had challenges training their personnel, and officials at 11 centers expressed a need for the federal government to establish standards for training fusion center analysts to help ensure that analysts have similar skills. DHS and DOJ have initiated a technical assistance program for fusion centers. They have also developed a set of baseline capabilities, but the document was still in draft as of September and had not been issued.