The concept of the single audit was created to replace multiple grant audits with one audit of an entity as a whole. The single audit is an organizationwide audit that focuses on internal control and the recipient’s compliance with laws and regulations governing the federal financial assistance received. The objectives of the Single Audit Act, as amended, are to promote sound financial management, including effective internal controls, with respect to federal awards administered by nonfederal entities; establish uniform requirements for audits of federal awards administered by nonfederal entities; promote the efficient and effective use of audit resources; reduce burdens on state and local governments, Indian tribes, and ensure that federal departments and agencies, to the maximum extent practicable, rely upon and use audit work done pursuant to the act. We studied the single audit process, and in June 1994, we reported on financial management improvements resulting from single audits, areas in which the single audit process could be improved, and ways to maximize the usefulness of single audit reports. We recommended refinements to improve the usefulness of single audits through more effective use of single audit resources and enhanced single audit reporting, and in March 1996, we testified before this Subcommittee on the proposed refinements. Subsequently, in July 1996, the refinements to the 1984 act were enacted. The 1996 amendments were effective for audits of recipients for fiscal years ending June 30, 1997, and after. The refinements cover a range of fundamental areas affecting the single audit process and single audit reporting, including provisions to extend the law to cover all recipients of federal financial assistance, ensure a more cost-beneficial threshold for requiring single audits, more broadly focus audit work on the programs that present the greatest financial risk to the federal government, provide for timely reporting of audit results, provide for summary reporting of audit results, promote better analyses of audit results through establishment of a federal clearinghouse and an automated database, and authorize pilot projects to further streamline the audit process and make it more useful. In June 1997, OMB issued Circular A-133, Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations. The Circular establishes policies to guide implementation of the Single Audit Act 1996 amendments and provides an administrative foundation for uniform audit requirements for nonfederal entities that administer federal awards. OMB also issued a revised OMB Circular A-133 Compliance Supplement. The Compliance Supplement identifies for single auditors the key program requirements that federal agencies believe should be tested in a single audit and provides the audit objective and suggested audit procedures for testing those requirements. We reported in our 1994 report that the Compliance Supplement had not kept pace with changes to program requirements, and had only been updated once since it was issued in 1985. We recommended that the Compliance Supplement be updated at least every 2 years. OMB is now updating this supplement on a more regular basis. The initial Compliance Supplement for audits under the 1996 amendments was issued in June 1997. A revision was issued for June 1998 audits in May 1998, and a revision for June 1999 audits was just recently finalized. We commend OMB for its leadership in developing and issuing the guidance and the collaborative efforts of the federal inspectors general, federal and state program managers, the state auditors, and the public accounting profession in working with OMB proactively to ensure that the guidance effectively implements the 1996 refinements. Highlighted below are several of the key refinements and some of the actions taken to implement them. The 1984 act did not cover colleges, universities, hospitals, or other nonprofit recipients of federal assistance. Instead, audit requirements for these entities were established administratively in a separate OMB audit circular, which in some ways was inconsistent with the audit circular that covered state and local governments. For example, the criteria for determining which programs received detailed audit coverage were different between the circulars. The 1996 amendments expanded the scope of the act to include nonprofit organizations. To implement the 1996 amendments, OMB combined the two audit circulars into one that provided consistent audit requirements for all recipients. The 1996 refinements and OMB Circular A-133 require a single audit for entities that spend $300,000 or more in federal awards, and exempt any entity that spends less than that amount in federal awards. Also, the threshold is based on expenditures rather than receipts. The Congress intended for the entities receiving the greatest amount of federal financial assistance disbursed each year to be audited while exempting entities receiving comparatively small amounts of federal assistance. To achieve this, a $100,000 single audit threshold was included in the 1984 act. The fixed threshold, however, did not take into account future increases in amounts of federal financial assistance. As a result, over time, audit resources were being expended on entities receiving comparatively small amounts of federal financial assistance. In 1984, we reported that setting the threshold for requiring single audits at $100,000 would result in 95 percent of all direct federal financial assistance being covered by single audits. In 1994, we reported that coverage at the same 95 percent level could be achieved with a $300,000 threshold. Also, the refinements require the Director of OMB to biennially review the threshold dollar amount for requiring single audits. The Director may adjust upward the dollar limitation consistent with the Single Audit Act’s purpose. We supported such a provision when the amendments were being considered by the Congress. Exercising this authority in the future will allow the flexibility for the OMB Director to administratively maintain the single audit threshold at a reasonable level without the need for further periodic congressional intervention. As a result of these changes, audit attention is focussed more on entities receiving the largest amounts of federal financial assistance, while the audit burden is eliminated for many entities receiving relatively small amounts of assistance. For example, Pennsylvania reported that this change will still provide audit coverage for 94 percent of the federal funds spent at the local level in the state, while eliminating audit coverage for approximately 1,200 relatively smaller entities in the state. The 1996 amendments require auditors to use a risk-based approach to determine which programs to audit during a single audit. The 1984 act’s criteria for selecting entities’ programs for testing were based only on dollar amounts. The 1996 amendments require OMB to prescribe the risk-based criteria. OMB Circular A-133 prescribes a process to guide auditors based not only on dollar limitations but also on risk factors associated with programs, including entities’ current and prior audit experience with federal programs; the results of recent oversight visits by federal, state, or local agencies; inherent risk of the program. For practical reasons related to the audit procurement process, OMB Circular A-133 allowed auditors to forgo using the risk criteria in the first year audits under the 1996 amendments. Therefore, the risk-based approach will be fully implemented in the second cycle of audits under the 1996 amendments, which started with audits for fiscal years ending June 30, 1998, and is currently in progress. When fully and effectively implemented, this refinement is intended to give auditors greater freedom in targeting risky programs by allowing auditors to use their professional judgment in weighing risk factors to decide whether a higher risk program should be covered by the single audit. Under the 1984 act, OMB guidance provided entity management with a maximum of 13 months from the close of the period audited to submit the audit report to the federal government. The 1996 refinements reduce this maximum time frame to 9 months after the end of the period audited. The amendments provide for a 2-year transition period for meeting the 9-month submission requirement. OMB’s guidelines call for the first audits subject to the revised reporting time frame to be those covering entities’ fiscal years beginning on or after July 1, 1998, and ending June 30, 1999, or after. This means that March 31, 2000, will be the first due date under the new time frame. When fully implemented, this change will improve the timeliness of single audit report information available to federal program mangers who are accountable for administering federal assistance programs. The Congress and federal oversight officials will receive more current information on the recipients’ stewardship of federal assistance funds they receive. The 1996 amendments require that the auditor include in a single audit report a summary of the auditor’s results regarding the nonfederal entity’s financial statements, internal controls, and compliance with laws and regulations. This should allow recipients of single audit reports to focus on the message and critical information resulting from the audit. OMB Circular A-133 requires that a summary of the audit results be included in a schedule of findings and questioned costs. In 1994, we reported that neither the Single Audit Act nor OMB’s implementing guidance then in effect prescribed the format for conveying the results of the auditors’ tests and evaluations. At that time, we found that single audit reports contained a series of as many as eight or more separate reports, including five specifically focused on federal financial assistance, and that significant information was scattered throughout the separate reports. OMB Circular A-133 provides greater flexibility on the organization of the auditor’s reporting than was previously provided. Taking advantage of this flexibility, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has issued guidance for practitioners conducting single audits that allows all auditor reporting on federal assistance programs to be included in one report and a schedule of findings and questioned costs. The 1996 refinements call for single audit reports to be provided to a federal clearinghouse designated by the Director of OMB to receive the reports and to assist OMB in carrying out its responsibilities through analysis of the reports. The Bureau of the Census was identified as the Federal Audit Clearinghouse in OMB Circular A-133. In our 1994 report, we noted that data on the results of single audits were not readily accessible and discussed the benefits of compiling the results in an automated database. The clearinghouse has developed a database and is now entering data from the single audit reports it has received. As this initiative progresses, it is expected to become a valuable source of information for OMB, federal oversight officials, and others regarding the expenditure of federal assistance. The 1996 amendments allow the Director of OMB to authorize pilot projects to test ways of further streamlining and improving the usefulness of single audits. We understand that OMB has recently approved the first pilot project under this authority. This first pilot, which was proposed by and will be carried out by the State of Washington, provides for auditing the state education agency and all school districts in the state as one combined entity, rather than having about 200 separate single audits. The Washington State Auditor’s office has submitted a statement for the record that describes in more detail the pilot project. Our preliminary view is that the pilot has the potential to both streamline the audit process and to provide a single report that is more useful to users than the approximately 200 reports it will replace. We fully support testing options for streamlining and increasing the effectiveness of single audits and will monitor this and any other pilot projects that are approved in the future. We are committed to overseeing the successful implementation of the 1996 amendments, working closely with all stakeholders in the single audit process and periodically providing information to the Congress on the progress being made on all of the refinements. Mr. Chairman, this concludes my statement. I will be glad to answer any questions you or other Members may have at this time. The first copy of each GAO report and testimony is free. Additional copies are $2 each. Orders should be sent to the following address, accompanied by a check or money order made out to the Superintendent of Documents, when necessary, VISA and MasterCard credit cards are accepted, also. Orders for 100 or more copies to be mailed to a single address are discounted 25 percent. U.S. General Accounting Office P.O. Box 37050 Washington, DC 20013 Room 1100 700 4th St. NW (corner of 4th and G Sts. NW) U.S. General Accounting Office Washington, DC Orders may also be placed by calling (202) 512-6000 or by using fax number (202) 512-6061, or TDD (202) 512-2537. Each day, GAO issues a list of newly available reports and testimony. To receive facsimile copies of the daily list or any list from the past 30 days, please call (202) 512-6000 using a touchtone phone. A recorded menu will provide information on how to obtain these lists.

Summary: Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the status of efforts to implement the Single Audit Act Amendments of 1996, focusing on: (1) the importance of the 1996 amendments; (2) the actions taken to implement them; and (3) ways in which the refinements will continue to evolve and benefit future single audit efforts. GAO noted that: (1) the concept of the single audit was created to replace multiple grant audits with one audit of an entity as a whole; (2) the objectives of the Single Audit Act, as amended, are to: (a) promote sound financial management, including effective internal controls, with respect to federal awards administered by non-federal entities; (b) establish uniform requirements for audits of federal awards administered by non-federal entities; (c) promote the efficient and effective use of audit resources; (d) reduce burdens on state and local governments, Indian tribes, and nonprofit organizations; and (e) ensure that federal departments and agencies rely upon and use audit work done pursuant to the act; (3) the 1996 amendments were effective for audits of recipients' fiscal years ending June 30, 1997, and after; (4) the refinements cover a range of fundamental areas affecting the single audit process and single audit reporting, including provisions to: (a) extend the law to cover all recipients of federal financial assistance; (b) ensure a more cost-beneficial threshold for requiring single audits; (c) more broadly focus audit work on the programs that present the greatest financial risk to the federal government; (d) provide for timely and summary reporting of audit results; (e) promote better analyses of audit results through establishment of a federal clearinghouse and an automated database; and (f) authorize pilot projects to further streamline the audit process and make it more useful; (5) in June 1997, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued Circular A-133, Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations; (6) the Circular establishes policies to guide implementation of the Single Audit Act 1996 amendments and provides an administrative foundation for uniform audit requirements for nonfederal entities that administer federal awards; (7) OMB also issued a revised OMB Circular A-133 Compliance Supplement; (8) the Compliance Supplement identifies for single auditors the key program requirements that federal agencies believe should be tested in a single audit and provides the audit objective and suggested audit procedures for testing those requirements; (9) GAO reported in its 1994 report that the Compliance Supplement had not kept pace with changes to program requirements, and had only been updated once since it was issued in 1985; (10) GAO recommended that the Compliance Supplement be updated at least every 2 years; and (11) OMB is now updating this supplement on a more regular basis.