The ADA is one of the major laws in the statutory scheme by which the Congress exercises its constitutional control of the public purse. Despite the name, it is not a single act, but rather a series of related provisions that evolved over a period of time in response to various abuses. As late as the post-Civil War period, it was not uncommon for agencies to incur obligations in excess, or in advance, of appropriations. Perhaps most egregious of all, some agencies would spend their entire appropriations during the first few months of the fiscal year, continue to incur obligations, and then return to the Congress for appropriations to fund these “coercive deficiencies.” These were obligations to others who had fulfilled their part of the bargain with the United States and who now had at least a moral—and in some cases also a legal—right to be paid. The Congress felt it had no choice but to fulfill these commitments, but the frequency of deficiency appropriations played havoc with the United States’ budget. The Congress expanded the ADA several times throughout the 20th century to require and enforce apportionments and agency subdivisions of apportionments to achieve more effective control and conservation of funds. The ADA contains both affirmative requirements and specific prohibitions, as highlighted below. The ADA: Prohibits the incurring of obligations or the making of expenditures in advance or in excess of an appropriation. For example, an agency officer may not award a contract that obligates the agency to pay for goods and services before the Congress makes an appropriation for the cost of such a contract or that exceeds the appropriations available. Requires the apportionment of appropriated funds and other budgetary resources for all executive branch agencies. An apportionment may divide amounts available for obligation by specific time periods (usually quarters), activities, projects, objects, or a combination thereof. OMB, on delegation from the President, apportions funds for executive agencies. Requires a system of administrative controls within each agency, established by regulation, that is designed to (1) prevent obligations and expenditures in excess of apportionments or reapportionments; (2) fix responsibility for any such obligations or expenditures; and (3) establish the levels at which the agency may administratively subdivide apportionments, if it chooses to do so. Prohibits the incurring of obligations or the making of expenditures in excess of amounts apportioned by OMB or amounts of an agency’s subdivision of apportionments. Prohibits the acceptance of voluntary services, except where authorized by law. Specifies potential penalties for violations of its prohibitions, such as suspension from duty without pay or removal from office. In addition, an officer or employee convicted of willfully and knowingly violating the prohibitions may be fined not more than $5,000, imprisoned for not more than 2 years, or both. Requires that for violations of the act’s prohibitions, the relevant agency report immediately to the President and to the Congress all relevant facts and a statement of actions taken with a copy to the Comptroller General of the United States. The requirements of the ADA and the enforcement of its proscriptions are reinforced by, among other laws, the Recording Statute, 31 U.S.C. § 1501(a), which requires agencies to record obligations in their accounting systems, and the 1982 law commonly known as the Federal Managers’ Financial Integrity Act of 1982, 31 U.S.C. § 3512(c), (d), which requires executive agencies to implement and maintain effective internal controls. Federal agencies use “obligational accounting” to ensure compliance with the ADA and other fiscal laws. Obligational accounting involves the accounting systems, processes, and people involved in collecting financial information necessary to control, monitor, and report on all funds made available to federal agencies by legislation—including both permanent, indefinite appropriations and appropriations enacted in annual and supplemental appropriations laws that may be available for 1 or multiple fiscal years. Executive branch agencies use obligational accounting, sometimes referred to as budgetary accounting, to report on the execution of the budget. The DOD FMR, Volume 14, Administrative Control of Funds and Antideficiency Act Violations, establishes procedures for DOD components in identifying, investigating, and reporting potential ADA violations. The ADA does not prescribe the process for conducting an ADA investigation. Upon learning of or identifying a possible violation of the ADA, an individual should report the potential violation to his/her immediate supervisor within 10 working days. Next, the DOD component appoints an investigating officer to perform a preliminary review of the applicable business transactions and accounting records. The purpose of a preliminary review is to gather basic facts and determine whether a violation may have occurred. The DOD FMR states that the preliminary review should be completed in a timely manner, usually within 90 days. If the investigating officer determines, based upon the results of the preliminary review, that there is a potential ADA violation, the DOD component is required to initiate a formal investigation within 15 days. The purpose of a formal investigation is to determine the relevant facts and circumstances concerning the potential violation, to discern whether a violation actually occurred, and, if so, to determine the cause, the appropriate corrective actions, any lessons learned, and to ascertain who was responsible for the violation. According to the DOD FMR, the DOD component should complete the formal investigation of an ADA violation, including submission of final summary reports to the office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), within 9 months of initiating the formal investigation. The OSD, including the DOD Comptroller’s office, then has 3 months to review the DOD component’s final summary report and prepare and submit transmittal letters to the President and the leaders of both Houses of the Congress, with a copy to the Comptroller General. The DOD FMR has established that a preliminary review, formal investigation, and OSD review should be completed within approximately 15 months and 25 days—or about 475 days. DOD’s complex and inefficient payment processes, lack of integrated business systems, and weak internal control environment hinder its ability to control and properly record transactions and to ensure prompt and proper matching of disbursements with obligations, which is essential for the proper recording of transactions. DOD Comptroller and military service financial management and comptroller officials responsible for the department’s ADA programs have stated that because of weaknesses in the department’s business processes and systems, knowledgeable personnel are critical to improving the department’s funds control processes. DOD components responsible for executing the department’s budget, such as the military services, are responsible for ensuring that key personnel within their funds control processes are properly trained to fulfill their responsibilities. The military services have efforts under way to provide classroom or Web-based training to key funds control personnel. However, neither the Navy nor the Air Force has identified specific key funds control personnel who should be trained. Moreover, the Navy and the Air Force financial management and comptroller officials responsible for their military services’ ADA programs could not provide documentation of the processes and procedures each military service has or will utilize to ensure that key funds control personnel are trained. Army Financial Management and Comptroller Office officials responsible for the Army’s ADA program stated that the Army has begun to identify key personnel within the its funds control processes and determine if they have received training. However, the Army officials acknowledged that many of the Army’s key funds control personnel have not received training. As discussed later in this report, we also noted that of the 54 ADA cases reviewed, 20 case files (or over 37 percent) indicated that improved training of key funds control personnel was needed. Without adequate processes, procedures, and controls to (1) identify individuals who are performing key funds control roles, such as funds certifying officials, resource managers, fund holders, certifying officers, contracting officers, program managers, and others, and (2) ensure that they have received the training necessary to fulfill their responsibilities in compliance with the FMR and the ADA, DOD and the military services lack reasonable assurance that these key personnel can reliably prevent, identify, and report ADA violations. Given the numerous documented control risks over funds control, DOD does not have reasonable assurance that it has prevented, identified, investigated, and reported all potential ADA violations. These weaknesses have adversely affected the ability of DOD to ensure basic accountability, maintain funds control, and prevent fraud. For example, we reported in 2005 that after decades of continuing financial management and accounting weaknesses, information related to long-standing unreconciled disbursement and collection activity was so inadequate that DOD was unable to determine the true value of certain disbursement and collection suspense differences that it removed from its records by writing them off. As a result, DOD could not determine whether any of the write-off amounts, had they been charged to the proper appropriation, would have caused an ADA violation. Pervasive business system, process, and control weaknesses acknowledged by the department have hindered DOD’s ability to prevent, identify, investigate, and report ADA violations. Recent reports by the DOD Inspector General indicate that the weak control environment continues to exist today. For instance: In November 2006 and 2007, the DOD Inspector General reported, and the department acknowledged, that it continues to have significant internal control deficiencies that impede its ability to produce accurate and reliable information on the results of its operations. These deficiencies adversely affect the ability of the department’s financial management systems to reliably and accurately record accounting entries and report financial information, such as its fund balance with Treasury, accounts payable, and accounts receivable. For example, DOD made over $22 billion in unsupported adjustments for fiscal year 2007 to force its cost accounts to match obligation information. These weaknesses affect the safeguarding of assets and proper use of funds and impair the prevention and identification of fraud, waste, and abuse. The DOD Inspector General reported in March 2008 that the Air Force and the Defense Finance and Accounting Service did not establish and maintain adequate and effective internal control over Air Force vendor disbursements. The DOD Inspector General noted numerous internal control weaknesses in contract formation and funding, funds control, vendor payment, and financial accounting. According to the report, these weaknesses represent a high risk that violations of laws and regulations not only occurred, but will likely continue to occur if corrective action is not taken. As part of its long-term initiative to address such weaknesses, the department has embarked upon a massive effort to transform its business operations, including financial management. Over the next several years, the department will be spending billions of dollars to implement these systems. However, it will be a number of years before the department’s business system modernization efforts are complete, and as we have previously reported, DOD has encountered challenges in developing systems that meet time frame, cost, and functionality goals. Until DOD can successfully transform its business operations, including implementation of effective business processes, controls, and systems, the department’s ability to ensure proper funds control and compliance with the ADA will continue to be impaired. Until then, mitigating controls, including knowledgeable personnel, will be key to effective funds control. Over the past several years, GAO has made numerous recommendations aimed at improving the department’s business transformation efforts. Generally, the department has agreed with our recommendations and has identified or is planning specific actions to implement our recommendations. As DOD auditors have previously reported, improper disbursements or payments have occurred, in part, because personnel failed to comply with DOD policy and provide accurate and timely information to support the payment of and properly record the transactions. For example, the DOD Inspector General reported in April 2008 that the Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, and South Central Regional Maintenance Centers inappropriately obligated funds on ship maintenance and repair contracts because of ineffective internal controls. As a result, at least $103 million of U.S. Fleet Force Command Operations and Maintenance appropriations were not available for other ship maintenance and repair needs. The knowledge and understanding of DOD regulations and applicable federal laws, such as the ADA, by DOD personnel involved in the obligation, payment authorization, and recording processes are critical to the prevention and detection of ADA violations within the department. Both DOD and military service officials responsible for ADA programs at DOD or the military services have stated the importance of trained and knowledgeable personnel in establishing and maintaining effective funds control. Additionally, the DOD FMR requires DOD components to ensure that appropriate training programs are in place to provide personnel with the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform their funds control duties. However, there is no DOD-wide requirement for DOD components to establish and document that key employees within their funds control processes, such as fund certifying officials, certifying officials, and departmental accountable officers, are identified and have received the appropriate training. Efforts are under way to provide key funds control personnel classroom and Web-based training. Additionally, the Army began an effort in 2006 to identify its fund certifying officials and track their training. While the training of these individuals is critical to improving the Army’s overall funds control process, this training does not include other key individuals, such as certifying officers and departmental accountable officials. Also, neither the Navy nor the Air Force could provide documentation of the processes, procedures, and controls they have or will utilize to ensure that key funds control personnel are trained. Navy and Air Force financial management and comptroller officials acknowledged that their military services currently do not identify and track training of individual key funds control personnel to ensure that they have received the training needed to fulfill their responsibilities in preventing, identifying, and reporting potential ADA violations. Moreover, follow-up with two Navy and two Air Force major commands with reported ADA violations in fiscal years 2006 and 2007 revealed that they could not identify specific key funds control personnel or provide information on the training, if any, they had received. To its credit, in 2006, the Army began an effort to identify key personnel within its funds control process and to begin tracking the training provided. According to a June 2, 2006, memorandum signed by the Assistant Secretary of the Army, Financial Management and Comptroller, “the Army’s ADA portfolio has reached an unacceptable level … reflects negatively on the Army’s financial stewardship.” The Assistant Secretary directed all Army major commands to identify their funds certifying officials and report back as to the number of these personnel who had received training. Based upon the training information it obtained as of June 5, 2008, Army officials acknowledged that their effort to identify key personnel within the Army’s control processes and the training they received had revealed that many of its key funds control personnel had not been trained. According to Army officials, the Army is now working to ensure that this situation is corrected. DOD and the military services have not established processes and procedures to oversee and monitor compliance with DOD FMR provisions requiring the assignment of qualified, trained, and independent ADA investigating officers and the completion of investigations within the prescribed time frames. The DOD FMR establishes procedures for DOD components to assign investigating officers. Specifically, the DOD FMR states that the investigating officer should be chosen from a roster of qualified personnel to ensure that he/she meets all the following qualifications: adequately trained to conduct an investigation of this type, adequate experience in the functional area that is involved with the apparent violation, knowledgeable of financial management policies and procedures, and skilled in investigating potential ADA violations. Each DOD component is responsible for ensuring that its ADA investigating officers are qualified to conduct investigations and have received the required training, as prescribed by the DOD FMR. Training requirements include completion of a fiscal law, or equivalent, course and any additional training on an as-needed basis to ensure that the investigating officer is qualified. To remain qualified to conduct ADA investigations, the DOD FMR also requires that investigating officers receive refresher training every 5 years. Once an individual completes the appropriate training and meets the above-mentioned qualifications, the DOD FMR requires that his/her name be included on a roster of available ADA investigating officers maintained by each DOD component. Further, the DOD FMR states that investigating officers must be independent and capable of conducting a complete, impartial, and unbiased investigation. Finally, the DOD FMR establishes a time frame of approximately 15 months and 25 days for completing an ADA investigation. The following sections highlight specific examples of where the military services did not comply with DOD FMR criteria. Army and Air Force officials informed us that selection of an investigating officer was left to the major command where the violation had occurred and that each major command is responsible for maintaining its own roster. The data required by the DOD FMR to be maintained on the roster of available investigating officers include name, rank/grade, date initial training was received, organization to which assigned, functional specialties, and the number of investigations previously conducted. Collectively, these attributes help substantiate the qualifications, including training and organizational independence, of the person selected to be an ADA investigating officer. For the Army, we requested rosters from the 10 commands that were responsible for selecting the 39 investigating officers who reviewed the 31 Army ADA cases. The Army commands could not provide the rosters, nor could the Army provide documentation of how it ensures that its investigating officers are qualified. Interviews with 3 Army investigating officers and Army financial management and comptroller officials and our analysis of the Army cases disclosed that the Army appoints investigating officers based on functional specialty or work experience. The Air Force uses a roster in selecting 5 of its 12 investigating officers to review the 10 Air Force ADA cases, but could not provide rosters or other documentation regarding how the remaining 7 investigating officers were selected and how their qualifications were determined. The Navy uses a centralized roster to select its investigating officers; however, only 7 of the 15 investigating officers assigned to the 13 closed Navy ADA cases reviewed were selected from the roster. The Navy financial management and comptroller official responsible for the Navy’s ADA program could not provide documentation regarding how the other 8 investigating officers were selected or why they were not selected from the centralized roster. The requirement to use rosters in selecting investigating officers is intended to ensure that investigating officers are selected from a population of predetermined qualified individuals. During our review, Army and Navy financial management and comptroller officials responsible for their military services’ ADA programs stated that the DOD FMR requirement regarding the maintenance and utilization of a roster of qualified individuals to select investigating officers was no longer required. However, follow-up with DOD Comptroller officials responsible for the department’s ADA program refuted the military services’ assertion. The DOD Comptroller officials stated on several occasions that the requirement to use a roster was still valid and not under consideration for revision. The inconsistent manner in which the military services have complied with this requirement raises concerns as to whether DOD or the military services have reasonable assurance that individuals assigned to conduct ADA reviews and investigations are qualified. The military services do not maintain adequate documentation that investigating officers selected to perform ADA preliminary reviews and formal investigations have been properly trained. Based on our review of the closed ADA case files, the rosters, and other documentation provided by the military services, we were only able to determine that 6 of the 66 investigating officers assigned to the 54 ADA cases reviewed had received the required training. Our analysis of available documentation disclosed that only 13 of the 66 investigating officers had received initial training in fiscal law and 10 of the 13 had received required refresher fiscal law training within 5 years of the initial training. Further, our analysis disclosed that only 6 of the 13 investigating officers received all of the required training, including training on how to conduct an investigation. Training requirements for investigating officers outlined in the DOD FMR specify the following: a fiscal law, or equivalent, course; a refresher fiscal law, or equivalent, course within 5 years of initial training in interviewing, gathering evidence, developing facts, documenting findings and recommendations, preparing reports of violation, recommending appropriate disciplinary action, meeting time frames established for the completion of an investigation, and recommending corrective actions. Once an individual completes the required training, the component is to issue a certificate indicating that all of the required courses have been taken, and the individual’s name is added to the roster of individuals deemed qualified to be ADA investigating officers. To remain eligible to conduct investigations, an individual is required to renew his/her certificate every 5 years by attending a refresher training course. While the training requirements for investigating officers are explicit, the military services were not able to provide documentation that clearly indicated that all investigating officers selected to perform the investigations in the 54 ADA cases that were closed in fiscal years 2006 and 2007 had received the required training. Specifically, the Army does not currently track when an investigating officer received initial or subsequent training. As a result, we could not determine if any of the 39 investigating officers used by the Army to complete the 31 ADA cases were properly trained. An Army Financial Management and Comptroller Office official responsible for the Army’s ADA program stated that Army investigating officers are required to read the Army Investigating Officer Handbook. However, the Army official acknowledged that the Army does not have a process or procedure for ensuring that each of its investigating officers actually reads or receives a copy of the manual, which we confirmed through interviews with Army investigating officers. The Army official further stated that the Army is developing an online investigating officer training course that will require participants to pass a test before they can receive course credit. The Army plans to have the course online later this calendar year. Regarding the 12 investigating officers assigned to the 10 closed Air Force ADA cases we reviewed, we could not determine from the rosters or ADA case files if the investigating officers had taken a fiscal law course within the past 5 years. An official within the Air Force’s Financial Management and Comptroller Office responsible for the Air Force’s ADA program stated that fiscal law is incorporated into the Air Force’s Web-based investigating officer training. As a result, the Air Force does not require investigating officers to take an individual fiscal law course. Air Force investigating officers are required to include a copy of the verification of class completion documentation as an attachment to their draft ADA preliminary review or investigation reports. Our analysis of the 10 closed Air Force ADA case files found that only 6 of the 12 investigating officers provided verification that the required training had been completed. The Air Force could not provide documentation that the remaining 6 investigating officers were trained. With respect to the Navy, 15 investigating officers were used in the 13 closed Navy ADA cases we reviewed. Of the 15 investigating officers, the supporting documentation provided by the Navy indicated that only 7 had received initial training in fiscal law and 4 of the 7 had received required refresher fiscal law training within 5 years of the initial training. In June 2008, an official within the Navy’s Financial Management and Comptroller Office responsible for the Navy’s ADA program stated that the Navy was in the process of developing and testing an investigating officer training curriculum of online courses designed to provide investigative officers with the required skills and techniques, such as interviewing witnesses and developing facts and conclusions, as prescribed by the DOD FMR. The Navy plans to have these courses online by the end of this calendar year. Moreover, based on documentation provided, only 10 of the 66 investigating officers assigned to the 54 ADA cases received the required refresher fiscal law training. The FMR does not include a requirement for the roster to document when refresher training was needed or received. Without up-to-date rosters or some comparable method to track the status of training received by potential investigating officers, the military services do not have a process to provide reasonable assurance that the investigating officers appointed to conduct preliminary reviews and investigations of potential ADA violations are properly trained. The military services do not have an established process or procedure for ensuring and documenting that investigating officers do not have any personal or external impairment that would affect their independence and objectivity in conducting ADA reviews and investigations. The DOD FMR states that individuals with no vested interest in the outcome, and who are capable of conducting a complete, impartial, unbiased investigation, shall conduct investigations of potential violations. Additionally, the regulation states that an investigating officer must be chosen from an organization external to the organization being investigated, which the use of a roster, as discussed earlier, is intended to facilitate. The PCIE/ECIE publication, entitled Quality Standards for Investigations, states that “in all matters relative to investigating work, the investigating organization must be free, both in fact and appearance, from impairments to independence; must be organizationally independent; and must maintain an independent attitude.” Further, the standard for independence places the responsibility for maintaining independence upon agencies, investigative organizations, and investigating officers themselves, so that judgments used in obtaining evidence, conducting interviews, and making recommendations will be impartial and will be viewed as impartial by knowledgeable third parties. To maintain a high degree of integrity, objectivity, and independence, organizations should take into account the three general classes of independence—personal, external, and organizational. Table 2 illustrates the types of independence impairments. If one or more of these impairments affects or can be perceived to affect independence, the individual selected to perform the investigation should not be assigned to perform the work. In addition, organizations should maintain documentation of the steps taken to identify potential personal independence impairments. Our analysis of the 54 ADA cases closed for the military services in fiscal years 2006 and 2007 disclosed that the military services focused on organizational independence as a criterion for ensuring investigating officer independence. In 35 of the 54 ADA cases reviewed, the investigating officers were chosen from an organization external to the one under investigation and therefore were determined by DOD to be organizationally independent. The remaining 19 case files lacked documentation as to whether the investigating officers assigned to the case were organizationally independent. Additionally, the military services did not maintain documentation in the case files or through other means to support that they took steps to ensure that the investigating officers assigned to each of the 54 cases were free from personal or external impairments that may have adversely affected their ability to conduct independent and objective investigations. Currently, the DOD FMR does not require documentation of an investigating officer’s independence. Further, the military services do not require documentation of the steps taken to ensure investigating officers’ independence or obtain written assertions regarding independence from the investigating officers. Instead, based on our analysis of the ADA case files and statements made by officials responsible for the military services’ ADA programs, it appeared that the military services assume that an investigating officer is independent if he/she was selected from an organization external to the one that incurred the potential violation. Due to the constant rotational nature of the military, the act of selecting an “external” individual does not by itself provide assurance that the independence standards will be met. As a result, until the military services document the steps taken to confirm independence, they cannot be assured that the investigating officers who conduct ADA investigations are independent. Our analysis of the 54 ADA cases closed for the military services in fiscal years 2006 and 2007 disclosed that the time frame for completing both the preliminary review and formal investigation of a potential ADA violation was generally longer than the time frame specified in the DOD FMR. While the DOD Comptroller tracks the number and identity of overdue formal ADA investigations and issues memorandums to DOD components to follow up on overdue ADA reports, we found that 22 (or over 41 percent) of the 54 closed ADA cases reviewed took longer than 30 months to complete and only 16 of the 54 cases (or about 30 percent) were completed within the 475 days generally required by the DOD FMR. Including the 3 months allotted to OSD to review the final report, the Army took an average of 33 months and the Air Force took an average of 31 months to complete preliminary reviews and formal investigations. We were unable to ascertain the length of time the Navy took to complete its preliminary reviews because the Navy ADA case files did not contain complete information on the preliminary review phase of the investigation. However, we were able to determine that the Navy took on average 17 months to complete the formal ADA investigation phase, including OSD’s review period, for the 13 Navy ADA cases closed in fiscal years 2006 and 2007. The DOD FMR generally requires that this stage of the investigation be completed within 12 months. Military service officials were unable to provide specific reasons why the established time frames were sometimes not achieved other than indicating that each case has its own set of specific circumstances and complexities. To attempt to identify more specific reasons why the time frames were not met, we contacted several investigating officers who indicated that inexperience in performing investigations and other job demands had adversely affected their ability to meet the prescribed time frames. They acknowledged, and DOD Comptroller and military service financial management and comptroller officials concurred, that they were not dedicated to the ADA investigation full-time, but were often required to complete the investigation in addition to their regularly assigned jobs. Without effective oversight and monitoring, neither DOD nor the military services can be certain why a preliminary review or formal investigation is not completed within the allotted time frame and what actions, if any, need to be taken to ensure timely completion of the ADA preliminary review or investigation. The military services provided OSD the required monthly investigation summary information for the 54 ADA cases reviewed. Additionally, for the 34 cases for which DOD concluded that ADA violations had occurred, the violations were reported to the President and the Congress and copies of the reports were provided to the Comptroller General, as required by the ADA. The remaining 20 closed ADA cases were deemed not to have been ADA violations and therefore did not require reporting external to DOD. Additionally, the DOD Comptroller has taken steps in recent years to improve visibility within the department over the ADA investigation process, including preliminary reviews and formal investigations. Further, our analysis of the 34 ADA cases with confirmed ADA violations found that the disciplinary actions taken by the military services were in accordance with the criteria set forth in the DOD FMR. The ADA requires that employees who are responsible for an ADA violation be subject to appropriate administrative action. Within DOD, the FMR specifies that such administrative discipline can range in severity from no action to the termination of the individual’s federal employment. Responsibility for determining what disciplinary action is warranted once it has been determined that an ADA violation has occurred resides with the military service, within established procedures for disciplining civilian and military personnel. DOD reported the results of the 34 ADA cases that it concluded had an ADA violation to the President and the Congress, with a copy of the report to Comptroller General, as required by the ADA and OMB guidance. The act states that reports of violations should include all relevant facts and a statement of actions taken. OMB guidance notes that the report should include the title and Department of the Treasury (Treasury) symbol (including the fiscal year) of the appropriation or fund account, the amount involved, and the date on which the violation occurred; the name(s) and position(s) of the individual(s) responsible for the violation; all facts pertaining to the violation, including the type of violation, the primary reason or cause, and any statement from the responsible individual; the disciplinary action taken; a statement confirming that all information has been submitted to the Department of Justice if it is deemed that the violation was knowing and willful; a statement regarding the adequacy of the system of administrative control prescribed by the head of the agency and approved by OMB and a proposal for a regulation change, if the head of the agency determines a change is needed; statement of any additional action taken by, or at the discretion of, the a statement concerning the steps taken to coordinate the report with the other agency, if another agency is involved. As noted above, each ADA violation case file should contain a statement regarding additional action(s) taken as result of the violation. Of the 34 ADA violations, DOD reported taking corrective action in 33 cases. In 11 of the 33 cases, DOD indicated that improved training of key funds control personnel was needed. In the one case in which no corrective action was identified, the responsible individual was relieved of command. For the 20 ADA cases in which DOD concluded that no ADA violation occurred, we found that 13 of those cases identified corrective actions to be taken by the DOD component. Nine of the 13 cases recommended training of key funds control personnel as a corrective action. Although the ADA reviews and investigations of potential ADA violations recognized the need for the military services to provide key funds control personnel with proper training, as we stated earlier, other than actions initiated by the Army, the military services have not established processes and procedures for ensuring that these important personnel are identified and properly trained. Required internal reporting for formal investigations is more detailed than the reporting requirements outlined by OMB guidance for reporting ADA violations. The DOD FMR requires DOD components to provide, on a monthly basis, specific status information to the DOD Comptroller regarding their ongoing formal ADA investigations. This status information includes (1) case number, (2) status, (3) amount, (4) appropriation and Treasury account symbol, (5) U.S. Code reference, (6) organization where potential violation occurred, (7) location where potential violation occurred, (8) nature of potential violation, (9) date potential violation occurred, (10) date potential violation was discovered, (11) date investigation began, (12) source of potential violation, (13) brief description of potential violation(s), and (14) progress of the investigation/other comments. Our review of the 54 military service ADA cases closed by DOD in fiscal years 2006 and 2007 found that the military services had complied with DOD’s internal reporting requirements. To enhance DOD’s ability to oversee the investigation process, the DOD Comptroller implemented an electronic “dashboard” in 2006 that contains key metrics derived from the monthly status information reported by the DOD components for use in monitoring the status of ongoing formal investigations within the department. According to DOD Comptroller and military service personnel, memos are issued to DOD components to follow up on overdue investigations identified through the “dashboard” metrics. The February 2008 update to the FMR also calls for status tracking of preliminary reviews. DOD components are now required to report information regarding the status of preliminary reviews of potential ADA violations to the DOD Comptroller on the fifth day of each month. While the military services have begun reporting information regarding their preliminary reviews of potential ADA violations to the DOD Comptroller in response to the updated FMR, as of June 17, 2008, none of the military services had reported the full scope of information required by the FMR. Examples of information missing from military services’ reports regarding their preliminary reviews include (1) the means by which the violation was discovered, (2) anticipated dates of completion, and (3) the names and contact information for members of the preliminary review team. The lack of complete reporting information on preliminary reviews hinders DOD’s ability to monitor and oversee the progress of a specific review. Our analysis of the 34 ADA violations reported by DOD as being closed in fiscal years 2006 and 2007 found that disciplinary actions taken were in accordance with the criteria set forth in the DOD FMR and were reported to the President and the Congress, with a copy to the Comptroller General, as required by the ADA. The ADA requires that employees who are responsible for an ADA violation be subject to appropriate administrative discipline. Within DOD, the FMR specifies that such administrative discipline can range in severity from no action to the termination of the individual’s federal employment. Additionally, as established by laws and regulations addressing employee discipline within DOD generally, the specific action that is taken in each case is determined by the employee’s commander or supervisor with the assistance of legal counsel. Table 3 illustrates the disciplinary actions taken by the military services. An explanation of each type of discipline is provided below. No discipline: The individual responsible received no discipline in any form. Based on case file analysis, an individual who was identified as responsible for the ADA violation typically did not receive any discipline if (1) the individual had retired from federal service or (2) the investigation concluded that while the individual was responsible for the violation, he/she had acted in good faith and followed what he/she believed to have been the correct policies and procedures when the violation had occurred. Verbal discipline: The individual named responsible received verbal discipline from supervisor. An example of this form of discipline could include a one-on-one conversation with the individual named as responsible and his/her immediate supervisor, including a discussion of how to prevent future occurrences. Nonpunitive discipline: The individual named responsible received either a memorandum of concern or letter of counseling. An example of this form of discipline could include a written letter of counseling by the named individual’s immediate supervisor in conjunction with completion of required additional training. Formal discipline: The individual named responsible received written reprimands, reassignment or removal, suspension, or an unfavorable evaluation. Examples of formal discipline, based on our review of case files, could include dismissal from federal service and removal from current position. We did not assess the appropriateness of disciplinary actions imposed in any of the cases reviewed. Given the numerous documented control risks over funds control, DOD does not have reasonable assurance that it has prevented, identified, and investigated all potential ADA violations. DOD’s successful completion of modernizing its business operations, including systems, processes, policies, and controls, is critical to helping reduce the department’s risk of ADA violations. DOD and the military services’ stated intention to rely on better training of key funds control personnel as an interim action for preventing and detecting ADA violations was not supported by actions taken at either the department or military service levels. Specifically, other than an effort by the Army to identify funds certifying officials, the military services had not identified key individuals within their funds control processes and ensured that they had received training needed to fulfill their responsibilities in preventing, identifying, and reporting potential ADA violations. The lack of adherence at the departmental and military service levels to the department’s established qualifications, training, and independence requirements for investigating officers undermines the reliability of the investigation process. Although DOD has taken steps to improve visibility over the investigation process, additional actions are needed to improve its ability to prevent, detect, investigate, and report on ADA violations. To improve management and oversight of preliminary reviews and formal investigations of potential ADA violations, we recommend that the Secretary of Defense direct the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) to take the following two actions to update the department’s FMR to require that (1) ADA case files document that the investigating officer(s) selected to conduct a preliminary review or formal investigation is(are) free of personal, external, and organizational impairments and (2) DOD components maintain documentation of the date by which an investigating officer must receive refresher training in order to remain qualified to perform ADA reviews and investigations. Additionally, we recommend that the Secretary of Defense direct the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force to take the following four actions: (1) implement and document processes, procedures, and controls to identify and help ensure that key funds control personnel, including funds certifying officials, are properly trained so that they can fulfill their responsibilities to prevent, identify, and report potential ADA violations; (2) implement and document processes, procedures, and controls to oversee and monitor compliance with DOD FMR provisions requiring the maintenance and use of a roster for selecting qualified ADA investigating officers; (3) develop, implement, and document policies and procedures to help ensure compliance with the DOD FMR requirements for investigating officer training; and (4) develop, implement, and document policies and procedures to help ensure compliance with the DOD FMR requirements for investigating officer independence. We received written comments from the Acting Deputy Chief Financial Officer, which are reprinted in appendix II. DOD concurred with our recommendations and identified specific actions it has taken to implement these recommendations. On September 5, 2008, the department issued a memorandum to the Assistant Secretaries (Financial Management and Comptroller) of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, as well as other activities within the department, which detailed new requirements in the areas we recommended. The memorandum noted that the policy changes identified, which were effective immediately, would be included in the next update to the department's Financial Management Regulation. More specifically, the memorandum requires DOD components to document processes, procedures, and controls used to identify key fund control personnel, including fund certifying officials; train those individuals in appropriations law; validate that the individuals have received appropriations law training within the last 5 years; or a combination of these. The memorandum also notes that DOD components must require that these individuals attend a refresher appropriations law course every 5 years. In addition, the memorandum directs DOD components to retain documentation in each ADA case file that supports that ADA investigators are qualified; trained; and free of personal, external, and organizational impairments. Furthermore, these documents must be provided to the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) and the Deputy Chief Financial Officer when a formal investigation is initiated. Each DOD component must also implement and document processes, procedures, and controls to oversee and monitor the maintenance and use of a roster for selecting qualified ADA investigators and establish a date by which each investigator must receive required refresher training. We will send copies of this report to interested congressional committees, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Air Force, and the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller). We will make copies available to others upon request. In addition, the report will be available at no charge on the GAO Web site at http:/www.gao.gov. If you or your staffs have any questions concerning this report, please contact me at (202) 512-9095 or rasconap@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. Key contributors to this report are listed in appendix III. To determine whether existing Department of Defense (DOD) funds control systems, processes, and internal controls provide reasonable assurance that potential Antideficiency Act (ADA) violations will be prevented and detected, we interviewed DOD Comptroller officials and reviewed GAO and DOD Inspector General audit reports, including financial-related reports; performance reports; and reports specifically related to the ADA, compliance with laws and regulations, or both. Specifically, we reviewed prior GAO reports related to DOD business transformation; High-Risk Series reports; and business modernization, financial management, and problem disbursements reports. These reports document long-standing weaknesses related to funds control, a key element in being able to prevent or detect an ADA violation. DOD has acknowledged the financial management weaknesses reported by GAO and DOD auditors and the impact these weaknesses have on the reliability of the department’s financial information. As a result, we did not perform additional work to substantiate the condition of DOD’s financial management environment and internal controls. We reviewed the DOD Financial Management Regulation (FMR), Volume 14, Administrative Control of Funds and Antideficiency Act Violations, to determine what controls and procedures had been established to help preclude ADA violations and prevent future occurrences of violations. In addition, we reviewed Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular No. A-11, Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget, section 145, “Requirements for Reporting Antideficiency Act Violations.” We interviewed DOD Comptroller and military service officials responsible for ADA programs at DOD or the military services to identify appropriate training for key funds control personnel and to obtain an understanding of the processes, procedures, and controls to ensure that key funds control personnel receive training. To determine whether preliminary reviews and formal investigations of ADA violations are processed in accordance with applicable DOD regulations and criteria related to qualifications, training, independence, and timeliness of investigations, we reviewed applicable policies, procedures, and guidance contained in the DOD FMR. Additionally, we reviewed the President’s Council on Integrity and Efficiency/Executive Council on Integrity and Efficiency, Quality Standards for Investigations, to obtain an understanding of qualification, independence, and due professional care standards and criteria applicable to investigations. We also reviewed all 54 ADA cases for the military services that were closed by DOD for fiscal years 2006 and 2007 and available military service rosters from which the investigating officers assigned to these cases files were or should have been chosen, and interviewed appropriate agency officials from the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, and the DOD Comptroller’s Office responsible for ADA programs at DOD or the military services to determine how qualifications, training, and independence are ensured and documented. To assess investigating officers’ qualifications, we focused our review on whether the investigating officers had received training and if there was an internal control in place to ensure that the investigating officers did not have any personal, external, or organizational independence impairments to their ability to conduct an investigation. We did not verify their fields of specialty or areas of expertise. To determine whether DOD tracks and reports metrics on preliminary reviews and formal investigations of ADA violations, we reviewed applicable policies, procedures, and program guidance contained in the DOD FMR. We also obtained and analyzed military service metrics for preliminary reviews and formal ADA investigations to ascertain whether the 54 ADA cases were completed within the time frames established by the DOD FMR. We also obtained and reviewed the DOD FMR, Volume 14, Administrative Control of Funds and Antideficiency Act Violations, chapter 6, “Status Reports on Investigations,” to determine reporting criteria. With respect to disciplinary actions taken, we analyzed the 34 ADA case files in which DOD had concluded that an ADA violation had occurred to identify the disciplinary action taken. We compared the disciplinary action documented in each case file to the criteria set forth in the DOD FMR. We did not assess the appropriateness of the conclusions reached by DOD for the 54 closed ADA cases or the disciplinary actions taken in the 34 cases for which DOD concluded that an ADA violation had occurred. The listing of 54 closed ADA cases for fiscal years 2006 and 2007 was obtained from the DOD Comptroller. We compared the listing of 54 closed ADA cases to information maintained by our Office of General Counsel on ADA cases reported to the President and the Congress, as filed with the Comptroller General, to ascertain the completeness and accuracy of the DOD listing. Our comparison and subsequent follow-up with the DOD Comptroller’s Office, found that 34 of the 54 ADA cases investigated by DOD concluded that an ADA violation had occurred and were reported as required by law. For the remaining 20 ADA cases, DOD concluded that no ADA violation had occurred, and therefore these cases were not reported externally. We reviewed each case file to ensure that it contained the information set forth in the OMB circular and the DOD FMR. We conducted our work at the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), the Financial Management and Comptroller Offices of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, and 12 military service major commands. We conducted this performance audit from July 2007 through September 2008 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We received written comments from the Acting Deputy Chief Financial Officer, which are reprinted in appendix II. In addition to the contact named above, the following individuals made key contributions to this report: Darby Smith, Assistant Director; Evelyn Logue, Assistant Director; F. Abe Dymond, Assistant General Counsel; Lauren Catchpole; Francine DelVecchio; Jamie Haynes; Wil Holloway; Kristi Karls; Jason Kelly; Jason Kirwan; and Sandra Lord-Drakes.

Summary: Senate Report No. 110-77 directed GAO to review the Department of Defense's (DOD) procedures for Antideficiency Act (ADA) violations. GAO focused on whether (1) existing DOD funds control systems, processes, and internal controls provide reasonable assurance that ADA violations will be prevented or detected and whether key funds control personnel are trained; (2) investigations of ADA violations are processed in accordance with applicable DOD regulations; and (3) DOD tracks and reports metrics pertaining to its ADA investigations and what disciplinary actions are taken when ADA violations have occurred. GAO's review included all 54 ADA military service case files closed in fiscal years 2006 and 2007. GAO did not assess the appropriateness of the conclusions reached or of the disciplinary actions taken for the ADA cases. DOD's complex and inefficient payment processes, nonintegrated business systems, and weak internal controls impair its ability to maintain proper funds control, leaving the department at risk of overobligating or overspending its appropriations in violation of the ADA. DOD Comptroller and military service financial management and comptroller officials responsible for the department's ADA programs have stated that because of weaknesses in DOD's business operations, knowledgeable personnel are critical to improving the department's funds control, and these officials have or are developing training courses. However, only the Army has attempted to identify and determine whether key funds control personnel have received appropriate training to provide them with the knowledge and skills to fulfill their responsibilities, including the ADA, required by DOD regulations. GAO's analysis of the 54 ADA cases and other documentation provided by the military services disclosed that the military services did not fully comply with DOD regulations intended to ensure that ADA reviews and investigations were conducted by qualified and independent personnel and were completed in a timely manner. More specifically, GAO found the following: (1) Only 6 of the 66 investigating officers assigned to the 54 ADA cases reviewed had received all of the required training. (2) Nineteen of the 54 ADA cases lacked documentation needed to determine whether the investigating officer was organizationally independent. Further, because the military services focused on organizational independence, they could not be assured that investigating officers were free of personal or external impairments to independence. ? ADA investigations were generally not completed within the 15 months and 25 days set forth by DOD. Of the 54 ADA cases reviewed, 22 cases took over 30 months to complete and only 16 were completed on time. GAO also noted that DOD, as required, reported the 34 cases in which it had concluded that an ADA violation had occurred to the President and the Congress, with a copy to GAO. For the remaining 20 cases, DOD concluded that an ADA violation had not occurred and therefore external reporting was not required. Further, DOD has taken steps to improve transparency over the ADA investigation process by requiring DOD components to report status information when an ADA investigation is initiated. Additionally, for the 34 ADA cases in which DOD concluded that an ADA violation had occurred, the nature of the disciplinary actions taken and reported to the President and the Congress was consistent with the criteria set forth in the DOD regulations. The ADA requires that employees who are responsible for ADA violations be subject to appropriate administrative discipline. The DOD regulations specify that administrative discipline can range from no action to the termination of the individual's employment.