Since Guam became a territory in 1898, the United States has long maintained a significant military presence on the island to support and defend U.S. interests in the western Pacific Ocean region. Guam has been the home to many different military units over the past 60 years and was especially active during the Vietnam War as a way-station for U.S. bombers. DOD currently controls about 27 percent of the island. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Guam had a population of 159,358, an increase of 2.9 percent from the 2000 Census population of 154,805. DOD estimates that there are at least 16,400 military members and their dependents stationed on Guam. Most of the military members and dependents are attached to one of the two major military installations on the island: U.S. Naval Base Guam, located on the southwestern side of the island at Apra Harbor, and Andersen Air Force Base in the north (see figure 1). In 2004, the U.S. Secretaries of State and Defense and the Japanese Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Defense began a series of sustained security consultations aimed at strengthening the U.S.-Japan security alliance and better addressing the rapidly changing global security environment. The resulting U.S.-Japan Defense Policy Review Initiative established a framework for the future of the U.S. force structure in Japan and facilitated a continuing presence for U.S. forces in the Pacific theater, including the relocation of military units to Guam. The major realignment initiatives of the Defense Policy Review Initiative were ultimately outlined in May 2006 in a Security Consultative Committee document, the United States-Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation (2006 Roadmap)—under which the United States anticipated relocating approximately 8,000 Marines and their estimated 9,000 dependents from Okinawa, Japan, to Guam by 2014. The 2006 Roadmap was subsequently modified by the Security Consultative Committee in April 2012 and DOD’s current plan is to relocate approximately 5,000 personnel (mostly rotational) and 1,300 dependents to Guam as soon as appropriate facilities are available to receive them. DOD is in the process of determining what military and public infrastructure facilities and live-fire training ranges are necessary to support the proposed reduced realignment plan on Guam, as well as Tinian and Pagan—islands that are part of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Before any Marines can relocate to Guam, DOD must examine the environmental effects of its proposed actions, pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. To address this requirement in the past, DOD performed an environmental review of certain proposed actions under the original 2006 realignment plan and released the Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Military Relocation Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in July 2010. In September 2010, the Department of the Navy announced in the Record of Decision for the Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Military Relocation that it would proceed with the Marine Corps realignment, but it deferred the selection of a specific site for a live-fire training range complex on Guam pending further study. In February 2012, the Department of the Navy gave notice that it intended to prepare a supplemental EIS to evaluate locations for a live-fire training range complex on Guam. In October 2012, as a result of the announcement of the revised realignment plan, the Department of the Navy gave notice that it was planning to expand the scope of the ongoing supplemental EIS to also evaluate potential environmental consequences from the construction and operation of the main Marine installation. According to DOD, the reduction in the number of Marines and dependents to be relocated to Guam led to a reduction in the amount of land needed for the main Marine installation area, enabling the Navy to identify and consider other alternatives than it had previously analyzed for the 2010 EIS. The expanded supplemental EIS is expected to have three major components. 1. Further evaluation of possible locations for the establishment of a Marine Corps live-fire training range complex on Guam, to include locations on Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Finegayan, Naval Magazine Guam, and the northwest part of Andersen Air Force Base, among other locations. 2. Determination of the potential environmental consequences of constructing and operating a main Marine Corps installation at several possible locations on Guam: Naval Base Guam, Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Finegayan, South Finegayan, federal land in the village of Barrigada, and Andersen Air Force Base. 3. Assessment of associated impacts to Guam’s public infrastructure. According to Marine Corps officials, the supplemental EIS is expected to be drafted by 2014, and DOD anticipates that a final decision on all matters being evaluated will be released by 2015 via a record of decision. Several federal agencies have been assisting the Government of Guam in planning and preparing for the realignment of U.S. forces (see figure 2). Within DOD, three organizations have been assisting Guam to prepare for the military realignment. The Office of Economic Adjustment (OEA) is a DOD field activity that reports to the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment, within the office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. The office facilitates DOD resources in support of local programs and provides direct planning and financial assistance to communities and states seeking assistance to address the impacts of DOD’s actions. OEA’s assistance to growth communities is primarily focused on assisting them with organizing and planning for population growth because of DOD activities, commonly referred to as “defense-affected” communities. The Joint Guam Program Office (JGPO) is the DOD office primarily engaged in developing and implementing the military realignment plans. JGPO is a Navy staff office under the direct oversight of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Installations and Environment. Specifically, JGPO is leading the coordinated planning efforts among the DOD components and other stakeholders to consolidate, optimize, and integrate the existing DOD infrastructure capabilities on Guam. JGPO also leads the effort to develop the ongoing supplemental EIS. The Naval Facilities Engineering Command contracts for the military construction on Guam and, as the Navy’s primary facilities and utilities engineering command, is also helping to prepare the supplemental EIS. The Secretary of the Interior has administrative responsibility for coordinating federal policy for U.S. insular areas, including Guam,regarding all matters that do not fall within the programmatic responsibility of another federal department or agency. Within the Department of the Interior, the Office of Insular Affairs executes these responsibilities. Part of the Office’s mission is to empower insular communities by improving the quality of life, creating economic opportunity, and promoting efficient and effective governance. The Federal Regional Council—Region IX is a consortium of 19 federal departments and agencies that oversee federal activities in four western states and the Outer Pacific Islands including Guam. Federal Regional Councils were established to provide a structure for interagency and intergovernmental cooperation. Membership includes regional representatives from the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Justice, Labor, the Interior, Transportation, Veterans Affairs, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The goal of the Federal Regional Council is for federal departments in Region IX to work in a coordinated manner in order to make federal programs more effective and efficient, through the establishment of task forces and development of reports on issues of concern in the region. The federal regional council meets monthly and has six committees focused upon broad geographic areas and special populations in the vast geographic area of Region IX. One of the committees, the Outer Pacific Committee, contains the Guam Buildup Committee/Task Force. The buildup task force’s mission is to help Guam develop a financial assistance strategy and serve as a communication liaison regarding local needs on Guam and federal budget decision- making. Guam became a U.S. possession in 1898, initially placed under the control of the U.S. Navy. The Guam Organic Act of 1950 conferred U.S. citizenship on Guamanians and established the territory’s government. Guam’s government is organized into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch is led by the territory’s highest elected officials: the governor and lieutenant governor. These officials implement Guam’s laws through the departments, bureaus, agencies, and other entities that make up the executive branch of the Government of Guam, such as the departments of public health and social services and education. The legislative branch consists of a single chamber legislature presently with 15 members who are elected for 2- year terms. The judiciary consists of the Superior Court of Guam and the Supreme Court of Guam. In addition, the following are several autonomous agencies related to public infrastructure that function as part of the Government of Guam: The Guam Power Authority manages the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power on the island to include engineering, operation, and maintenance activities. The Guam Waterworks Authority manages the engineering, operation, and maintenance of the public water and wastewater systems including the sources, treatment, distribution, and storage. The Port Authority of Guam operates and maintains the Port of Guam. The Power and Waterworks authorities are governed by an elected, non- partisan, five-member Consolidated Commission on Utilities. The Port of Guam is presided over by five board members appointed by the Governor of Guam with the advice and consent of the legislature. Each of the agencies collects fees for its services and is able to issue bonds based on these fees and other revenue to finance infrastructure improvements. While some investments have been made to improve Guam’s public infrastructure in recent years, many deficiencies continue to exist. The reliability, capacity utilization, and age of much of Guam’s public infrastructure indicates a need for additional upgrades to ensure that Guam can meet the demands of its current and future population, regardless of how many Marines and dependents are moved to Guam. For example, existing utility systems—electric power generation, potable water production, and wastewater collection and treatment—are largely operating at or near their maximum capacities and will require infrastructure improvements to meet any increase in demand. In addition, some of Guam’s public infrastructure sectors, such as its Waterworks Authority face issues complying with federal regulations. Other sectors, such as the fire and police departments are experiencing shortages in infrastructure, vehicles, and staffing. According to JGPO officials, they intend to perform assessments to determine what improvements are needed by Guam’s public infrastructure to support the current realignment plan during DOD’s development of the supplemental EIS expected to be completed by 2015. A discussion of DOD’s actions to assess Guam’s public infrastructure is presented later in the report. Guam’s electric power system has experienced reliability problems, which have resulted in power outages, and is reliant on aging generators approaching the end of their life expectancy. The Guam Power Authority has made investments in its infrastructure to address some of these reliability problems. For example, it secured $206.5 million in bond financing in fiscal year 2010 to construct a new administration building and to make various generation, transmission, and distribution facility improvements. However, during our April 2013 visit to Guam, Power Authority officials indicated that system reliability continues to be a major concern because the Authority is not able to meet all of its operation and maintenance needs and may not be able to invest in its generators at appropriate levels due to diminished revenues. Officials also noted that multiple improvements are needed to the Authority’s peaking and emergency generators, but such improvements will have to be deferred until revenues improve—which directly affects the Authority’s ability to reduce customer outage duration and frequency. The electrical system’s reliability and age have led to five island-wide power blackouts since November 2010. On November 3, 2010, a power outage occurred due to a line that fell at a substation. This outage created a chain reaction that resulted in an island-wide blackout. Power was fully restored after 7 hours. On May 9, 2011, a power outage occurred due to a corroded static line that fell on the switchyard. The result of the outage was an island- wide blackout. Power was fully restored after 5 hours. On June 4, 2011, a power outage occurred due to a damaged control air pipe at the Marianas Energy Company, an Independent Power Producer which resulted in an island-wide blackout. Power was fully restored after 2.5 hours. On June 6, 2013, a power outage occurred due to a fault in the system that originated within the Dededo combustion turbine. The result of the outage was an island-wide blackout. Power was fully restored within 6 hours. On July 11, 2013, a power outage occurred due to a generator going off line. The loss of this generator and subsequent issues with the power generation system led to the outage. The result of the outage was an island-wide blackout. Power was fully restored in about 6.5 hours. The concerns expressed by Authority officials are consistent with the findings of a 2012 Department of the Interior Inspector General report. That report found that Guam is susceptible to power blackouts and noted that about a quarter of the Power Authority’s generation units were installed before 1976 (see figure 3 for a photograph of an electrical power station location on Guam). The report concluded that if the Authority should have to replace its entire aging infrastructure at the same time, it would require a large financial investment. The Power Authority provides all of the electricity on the island for both the public and DOD, with DOD the Authority’s largest customer accounting for 22 percent of the Authority’s fiscal year 2012 revenues. In terms of infrastructure needed for the realignment, Guam Power Authority officials told us that although the Authority has enough installed capacity (i.e., capacity the generation units were built to produce) to meet DOD’s realignment needs for electricity generation, some of the units are not operational without major repairs or improvements which will likely have to be made by the Authority. In addition, Authority officials told us improvements to the transmission system, such as additional substations and transmission lines, will need to be made to accommodate the revised realignment plan and will likely need to be funded by DOD. Guam’s water and wastewater treatment systems have a number of deficiencies as a result of natural disasters, poor maintenance, and vandalism. Although the Guam Waterworks Authority invested more than $158 million in improvements to its water and wastewater systems over the last 10 years, the Authority continues to operate under an order issued by the U.S. District Court for the District of Guam requiring various treatment and infrastructure improvements because of issues related to compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Clean Water Act. Potable water: According to Waterworks officials, Guam’s potable water system currently is in noncompliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act. The unreliable drinking water distribution system has historically resulted in bacterial contamination from sewage spills, causing “boil water” notices to be sent to residents. According to a 2012 EPA report, in general, many of the potable water facilities on the island are in poor operating condition as a result of minimal preventative and corrective maintenance actions. For example, several of the finished water storage tanks do not provide many of the normal functions of a well-designed and operated water system, and most of the storage tanks are old and deteriorating, have openings and/or leaks, and are susceptible to contamination. According to the EPA, part of the water supply problem stems from some of the water system’s old pipes. Distribution lines are repeatedly patched—with some single lengths of pipe having up to 7 patches—instead of being replaced. As a result of problems with distribution lines and maintenance, among other issues, the EPA estimates the Water Authority’s water loss rate is about 50 percent. According to EPA, studies indicate that the national average water loss rate is about 14 percent. Wastewater: According to the DOD Inspector General, Guam’s existing wastewater plants do not meet primary treatment standards and lack sufficient capacity due to poor conditions of the existing assets. For example, the Northern District Wastewater Treatment Plant (see figure 4) has a legacy of deferred maintenance and minimal capital improvements that have caused the systems to slowly deteriorate over the years. In addition to not meeting primary treatment standards, according to the EPA, Guam’s wastewater facilities, do not meet the requirements of its secondary treatment permit. Since 1986, Guam has had variances under section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act, allowing it to discharge primary treated wastewater to Hagatna Bay and the Philippine Sea. However, in November 2011, the EPA disallowed the variances and therefore established full secondary treatment requirements at both the Northern District wastewater treatment plant and the Hagatna plant in the island’s central region. According to the Chairman of the Guam Consolidated Commission on Utilities, achieving full secondary treatment at both plants will require between $300 million and $500 million in infrastructure improvements and, if funded by Guam alone, would necessitate rate increases that could potentially lead to average monthly water bills of $250 by 2020—double what the average is now. According to the Chairman, the Commission is currently negotiating with EPA on timelines for achieving secondary treatment and hopes to extend the timelines so as to allow more time to obtain additional funding. In terms of supporting the current military presence on Guam, the Waterworks Authority provides wastewater services to Andersen Air Force Base (including Northwest Field), Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station– Guam, and South Finegayan Navy housing. Naval Base Guam handles all of its own wastewater needs, and both the Navy and Air Force get their potable water from their own wells and the Fena Reservoir. Therefore, DOD only accounted for 2.2 percent of the Authority’s fiscal year 2012 revenues. However, according to representatives of Guam’s legislature and the Chairman of the Consolidated Commission on Utilities, the Guam Waterworks Authority is operating near capacity and cannot meet any surge in demand related to the realignment without significant infrastructure improvements. According to the Port Authority of Guam and DOD officials, the Port of Guam (see figure 5) is currently outdated, in need of repairs, and requires expansion in order to support the realignment. Of particular concern is the port wharf. A 2012 DOD inspector general report found that the structural integrity of the commercial wharf, which includes the port’s six berths, is damaged and at risk of failure. The current state of the wharf was caused by a lack of adequate repairs to damages from earthquakes, corrosion, and stresses from ships and cargo-handling equipment. There have been multiple earthquakes in Guam, with the most devastating taking place in August 1993. As a result of this earthquake, the island sustained massive devastation with significant damage to one of the port’s berths, which required major reconstruction. Although other port berths were also damaged, they were not reconstructed. The DOD Inspector General also found that there are multiple continuous defects that have been documented in various reports and surveys performed on the structural integrity of the wharf bulkhead at the Port—the bulkhead is the vertical face (or wall) of the wharf along which ships are berthed. The report and surveys indicate that the bulkhead was damaged both above and below the water. On the facade, the sides and the surface show cracks and separation, while underwater there is extensive damage to the concrete bulkhead. Both DOD and the Government of Guam have identified the Port of Guam as a potential choke point as the realignment moves forward since all materials needed for both military and public construction projects will be transported to Guam by sea and enter through the Port. Port Authority officials told us that the Port has not been modernized since it was constructed in the 1960s and that, typically, most ports are modernized every 20 years. According to Port Authority officials, to accommodate the realignment, the Port requires building modifications, selected modifications to yards where cargo is offloaded, and facility expansion, as well as significant structural integrity improvements to the wharf. For example, the port requires a lot of maintenance due to corrosive ocean waters, typhoons, earthquakes, and years of maintenance neglect. Some of the specific improvements identified include site expansion, utilities upgrades, bulkhead fortification, and building renovations. In 2010, DOD provided the Port $50 million in funding to begin some of these improvements. According to DOD officials, this $50 million is the amount needed to directly address the requirements of the realignment and will be used for building modifications and modifications to the yard where cargo is offloaded as well as expansion of selected port facilities. In addition, the Port Authority continues to seek non-federal funding sources to allow for successful operations and execution of its mission. For example, according to Port Authority officials, the Authority recently obtained a $10 million commercial loan to address pier service life extension, financial management system upgrades, and a cargo handling crane purchase and has proposed a 5.65 percent tariff increase across the board to increase revenues. However, according to Port Authority officials, if future military activity requirements extend beyond the Authority’s current planned upgrades, there may be a need for additional federal support to accommodate the increased capacity requirements. According to OEA officials, Guam’s current landfill is environmentally- compliant with sufficient capacity to meet current solid waste disposal needs and has sufficient expansion capacity to meet future needs related to the realignment. Previously, the EPA found Guam’s public solid waste operations to be in violation of the Clean Water Act as the Ordot Dump facility, located in the center of the island, was discharging contaminants into the Lonfit River. As a result of a lack of remediation and other actions on the part of the Government of Guam in response to the contamination, in March 2008, the U. S. District Court placed the public solid waste operations under the control of an appointed receiver. Since the court order, the receiver has opened a new public landfill and ceased operations at the Ordot Dump facility. According to the Government of Guam, the new landfill bans certain types of waste, including construction and demolition waste. As a result, future organic and realignment solid waste disposal needs will require the government to continue to develop systems to handle landfill-banned waste and construct and open new solid waste disposal areas at the landfill. Historically, the Government of Guam and DOD used separate solid waste facilities. The Government of Guam disposed of all civilian waste at the Ordot Dump facility and DOD disposed of its solid waste in one of two DOD-operated landfill sites—Andersen Air Force Base and Naval Base Guam. However, the two DOD-operated landfill sites are almost at capacity. DOD has begun sending its solid waste to the new public landfill, paying the current rates set by the receiver. The Government of Guam reported, as part of the ongoing supplemental EIS, that its public health system is undersized for the population it is to serve and is experiencing staff shortages. The following are examples: The Guam Memorial Hospital Authority, Guam’s only public civilian hospital, is often over capacity and this is exacerbated by the fact that it usually does not have enough nursing staff to operate all of its available acute care beds. According to Guam Memorial Hospital Authority officials’ response to a questionnaire conducted for the supplemental EIS, Guam needs approximately 500 acute care beds to fully meet the island’s needs using national hospital standards and the Guam Memorial Hospital Authority provides the Guam community with only 162 of those acute care beds. Therefore, according to these officials, the shortage can only be addressed by either expanding the existing Guam Memorial Hospital, building a much larger replacement public civilian hospital, or through the building of a new private hospital that is currently underway. Though there are no current plans to build a new civilian public hospital at this time, the Guam Memorial Hospital Authority is in the process of implementing its 2013 Strategic Plan, which includes identifying the Authority’s future expansion needs. The Government of Guam has tried to address some of the hospital’s space issues. For example, in fiscal year 2009, it secured $11 million in bond financing to fund certain infrastructure improvements for the Guam Memorial Hospital Authority, including the expansion and renovation of the emergency department and critical care unit/Intensive care unit, the upgrading of its pharmacy department, and the modernization of two hospital elevators. Guam’s current mental health and substance abuse facility also faces issues with meeting standards of care. In 2004, the U.S. District Court issued a permanent injunction against Guam’s Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse and various Guam officials to address deficiencies in the proper care for the mentally ill and developmentally disabled to address violations of statutory and constitutional standards of care. To achieve compliance with the injunction and address continuing problems, the court appointed a federal management team in 2010 and gave the team control over Guam’s mental health agencies to remedy the deficiencies. According to Government of Guam officials, as a result of the injunction, the Guam Behavioral Health and Wellness Center had to hire additional staff and implement several new substance abuse treatment programs. The officials further explained that to fully implement the mandates of the injunction, a new mental health facility will need to be constructed. On August 22, 2012, the U.S. District Court established a transition period for the return of duties and powers from the federal management team. In January 2013, the federal management team and Guam Behavioral Health and Wellness Center officials presented a transition plan to the court and control was transferred to the Guam Behavioral Health and Wellness Center in February 2013. According to Government of Guam officials, the Guam Behavioral Health and Wellness Center continues to report on a quarterly basis to the U.S. District Court. In addition to these infrastructure challenges, officials identified a number of challenges related to staffing. For example, Guam has experienced difficulty in recruiting and retaining an adequate number of health care personnel. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Guam has been designated as a medically underserved area. Medically underserved areas are areas designated as having too few primary care providers, high infant mortality, high poverty, and/or high elderly population. Likewise, Guam also qualifies as a health professional shortage area, which is a geographic area, population group, or health care facility that has been designated by the federal government as having a shortage of health professionals. According to Guam public health officials, because of this designation, certain health professionals (e.g., nurses, mid-level providers, chiropractors, health dentists, and psychologists) can apply to work at Guam medical facilities and have the federal government pay for relocation costs and school loans. Generally, it is a 4-year program and people stay for the length of the term but then move away, resulting in turnover that makes it difficult to provide stable care. As we previously found, this is particularly true for insular areas such as Guam because citizens of insular areas are free to migrate to the United States, making it difficult to retain highly educated or skilled workers. Military personnel and their dependents generally do not use Guam’s health facilities, other than the occasional emergency room visit. However, the Government of Guam anticipates that any DOD civilian or migrant and construction workers associated with the realignment would use the facilities. Guam officials also told us that the island lacks a Center for Disease Control and Prevention level 2 public health lab.Guam is expected to become a focal point for regional job seekers and foreign construction workers under any realignment scenario, officials told us the island must have the ability to test for and contain various communicable diseases, due to this increase in migration. Government of Guam officials told us, currently, the nearest lab is in Hawaii and many times samples are spoiled and not testable by the time they arrive in Hawaii from Guam. The Guam Police Department is experiencing deficiencies in infrastructure, vehicles, and staffing. In terms of infrastructure, according to Police Department officials, although its four precinct buildings are in good to fair condition, the Police Department does not have a permanent headquarters building or location. The current police headquarters is located on land owned by the Guam International Airport Authority, which wants the Police Department to vacate the facilities so it can redevelop the property. In addition, according to Guam officials, the adult corrections facility is in poor physical condition, overcrowded, poorly designed, and inefficient. The officials also noted that the judicial center needs at least two additional courtrooms to support current needs and normal population growth. In addition to these infrastructure challenges, Police Department officials identified a number of challenges in servicing the public because of limited equipment and staffing. According to Guam Police Department officials, the Guam Police Department does not have enough vehicles to fully equip all shifts and have vehicles in reserve for downtime. Police Department officials estimate they need 18 more patrol vehicles to address the vehicle shortage. Likewise, Guam Police Department officials estimated that they need about 160 additional officers to appropriately serve the public. According to Guam Public Law, each village must have a minimum of 2 police officers capable of patrolling and responding to calls at all times, and 1 additional officer is required for each additional 2,000 residents for each shift. Therefore, according to the Department of the Interior Inspector General, the Guam Police Department should have 464 patrol officers to cover all of its precincts—it currently has 304. According to Guam Police Department officials, the personnel shortfall has caused the department to exceed its overtime budget annually due to excessive overtime work needed to sustain its operations. More recently, in a questionnaire conducted for the ongoing supplemental EIS, Police Department officials stated that prolonged work hours and excessive workload are causing fatigue and unhealthy physical conditions among the personnel. To address its staffing shortage, the department is currently deputizing civilians. According to Guam Police Department Officials, the Guam Police Department is training these civilians and giving them law enforcement authority to perform as police officers, but without compensation. The program has over 100 volunteer members and is increasing. Military personnel, their dependents, and any contractor or construction worker arriving on Guam because of the realignment would necessarily need to rely on the Guam Police Department in case of emergencies. In addition, any person—including military members and their dependents— who is cited or arrested by the Guam Police Department for violating local laws off-base would be processed or prosecuted through Guam’s legal system. As such, Police Department officials told us that any population increase associated with the revised realignment plan would exacerbate the current infrastructure, vehicle, and staffing challenges the department is experiencing and could potentially create new ones as shifts in traffic patterns and land use occur, for example, because of new commercial development, and higher-density housing. Like the Guam Police Department, Guam’s Fire Department is experiencing deficiencies in infrastructure, vehicles, and staffing. In terms of infrastructure, Fire Department officials told us that the department is currently leasing office space as it does not have a permanent headquarters location. In addition, according to a 2012 Department of the Interior Inspector General report, the Guam Fire Department does not have enough ambulances to service Guam and does not have any reserve vehicles in its fleet. At the time of that report, the Fire Department owned 15 ambulances, and of those, only 3 were in service. Further, according to the report, there has been at least one documented occasion in which the Fire Department had only 1 ambulance to service the entire island. The report also noted that although the Fire Department owns 12 fire trucks, none have ladders with high-rise capabilities to service hotels and other high-rise structures on the island. In addition to these infrastructure and equipment challenges, Fire Department officials identified a number of challenges related to staffing. For example, Fire Department officials told us that the department does not have enough staff to meet its current needs and that its staffing numbers have dropped below the National Fire Protection Association safety standards which requires a minimum of four personnel on a fire truck. The Fire Department currently has about 250 uniformed firefighters. According to the Chief of the Fire Department, they require about 72 additional firefighters in order to satisfy the 5 to 6 on-duty personnel per engine company standard of the National Fire Protection Association. Officials stated that they are slowly trying to address their personnel issues and have received funding from Government of Guam to hire more firefighters. For example, in fiscal year 2013 the Government of Guam provided the Fire Department approximately $1.8 million for hiring personnel and the Fire Department added 28 new firefighter recruits. Military personnel and their dependents living off base and any contractors or construction workers associated with the realignment would require the services of the Guam Fire Department for emergencies. As such, like the Guam Police Department, Fire Department officials told us that any population increase associated with the revised realignment would exacerbate the current infrastructure, vehicles, and staffing challenges the Fire Department is experiencing. The Guam Department of Education has been challenged in meeting its requirements to effectively maintain its facilities with adequate staffing, buses, and supplies, citing continuing budget constraints. In terms of infrastructure, the Department of Education through a public/private partnership constructed five new schools. Additionally, the Government of Guam has secured funds for school infrastructure improvements through bond financing. For example, the Government of Guam in fiscal year 2010 secured approximately $50 million in bond financing for the construction of a new high school and in fiscal year 2007 secured approximately $27 million in bond financing for school improvements including Americans with Disabilities Act compliance, asbestos abatement, security and fire alarm systems installation, and other improvements. The Guam Department of Education also received $75.7 million in fiscal year 2010 through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act State Fiscal Stabilization Fund. The funding that was received through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was focused on improving the existing facilities. A significant portion of the funding went to repairing all of the roofing at all of the schools, upgrading electrical and fire alarm systems, replacing air conditioning units, and renovating a middle school. The Army Corp of Engineers recently completed a study commissioned by the Department of the Interior which estimated $90 million in deferred maintenance costs. The Guam Department of Education has been working with Guam’s Legislature and Governor’s Office to identify funding sources to repair and renovate aging school facilities. Although efforts have been to improve the Department of Education’s infrastructure, the department continues to face staffing challenges. According to Department of Education officials, with an extremely limited pool of applicants, the supply of fully certified, highly qualified teachers on Guam continues to be an issue since teachers on the island can apply to and be hired by the Department of Defense school system. In addition, Guam officials also noted that the school system is experiencing a shortage of school buses and that each of its buses averages five trips per day to transport the island’s children to and from school. Generally, children of military service members and DOD civilians attend DOD schools, but it is anticipated that any children of temporary workers associated with the realignment would attend Guam schools. Historically, the majority of DOD’s support to defense-affected communities has been to provide technical assistance and support community planning and coordination efforts due to Base Realignment However, OEA officials identified a few and Closure (BRAC) decisions.examples in the past where DOD has provided direct funding to defense- affected communities to provide additional capacity specifically needed to support DOD growth. DOD’s position has been that existing federal programs should be leveraged as much as possible to pay for public infrastructure needs and that local communities should largely be responsible for obtaining funding for their public infrastructure requirements. The Government of Guam has obtained non-DOD federal funding for some public infrastructure projects through several federal programs, such as a grant from the EPA to improve the water system. In addition, local communities can also raise their own funds for public infrastructure projects. However, in the case of Guam, some challenges have been identified as affecting its ability to raise funds for such projects. OEA is the primary DOD office responsible for providing assistance to communities, regions, and states affected by significant DOD program changes. A majority of OEA’s support to defense-affected communities has been for community planning and coordination efforts because of BRAC decisions. For example, from 2005 through 2012, OEA provided $76 million in grants to communities affected by BRAC decisions for activities ranging from hiring planners and staff to developing land reuse and redevelopment plans. Much of OEA’s assistance in the past was directed toward communities that lost military and civilian personnel because of the closure or major realignment of a base. However, because the 2005 BRAC round and other DOD initiatives created significant growth at many bases, OEA also has assisted defense- affected communities with growth planning. For example, one defense- affected community used OEA funding to hire personnel, maintain offices, and conduct planning. Another community’s local redevelopment authority used OEA funding to hire dedicated professional staff and contract with a consultant to prepare a redevelopment plan. For each community it assists, OEA assigns a project manager who can provide assistance in a variety of ways. OEA can provide funds for hiring consultants to assist in developing a reuse plan, information on federal grant money or other available resources, and information on best practices used by other closure communities. In addition, OEA’s website provides reports containing lessons learned from other communities and information on other available resources and OEA is currently developing a community forum function on its website where community members can exchange ideas and learn from each other’s experiences. OEA has generally provided funding for technical assistance, but it also has provided public infrastructure funding to local communities. For example, OEA officials noted the public infrastructure funding associated with the construction of Trident submarine bases at Bangor, Washington, and Kings Bay, Georgia. In these two instances, DOD provided millions of dollars in funding for public infrastructure projects to the local communities surrounding Bangor and Kings Bay because DOD’s public infrastructure needs would exceed those already in place and serving the communities. During the 1970s, DOD decided to build submarine bases at Bangor and Kings Bay and determined that the subsequent growth would generate significant public infrastructure needs that the local communities could not support. In both cases, the expansion of the bases would require significant construction and result in the eventual influx of significant amounts of personnel to the surrounding communities for which the local governments’ public infrastructure was generally inadequate. Congress authorized the Secretary of Defense to provide financial assistance to the local communities for the costs of providing increased municipal services and facilities. For both programs, DOD assigned OEA with responsibility for program management. According to congressional documents, DOD reported that it provided approximately $55 million, in nominal dollars (i.e., not adjusted for inflation), to communities surrounding Bangor for infrastructure improvements in areas, such as water resources, schools, fire protection, parks, roads, law and justice, social and health services, sewers, and libraries. According to DOD documents, DOD reported providing approximately $48 million, in nominal dollars, to communities surrounding Kings Bay for infrastructure improvements similar to Bangor, such as utility systems, elementary schools, a city hall, a fire station, and various public vehicles. Additionally, in some instances, specific appropriations have been made by Congress to OEA’s budget for public infrastructure improvements to assist affected communities. For example, in 2011, Congress appropriated $300 million for use by OEA for transportation infrastructure improvements associated with medical facilities related to recommendations of the BRAC Commission. Some of the communities receiving funding were Montgomery County, Maryland, for the construction of a pedestrian and bicycle underpass near the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and the City of San Antonio, Texas, for the construction of a safer highway interchange near Brooke Army Medical Center. In addition, also in 2011, Congress appropriated $500 million in funding for the construction, renovation, repair, or expansion of public schools located on military installations to address capacity or facility condition deficiencies. As implemented by OEA, these funds were available for local educational agencies operating such public schools. According to OEA officials, DOD’s position is that local communities should largely be responsible for obtaining funding for public infrastructure requirements related to DOD basing decisions. This funding can come from other, non-DOD federal programs, with DOD advocating that existing federal programs should be leveraged as much as possible. Along these lines, several federal agencies have existing programs that have funded public infrastructure improvements on Guam in recent years. For example, EPA, which assists Territories under its Environmental Protection Consolidated Grants program, provided Guam with almost $6.8 million in fiscal year 2012 to fund drinking water and wastewater system improvements. The Department of the Interior’s Office of Insular Affairs provided Guam with over $6 million in fiscal year 2013 in capital improvement grants to fund a variety of infrastructure needs. Table 1 shows examples of public infrastructure programs for which Guam has received funding from non-DOD federal programs in the last few years. In addition to obtaining funding through non-DOD federal programs, local communities can also raise their own funds for public infrastructure projects. In the case of Guam, two key challenges have been identified as affecting its ability to raise funds. Specifically, according to Government of Guam officials, limited government revenues and limited debt capacity due to its statutory debt limitation hinder its ability to finance its public infrastructure projects. First, Guam has faced an operating deficit over the past few years and current revenues are not sufficient to support operational requirements. The Governor of Guam told us that without a major increase in economic activity and the resulting increase in revenues, the administration will be unable to address additional public infrastructure requirements other than those necessary for basic operations and debt service requirements. Government of Guam officials explained that the major revenue challenges for the government are the inability of taxpayers to pay taxes, the inability of the government to access military bases to conduct random inspections to ensure military contractors and vendors are in compliance with Guam’s tax laws, and the large amount of DOD-controlled land on Guam that is not available for economic development. Two Department of the Interior reports identified that Guam’s operating revenues challenges are partly a result of poor tax At the time of those reports, the Department of the collection efforts.Interior estimated that persistent deficiencies in Guam’s tax collection process were resulting in lost tax revenues of at least $23.5 million each year. Guam officials told us that since those reports were issued they have taken steps to address the findings in the reports and improve their tax collection efforts but that the taxpayer’s inability to pay will always be a challenge. We have previously found that although communities near military growth locations can face growth-related challenges in the short term, such as challenges in providing additional infrastructure, they can expect to realize economic benefits in the long term, such as increased revenue. An increase in military and federal civilian employees on Guam stemming from the realignment may be a potential source of additional revenue. For instance, Guam receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian employees of the U.S. government stationed in Guam. Under section 30 the Internal Revenue of the Organic Act of Guam and a related statute,Service reimburses Guam for the income taxes it collects from federal civilian and military personnel assigned to Guam. The Internal Revenue Service pays section 30 funding to Guam annually. The money represents the income tax paid by federal employees and military service members who work on Guam but not collected locally. This amounted to $52 million in 2010, and this amount is expected to increase with the realignment thereby providing the Government of Guam with increased revenue. However, Guam officials told us they were concerned that since the composition of the Marines to be relocated to Guam under the revised realignment plan would be mostly rotational, they would not be reimbursed for the income taxes since these personnel may be stationed on Guam for less than 6 months. In response to these concerns, DOD recently announced procedures to account for and reimburse to Guam income tax paid by all U.S. Marines—whether part of a rotational unit or permanently stationed on island. With DOD’s announcement, according to Government of Guam officials, Marines stationed in Guam will be included under section 30, regardless of how long they are on Guam, thereby providing the Government of Guam with additional revenue. The second challenge identified as affecting Guam’s ability to raise funds is its statutory debt limitation. The Government of Guam’s ability to borrow funds to help pay for public infrastructure projects and programs related to the realignment may be constrained because of a statutory debt limitation contained in the Organic Act of Guam, depending on the form and terms of the prospective debt. Section 11 of the act places a limitation on government borrowing, limiting Guam’s public indebtedness to no more than 10 percent of the aggregate tax valuation of property on Guam. However, not all government obligations are included in the debt ceiling. For instance, section 11 of the Organic Act notes that bonds or other obligations of the Government of Guam payable solely from revenues derived from any public improvement or undertaking shall not be considered public indebtedness as defined in the Organic Act of Guam. As such, they would not be counted towards the government’s statutory debt limitation. However, whether certain obligations fall into this exception and should not be included in the Government of Guam’s debt limit calculation has generally been a highly litigated issue and may be determined on a case-by-case basis by the Guam courts.Government of Guam has determined and decided on the form and terms of debt it plans to incur to help fund off-base projects and programs related to the realignment, it is unknown what effect this debt limitation provision will have on the ability of the Government of Guam to incur debt for the purposes of the realignment. Despite these challenges, the Government of Guam has been able to obtain funding through issuing bonds in the past. For example, in December 2011, the Government of Guam successfully issued $235 million in bonds to pay unpaid tax refunds and past due cost of living allowances to certain retired government employees. These bonds were financed from revenues generated from the island’s business privilege tax. Further, in April 2011, the Government of Guam successfully sold $90.7 million worth of bonds to construct a new Guam museum and for other projects that benefit Guam’s tourism industry, such as the restoration of a community center and bell tower and the construction of a historic monument and plaza to commemorate Ferdinand Magellan’s visit to Guam. These bonds were financed from revenues generated from Guam’s hotel occupancy tax. These successful bond offerings demonstrate that a market may exist among investors for the Government of Guam’s debt, which could be a potential source of funding for its necessary public infrastructure improvements. Further, Guam’s autonomous government agencies related to public infrastructure— Power, Waterworks, and Port Authorities—have the ability to issue bonds for infrastructure improvements. Bonds issued by autonomous agencies are often backed by the agencies’ own revenue streams, such as customer rates. Guam officials cautioned, however, there is a limit to how much they can raise rates on their customers to increase revenue, particularly since for some utilities, Guam already has relatively high rates when compared to other insular areas and Hawaii. Like other bonds issued by the Government of Guam, the determination of whether a bond issued by one of these agencies would count against the Government of Guam’s statutory debt ceiling also depends upon the form and terms of the debt and can be a highly litigated issue. DOD has requested funding from Congress for projects to improve Guam’s public infrastructure. However, the projects included in these budget requests were validated based on the 2006 realignment plan, and DOD has not revalidated public infrastructure requirements for Guam to reflect the revised realignment plan or differentiated between requirements to address long-standing conditions in Guam’s public infrastructure and those specifically related to additional capacity for the realignment. According to DOD, a revised list of Guam public infrastructure requirements and cost estimates based on the revised realignment plan that calls for over 11,000 less people coming to Guam than the previous plan will not be available until 2015 when DOD completes the supplemental EIS. Even so, DOD has requested over $400 million for Guam infrastructure projects in its budget requests for fiscal years 2012 through 2014. However, since these projects were originally validated on the basis of the 2006 realignment plan, it is uncertain to what extent these projects are necessary or necessary to the same extent given the significant reduction in forces associated with the revised realignment plan and the fact that the potential effect has not been revalidated. Congress has restricted the use of funds until further information is provided related to the realignment plan and imposed other restrictions on use of the funding. It is also unclear to what extent the projects specified in DOD’s budget requests are required to address additional capacity to accommodate the current realignment plan or to address long-standing deficiencies in Guam’s infrastructure because DOD has not clearly differentiated between these two types of requirements. Although a list of public infrastructure projects was developed for the 2006 realignment plan for approximately 17,600 people relocating to Guam, Joint Guam Program Office officials stated that a revised list of Guam public infrastructure requirements and cost estimates based on the current realignment plan for approximately 6,300 people will not be available until sometime in 2015 when DOD completes the ongoing supplemental EIS. In February 2010 after the original realignment plan was announced, the Deputy Secretary of Defense chaired a meeting of the Economic Adjustment Committee, the goal of which was to develop a Guam public infrastructure funding plan for the original realignment.According to OEA officials the Economic Adjustment Committee divided this task into a public infrastructure assessment team and a socioeconomic project assessment team. The public infrastructure team examined Guam’s water and wastewater system, port, solid waste, power system, and roads. The socioeconomic project team examined health care, education, cultural resources, emergency services, judicial services, and other public infrastructure throughout the island. Input to the assessments was initially provided by the Office of the Governor of Guam, working with the territory’s executive departments, who proposed specific projects within each infrastructure area for further consideration. Finally, a team comprised of officials from federal agencies with purview over one or more of the identified infrastructure areas validated the need, scope, and funding required for each public infrastructure project. Ultimately, the Economic Adjustment Committee developed a list of validated projects needed to prepare Guam for the original realignment plan and these projects were subsequently included in DOD’s budget requests (see table 2). The Economic Adjustment Committee considered other projects but did not include them on the validated list and, as a result, the projects were not included in DOD budget requests. DOD has requested over $400 million to fund Guam public infrastructure projects in DOD’s budget requests for fiscal years 2012 through 2014. Because OEA is the primary DOD office responsible for providing assistance to communities, regions, and states affected by significant DOD program changes, DOD included these projects in OEA’s budget requests. Table 2 provides additional details regarding the requests and associated infrastructure projects and justifications. In response to DOD’s requests for Guam public infrastructure funding, Congress has appropriated some funds, but it has placed limitations on the use of the funds. For example, in 2011, Congress appropriated $33 million to DOD, acting through the OEA, to assist the civilian population of However, this funding Guam in response to the military realignment.was subject to restrictions on the expenditure of funds for military and public infrastructure projects in Guam related to the realignment of Marine Corps forces from Okinawa to Guam. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 contained similar restrictions, and in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, Congress rescinded $21 million of the $33 million appropriated to DOD for fiscal year 2012 for Guam. OEA requested $139.4 million for public infrastructure projects on Guam for fiscal year 2013. Congress appropriated $243.4 million for OEA for fiscal year 2013,no authorization for use of the funding for public infrastructure projects on Guam. Consequently, according to an OEA official, because DOD did not have the authority to spend the funds for Guam, $119.4 million was reprogrammed in July 2013 to address shortcomings elsewhere in DOD. As a result, these funds are no longer available to DOD for Guam public infrastructure projects. These congressional actions have implications for DOD’s fiscal year 2014 budget request. For example, in its fiscal year 2014 budget request, DOD requested $273.3 million to fund improvements to the water treatment system on Guam. These funds were intended to fund the second phase of those improvements, as DOD’s expectation was that the $106.4 million requested for fiscal year 2013 would have funded the first phase. While DOD is awaiting congressional action on its fiscal year 2014 budget request, it appears that DOD’s request is in advance of need since there was no phase one of the water and wastewater treatment funding and the funds were reprogrammed. As of October 2014, bills pending in Congress varied on the extension of the restriction on the use of funds for the realignment of Marines to Guam, including the restriction related to public infrastructure. While the House but provided bill for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 would repeal the restriction from the previous year, the version of the bill reported by the Senate Armed Services Committee included an extension of the restriction on use of funds to implement the realignment and public infrastructure funding. DOD has not revalidated the projects identified in its budget requests to reflect the smaller DOD population associated with the revised realignment plan. As a result, it is unclear to what extent these projects are still needed or are scoped appropriately, given the reduced numbers of Marines slated to relocate to Guam. OEA said that some of these projects, such as the artifact repository, should not be affected despite the change in the realignment plans because it is needed to fulfill federal historic preservation requirements and would be required under either plan. However, it is unclear if other projects, such as the water and wastewater improvements and the mental health facility, are still necessary or necessary to the same extent given the significant reduction in forces under the revised realignment plan and the as yet undetermined location of the main Marine Corps installation on the island. According to DOD officials, the projects initially validated by the Economic Adjustment Committee for the 2006 realignment plan and included in DOD budget requests will be reassessed based on the revised realignment plan as part of the supplemental EIS process to be completed in 2015. DOD also has not clearly differentiated between requirements to address long-standing conditions in Guam’s public infrastructure and those to address increased capacity to support the new realignment plan for most sectors. As a result, it is unclear to what extent the public infrastructure projects in DOD’s budget requests are needed to support the realignment. For example, one of the possible locations for constructing and operating the main Marine installation being considered under the ongoing supplemental EIS is Naval Base Guam in the southern part of the island. However, this base handles all of its own wastewater needs and gets its potable water from its own wells and the Fena Reservoir, thus not requiring DOD to rely on the public water and wastewater systems. If this location is chosen, it would raise questions about the funding DOD has requested for making improvements to the water and wastewater treatment plant that DOD had justified by citing the need for additional capacity to support the additional troops associated with the realignment. Similarly, DOD has not estimated the extent to which the mental health facility or school bus acquisition projects would actually be used by personnel associated with the new realignment, none of whom were on Guam in 2012 or will be on Guam in 2013 or 2014 even though DOD cited the additional capacity associated with the realignment as a basis for its budget request. For the electricity sector, we found that DOD has taken steps to differentiate between requirements related to the realignment and those to address long-standing conditions. In February 2013, DOD asked the Guam Power Authority to model what upgrades would be needed to meet the increased demand associated with three of the possible five locations for constructing and operating the main Marine Corps installation. The Power Authority provided DOD with the specific electric transmission and distribution improvements that would be needed and their estimated costs which ranged from $25 million to $35 million depending on the location. However, according to our discussions with Government of Guam and DOD officials, DOD has not asked for similar analyses from other affected Guam agencies or begun a comprehensive analysis across all public infrastructure sectors to differentiate between requirements to address existing conditions and what is needed specifically to address additional capacity for the realignment. The Joint Guam Program Office and Naval Facilities Engineering Command officials told us that they are currently conducting assessments to reexamine and revalidate the need, scope, and funding required for all utilities and infrastructure projects during DOD’s development of the supplemental EIS. However, they were uncertain regarding the degree to which the supplemental EIS would fully differentiate between identifying projects that address existing Guam conditions and additional capacity for DOD requirements. Office of Management and Budget guidance containing best practices for cost estimating in the context of capital programming, which includes planning and budgeting, suggests that it is a best practice to continuously update the cost estimating process, based on the latest information available, to keep estimates current, accurate, and valid. In addition, GAO’s Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide states that cost estimates should have all cost inputs checked to verify that they are as accurate as possible and that estimates should be While we acknowledge that updated to reflect changes in requirements.DOD has not completed the supplemental EIS and developed an updated list of public infrastructure project requirements, DOD is requesting funds for existing Guam public infrastructure projects in its budget requests that DOD has not revalidated in light of changes to its realignment plans. Moreover, DOD has not conducted a comprehensive analysis to differentiate between requirements to address long-standing Guam public infrastructure deficiencies and extra capacity to support the realignment. Without such an analysis, DOD will not have the information to identify accurately the costs directly attributable to the realignment and help justify its budget requests to Congress to help pay for the portion of the projects that are attributable to the extra capacity to support the realignment. Both Guam and DOD officials also agreed that developing this type of information would better determine what appropriate amount of Guam public infrastructure improvements DOD should fund and those Guam should fund. Without this information, DOD cannot fully inform Congress of what funding is actually needed to fund public infrastructure development to support the revised realignment plan. The cost estimate, DOD has used to support its budget requests for water and wastewater infrastructure projects on Guam, did not fully adhere to best practices for developing a reliable cost estimate, which is at the core of successfully managing a project within cost and affordability guidelines. During the development of the EIS, DOD, the Guam Waterworks Authority, and the EPA cooperated to identify and prioritize water and wastewater projects island-wide that were necessary to support the 2006 Marine Corps realignment plan. As part of this effort, DOD (as the EIS sponsor) paid for and EPA (as an EIS cooperating agency) managed a contract with an environmental firm for the development of a refined Guam water and wastewater infrastructure cost estimate. The contractor updated the original 2010 estimate on several occasions with the latest being in September 2012. That update indicates that approximately $1.3 billion in improvements are needed for Guam’s water and wastewater infrastructure to address existing deficiencies, including out-of-compliance facilities, as well as requirements to support the Marine Corps realignment. DOD used this cost estimate to support its fiscal year 2013 and 2014 budget requests for Guam water and wastewater improvements. However, when reviewing this cost estimate, we were unable to determine which projects within the $1.3 billion estimate were specifically for capacity increases due to the military realignment and associated with the fiscal years 2013 and 2014 budget requests. In assessing the estimate against best practices, we determined that this estimate is not reliable because it does not include all relevant costs, is based on limited data, and, as documented, lacks many of the key characteristics to be considered a reliable cost estimate. In addition, we found no evidence that actual costs were incorporated into the estimate and that risk and uncertainty were adequately assessed in the estimate. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) guidance containing best practices for cost estimating in the context of capital programming notes that a disciplined cost estimating process provides greater information management support, more accurate and timely cost estimates and improved risk assessments that will help to increase the credibility of capital programming cost estimates. Among other things, OMB’s guidance states that credible cost estimates are vital for sound management decision making and for any program or capital project to succeed. It further notes that early emphasis on cost estimating during the planning phase is critical to successful life cycle management of a program or project. Without such an estimate, agencies are at increased risk of experiencing cost overruns, missed deadlines, and performance shortfalls. GAO-09-3SP. managing capital program costs. Such an estimate provides the basis for informed investment decision making, realistic budget formulation, and accountability for results. Furthermore, the guide indicates that these best practices can be organized into the four characteristics of a reliable cost estimate that management can use for making informed program and budget decisions. Specifically, an estimate is considered comprehensive when it accounts for all possible costs associated with a program, is structured in sufficient detail to ensure that costs are neither omitted nor double counted, and documents all cost- influencing assumptions; well-documented when supporting documentation explains the process, sources, and methods used to create the estimate, contains the underlying data used to develop the estimate, and is adequately reviewed and approved by management; accurate when it is not overly conservative or optimistic, is based on an assessment of the costs most likely to be incurred, and is regularly updated so that it always reflects the current status of the program; and credible when any limitations of the analysis because of uncertainty or sensitivity surrounding data or assumptions are discussed, the estimate’s results are cross-checked, and an independent cost estimate is conducted by a group outside the acquiring organization to determine whether other estimating methods produce similar results. Each of these four characteristics consists of several best practices (see appendix II for a summary of these practices and our Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide for more details on the individual best practices). We evaluated the estimate against each of the individual best practices, assigning a score on a scale of 1 to 5 to indicate the degree to which the cost estimate met each best practice. Not Met (1 point)—DOD provided no evidence that satisfies any portion of the best practice criterion. Minimally Met (2 points)—DOD provided evidence that satisfies a small portion of the best practice criterion. Partially Met (3 points)—DOD provided evidence that satisfies about half of the best practice criterion. Substantially Met (4 points)—DOD provided evidence that satisfies a large portion of the best practice criterion. Fully Met (5 points)—DOD provided complete evidence that satisfies the entire best practice criterion. We then determined the overall assessment rating for each of the four characteristics by totaling the scores assigned to the individual best practices within each characteristic to derive an average score for that characteristic. The average scores fell into the following ranges: Not Met = 0 to 1.4 Minimally Met = 1.5 to 2.4 Partially Met = 2.5 to 3.4 Substantially Met = 3.5 to 4.4 Fully Met = 4.5 to 5.0. Best practices assessed as not applicable were not given a score and were not included in our calculation of the overall assessment. To be considered reliable, an estimate must substantially or fully meet all four characteristics. We found that the water and wastewater cost estimate for Guam did not meet one of the characteristics and only minimally met the remaining three. As a result, we determined that the estimate is not reliable. Table 3 provides a summary of the results of GAO’s assessment of the Guam water and wastewater cost estimate based on cost estimating best practices. See appendix II for our complete analysis of the individual best practices for each of the characteristics. OEA officials stated that the intent of the estimate was to develop a preliminary rough-order-of-magnitude estimate in order to provide enough information to get the budget process started for funding urgent Guam water and wastewater improvements. The officials further stated that they believe the estimate was sufficient for this purpose. In addition, according to OEA and EPA officials, the cost estimate was not intended to represent a “budget quality” life cycle cost estimate given the complexity of the project and lack of documentation submitted by the Government of Guam in developing the estimate. Nonetheless, DOD used this cost estimate to support its fiscal year 2013 and 2014 budget requests for funding Guam water and wastewater improvements. In the future, as DOD updates its list of Guam public infrastructure project requirements when the supplemental EIS is completed and develops the associated cost estimates, it has the opportunity to ensure that the estimates it is using more completely incorporate cost estimating best practices, thereby improving the quality of the cost estimates and making them easier to defend in future budgets and decision making. According to documentation attached to DOD’s fiscal year 2013 budget, DOD emphasized that it cannot continue the practice of starting programs that prove to be unaffordable and according to our Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide, whether or not a program is affordable depends a great deal on the quality of its cost estimate. Without a reliable estimate that is updated in response to program changes, Congress is hindered in its ability to assess budgets and affordability. Also, without complete cost estimates for the potential total financial commitment for operating and maintaining Guam’s water and wastewater systems, Congress will not have needed information to weigh the proposed cost of the Marine realignment plans against other demands for resources. Until DOD has the results of the supplemental EIS and issues a record of decision, it is understandable that DOD will not be able to finalize comprehensive public infrastructure requirements and cost estimates for its planned realignment of Marines and dependents from Japan to Guam. Nevertheless, in the interim, DOD through OEA has continued to request funds for Guam public infrastructure projects without updating its requirements based on the revised realignment plan that calls for a much smaller Marine Corps presence in Guam than previously planned. Furthermore, DOD and the Navy’s JGPO have not clearly identified which Guam public infrastructure requirements and costs directly support the additional capacity needed for the realignment and which address current deficiencies. In addition, OEA did not fully incorporate cost estimating best practices in developing its cost estimate for Guam’s water and wastewater infrastructure projects that was used to support previous budget requests. Our analysis of the cost estimate and its updates found that the estimate satisfies a small portion of the best practice criteria and thus is not a reliable estimate to support budget requests. Further, two important points emerged: (1) the true cost of this water and wastewater project is not known, and (2) it is unclear whether all of the underlying improvements are needed to support the realignment. Actions such as revalidating the original list of infrastructure projects, conducting analyses that differentiate existing Guam public infrastructure deficiencies from additional capacity needed to support the realignment, and more fully incorporating cost estimating practices to help DOD identify the costs directly attributable to the realignment would provide DOD with the information it needs to support its Guam budget requests to Congress. Without reliable cost estimates developed for the realignment plan in a manner consistent with GAO’s cost estimating guide, DOD will be hampered in achieving its affordability goal of not starting a program without firm cost goals in place and may be seeking funds for public infrastructure projects that may no longer be needed. Furthermore, the credibility of DOD’s estimate will be questionable, and Congress cannot be reasonably assured that it is sufficiently informed regarding the funding that may be needed for Guam public infrastructure projects. To provide DOD and Congress with sufficient information regarding the requirements and costs associated with DOD’s current Guam realignment plans and the public infrastructure necessary to support that realignment, we recommend that the Secretary of Defense direct the Department of the Navy’s JGPO in concert with OEA take the following three actions: Revalidate the need and scope of Guam public infrastructure projects included in DOD budget requests based on the reduced number of Marines and dependents DOD intends to relocate to Guam. Conduct a comprehensive analysis across all applicable public infrastructure sectors to determine what infrastructure requirements and costs are needed to address existing deficiencies in Guam’s infrastructure and what requirements and costs are needed to directly support the additional capacity needed to support the realignment, and As future cost estimates for Guam public infrastructure projects are developed, fully incorporate the best practices identified by GAO for developing high quality cost estimates. We provided a draft of this report to DOD, the Department of the Interior, EPA, and the Office of the Governor of Guam for review and comment. In written comments, which are reprinted in their entirety in appendix III, DOD partially concurred with our three recommendations. DOD, the Department of the Interior, EPA, and the Office of the Governor of Guam provided technical comments that have been incorporated into this report as appropriate. DOD partially concurred with our first recommendation to revalidate the need and scope of Guam public infrastructure projects included in DOD budget requests. DOD concurred that the need and scope of additional, realignment-related Guam public infrastructure projects will be revalidated as necessary based on the results of the analysis in the ongoing supplemental EIS. However, for the Guam wastewater public infrastructure project, DOD commented that the requested funding is not contingent upon the size of the realignment but rather represents funding for improvements to address noncompliance with EPA regulations. As a result, DOD concluded that the requests associated with the wastewater treatment facilities do not warrant realignment-related revalidation. We disagree. First, while DOD’s justifications for the wastewater treatment funding cite the need for remedies and residents’ current needs, the justifications also state that the funding and project is required to support growth resulting from the military realignment. Given that the size of the realignment has been reduced significantly, a revalidation of the wastewater project remains warranted. Second, without a revalidation of the wastewater project, it will continue to be unclear to what extent the requested funds for the project are still necessary or necessary to the same extent given the significant reduction in forces under the revised realignment plan and the as yet undetermined location of the main Marine Corps installation. Specifically, as discussed in the report, a possible location for the main Marine installation is Naval Base Guam, which handles its own wastewater needs and does not require DOD to rely on the public wastewater system. If this location is chosen, DOD would appear to no longer have a basis for its cited need for additional wastewater capacity to support the realignment as part of its budget request justifications. DOD stated that it partially concurred with our second recommendation to conduct a comprehensive analysis across all applicable public infrastructure sectors to determine what infrastructure requirements and costs are needed to address long-standing deficiencies in Guam’s infrastructure and which are needed to directly support the realignment. DOD noted that a determination of realignment-related infrastructure requirements and costs is an anticipated outcome of the supplemental EIS. DOD’s comments, however, do not address whether it plans to clearly differentiate between those infrastructure requirements and costs needed to address existing deficiencies in Guam’s infrastructure and those needed to directly support the additional capacity associated with the realignment, as we specifically recommended. Doing so is important, because as explained in the report, clearly differentiating between existing public infrastructure deficiencies and any additional capacity needed to support the realignment would help DOD more accurately identify the costs directly attributable to the realignment. DOD’s analysis would then provide congressional decision makers with information they need to appropriately fund requests for public infrastructure projects on Guam. DOD partially concurred with our third recommendation to fully incorporate the best practices identified by GAO for developing high quality cost estimates, as future cost estimates for Guam public infrastructure projects are developed. In response to this recommendation, DOD stated that future realignment-related cost estimates and budget submissions will be developed in accordance with DOD’s Financial Management Regulation and that final engineering cost estimates for specific projects will be developed in the normal course of executing the fiscal year 2014 program. While budget submissions must conform to DOD guidance, OMB guidance and our cost estimating and assessment guide, which is a compilation of cost estimating best practices from across industry and government, confirm that cost estimates should conform to best practices and follow certain specific steps to ensure that they are reliable and credible. Development of reliable and credible cost estimates is important, whether as part of budget submissions or in advance of those submissions. As discussed in this report, our analysis of DOD’s cost estimate for Guam’s largest public infrastructure project—the water and wastewater treatment facility— demonstrates that weaknesses exist in DOD’s cost estimating practices that, if left unaddressed, increase the likelihood that costs will increase. By not following best practices in preparing its cost estimate, DOD cannot ensure that the estimate is reliable and credible. As DOD continues to provide information to Congress regarding the realignment, we believe DOD has the opportunity to improve the quality of its estimates by applying cost estimating best practices in its approach. To better inform the budget decisionmaking process of the likely costs, affordability, and scheduling of funding needed to support the Guam realignment, DOD should take every available opportunity to employ best practices and provide Congress with the highest quality cost estimates possible. We are sending copies of this report to appropriate congressional committees; the Secretary of Defense; the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force; the Commandant of the Marine Corps; the Director, Office of Management and Budget; and appropriate organizations. In addition, this report will be available at no charge on our website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff has any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512- 5741 or ayersj@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Affairs and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made major contributions to this report are listed in appendix IV. To describe the existing condition of the public infrastructure on Guam, we interviewed and collected information from various Department of Defense (DOD) officials, including those in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy; Office of Economic Adjustment (OEA), Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisitions, Technology, and Logistics; Naval Facilities Engineering Command; Joint Region Marianas, Department of the Navy; and Joint Guam Program Office, Department of the Navy. We also interviewed other federal officials from the following offices and agencies assisting Guam in preparing for the realignment: Office of Management and Budget Council on Environmental Quality Department of the Interior’s Office of Insular Affairs Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX Department of Health and Human Services, Region IX. We conducted a site visit to Guam in April 2013, where we met with officials in Guam’s Military Buildup Office. the Governor of Guam, the Speaker and other members of the Guam Legislature, the Guam Auditor General, and We also interviewed other Guam officials representing the following public infrastructure sectors on Guam likely to be affected by the realignment: Guam Waterworks Authority Guam Power Authority Consolidated Commission on Utilities Guam Department of Public Works Port Authority of Guam Guam Department of Public Health and Social Services Guam Environmental Protection Agency Guam Fire Department Guam Police Department Guam Department of Education Guam State Historic Preservation Office. During our site visit to Guam, we toured Andersen Air Force Base and some of the locations cited in documents related to the supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) as possible locations for the establishment of a main Marine Corps installation and Marine Corps live- fire training range complex on Guam. We also visited the Northern District Wastewater Plant and Port of Guam which had been cited by DOD and Government of Guam officials as two of the most critical infrastructure sectors requiring improvements. For the purposes of our review, public infrastructure is defined as including the utilities, methods of transportation, equipment, or facilities under the control of a public entity, such as a power authority, or local government for use by the public to support the realignment of forces and dependents. The public infrastructure sectors covered by our review were chosen based on inclusion in (1) prior Government of Guam and DOD project lists developed for the 2006 Roadmap realignment plan, (2) DOD budget requests, (3) prior GAO reports on the realignment of U.S. forces to Guam, and (4) federal agency inspector general reports, as well as those sectors identified during our interviews by Government of Guam and DOD officials. The following eight sectors are included in our review: electric power, water and wastewater, port, solid waste, public health, law enforcement, fire department, and education infrastructure. The highways and other roads sector is not included in our analysis because Government of Guam and DOD officials did not identify it as a sector likely to be adversely affected by the realignment since existing programs and agencies, such as the Defense Access Roads and the Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration, are currently allocating funds for road and highway improvements on Guam. For our first objective regarding the existing condition of Guam’s public infrastructure, we reviewed the original EIS, a DOD engineering review, technical studies, and business case analyses and conducted interviews. In addition, we reviewed inspector general reports prepared by the Department of the Interior regarding the condition of specific sectors of Guam’s public infrastructure. We reviewed these reports and determined that their methodologies were sufficiently reliable for our purposes. We corroborated the information contained in the inspector general reports by interviewing Guam officials from the relevant public infrastructure sectors to determine the extent to which the findings of the various reports accurately portrayed the condition of Guam’s public infrastructure and remained valid. We also reviewed the socioeconomic project needs assessment worksheets developed by Guam and provided to the Economic Adjustment Committee in 2010 as part of the Economic Adjustment Committee’s efforts to develop a list of public infrastructure requirements for the original realignment plan. Additionally, we reviewed the completed supplemental EIS questionnaires administered by DOD to Guam to obtain updated information regarding the state of Guam’s public infrastructure and potential impact of the revised realignment plan. For our second objective to describe the types of assistance DOD generally has provided to defense-affected communities and the other types of funding sources that have been used to fund Guam public infrastructure projects, we interviewed OEA officials to identify the most relevant historical examples similar to Guam and reviewed past congressional hearings, DOD documents, and fiscal impact analyses to determine previous instances of where DOD provided public infrastructure funding to communities. To identify examples of non-DOD, federal programs from which Guam has received public infrastructure funding in the past, we interviewed OEA, Department of the Interior, and Government of Guam officials and reviewed Guam’s Single Audit report and Summary of Schedule of Expenditures of Federal Awards. To determine Guam’s potential for raising additional revenue to fund infrastructure projects, we interviewed Guam officials and reviewed the Government of Guam’s 2014 executive budget request and long-term debt abstract. For our third objective to assess DOD’s efforts to revalidate its public infrastructure requirements under the revised realignment plan and differentiate between requirements needed to address Guam’s existing public infrastructure deficiencies and those related to the realignment, we reviewed information on DOD and the Government of Guam’s planning activities related to public infrastructure improvements needed to support the revised realignment plan and compared this information to previous public infrastructure lists developed by the Government of Guam, DOD, and other federal entities to support the 2006 Roadmap realignment plan. We interviewed DOD officials regarding the extent to which DOD was revalidating and differentiating between requirements as part of the current supplemental EIS and also interviewed Government of Guam officials from all the infrastructure sectors we reviewed to determine the extent to which they had been contacted by DOD to update or differentiate between requirements. We evaluated DOD’s efforts with criteria established in our Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide: Best and OMB Practices for Developing and Managing Capital Program Costsguidance containing best practices for capital programming. To determine how much DOD has requested to support public infrastructure projects on Guam, we reviewed DOD budget materials and interviewed OEA officials to determine what funding DOD has requested to support public infrastructure projects on Guam related to the realignment, as well as statutory restrictions on the use of these funds for these types of projects. GAO-09-3SP. characteristics representing practices that help ensure that a cost estimate is (1) comprehensive, (2) well documented, (3) accurate, and (4) credible. Each of these four characteristics consists of several best practices (see appendix II for a summary of these practices and our Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide for more details on the individual best practices). We evaluated the estimate against each of the individual best practices, assigning a score on a scale of 1 to 5 to indicate the degree to which the cost estimate met each best practice. Not Met (1 point)— DOD provided no evidence that satisfies any portion of the best practice criterion. Minimally Met (2 points)—DOD provided evidence that satisfies a small portion of the best practice criterion. Partially Met (3 points)—DOD provided evidence that satisfies about half of the best practice criterion. Substantially Met (4 points)—DOD provided evidence that satisfies a large portion of the best practice criterion. Fully Met (5 points)—DOD provided complete evidence that satisfies the entire best practice criterion. We determined the overall assessment rating for each of the four characteristics by totaling the scores assigned to the individual best practices within each characteristic to derive an average score for that characteristic. The average scores fell into the following ranges: Not Met = 0 to 1.4 Minimally Met = 1.5 to 2.4 Partially Met = 2.5 to 3.4 Substantially Met = 3.5 to 4.4 Fully Met = 4.5 to 5.0. Best practices assessed as not applicable were not given a score and were not included in our calculation of the overall assessment.held detailed discussions with EPA and DOD officials and reviewed program documentation to identify key factors that could affect the potential total costs. We also met with these officials to discuss the results of our evaluation. We also To determine the reliability of the numerical data provided to us by DOD, other federal organizations, and by Government of Guam officials, we collected information on how the data was collected, managed, and used through interviews with relevant officials. By assessing this information against GAO data quality standards, we determined that the data presented in our findings were sufficiently reliable for the purposes of this report. We conducted this performance audit from February 2013 through December 2013, in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. This appendix provides the detailed results of our analysis of the cost estimate that was used to support the Department of Defense’s (DOD) budget requests for funding to improve Guam’s water and wastewater systems. Specifically, we assessed the extent to which the cost estimate followed the best practices of a reliable cost estimate as documented in our 2009 Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide: Best Practices for Developing and Managing Capital Program Costs. We reviewed the cost estimate for the water and wastewater system and assessed each individual best practice that comprises each of the four characteristics of a reliable cost estimate as summarized in the report’s body and assigned a score on a scale of 1 to 5 to indicate the degree to which the estimate met each best practice. Not Met (1 point)—DOD provided no evidence that satisfies any portion of the best practice criterion. Minimally Met (2 points)—DOD provided evidence that satisfies a small portion of the best practice criterion. Partially Met (3 points)—DOD provided evidence that satisfies about half of the best practice criterion. Substantially Met (4 points)—DOD provided evidence that satisfies a large portion of the best practice criterion. Fully Met (5 points)—DOD provided complete evidence that satisfies the entire best practice criterion. We determined the overall assessment rating for each characteristic by totaling the scores assigned to the individual best practices within each characteristic to derive an average score for that characteristic. The average scores fell into the following ranges: Not Met = 0 to 1.4 Minimally Met = 1.5 to 2.4 Partially Met = 2.5 to 3.4 Substantially Met = 3.5 to 4.4 Fully Met = 4.5 to 5.0. Best practices assessed as not applicable were not given a score and were not included in our calculation of the overall assessment.provides the detailed results of our analysis of the cost estimate. In addition to the contact named above, Laura Durland, Assistant Director; Shawn Arbogast, Remmie Arnold, Grace Coleman, Tisha Derricotte, Adam Hatton, Jim Manzo, Karen Richey, Ophelia Robinson, Michael Shaughnessy, and Amie Steele made key contributions to this report. Defense Management: More Reliable Cost Estimates and Further Planning Needed to Inform the Marine Corps Realignment Initiatives in the Pacific.GAO-13-360. Washington, D.C.: June 11, 2013. Force Structure: Improved Cost Information and Analysis Needed to Guide Overseas Military Posture Decisions. GAO-12-711. Washington, D.C.: June 6, 2012. Military Buildup on Guam: Costs and Challenges in Meeting Construction Timelines. GAO-11-459R. Washington, D.C.: June 27, 2011. Defense Management: Comprehensive Cost Information and Analysis of Alternatives Needed to Assess Military Posture in Asia. GAO-11-316. Washington, D.C.: May 25, 2011. Defense Infrastructure: The Navy Needs Better Documentation to Support Its Proposed Military Treatment Facilities on Guam. GAO-11-206. Washington, D.C.: April 5, 2011. Defense Infrastructure: Guam Needs Timely Information from DOD to Meet Challenges in Planning and Financing Off-Base Projects and Programs to Support a Larger Military Presence. GAO-10-90R. Washington, D.C.: November 13, 2009. Defense Infrastructure: DOD Needs to Provide Updated Labor Requirements to Help Guam Adequately Develop Its Labor Force for the Military Buildup. GAO-10-72. Washington, D.C.: October 14, 2009. Defense Infrastructure: Planning Challenges Could Increase Risks for DOD in Providing Utility Services When Needed to Support the Military Buildup on Guam. GAO-09-653. Washington, D.C.: June 30, 2009. Defense Infrastructure: High-Level Leadership Needed to Help Guam Address Challenges Caused by DOD-Related Growth. GAO-09-500R. Washington, D.C.: April 9, 2009. Defense Infrastructure: Opportunity to Improve the Timeliness of Future Overseas Planning Reports and Factors Affecting the Master Planning Effort for the Military Buildup on Guam. GAO-08-1005. Washington, D.C.: September 17, 2008. Defense Infrastructure: High-Level Leadership Needed to Help Communities Address Challenges Caused by DOD-Related Growth. GAO-08-665. Washington, D.C.: June 17, 2008. Defense Infrastructure: Planning Efforts for the Proposed Military Buildup on Guam Are in Their Initial Stages, with Many Challenges Yet to Be Addressed. GAO-08-722T. Washington, D.C.: May 1, 2008. Defense Infrastructure: Overseas Master Plans Are Improving, but DOD Needs to Provide Congress Additional Information about the Military Buildup on Guam. GAO-07-1015. Washington, D.C.: September 12, 2007. U.S. Insular Areas: Economic, Fiscal, and Financial Accountability Challenges. GAO-07-119. Washington, D.C.: Dec. 12, 2006.

Summary: In 2006, the United States and Japan planned to relocate 17,600 U.S. Marines and dependents from Japan to Guam. However, in 2012, representatives from the countries developed a revised plan under which 6,300 Marines and dependents would relocate to Guam. The Conference Report accompanying the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 mandated that GAO evaluate what Guam public infrastructure projects are needed to support DOD's plans. This report (1) describes Guam's public infrastructure; (2) describes the types of assistance DOD generally provides and other funding sources that have been used to fund Guam projects; (3) assesses DOD's efforts to revalidate Guam projects under the revised realignment plan; and (4) assesses the cost estimate for Guam's public water and wastewater infrastructure improvements used to support DOD budget requests. To address these objectives, GAO reviewed policies, technical studies, and budget requests. GAO also interviewed DOD and other relevant federal officials as well as visited Guam and met with Guam officials. Some investments have been made to improve Guam's public infrastructure in recent years, but many deficiencies and regulatory compliance issues continue to exist. The reliability, capacity, and age of much of the public infrastructure--especially the island's utilities--indicate a need for additional upgrades to be able to meet current and future demands related to the realignment. Further, some infrastructure sectors, such as water and wastewater, face issues complying with federal regulations. Other sectors, such as the fire and police departments, are experiencing staffing and other shortages that affect their ability to serve Guam's current population. The majority of the Department of Defense's (DOD) support to defense-affected communities has been historically to provide technical assistance and support community planning and coordination efforts. However, in a few instances DOD has provided public infrastructure funding to communities where proposed basing decisions would generate significant public infrastructure needs that the communities could not support. Generally, DOD's position is that communities should be largely responsible for obtaining funding for public infrastructure requirements related to DOD basing decisions. This funding can come from other federal programs or communities can raise the funds on their own. In the case of Guam, however, some challenges related to limited government revenues and debt capacity has been identified as affecting its ability to do so. Despite the reduction of Marines and dependents relocating to Guam, DOD has not yet revalidated the public infrastructure requirements based on the revised realignment plan or differentiated between requirements needed to address long-standing conditions and those related to the realignment. This revalidation is not expected to be completed until 2015. Even so, DOD has requested over $400 million for Guam public infrastructure projects in its budget requests since fiscal year 2012. It is unclear if all of these projects are necessary to the same extent given the reduction in forces. For example, if DOD decides to locate the Marines on the naval base that handles all of its own water/wastewater needs, public water/wastewater improvements would not be needed to support the Marines. Congress has placed limitations on the use of funding, in part until certain information is provided related to the realignment. Without revalidating and differentiating between requirements, DOD cannot clearly identify what Guam public infrastructure requirements are needed to directly support the realignment. The $1.3 billion cost estimate for improvements to Guam's water and wastewater systems that DOD has used to support budget requests for fiscal years 2013 and 2014 is not reliable. GAO assessed that the estimate minimally met the best practice criteria for three of the four key characteristics--comprehensive, well documented, and accurate--for a reliable cost estimate as identified in the GAO Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide and did not satisfy best practice criteria for the fourth characteristic of being credible. GAO determined that officials adhered to some best practices for a reliable estimate but did not, for example, include all relevant costs, sufficiently explain why certain assumptions and adjustments were made, incorporate any actual costs or inflation adjustments, or adequately address risk and uncertainty. GAO recommends that DOD take actions to revalidate public infrastructure needs on Guam based on the revised realignment size and ensure best practices are used to develop future cost estimates. DOD partially concurred with GAO's recommendations and identified future plans. However, GAO believes further opportunities exist as discussed in the report.