Share-in-savings contracts fall under the umbrella of performance-based contracting, in which a federal agency specifies the outcome or result it desires and lets the contractor decide how best to achieve the desired outcome. In theory, share-in-savings contracting can provide a number of potential benefits to both an agency and its contractor. For example, an agency can ask a contractor to provide up-front funding, in which case most of the financial risk of the project shifts from the government to the contractor. The agency also can leverage the contractor’s stake in the success of a project since the contractor receives payment only after demonstrating that the project—a new or upgraded information technology system, for example—saves the agency money. Unexpected problems, such as a delay in system installation, could erase some of the projected savings, so the contractor has an incentive to effectively manage overall costs, schedule, and performance. In short, the contractor is paid for results, not just for effort. Because of the increased financial risk a contractor assumes, a contractor can earn a greater return with a share-in- savings contract compared to the return on a traditional contract. In 1996, the Clinger-Cohen Act authorized limited pilot programs to test the feasibility of share-in-savings contracts for information technology. In 2002, the E-Government Act expanded authority to award share-in-savings contracts in fiscal years 2003 through 2005 to acquire information technology solutions and provided incentives for agencies to enter into such contracts. For example, agencies are allowed to retain, in their information technology accounts, any savings above amounts paid to their contractors. The act required the OMB to report to Congress on the number of share-in-savings contracts entered into under this initiative. In December 2004, the OMB reported that no contracts for information technology projects had been awarded. In 2003, we issued two reports related to the use of share-in-savings contracts. Our January 2003 report, which focused on commercial use of share-in-savings contracting, found that this approach can be an effective technique to motivate contractors to generate savings and revenues for clients. To be successful, though, clients and contractors need to agree on goals and objectives and how to achieve them. Our March 2003 correspondence to OMB addressed the need for OMB’s Office of Federal Procurement Policy to ensure that members of the federal acquisition workforce understand and appropriately apply the authority of the E-Government Act of 2002. The Department of Energy has used share-in-savings contracting for technology solutions to reduce energy consumption. Congress authorized the department, among other federal agencies, to use a type of share-in- savings contract for private financing of energy-efficiency improvements in federal facilities. Rather than use up-front appropriations from Congress, the department asked energy service contractors to contribute the up-front costs for identifying a federal facility’s energy needs as well as buying, installing, operating, and maintaining energy-efficient equipment to reduce energy bills. In return, the contractors get a share of the energy savings generated by the improvements. We have found that agencies that have used energy savings performance contracts have reduced their energy consumption and achieved other goals. We have raised questions, however, about the use of share-in-savings contracts for energy-efficiency improvements. For example, a number of factors may cause third-party financing of long-term capital improvement projects to be more expensive than the direct use of available appropriated funds. This is so because the interest rate paid by a contractor for needed capital typically would be higher than if the improvements were funded through appropriations. Inevitably, by opting to use a share-in-savings contract, the federal agency would have to take into account the contractor’s higher cost of financing than if the agency had funded the project itself. Another area of concern is how share-in- savings contracts should be reflected in the federal budget, an issue about which federal budget agencies disagree. On the one hand, OMB believes that share-in-savings budget authority, contract obligations, and outlays should be recognized on a year-to-year basis. In other words, only the first year’s costs, not the cumulative annual costs of energy share-in-savings contracts, would need to be reflected in the agency’s budget in the year the contract is awarded. On the other hand, the Congressional Budget Office believes that the budget should reflect long term share-in-savings contract commitments as new obligations at the time the contract is signed, consistent with government accounting principles. In a recent report, we raised similar concerns. Finally, the extent to which energy savings cover costs remains uncertain, and we have recommended more oversight of energy savings performance contracts and other steps to ensure cost-effectiveness. Final regulations to implement the share-in-savings authority in the E-Government Act of 2002 have yet to be published. Additional guidance on the use of this method also lags behind the progress made in establishing a share-in-savings program office and providing agencies with some share-in-savings tools and related training. The E-Government Act required that the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) be revised by mid-September 2003 to implement the share-in- savings authority contained in the act. It was not until July 2004, however, that a proposed revision to the FAR was published in the Federal Register for public comment. As of July 2005, the final FAR rule was still awaiting approval by OMB’s Office of Federal Procurement Policy. The act also required the OMB to develop guidance for techniques to permit agencies to retain a portion of resulting financial savings after payment of the contractor’s share of the savings. OMB officials told us they plan to develop a broader policy memorandum providing agencies with additional guidelines to ensure share-in-savings contracting success. As of July 2005, the policy memorandum had not been issued. OMB officials indicated, however, that implementing regulations and share-in-savings guidance would be completed in the near future. The act assigned GSA responsibility for helping federal agencies identify information technology projects as potential share-in-savings candidates and for providing guidance on determining share ratios and baselines from which savings may be measured. GSA established a share-in-savings program office in February 2003, and in July of that year launched two Web-based tools to help agencies identify and evaluate share-in-savings opportunities. The Business Case Decision Tool is designed to assist agencies in developing business cases on the basis of realistic baseline costs to ensure that use of share-in-savings contracts would be cost- effective. The Proposal Evaluation Tool is used to evaluate the merits of contractor share-in-savings proposals. According to the program office director, agencies started using the Business Case Decision Tool in September 2003. As of March 2005, various agencies have used the tool to conduct 219 analyses, resulting in the identification of 15 information technology projects as potential share-in-savings candidates. Although some of these 15 potential projects are still under consideration, various steps remain to be completed, and none has yet resulted in a share-in- savings contract award. GSA hired a contractor to train agencies in identifying suitable share-in- savings projects, structuring solicitations, and analyzing proposals. The training, which has been available to agencies since July 2004, is a 2-day course and costs $650 per student. As of March 21, 2005, a total of 21 federal acquisition employees from six agencies had taken the training. The same training is now being offered by the Federal Acquisition Institute, an entity within OMB charged with developing the curriculum needed to train the civilian agency workforce. Two classes have been scheduled, one in June 2005, and the other before the E-Government Act’s authority expires in September 2005. The Federal Acquisition Institute may exercise an option to provide five additional share-in-savings training classes in fiscal year 2006. Finally, in July 2004, GSA established blanket purchase agreements with six contractors; each of which is a major information technology solution provider with commercial share-in-savings contracting experience. A blanket purchase agreement is a simplified method of filling the government’s anticipated repetitive needs for supplies or services by establishing charge accounts with qualified sources of supply. The agreements may subsequently be used by agencies to procure specific goods or services. As of June 2005, however, since no share-in-savings project is ready for the contracting phase, no agencies have used the blanket purchase agreements. Officials from 11 agencies cited several reasons the share-in-savings contracting authority for information technology has not led to the award of share-in-savings contracts. Reasons include a lack of final implementing regulations and OMB guidance on how to budget and account for retained savings and the difficulty of determining baseline costs. Some officials said contractors are reluctant to get involved in share-in-savings contracts because the return on investment is believed to be too low. In addition, officials told us that even though contractors would provide up-front funding for a share-in-savings contract, some amount of appropriated funds would still be required. Officials also said that too few acquisition personnel have been trained to use this innovative contracting technique. Agency officials told us they are reluctant to use share-in-savings contracting until the FAR implementing regulations are finalized. Because share-in-savings contracting is considered innovative within the federal government, agency officials said they need clear regulations to understand when and how to use this technique. We also highlighted the need for guidance in our March 2003 correspondence to OMB’s Office of Federal Procurement Policy. Given the federal government’s limited experience with share-in-savings contracting, as well as limited understanding of the conditions that foster successful implementation in commercial share-in-savings contracts, we reported that members of the federal acquisition workforce need to understand and appropriately apply the E-Government Act’s new authority. Toward that end, we recommended that OMB develop the necessary guidance. To date, OMB has not responded to our recommendation. While GSA’s guidance may be helpful in identifying potential candidates, additional guidance is still needed from OMB on accounting for savings in excess of amounts paid to the contractor and developing sound business cases with firm baselines. Another reason agency officials say they have not used share-in-savings contracting is the difficulty in determining a baseline cost. A baseline cost is the cost of current operations. Without an accurate baseline, agreed to by the agency as well as the contractor, savings cannot be correctly measured, leaving both the agency and the contractor at risk of not receiving their fair share of savings, if any are generated. The contractor cannot determine with any certainty that the savings would cover its costs, let alone result in a profit. Our past work on commercial use of share-in- savings contracts suggests that the business process and administrative cost information necessary to calculate a baseline may not be available in some cases. Agency officials told us that in the information technology area, calculating a baseline can be very complicated. It can be difficult, for example, to isolate the direct savings from a reduction in the time an employee spends on a new task as a result of a new, automated information system replacing one or more old tasks. Further, in our past financial reporting, we have described the type of systemic challenges agencies face in accurately determining the baseline costs of programs, which could impede agencies’ use of share-in-savings contracting. For example, we reported in the 2004 Financial Report of the United States Government that the federal government’s ability to reliably measure the full costs of certain programs is hampered by a significant number of material weaknesses related to financial systems, fundamental recordkeeping, financial reporting, and incomplete documentation. Even if a baseline could be established, most agency officials we interviewed said an obstacle to using share-in-savings contracting would be not having a potential savings pool large enough to provide contractors an appealing return on investment. The GSA share-in-savings program office and the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Business Initiative Council determined that a successful share-in-savings business case requires a savings-to-investment ratio of at least 3 to 1. However, a business case review in 2004 by the Defense Commissary Agency illustrates the potential difficulty in meeting that target. Last year, that agency determined that an inadequate return on investment was a primary reason a share-in-savings contract would not be used to buy a replacement retail transaction system for its hundreds of commissaries. On two occasions, the agency requested information from contractors on installing a replacement retail transaction system under a share-in-savings contract. Concerns about fewer commissaries in the future, as a result of anticipated military base closures, and other cost uncertainties led contractors to request a guaranteed minimum number of system replacements to protect profit margins associated with their initial investments. The agency did not provide minimum guarantees, and a share-in-savings contract was not awarded. Another reason, according to officials, agencies may not have used share- in-savings contracting to acquire information technology solutions is that the E-Government Act requires funds to be available for the first year of the contract. Even though the contractor pays the up-front costs, the agency still needs appropriated funds to cover cancellation and termination liability, in the event the government ends the project. However, agency officials advised that these funds can represent a significant share of the total cost of an information technology project. Accordingly, so that any savings would stay with the government, agency officials said they are motivated to use appropriated funds for information technology projects and to award traditional contracts. This is the reason that the Internal Revenue Service decided not to award a share-in-savings contract to modernize its taxpayer identification system for non-U.S. citizens. In the past, when we interviewed Department of Energy officials about using share-in-savings contracts for energy-efficiency improvements, they said this contracting technique is best used to finance projects when federal funding is thought to be unavailable. According to Department of Energy officials, they would prefer the agency pay for the entire project, because all of the savings would stay with the government. We have previously reported that training on the E-Government Act’s share-in-savings acquisition initiative would be essential to its effective implementation. However, few acquisition personnel have been trained on when and how to use share-in-savings contracting. As of March 21, 2005, only 21 federal acquisition employees had received share-in-savings training from GSA’s share-in-savings training contractor. The training developed by the contractor addresses the technical and organizational share-in-savings issues needed to be understood for successful contracts. For example, negotiating a share-in-savings contract can be a highly technical and time-consuming process and requires a certain level of business acumen. As covered in the training, the use of share-in-savings contracting demands a good understanding of requirements; agreement on baseline costs, use of metrics to measure savings, confidence in savings- share ratios; and the identification and mitigation of risks. With only a few months remaining before authority for the initiative is due to expire, no federal agencies have used the share-in-savings authority provided by the E-Government Act to award contracts. Therefore, neither OMB nor we has a basis for assessing the effectiveness of share-in-savings contracts for information technology to improve agencies’ mission-related or administrative processes. Agencies’ limited exposure to share-in-savings contracting for information technology has not extended much beyond the initial steps of analyzing potential business cases. As a result, the act’s authority has not actually been tested. Since OMB expects the implementing regulations and share-in-savings guidance to be issued soon, at least some of the reasons agencies cited for not using the share-in-savings contracting authority for information technology soon could be addressed. Although it is too early to know whether or not other reasons can be overcome, the issuance of implementing regulations and OMB guidance may soon create better conditions under which to test the share-in-savings initiative. If Congress wants to test the effectiveness of share-in-savings contracts for information technology, Congress would need to extend the authority beyond the scheduled September 2005 expiration. We received comments on a draft of this report from OMB and GSA. Both agencies concurred with the report. In oral comments, OMB officials acknowledged that issuance of the share- in-savings implementing regulations and OMB guidance has been delayed longer than anticipated. The officials cited the need to ensure that the regulations and OMB guidance are clear on how to successfully manage share-in-savings complexities, such as establishing a baseline, determining a reasonable return on investment, and ultimately developing a sound business case. OMB officials commented that shortly after enactment of the E-Government Act, the agency started efforts to develop the share-in- savings regulations and guidance and noted the October 2003 advanced notice of proposed rulemaking and the July 2004 publication of the proposed rule as examples of the results of such efforts. OMB officials also noted that the final rule was drafted in February 2005. However, OMB officials told us they continue to work with other agencies to ensure that the final policy is clear on how to successfully handle the complexities of the share-in-savings planning and budgeting processes. Although OMB officials could not tell us precisely when, they anticipate that the final rule and OMB guidance will be published in the near future. In e-mailed comments, GSA generally agreed with our report but believed the title of the report did not accurately describe the efforts taken to test share-in-savings. GSA commented that the report’s title implies that nothing has been done, despite the agency’s efforts in promoting the use of share-in-savings and that certain portions of the concept have been tested, although outside of the E-Government Act’s authority. We recognize that the government has used share-in-savings contracts under other authorities. However, the government has not awarded any share-in- savings contracts under the E-Government Act’s authority, and therefore, the authority has not been tested. We also recognize in the report the work GSA did to promote the use of share-in-savings contracting. To determine the regulations, guidance, and program-level support that exist to assist agencies in developing share-in-savings contracts, we interviewed officials and obtained documentation from OMB and GSA. We participated in a 1-day course adapted from GSA’s 2-day training course, which was led by the contractor, Beacon Associates Inc. of Bel Air, Maryland. To determine the reasons agencies have not entered into share-in-savings contracts, we interviewed officials from seven defense and civilian agencies that used contracting vehicles other than share-in-savings to award high dollar-value contracts for information technology in fiscal year 2003. We identified the agencies with high-dollar information technology spending by reviewing contract actions reported in the Federal Procurement Data System, the government’s repository for contracting data. Though that system has recognized limitations, it was sufficient for purposes of identifying a mix of defense and civilian agencies with high levels of spending on information technology. We interviewed agency officials who had shown an interest in using share- in-savings contracts to buy information technology. We identified these officials by reviewing their agencies’ Exhibit 300, an OMB budget justification and reporting requirements document that is required for the procurement of major information technology systems. We also contacted the GSA for help in identifying agencies that explored share-in-savings opportunities. Finally, we interviewed and obtained information from the Department of Defense’s Business Initiatives Council. The Department of Defense established the council to improve business operations by identifying and implementing business reforms, such as share-in-savings contracting for information technology. The agencies we obtained information from as to why they opted not to use the E-Government Act’s share-in-savings contracting authority are the Army, Navy, Air Force, and the Defense Commissary Agency in the Department of Defense; the Departments of Agriculture, Health and Human Services, Interior, and Justice; GSA; the Internal Revenue Service; and the Office of Personnel Management. We are sending copies of this report to interested congressional committees, the Director of OMB, the Administrator of General Services, and the chief acquisition officers at the 11 agencies from which we obtained information. We will also make copies available to others upon request. In addition, the report will be available at no charge on the GAO Web site at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-4841 or woodsw@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. Major contributors to this report were Carolyn Kirby, Assistant Director; Daniel Hauser; Noah Bleicher; Lily Chin; Johnetta Gatlin-Brown; and Russell Reiter.

Summary: Federal agencies spend billions of dollars every year on information technology and are increasingly using performance-based contracting methods where agencies specify desired outcomes and allow contractors to design the best solutions to achieve those outcomes. Share-in-savings contracting is one such method under which a contractor provides funding for a project, and the agency compensates the contractor from any savings derived as a result of contract performance. The E-Government Act of 2002 authorized the use of share-in-savings contracting for information technology and required implementing regulations by mid-September 2003. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) reported in December 2004 that no share-in-savings contracts had been awarded. The act's authority expires in September 2005. The act required GAO to assess the effectiveness of share-in-savings contracts. Because no such contracts have been awarded, GAO cannot provide an assessment. Instead, GAO reviewed the status of regulations and tools available to agencies in developing these contracts and identified the reasons agencies have not used the authority provided by the act. OMB and the General Services Administration (GSA) generally agreed with GAO's report. More than 2 years after enactment of the E-Government Act of 2002, implementing regulations and OMB guidance for using share-in-savings contracts for information technology have yet to be issued. OMB officials indicate, however, that implementing regulations and share-in-savings guidance will be issued in the near future. GSA--which the act holds responsible for helping agencies identify share-in-savings opportunities, among other requirements--established a share-in-savings program office in February 2003. A few months later, GSA launched two Web-based tools, one of which is designed to assist agencies in identifying cost-effective uses for the share-in-savings approach and producing business cases for using share-in-savings for information technology projects. As of March 2005, this tool had been used more than 200 times. A total of 15 business cases were deemed potential share-in-savings candidates, however, none of these resulted in a contract award. GSA hired a contractor that developed a 2-day training course for share-in-savings contracting, but only 21 federal acquisition employees have taken the course. And even though GSA prequalified six contractors as viable information technology system solution providers with commercial share-in-savings experience, no agencies have taken advantage of these opportunities to award a share-in-savings contract. Officials from 11 agencies cited a number of reasons that the share-in-savings initiative has not resulted in the award of contracts for information technology projects. Reasons include lack of implementing regulations; difficulty determining baseline costs; a belief that the return on investment using share-in-savings contracts is insufficient; concerns among agency officials that they still would have to obtain funding for cancellation and termination liability, which can be a significant sum; and too few acquisition employees have been trained to use the share-in-savings contracting technique. Since OMB expects the implementing regulations and share-in-savings guidance to be issued soon, at least some of the reasons agencies cited for not using the share-in-savings contracting authority for information technology soon could be addressed. Whether or not other reasons can be overcome may not be known until the authority is tested.