Nanotechnology is generally defined as the ability to understand and control matter at the nanoscale (between 1 and 100 nanometers), in order to create materials, devices, and systems with fundamentally new properties and functions specific to that scale. For example, opaque materials, such as copper, become transparent at the nanoscale and inert materials, such as platinum and gold, become chemical catalysts. With the capacity to control and manipulate matter at this scale, nanotechnology promises advances in areas such as new drug delivery systems, more resilient materials and fabrics, stronger materials at a fraction of the weight, more efficient energy conversion, and dramatically faster computer chips. To guide federal development of this technology, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) was established in fiscal year 2001 to support long-term research and development aimed at accelerating the discovery, development, and deployment of nanoscale science, engineering, and technology. The NNI is a multiagency program involving nanotechnology-related activities of the 25 federal agencies currently participating, including the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). See table 1 for a complete listing of federal agencies participating in the NNI as of December 2007. Federal support for nanotechnology research totaled about $1.3 billion in fiscal year 2006. Cumulatively through fiscal year 2006, federal agencies have devoted over $5 billion to nanotechnology research since the NNI’s inception. While not all of the NNI’s participating agencies conduct or sponsor research, in fiscal year 2006, 13 agencies had budgets dedicated to nanotechnology research and development. Eight of these 13 agencies devoted some of their research resources to studying the environmental, health, and safety (EHS) risks of nanotechnology. Of these eight agencies, five—EPA, NIH, NIOSH, NIST, and NSF—accounted for almost 96 percent of the research focused on EHS risks in fiscal year 2006. NSF alone accounted for about 56 percent of all federal EHS risk research in fiscal year 2006. See figure 1 for a break out of research funds used by agency. A number of research and regulatory agencies support research to advance knowledge and information about the potential EHS risks of nanotechnology: The National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) is a research agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that concentrates its research on topics related to human health. NIOSH’s research results in recommendations for preventing work-related injuries, illnesses, and death. It therefore focuses on studies that will improve scientists’ ability to identify potential adverse occupational health effects of nanomaterials. At NIH, another HHS research agency that concentrates on human health, nanotechnology research is generally focused on the development of medical applications and the protection of public health, including research to examine the interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems. Consistent with its mission to advance measurement science, standards, and technology to enhance economic security and improve our quality of life, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency in the Department of Commerce, develops the measurement techniques required to better characterize potential impacts of nanotechnology. The National Science Foundation (NSF) has the broadest research portfolio relative to nanotechnology and supports research to help meet its mission to promote the progress of science and engineering. With regard to EHS risks, NSF sponsors research to develop new methods to characterize nanoparticles and investigate the environmental implications and toxicity of nanomaterials. In addition, NSF sponsors a network of research centers that focus on a range of EHS issues including occupational safety during nanomanufacturing and the interaction of nanomaterials and cells. In addition to these research agencies, a number of regulatory agencies also have an interest in developing information about the potential EHS risks of nanotechnology: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which is both a research and regulatory agency, is tasked with protecting human health and the environment. As a result, EPA determined that it needed to develop a better understanding of the potential human health and environmental risks from exposure to nanoscale materials and is therefore focusing its research efforts in this area, among others. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), another HHS agency, is generally responsible for overseeing the safety and effectiveness of drugs and devices for humans and animals, and of biological products for humans. The agency also is generally responsible for overseeing the safety of color additives, cosmetics, and foods, including food additives and dietary supplements. As a result, FDA is interested in understanding the potential risks posed by nanomaterials used in products under its jurisdiction. The Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a Department of Labor agency whose mission is, in part, to ensure the safety and health of workers by setting and enforcing standards and encouraging continual improvement in workplace safety and health. OSHA is interested in information that would aid in the application of existing health standards—including hazard communication, respiratory protection programs, and laboratory standards—to nanotechnology operations and help determine the need for new standards or guidance products. The mission of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of serious injury or death from more than 15,000 types of consumer products, including some that may be manufactured with nanomaterials. The NNI is managed within the framework of the National Science and Technology Council’s (NSTC) Committee on Technology. The NSTC is an organization through which the President coordinates science and technology policies across the federal government. The NSTC is managed by the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), who also serves as the Science Advisor to the President. The NSTC’s Committee on Technology established the Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET) subcommittee to coordinate communication between the federal government’s multiagency nanoscale research and development programs. The NSET subcommittee is composed of representatives from any agencies that choose to participate in the NNI (as of January 2008, 25 agencies are involved) and serves as the primary interagency coordination mechanism for nanotechnology-related research. Supporting the NSET subcommittee, the National Nanotechnology Coordinating Office (NNCO) provides day-to-day technical guidance and administrative assistance to prepare multiagency planning, budget, and assessment documents. In addition, the NSET subcommittee has established a number of working groups to help better focus interagency attention and activity on specific issues, such as the Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications (NEHI) working group. This group was designed to provide for exchange of information among participating agencies; facilitate the identification, prioritization, and implementation of research; and promote communication to other federal and nonfederal entities. The NEHI working group also coordinates U.S. participation in international activities, including the programs of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Currently, NEHI membership consists of 16 research and regulatory agencies. See figure 2 for the NNI’s structure. Under the NNI, each agency funds research and development projects that support its own mission as well as the NNI’s goals. While agencies share information on their nanotechnology-related research goals with the NSET subcommittee and NEHI working group, each agency retains control over its decisions on the specific projects to fund. While the NNI was designed to facilitate intergovernmental cooperation and identify goals and priorities for nanotechnology research, it is not a research program. It has no funding or authority to dictate the nanotechnology research agenda for participating agencies. The NNI used its fiscal year 2000 strategic plan and its subsequent updates to delineate a strategy to support long-term nanoscale research and development, among other things. A key component of the 2000 plan was the identification of nine specific research and development areas— known as “grand challenges”—that highlighted federal research on applications of nanotechnology with the potential to realize significant economic, governmental, and societal benefits. Examples of potential breakthroughs cited in this strategic plan included developing materials that are 10 times stronger, but significantly lighter, than steel to make vehicles lighter and more fuel efficient; improving the speed and efficiency of computer transistors and memory chips by factors of millions; and developing methods to detect cancerous tumors that are only a few cells in size using nanoengineered contrast agents. In 2004, the NNI updated its strategic plan and described its goals as well as the investment strategy by which those goals were to be achieved. Consistent with the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, the NNI established major subject categories of research and development investment, called program component areas (PCA), that cut across the interests and needs of the participating agencies. These seven areas replaced the nine grand challenges and other nanotechnology investment areas that the agencies had previously used to categorize their nanotechnology research. Six of the seven areas are focused on the discovery, development, and deployment of nanotechnology. The seventh, societal dimensions, consists of two subareas—research on environmental, health, and safety; and education and research on ethical, legal, and other societal aspects of nanotechnology. The EHS portion of the societal dimensions PCA accounted for over $37 million in fiscal year 2006. See figure 3 for a break out of research funds used, by PCA. PCAs are intended to provide a means by which the NSET subcommittee, OSTP, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Congress, and others may be informed of the relative federal investment in these key areas. PCAs also provide a structure by which the agencies that fund research and development can better direct and coordinate their activities. In response to increased concerns about the potential EHS risks of nanotechnology, in fiscal year 2005, the NSET subcommittee and the agencies agreed to separately report their research funding for each of the two components of the societal dimensions PCA. The December 2007 update of the NNI’s strategic plan reaffirmed the program’s goals, identified steps to accomplish those goals, and formally divided the societal dimensions PCA into two separate PCAs—”environment, health, and safety” and “education and societal dimensions.” Beginning with the development of the fiscal year 2005 federal budget, agencies have worked with OMB to identify funding for nanoscale research that would be reflected in the NNI’s annual Supplement to the President’s Budget. Specifically, OMB issued guidance that consisted of a definition of nanoscale research and a notice that OMB would work with agencies to identify data for each of the PCAs. OMB analysts reviewed aggregated, rather than project-level, data on research funding for each PCA to help ensure consistent reporting across the agencies. Agencies also relied on definitions of the specific PCAs developed by the NSET subcommittee to determine the appropriate area in which to report research funding. Neither NSET nor OMB provided guidance on whether or how to apportion funding for a single research project to more than one PCA, if appropriate. However, representatives from both NSET and OMB stressed that the agencies were not to report each research dollar more than once. Although the NNI reported that federal agencies in fiscal year 2006 devoted $37.7 million—or about 3 percent of the total of all nanotechnology research funding—to research that primarily focused on studying the EHS risks of nanotechnology, we found that about 18 percent of the EHS research reported by the NNI cannot actually be attributed to this purpose. This was largely due to a reporting structure that did not lend itself to categorizing particular types of projects and limited guidance provided to the agencies by the NNI on how to consistently report EHS research. In addition to research reported as being primarily focused on the EHS risks of nanotechnology, some agencies conduct research that is not reflected in the EHS totals provided by the NNI either because they are not considered federal research agencies or because the primary purpose of the research was not to study EHS risks. Overall, 3 percent—or $37.7 million—of the approximately $1.3 billion dedicated for nanotechnology research funding in fiscal year 2006 was reported as being devoted to studying the EHS risks of nanotechnology. Our review of data on agency funding for 119 projects that were underway in fiscal year 2006 largely confirmed the figures reported by the NNI. Specifically, all but one of the five individual agencies reported the same or greater funding to us than what the NNI reported for fiscal year 2006. EPA reported slightly less to us than it did to the NNI. Largely these discrepancies resulted from timing differences in the date the NNI needed the data and the date agency officials finalized their review of fiscal year spending. For example, NIOSH reported $470,000 more to us because it had not included funding for a few projects in its report to the NNI, according to agency officials. Other differences resulted from rounding. As would be expected, our review of the descriptive information on EHS projects found that those agencies with missions directly related to protecting the environment or human health and safety devoted a greater percentage of their nanotechnology research budgets to studying EHS risks. For example, in fiscal year 2006, NIOSH reported devoting 100 percent of its fiscal year 2006 nanotechnology research funds to support 23 projects to study EHS risks. These projects focused primarily on worker safety and exposure, such as gathering data on workplace exposure to nanomaterials and evaluating the extent to which particle size affects the toxicity of inhaled nanomaterials. Similarly, EPA reported devoting 82 percent of its nanotechnology research budget to study EHS risks. This research included human health-focused projects to examine the toxicity of manufactured nanomaterials at the molecular and cellular level, as well as environmentally focused projects to evaluate how nanomaterials disperse and change under different environmental conditions and the extent to which nanomaterials accumulate in the bodies of various animal species. In contrast, we found that agencies with broader missions devoted a smaller portion of their nanotechnology research funds to study EHS issues. For example, NIST, an agency oriented toward measurement science and standards, dedicated 3 percent of its nanotechnology research budget to EHS risks in fiscal year 2006. The majority of its research funding focused on such PCAs as fundamental phenomena and processes; nanoscale devices and systems; and instrumentation research, metrology, and standards. Similarly, NSF dedicated 6 percent of its fiscal year 2006 nanotechnology research funds on research related to EHS risks as compared with 41 percent focused on fundamental phenomena and processes. In fiscal year 2008, funding for both EHS-related research and nanoscale research in general is projected to grow. Overall nanotechnology research is projected to increase in fiscal year 2008 to about $1.4 billion, or an increase of 20 percent over fiscal year 2005 figures. Funding for EHS- related research is expected to increase to approximately $59 million, an increase of 68 percent over fiscal year 2005 levels. As a result, EHS research would grow to about 4 percent of projected nanotechnology research in fiscal year 2008. About 18 percent of the total research dollars reported by the agencies as being primarily focused on the study of nanotechnology-related EHS risks in fiscal year 2006 cannot actually be attributed to this purpose. Specifically, our analysis found that 22 of the 119 projects funded by five federal agencies were not primarily related to studying EHS risks. These 22 projects accounted for about $7 million of the total that the NNI reported as supporting research primarily focused on EHS risks. Almost all of these projects—20 out of 22—were funded by NSF, with the two additional projects funded by NIOSH. See table 2 for our analysis of the nanotechnology research projects reported as being primarily focused on EHS risks. We found that the primary purpose of many of these 22 projects was to explore ways to use nanotechnology to remediate environmental damage or to identify environmental, chemical, or biological hazards. For example, a number of NSF projects explored the use of nanotechnology to improve water or gaseous filtration systems. In other cases, NSF-funded research was targeted toward developing nanotechnology-based applications to remediate soil or water contamination. In addition, many of the projects NSF reported as having a primary purpose to study EHS risks were part of its efforts to build a national research infrastructure capable of supporting a wide range of nanotechnology-related research. Specifically, NSF sponsors 16 Nanoscale Science and Engineering Centers, many of which devote a portion of their research efforts to EHS risk-related projects. In these cases, NSF apportioned a segment of the Center funding to the EHS category to account for this research. At NIOSH, both projects that we identified as not being primarily focused on studying EHS risks were focused on using nanotechnology to mitigate workplace risks, such as developing advanced sensors that incorporate nanotechnology to detect the presence of toxic gases in the workplace. We found that the miscategorization of these 22 projects resulted largely from a reporting structure for nanotechnology research that does not easily allow agencies to recognize projects that use nanotechnology to improve the environment or enhance the detection of environmental contaminants, and from the limited guidance available to the agencies on how to consistently report EHS research. From fiscal years 2001 to 2004, the NSET subcommittee categorized federal research and development activities into nine categories, known as “grand challenges,” that included one focused on “nanoscale processes for environmental improvement.” Agencies funded and researchers initiated work on many of these 22 projects under the grand challenges categorization scheme. Starting in fiscal year 2005, NSET adopted a new categorization scheme for agencies to report their nanotechnology research. The new scheme, which was based on PCAs, eliminated the environmental improvement applications research category. Instead, agencies were asked to fund and report research designed to address or understand the risks associated with nanotechnology, as part of the societal dimensions PCA. In essence, the new scheme shifted the focus from applications-oriented research to research focused on the EHS implications of nanotechnology. However, under the new scheme, agencies no longer had a way to categorize environmentally focused research that had been initiated. As a result, NSF and NIOSH characterized these projects as EHS focused for lack of a more closely related category to place them in, according to program managers. Furthermore, neither NSET nor OMB provided agencies guidance on to how to apportion the dollars for a single project to more than one program component area, when appropriate. This is especially significant for broad, multiphase research projects, such as NSF’s support to develop networks of research facilities with the capability to address a range of nanotechnology-related topics. Of the five agencies we reviewed, only NSF apportioned funds for a single project to more than one PCA. In addition to research reported to the NNI as being primarily focused on the EHS risks of nanotechnology, some agencies conduct research that is not reflected in the EHS totals provided by the NNI either because they are not considered federal research agencies or because the primary purpose of the research was not to study EHS risks. For example, FDA, which does not have a specific research budget and does not generally track nanotechnology research spending, used a portion of its operating funds in fiscal years 2004 through 2007 to undertake 15 research projects to evaluate the potential health risks of nanomaterials in the products that it regulates. One such project focused on sunscreens that contain nanosized particles of titanium dioxide to better understand their potential to be absorbed into the body through the skin. Another project is designed to study the toxicological and immunological responses to nanoparticles that may be used in therapeutic drugs. A fundamental understanding of potential risks will help FDA develop guidance and make future regulatory decisions regarding the manufacture and use of FDA-regulated products using these materials, according to program managers. In addition, as noted in the NNI’s annual Supplement to the President’s Budget, some agencies conduct research that results in information highly relevant to EHS risks but that was not primarily directed at understanding or addressing those risks and therefore is not captured in the EHS total. For example, NIH has research underway to develop drug delivery mechanisms that use nanotechnology. While the primary purpose of such research is to develop medical applications using nanotechnology, the research also provides information on how toxic the nanomaterials are, whether they accumulate in body tissues, and how they interact with the body at the cellular and molecular level. Agencies report funding data for such research in other PCAs, such as nanoscale devices and systems, rather than the EHS area. In addition, NIST conducts an array of nanotechnology research to accurately quantify the properties of nanomaterials and determine their size, shape, and chemical composition. This type of information is needed to understand and measure nanomaterials to ensure safe handling and protection against potential health or environmental hazards. However, NIST reports the funding data for such research under other PCAs such as instrumentation research, metrology, and standards. Ongoing agency and NEHI working group efforts to identify and prioritize needed research related to the potential EHS risks of nanotechnology appear reasonable but have not as yet resulted in a comprehensive research strategy to guide EHS research across agencies. We found that the EHS risk research undertaken in fiscal year 2006 addressed a range of EHS topics, was generally consistent with both agency- and NEHI- identified research priorities, and focused on the priority needs within each category to varying degrees. We determined that each agency’s nanotechnology research priorities generally reflect its mission. For example, the priorities identified by FDA and CPSC are largely focused on the detection and safety of nanoparticles in the commercial products they regulate. On the other hand, EHS research priorities identified by NSF reflect its broader mission to advance science in general, and include a more diverse range of priorities, such as the safety and transport of nanomaterials in the environment, and the safety of nanomaterials in the workplace. All eight agencies in our review have processes in place to identify and prioritize the research they need related to the potential EHS risks of nanotechnology. Most agencies have developed task forces or designated individuals to specifically consider nanotechnology issues and identify priorities, although the scope and exact purpose of these activities differ by agency. EPA, for example, formed a Nanomaterial Research Strategy Team to craft a long-term, focused plan to guide all of the agency’s nanotechnology research. The strategy, which identifies EPA’s research priorities around four key themes and seven scientific questions, is based in part on the agency’s 2007 “Nanotechnology White Paper” that described scientific issues the agency should consider to help ensure safe development of nanotechnology and to understand the potential risks. At other agencies, particularly those that have little or no funding for nanotechnology research, specific individuals throughout the agency have been tasked to identify and prioritize EHS research needs. For example, CPSC has assigned individual staff responsible for different aspects related to consumer product safety, such as health scientists, to monitor trends in the use of nanomaterials in such products, which helps inform the agency’s nanotechnology research priorities. Once identified, agencies communicate their EHS research priorities to the public and to the research community in a variety of ways, including publication in agency documents that specifically address nanotechnology issues, agency strategic plans or budget documents, agency Web sites, and presentations at public conferences or workshops. In addition to the efforts of individual agencies, the NSET subcommittee has engaged in an iterative prioritization process through its NEHI working group, although this process is not yet complete. First, in 2006, NEHI identified but did not prioritize five broad research categories and 75 more specific subcategories of needs where additional information was considered necessary to further evaluate the potential EHS risks of nanotechnology. The report identified these five general research categories as (1) Instrumentation, Metrology, and Analytical Methods; (2) Nanomaterials and Human Health; (3) Nanomaterials and the Environment; (4) Health and Environmental Exposure Assessment; and (5) Risk Management Methods. Second, following efforts to obtain public input on its 2006 report, NEHI released another report in August 2007, in which it distilled the previous list of 75 unprioritized specific research needs into a set of five prioritized needs for each of the five general research categories. The NEHI working group has used these initial steps to identify the gaps between the needs and priorities it has identified and the research that agencies have underway. According to agency and NNI officials, once this gap analysis is complete, NEHI will formulate a long-term, overarching EHS research strategy. According to the August 2007 report, the proposed strategy will list NEHI’s final research priorities, describe current federal EHS research, document the unmet needs, identify opportunities for interagency collaboration, and establish a process for periodic review. As envisioned, the EHS research strategy will serve as guidance for individual agencies as they develop their own research agendas and make funding decisions. NEHI plans to complete this overarching research strategy and issue a report in early 2008, according to NNI officials. Despite the fact that a comprehensive research strategy for EHS research has yet to be finalized, the prioritization processes taking place within individual agencies and the NNI appear so far to be reasonable. Numerous agency officials said their agency’s EHS research priorities were generally reflected both in the NEHI working group’s 2006 research needs and 2007 research prioritization reports. Our comparison of agency nanotechnology priorities to the NNI’s priorities corroborated their statements. Specifically, we found that all but one of the research priorities identified by individual agencies could be linked to one or more of the five general research categories. For example, OSHA’s need for toxicity data and information related to exposure is reflected in the two general research categories of Health and Environmental Exposure Assessment and Nanomaterials and Human Health. According to agency officials, the alignment of agency priorities with the general research categories is particularly beneficial to the regulatory agencies, such as CPSC and OSHA, which do not conduct their own research, but rely instead on research agencies for data to inform their regulatory decisions. In addition, we found that the primary purposes of agency projects underway in fiscal year 2006 were generally consistent with both agency priorities and the NEHI working group’s research categories. Of these 97 projects, 43 were focused on Nanomaterials and Human Health, including all 18 of the projects funded by NIH. In addition, EPA, NIOSH, and NSF each undertook research for this general research category. EPA and NSF funded all 25 projects related to Nanomaterials and the Environment. These two general research categories accounted for 70 percent of all projects focused on EHS risks. Reflective of its relatively large EHS research budget and broad mission, NSF sponsored projects in each of the five general research categories. In contrast, all the research projects NIST sponsored were related to Instrumentation, Metrology, and Analytical Methods. Agency research addressed each of the five general research categories and focused on the priority needs within each category to varying degrees. With the exception of the Human Health category, for which all specific needs were considered a top priority, 43 percent of projects addressed the two highest-priority needs in each category and 37 percent addressed the two lowest-priority needs. For example, 8 of the 11 projects in the Instrumentation, Metrology, and Analytic Methods category focused on the highest-priority need to “develop methods to detect nanomaterials in biological matrices, the environment, and the workplace.” In contrast, of the 25 projects related to Nanomaterials and the Environment, 3 addressed the highest-priority need in the category—”understand the effects of engineered nanomaterials in individuals of a species and the applicability of testing schemes to measure effects”—and 11 addressed the fourth- ranked priority—”determine factors affecting the environmental transport of nanomaterials.” Moreover, although the NEHI working group considered the five specific research priorities related to human health equally important, 19 of the 43 projects focused on a single priority— ”research to determine the mechanisms of interaction between nanomaterials and the body at the molecular, cellular, and tissular levels.” See table 3 for a summary of projects by agency and specific NEHI research priority. Despite the fact that the NEHI working group’s priorities reflect individual agency priorities, some environmental and industry groups have called for a more top-down and directed approach to the NNI’s prioritization efforts. In various congressional testimonies and in written comments on the NEHI working group’s draft reports, some groups have suggested that the NNI adopt a stronger, more autonomous role in setting the federal EHS research agenda. Some of these groups suggest that the NNI should have the authority to direct participating agencies to undertake research in specific EHS areas, its own budget authority, and the ability to shift EHS research dollars among the agencies. Proponents believe that this more centralized approach would help ensure that a cohesive EHS research strategy is implemented in a timely manner and that sufficient resources are dedicated to the highest-priority research. However, such a strategy may not be consistent with historical approaches used to set federal research priorities and would be difficult to implement given how federal research currently is funded. Federal expenditures for research and development are regular budget items and are contained, along with other types of expenditures, within the budgets of more than 20 federal agencies. For some of these agencies, research is a major activity, and for others, it is a smaller part of a much larger set of programs. Centralizing nanotechnology research expenditures in a single existing agency or new agency would be difficult to achieve. In addition, agency officials we spoke with were generally satisfied with the current bottom- up, consensus-based approach. Moreover, they said the process has benefited from the in-depth expertise each agency has developed. For example, NIH played a large role in shaping the priorities for Nanomaterials and Human Health; NIST was heavily involved with Instrumentation, Metrology, and Analytical Methods; and NIOSH was a major contributor to the development of priorities for Health and Environmental Exposure Assessment. Some officials acknowledged that while the current approach has limitations, it benefits from the input of a broader range of stakeholders. According to one official, information bubbles up through the NNI structure and is utilized to inform and create a top-down vision, which then serves to guide agency funding decisions. Agency and NNI processes to coordinate research and other activities related to the potential EHS risks of nanotechnology have been generally effective, and have resulted in numerous interagency collaborations. In fact, all eight agencies in this review have collaborated on multiple occasions with other NEHI-member agencies on activities related to the EHS risks of nanotechnology. These EHS-related activities are consistent with the expressed goals of the larger NNI—to promote the integration of federal efforts through communication, coordination, and collaboration. The NEHI working group is at the center of this effort. Regular NEHI working group meetings, augmented by informal discussions, have provided a venue for agencies to exchange information on a variety of topics associated with EHS risks, including their respective research needs and opportunities for collaborations. Interagency collaboration has taken many forms, including joint sponsorship of EHS-related research and workshops, the detailing of staff to other NEHI working group agencies, and various other general collaborations or memoranda of understanding. For example, FDA, NIST, and NIH’s Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory have initiated formal agreements to collaborate on research to characterize the physical and biological properties of nanomaterials used in cancer diagnosis and treatment. An FDA official said that this arrangement was developed primarily through discussions that occurred as a result of the agencies’ participation in NEHI. Participation in NEHI has helped facilitate other types of interagency collaborations including a 2007 memorandum of understanding between EPA and NSF to create and fund research at a virtual Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, detailing a CPSC toxicologist to a research laboratory office at EPA, and sponsoring international conferences on nanotechnology and occupational health by all NNI agencies, led by NIOSH, in 2005, 2006, and 2007. See table 4 for more examples of interagency collaboration. Furthermore, the NEHI working group has adopted a number of practices GAO has previously identified as essential to helping enhance and sustain collaboration among federal agencies. For example, NEHI’s 2005 “Terms of Reference” clearly defined its purpose and objectives and delineated roles and responsibilities for group members. Furthermore, collaboration through multiagency grant announcements and jointly sponsored workshops has served as a mechanism to leverage limited resources to achieve increased knowledge about potential EHS risks. Despite the general effectiveness of its collaboration efforts, the NEHI working group has not yet completed an overarching strategy to help align the agencies’ EHS research efforts. A completed strategy, combined with the results of the research needs prioritization process, also will serve as a means to monitor, evaluate, and report on the progress of meeting EHS research needs. In the meantime, the NNI’s annual Supplements to the President’s Budget have described the agencies’ activities related to EHS issues, among other things, and provided a mechanism to reinforce agency accountability and performance. Finally, all agency officials we spoke with expressed satisfaction with their agency’s participation in the NEHI working group, specifically, the coordination and collaboration on EHS risk research and other activities that have occurred as a result of their participation. Many officials described NEHI as unique among interagency efforts in terms of its effectiveness. Given limited resources, the development of ongoing relationships between agencies with different missions, but compatible nanotechnology research goals, is particularly important. NIH officials commented that their agency’s collaboration with NIST to develop standard reference materials for nanoparticles may not have occurred as readily had it not been for regular NEHI meetings and workshops. In addition, NEHI has effectively brought together research and regulatory agencies, which has enhanced planning and coordination. Many officials noted that participation in NEHI has frequently given regulators the opportunity to become aware of and involved with research projects at a very early point in their development, which has resulted in research that better suits the needs of regulatory agencies. Participation in NEHI is particularly important for agencies like CPSC, FDA, and OSHA that do not have dedicated budgets for nanotechnology research. Many officials also cited the dedication of individual NEHI working group representatives, who participate in the working group in addition to their regular agency duties, as critical to the group’s overall effectiveness. A number of the members has served on the body for several years, providing stability and continuity that contributes to a collegial and productive working atmosphere. In addition, because nanotechnology is relatively new with many unknowns, these officials said the agencies are excited about advancing knowledge about nanomaterials and contributing to the informational needs of both regulatory and research agencies. Furthermore, according to some officials, there is a shared sense among NEHI representatives of the need to apply lessons learned from the development of past technologies, such as genetically modified organisms, to help ensure the safe development and application of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is likely to affect many aspects of our daily lives in the future as novel drug delivery systems, improved energy storage capabilities, and stronger, lightweight materials are developed and made available to the public. However, for a technology that may become ubiquitous, it is essential to consider the potential risks of using nanotechnology in concert with its potential benefits. The first steps are to identify what is not known about the properties of nanomaterials and what must be known about how these materials interact with our bodies and our environment. The NNI, through its NEHI working group, has begun a process to identify and prioritize both the research needed to better understand potential EHS risks and the gaps between what research is underway and the highest-priority needs. Essential to this process is consistent, accurate, and complete information on the amount of agency research designed to address and understand EHS risks. However, this information is not currently available because the totals reported by the NNI include research that is more closely related to uses of nanotechnology, rather than the risks nanotechnology may pose. Furthermore, agencies currently have limited guidance on how to report projects with more than one research focus across program component areas, when appropriate. As a result, the inventory of projects designed to address these risks is inaccurate and cannot ensure that agencies direct their future research investments appropriately. We recommend that the Director, OSTP, in consultation with the Director, NNCO, and the Director, OMB, provide better guidance to agencies regarding how to report research that has a primary focus to understand or address environmental, health, and safety risks of nanotechnology. We provided CPSC, FDA, EPA, NIH, NIOSH, NIST, NSF, OSHA, and OSTP with a copy of this report for review and comment. OSTP generally concurred with the report’s findings and agreed to review the manner in which agencies respond to the current guidance at future NSET meetings. In addition, the Department of Health and Human Services, on behalf of FDA, NIH, and NIOSH, said that the report clearly addressed the three charges that GAO was given and they provided technical comments which we incorporated as appropriate. In its comments, NIST said the report was fair and balanced. EPA, CPSC, NSF, and OSHA neither agreed nor disagreed with our report, and EPA and CPSC provided technical comments that we incorporated as appropriate. See appendices I, II, and III for agency comment letters from OSTP, HHS, and NIST, respectively. As agreed with your offices, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution until 30 days from the report date. At that time, we will send copies to interested congressional committees and Members of Congress, the Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Health and Human Services, the CPSC Commissioner, the EPA Administrator, the FDA Commissioner, the NIH Director, the NIOSH Director, the NIST Director, the NSF Director, the OSHA Administrator, and the OSTP Director. We will also make copies available to others upon request. In addition, the report will be available at no charge on the GAO Web site at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staffs have questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-3841 or mittala@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix IV. In addition to the contact person named above, Cheryl Williams (Assistant Director), Nancy Crothers, Elizabeth Erdmann, David Lutter, and Rebecca Shea made key contributions to this report.

Summary: The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), administered by the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), is a multiagency effort intended to coordinate the nanotechnology-related activities of 25 federal agencies that fund nanoscale research or have a stake in the results. Nanotechnology is the ability to control matter at the scale of a nanometer--one billionth of a meter. A key research area funded by some federal agencies relates to potential environmental, health, and safety (EHS) risks that may result from exposure to nanoscale materials. Because of concerns about federal efforts to fund and prioritize EHS research, GAO was asked to determine (1) the extent to which selected agencies conducted such research in fiscal year 2006; (2) the reasonableness of the agencies' and the NNI's processes to identify and prioritize such federal research; and (3) the effectiveness of the agencies' and the NNI's process to coordinate this research. GAO reviewed quantitative and qualitative data from five federal agencies that provided 96 percent of fiscal year 2006 funding for EHS research. The NNI reported that in fiscal year 2006,federal agencies devoted $37.7million--or 3 percent of the $1.3 billion total nanotechnology research funding--to research that was primarily focused on the EHS risks of nanotechnology. However, about 20 percent of this total cannot actually be attributed to this purpose; GAO found that 22 of the 119 projects identified as EHS-related by five federal agencies in fiscal year 2006 were not focused on determining the extent to which nanotechnology poses an EHS risk. Instead, the focus of many of these projects was to explore how nanotechnology could be used to remediate environmental damage or to detect a variety of hazards. GAO determined that this mischaracterization is rooted in the current reporting structure which does not allow these types of projects to be easily categorized and the lack of guidance for agencies on how to apportion funding across multiple topics. In addition to the EHS funding totals reported by the NNI, federal agencies conduct other research that is not captured in the totals. This research was not captured by the NNI because either the research was funded by an agency not generally considered to be a research agency or because the primary purpose of the research was not to study EHS risks. Federal agencies and the NNI are currently in the process of identifying and prioritizing EHS risk research needs; the process they are using appears reasonable overall. For example, identification and prioritization of EHS research needs is being done by the agencies and the NNI. The NNI also is engaged in an iterative prioritization effort through its Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications (NEHI) working group. NEHI has identified five specific research priorities for five general research categories, but it has not yet completed the final steps of this process, which will identify EHS research gaps, determine specific research needed to fill those gaps, and outline a long-term, overarching EHS research strategy. GAO found that the focus of most EHS research projects underway in fiscal year 2006 was generally consistent with agency priorities and NEHI research categories and that the projects focused on the priority needs within each category to varying degrees. The anticipated EHS research strategy is expected to provide a framework to help ensure that the highest priority needs are met. Agency and NNI processes to coordinate activities related to potential EHS risks of nanotechnology have been generally effective. The NEHI working group has convened frequent meetings that have helped agencies identify opportunities to collaborate on EHS risk issues, such as joint sponsorship of research and workshops to advance knowledge and facilitate information-sharing among the agencies. In addition, NEHI has incorporated several practices that are key to enhancing and sustaining interagency collaboration, such as leveraging resources. Finally, agency officials GAO spoke with expressed satisfaction with the coordination and collaboration on EHS risk research that has occurred through NEHI. They cited several factors they believe contribute to the group's effectiveness, including the stability of the working group membership and the expertise and dedication of its members.