A passport is an official government document that certifies an individual’s identity and citizenship and permits a citizen to travel abroad. According to State, many people who have no overseas travel plans have applied for a passport because it is viewed as the premier citizenship and identity document, which allows the bearer to board an airplane, prove citizenship for employment purposes, apply for federal benefits, and fulfill other needs not related to international travel. Under U.S. law, the Secretary of State has the authority to issue passports, which may be valid for up to 10 years. Only U.S. nationals may obtain a U.S. passport, and evidence of nationality is required with every passport application. The Deputy Assistant Secretary for Passport Services oversees the Passport Services Office, within State’s Bureau of Consular Affairs. Passport Services, the largest component of Consular Affairs, consists of five headquarters offices: Field Operations, Technical Operations, Passport Integrity and Internal Controls Program, Planning and Program Support, and Legal Affairs and Law Enforcement Liaison. In addition to these headquarters offices, State operates 17 passport issuing agencies in Aurora, Colorado; Boston; Charleston, South Carolina; Chicago; Honolulu; Houston; Los Angeles; Miami; New Orleans; New York; Norwalk, Connecticut; Philadelphia; Portsmouth, New Hampshire; San Francisco; Seattle; and two offices in Washington, D.C.—a regional passport agency and a special issuance agency that handles official U.S. government and diplomatic passports. State also opened new passport production facilities for the personalization of passport books in Hot Springs, Arkansas, in March 2007 and in Tucson, Arizona, in May 2008. As of May 2008, State employed more than 3,300 government and contract staff to receive, process, and adjudicate passport applications and print and mail out passport books. This number of staff has risen dramatically in recent years to handle the increased number of passport applications. Between October 2006 and May 2008, the number of passport specialists— staff responsible for approving and issuing most U.S. passports—more than doubled, to 1,353. In addition, State’s passport agencies employ roughly 1,500 staff as contractors, who perform nonadjudicative support functions such as data entry, printing, and mailing out passports. Separately, as of May 2008, State also employed about 600 full- and part- time staff at the National Passport Information Center (NPIC), which handles customer service inquiries from the public. Figure 1 summarizes the passport application process, from the submission of an application at an acceptance facility or by mail, through payment processing and basic data entry at lockbox facilities operated by the financial agent, to adjudication and printing at passport agencies around the country. State is authorized to designate acceptance facilities—in addition to its own passport agencies—to provide passport execution services to the American public. The majority of passport applications are submitted by mail or in person at passport application acceptance facilities nationwide. Passport acceptance facilities are located at certain U.S. post offices, courthouses, and other institutions and do not employ State personnel. The passport acceptance agents at these facilities are responsible for, among other things, verifying whether an applicant’s identification document (such as a driver’s license) actually matches that applicant. These agents collect the application package, which includes the passport application, supporting documents, and payment, and send it to State’s centralized lockbox facility. According to State, the number of active acceptance facilities changes frequently as new facilities are added and others are dropped. In recent years, State has expanded its network of acceptance facilities to accommodate increasing passport demand. As of June 2008, there were over 9,400 such facilities nationwide, an increase from fewer than 7,000 facilities in March 2005. Passport acceptance agents send application packages to a lockbox facility operated by a Treasury financial agent. The lockbox is responsible for opening and sorting passport application packages, verifying the completeness of the packages, processing payments, and batching the applications. In addition, lockbox staff scan the first page of the passport application, along with the payment check or money order, and apply a processing date to the application. Once data on the application are captured by software using character recognition and confirmed manually by data entry staff, the information is transferred to a server, which passport agencies can access to download into their passport issuance system. The physical passport application, along with supporting documents such as a birth certificate, is also sent via courier to a passport agency. The lockbox generally performs all application processing functions within 24 hours of receipt of the application from an acceptance facility. Once a passport application has been received by one of the passport agencies, it is examined by a passport specialist who determines, through a process called adjudication, whether the applicant should be issued a passport. Adjudication requires the specialist to scrutinize identification and citizenship documents presented by applicants to verify their identity and U.S. citizenship. It also includes the examination of an application to detect potential indicators of passport fraud and the comparison of the applicant’s information against databases that help identify individuals who may not qualify for a U.S. passport. When passport applications are submitted by mail or through acceptance facilities, specialists adjudicate the applications at their desks. A relatively small number of passport applications are submitted directly by applicants to one of the passport agencies. Applicants are required to demonstrate imminent travel plans to set an appointment for such services at one of the issuing agency’s public counters. “Counter” adjudication allows specialists to question applicants directly or request further information on matters related to the application, while “desk” adjudication requires contacting the applicants by telephone or mail in such cases. Once an applicant has been determined eligible for a passport by a passport specialist, the passport is personalized with the applicant’s information at the passport agency or one of the centralized printing facilities and then delivered to the applicant. The National Passport Information Center, located in Dover, New Hampshire, and Lansing, Michigan, is State’s centralized customer service center. NPIC is a contractor-operated center that provides information and responds to public inquiries on matters related to passport services. Linked electronically to all passport agencies, NPIC provides an automated telephone appointment service that customers can access nationwide 24 hours a day and an online service for customers to check the status of their applications. A separate telephone number and e-mail address are dedicated for congressional staff inquiries. State has experienced a tremendous increase in the number of passports it processes in recent years. Between 2004 and 2007, the number of passports issued more than doubled to nearly 18.5 million passports (see fig. 2). This rate of increase far surpasses historical trends—a 2005 study on passport operations noted that the number of passports issued in the 30 years between 1974 and 2004 increased just 72 percent. Demand for passports is seasonal in nature, with applications usually peaking between January and April, as the public prepares for spring and summer vacations, and then falling off from September through December (see fig. 3). In estimating future demand for passports, State factors in this seasonality. According to State data, about 28 percent of the U.S. population has a passport, with 85.5 million U.S. passports in circulation as of February 2008. Of these, more than 24 million will expire in the next 5 years. State noted that the number of people applying for passport renewal varies depending on the laws and regulations in effect, the economy, and other factors. In addition, people may apply for a passport renewal before their book expires or up to 5 years after it expires. In response to this rapid increase in demand for passports, State’s requested budget for passport activities has increased tenfold since 2002 (see fig. 4). This request is part of State’s Border Security Program, which includes funding for passport operations, systems, and facilities. The Border Security Program is funded through a combination of Machine Readable Visa fees, the Western Hemisphere Travel surcharge, Enhanced Border Security Program fees, and Fraud Prevention fees, as well as through appropriated funds. The majority of this funding comes from the Machine Readable Visa fees, which amounted to nearly $800 million of the Border Security Program budget in fiscal year 2007. State also collects fees for expedited passports and the Passport Security surcharge. The increased demand for passports is primarily the result of WHTI, DHS’s and State’s effort to specify acceptable documents and implement document requirements at 326 air, land, and sea ports of entry. When fully implemented, WHTI will require all citizens of the United States and nonimmigrant citizens of Canada, Mexico, and Bermuda to have a passport or other accepted travel document that establishes the bearer’s identity and citizenship to enter or re-enter the United States at all ports of entry when traveling from within the Western Hemisphere. Prior to this legislation, U.S. citizens did not need a passport to enter the United States if they were traveling from within the Western Hemisphere, except from Cuba. DHS is implementing WHTI in two phases: first, for air ports of entry, and second, for land and sea ports of entry (see fig. 5). On January 23, 2007, DHS implemented WHTI document requirements at air ports of entry. On January 31, 2008, DHS began implementing the second phase of WHTI at land and sea ports of entry by ending the routine practice of accepting credible oral declarations as proof of citizenship at such ports. DHS is required by law to implement WHTI document requirements at the land and sea ports of entry on the later of two dates: June 1, 2009, or 3 months after DHS and State certify that certain implementation requirements have been met. During the 2007 surge in passport demand, due to the passport application backlog, certain WHTI requirements were suspended. Specifically, on June 8, 2007, State and DHS announced that U.S. citizens traveling to Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Bermuda who have applied for but not yet received passports could temporarily enter and depart from the United States by air with a government-issued photo identification and Department of State official proof of application for a passport through September 30, 2007. In October 2006, to meet the documentation requirements of WHTI and to facilitate the frequent travel of persons living in border communities, State announced plans to produce a passport card as an alternative travel document for re-entry into the United States by U.S. citizens at land and sea ports of entry. The passport card is being developed as a lower-cost means of establishing identity and nationality for American citizens and will be about the size of a credit card. Individuals may apply for either a traditional passport book or a passport card, or both. Applications for the passport card will undergo the same scrutiny and security checks as applications for the traditional passport book, and the card will incorporate security features similar to those found in the passport book. State began accepting applications for the passport card in February 2008 and began producing the card in July 2008. State and other officials have suggested that the availability of the passport card may generate additional demand, as individuals may apply for a card for identification for nontravel purposes, such as voting. State was unprepared for the record number of passport applications it received in 2007 because it underestimated overall demand for passports and did not anticipate the timing of this demand. Consequently, State struggled to process this record number of passports, and wait times rose to record levels. State’s efforts to respond to the demand for passports were complicated by communications challenges, which led to large numbers of applicants being unable to determine the status of their applications. State’s initial estimate for passport demand in fiscal year 2007, 15 million applications, was significantly below its actual receipt of about 18.6 million passport applications, a record high. Because of its inability to accurately determine the increase in applications, State was unable to provide revisions in its estimates to the lockbox financial agent in enough time for the lockbox to prepare for the increased workload, leading to significant backlogs of passport applications. State was largely unprepared for the unprecedented number of passport applications in 2007 because it did not accurately estimate the magnitude or the timing of passport demand. In January 2005, State estimated that it would receive 15 million passport applications in fiscal year 2007—about 44 percent more than it received in fiscal year 2005. However, actual receipts totaled about 18.6 million applications in fiscal year 2007, about 23 percent more than State had originally estimated. According to State officials, planning efforts to respond to increased demand are predicated on demand estimates, highlighting the need for accurate estimates. Limitations in the survey methodology used by State’s contractor responsible for collecting survey data on passport demand contributed to State’s underestimate. State based its estimate partly on a survey of an unrepresentative sample of land border crossers. This survey initially estimated an increase over the baseline demand for passports of more than 4 million applications in fiscal year 2007 due to implementation of the first phase of WHTI. However, our analysis of the survey methodology found several limitations. First, the survey was conducted in July 2005, over a year before the beginning of fiscal year 2007 and roughly 2 years before the peak of the surge in demand. According to contractor officials, many respondents have a limited ability to estimate their likely travel plans that far in advance. Moreover, State officials noted that travel document requirements were changed several times by Congress and by regulation between 2005 and 2007, likely affecting passport demand. Second, the 2005 survey did not estimate total passport demand because it did not collect new data on air and sea travelers. Third, the survey was unable to provide estimates on when the increased demand would occur. To refine its estimate, State adjusted the figures provided by the survey by using monthly application trends from previous years. According to these trends, State expected to receive 4.7 million passport applications in the first 3 months of 2007. However, demand for passports in 2007 did not follow previous seasonal trends, and State ultimately received about 5.5 million applications during those first 3 months. According to the then- Assistant Secretary for Consular Affairs, this unprecedented level of demand in a compressed period contributed to State’s inability to respond to demand. State’s efforts to estimate demand for passports were also complicated by several external factors, including preparations for the introduction of the passport card for land border crossers and changes in implementation timelines for WHTI. For example, in its fiscal year 2007 budget request and Bureau Performance Plan for Consular Affairs, submitted to the Office of Management and Budget in January 2005, State anticipated the receipt of 15 million passport applications in 2007 and requested $185 million for passport operations, facilities, and systems to meet this demand. However, due to these changing circumstances, State revised the 2007 estimates in subsequent planning and budget documents, estimating 16.2 million receipts in April 2006 and 17.7 million receipts in March 2007. State’s fluctuating demand estimates also complicated efforts to prepare for the surge in demand at the lockbox operated by the financial agent, which provides passport application data entry and payment processing services. According to lockbox agent documents, between May 2006 and February 2007, State provided lockbox officials with at least five sets of estimates of passport applications for fiscal year 2007. Although the lockbox agent began preparing for an increased workload in the end of 2006, lockbox officials told us that they had difficulty adjusting to these changing estimates, because it takes roughly 60 to 90 days to prepare for increased demand, such as by hiring additional staff and ordering additional scanners. Further, these officials told us they did not expect the volume of applications they eventually did receive. According to State officials, the lockbox agent planned to process 325,000 applications per week, but actual workload peaked at 500,000 applications per week, an increase of over 50 percent. As a result, large numbers of passport applications accumulated at the lockbox facility, and applications took far longer to be processed than the typical 24 hours. In April 2007, according to lockbox data, many applications took as long as 3 weeks to process before being sent to passport agencies for adjudication. The primary issues contributing to this backlog, according to lockbox officials, were incorrect demand estimates from State and insufficient lead time. State issued a record number of passports in fiscal year 2007, but deficiencies in its efforts to prepare for this increased demand contributed to lengthy backlogs and wait times for passport applicants. Reported wait times for routine passport applications peaked at 10 to 12 weeks in the summer of 2007—with hundreds of thousands of applications taking significantly longer—compared to 4 weeks in 2006. According to State data, the department issued a record number of passports in fiscal year 2007—about 18.5 million passports, over 50 percent more than the 12.1 million passports it issued in fiscal year 2006. State officials characterized the increase in passport demand as exponential over the past few years and attributed it mostly to the increased number of applications from Americans complying with the WHTI requirements. As noted earlier, the number of passports issued doubled between 2004 and 2007. In January 2007, State began to notice a sharp increase in passport applications. Department officials initially believed this increase was temporary because of their efforts, initiated in December 2006, to publicize new travel document requirements related to the WHTI; however, State reported that the number of applications it received increased from about 1.5 million per month in January and February 2007 to about 1.8 million or more in each of the following 3 months. Additionally, as noted in a 2007 study, passport applications in 2007 did not conform to historical trends, contributing to State’s lack of preparedness. As a result of the increased number of passport applications in the first half of 2007, reported wait times more than doubled, causing applicants to wait 10 to 12 weeks for their passports on average, though many applicants waited significantly longer. According to State data, the average time to process a passport—from the time one of State’s passport agencies receives the application until the time it mails the passport to the applicant—was about 3½ weeks in January 2007, better than the goal of 5 weeks that State had during that period. However, by the summer of 2007, processing times had risen to about 8½ weeks, which, according to State officials, led to wait times of between 10 and 12 weeks. Further, data provided by State show that 373,000 applications—or about 12 percent of all routine applications—took over 12 weeks to process during the peak of the surge in July and August 2007. By contrast, average processing times peaked at just over 4 weeks in 2006 and just over 3 weeks in 2005 (see fig. 6). Furthermore, expedited passport applications, which State guaranteed would be processed within 3 business days of receipt, took an average of over 6 days to process in July 2007, leading to reported wait times of 2 to 3 weeks for expedited applications. In addition, there were wide variations in routine application processing times between the different passport agencies during the surge. According to State’s data, average processing times for individual passport agencies ranged between 13 and 58 days during the peak of the surge in July 2007. State does not have consistent service standards or goals for timeliness of passport processing. During the 2007 surge, many applicants found it difficult to get timely, accurate information from State regarding wait times for passports; as a result, State experienced a record number of customer service inquiries from the public and Congress during the surge, drawing resources away from adjudicating passports and increasing wait times. In addition, State does not systematically measure applicants’ wait times—measuring instead processing time, which does not include the applicant’s total wait time—further contributing to the confusion and frustration of many applicants. State does not provide passport applicants with a committed date of issuance for passports; rather, it publishes current processing times on the department Web site. Over the past year, State has changed the information provided on its Web site from estimated wait time to expected processing time. Because these processing times fluctuate as passport demand changes, applicants do not know for certain when they will receive their passports. For example, at the beginning of the surge, reported wait times were 6 to 8 weeks. By the summer of 2007, however, reported wait times had risen to 10 to 12 weeks before falling to 6 to 8 weeks in September and 4 to 6 weeks in October 2007. According to passport agency staff, however, the times on State’s Web site were not updated frequently enough during the surge, which led to inaccurate information being provided to the public. Further, State has not had consistent internal performance goals for passport timeliness (see table 1). While State generally met its goals for passport processing times—which decreased from 25 to 19 days—between 2002 and 2005, the department changed its timeliness goal in 2007 from processing 90 percent of routine applications within 19 days to maintaining an average processing time of 35 days for routine applications. According to State officials, the department relaxed its goals for 2007 and future years due to the large increase in workload and the expectation of future surges in passport demand. However, even with the unprecedented demand for passports in 2007 and State’s lack of preparedness, the department managed to maintain a reported average processing time of 25 days over the course of the year, raising questions about whether State’s 35-day goal is too conservative. During the 2007 surge in passport demand, applicants found it difficult to get information about the status of their applications, leading many to contact several entities for information or to reapply for their passports. Many of the applicants who did not receive their passports within their expected time frame called NPIC—State’s customer service center— overwhelming the center’s capacity and making it difficult for applicants to get through to a customer service representative. Other applicants contacted passport agencies or acceptance facilities directly. However, passport agency staff told us that there was little or no contact between their customer service representatives and the acceptance facilities, leading to applicants receiving inconsistent or inaccurate information regarding wait times. Passport agency staff said that officials in Washington provided processing time estimates to postal facilities that were far below actual processing times. In addition to contacting State and State’s partners, thousands of applicants contacted their Members of Congress for assistance in getting their passports on time, according to State data. One Senator noted that he increased the number of staff in his office responding to passport inquiries from one to seven during the height of the surge in passport demand. According to State officials, many applicants made inquiries about the status of their passports through multiple channels—through NPIC, passport agencies, State headquarters, or congressional offices—leading to several cases in which multiple staff at State were tasked with searching for the same application. This duplication of effort drew resources away from passport adjudication and further contributed to delays in processing. According to State officials, many applicants who were unable to receive timely, accurate information on the status of their passport applications appeared in person at passport agencies to resubmit their applications— some having driven hundreds of miles and others having taken flights to the nearest passport agency. For example, according to officials at the New York passport agency, whose workload consists primarily of counter applications, the number of in-person applicants nearly doubled at the height of the surge. These officials told us they generally issue 450 to 550 passports on any given day, but during the surge they experienced an extra 400 to 600 daily applicants without appointments, most of whom were resubmitting their applications. Officials at another passport agency added that customers appearing in person at the passport agency stated that they would have made alternative arrangements had they known how long the wait time was going to be. This high number of resubmissions further slowed State’s efforts to reduce passport backlogs during the surge. The inundation of in-person applicants led to long lines and large crowds at many passport agencies during the summer of 2007. For example, officials in New York said that customers waited in line outside the building for up to 6 hours before appearing at an appointment window— and then waited even longer to see a passport specialist. According to these officials, this line snaked around the building, and the agency had to work with local law enforcement to control the crowds. Officials in Houston also said that crowd control during the surge was a significant challenge for their agency due to the large numbers of applicants appearing without appointments. The passport processing times that State publishes on its Web site do not measure the total length of time between the applicant’s submission of an application and receipt of a passport. According to State officials, processing times are calculated based on passport aging statistics—that is, roughly the period beginning when the passport agency receives a passport application from the lockbox facility and ending when the passport is mailed to the applicant. Consequently, State’s measure of processing times does not include the time it takes an application to be sent from an acceptance facility to the lockbox, be processed at the lockbox, or be transferred from the lockbox to a passport agency. While this time may be as short as 1 to 2 days during nonpeak periods, during the surge, when hundreds of thousands of passport applications were held at the lockbox facility for as long as 3 weeks, this time was significantly longer. Passport agency officials told us that during the surge, applicants were confused about the times published on State’s Web site, as they were not aware that State did not start measuring processing times until a passport agency received the application from the lockbox facility. Finally, customers wishing to track the status of their applications are unable to do so until 5 to 7 days after they have submitted their passport application, because applications do not appear in State’s tracking system until the department receives them from the lockbox facility. State increased the capacity of its staffing, facilities, customer service, and lockbox functions during the surge. Passport agencies also developed their own efforts to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of passport operations. State’s actions, combined with seasonal declines in passport applications, decreased wait times to normal levels by October 2007. State estimated the cost of the emergency measures to respond to the surge to be more than $40 million. In reaction to the 2007 surge in passport demand, State took a variety of actions related to staffing to increase its production capacity. State instituted mandatory overtime for all government and contract staff and suspended all noncritical training and travel for passport staff during the surge. State hired additional contract staff for its passport agencies to perform nonadjudication functions. State also issued a directive that contractor staff be used as acceptance agents to free up passport specialist staff to adjudicate passport applications, and called upon department employees—including Foreign Service officers, Presidential Management Fellows, retirees, and others—to supplement the department’s corps of passport specialists by adjudicating passports in Washington and at passport agencies around the United States. State also obtained an exemption from the Office of Personnel Management to the hiring cap for civil service annuitants, so that it could rehire experienced and well-trained retired adjudicators while it continued to recruit and train new passport specialists. In addition, the department dispatched teams of passport specialists to high-volume passport agencies to assist with walk- in applicants and process pending passport applications. These teams also provided customer support, including locating and expediting applications of customers with urgent travel needs. Finally, consular officers at nine overseas posts also remotely adjudicated passports, using electronic files. In addition, State took steps to increase the capacity of its facilities to handle the increased workload. State expanded the hours of operations at all of its passport agencies by remaining open in the evenings and on weekends. Several agencies also added a second shift, and State’s two passport processing centers operated 24 hours a day, in three shifts. Public counters at passport agencies were also opened on Saturdays for emergency appointments, which were scheduled through State’s centralized customer service call center. In addition to increasing work hours, State realigned workspace to make more room for adjudication purposes. For example, passport agencies used training and conference rooms to accommodate additional passport specialists. One passport agency borrowed space from another government agency housed in the same building to prescreen applicants. Some passport agencies that had more than one shift instituted desk sharing among staff. In some instances, because of the lack of workstations, adjudication staff also manually adjudicated applications with a pen and paper and entered the application’s approval into State’s information system at a later time. In addition, one passport agency renovated its facility by expanding the fraud office to add desks for more staff. To further increase the capacity of its customer service function, State extended NPIC’s operating hours and, according to State officials, increased the number of its customer service representatives from 172 full- time and 48 part-time staff in January 2007 to 799 full-time and 94 part-time staff in September 2007. In response to heavy call volume at NPIC during the surge, State installed 18 additional high-capacity lines, each of which carries 24 separate telephone lines, for a total of 432 new lines—25 percent of which were dedicated to congressional inquiries, according to State officials. State also established an e-mail address for congressional inquiries. To supplement NPIC, State also established a temporary phone task force in Washington composed of department employees volunteering to provide information and respond to urgent requests, augmented an existing consular center with about 100 operators working two shifts, and temporarily expanded its presence at a federal information center with 165 operators available to assist callers 7 days a week. State also took emergency measures in coordination with Treasury to bolster the lockbox function in reaction to the surge. First, Treasury coordinated with State to amend the terms of its memorandum of understanding with its financial agent responsible for passport application data entry and payment processing, to increase the agent’s lockbox capacity. Specifically, under the revised memorandum, the financial agent committed to processing up to 3 million applications per month at the lockbox. According to Treasury officials, to increase its processing capacity, the financial agent increased the number of its staff at the lockbox facility from 833 in January 2007 to 994 in September 2007; offered a pay incentive to increase the number of its employees working overtime; and opened an additional lockbox facility—operating 24 hours a day, 7 days a week in three shifts. In addition, the financial agent implemented some process improvements at the lockbox during the surge, including automating data entry, presorting mail by travel date, and implementing a new batching process to increase the number of applications processed. The financial agent also increased the number of scanners, the capacity of its application server and data storage, and the bandwidth of its network to accommodate the heavy volume of passport applications. In addition to the measures described above, Treasury and State held weekly conference calls with the financial agent to discuss concerns and determine various courses of action to clear the passport application backlog. Treasury and State officials also visited lockbox facilities to review operations and received daily status reports from the financial agent indicating the processing volumes and holdover inventory. In addition to the emergency steps that State took, it also accelerated some planned efforts such as hiring more permanent staff and opening a new passport book printing facility. While State’s hiring of additional permanent staff was already in CA’s long-term planning efforts to handle an increase in passport demand, the time frame to do so was moved up to respond to the passport demand surge, according to State officials. Consequently, State hired an additional 273 staff in the last quarter of fiscal year 2007; however, according to State officials, not all of these staff were on board at the end of the fiscal year because of delays in processing security clearances for new hires. Additionally, State opened a new passport book printing center in March 2007, ahead of its schedule to open in June 2007, to centralize its book printing function and free up space at passport agencies for adjudication. Passport agencies took various actions to meet their specific needs in reaction to the surge. During our site visits, State officials told us that their passport agencies had undertaken such actions as developing a software program to better track suspense cases; creating a batch tracking system whereby each shelf was numbered and all batches boxed on this shelf were marked with the same number; developing a “locator card” for customers, which was color-coded to indicate different situations—such as customers submitting new applications, inquiring about pending applications, and resubmitting applications—to enable the agency to locate the application file before the customer came into the agency; providing customers with a ticket that provided expedited service if they had to return on another day; and using students for nonadjudication tasks for the summer. In addition, according to State officials, some passport agencies used security guards to prescreen applicants at the entrance to control crowds and improve the efficiency of operations. Finally, other agencies organized teams to handle inquiries from congressional staff and State headquarters staff. In an effort to document and disseminate such initiatives, State compiled a best practices document for passport operations during the surge. These best practices were submitted by passport agencies on a variety of issues, including work flow improvements, counter management, and communication, among others. To provide a forum for feedback for passport agencies and improve passport operations, State also conducted a lessons learned exercise following the surge. State gathered information from passport staff at all levels and compiled a lessons learned document, which was made available on CA’s internal Web site. According to this review, the primary lesson learned from the surge was that the United States passport is increasingly viewed by the American public not only as a travel document, but as an identity document. Accordingly, the lessons learned document outlined lessons learned in five main categories—process, communications, technology, human resources, and contracts—to help meet future demand for passports. However, State officials told us that this document was a draft and State has not formally embraced it. The extraordinary measures that State implemented to respond to the surge in passport demand, combined with the normal seasonal decline in passport applications between September and January, helped State reduce wait times by October 2007. According to data provided by State, the department returned to normal passport processing times of 4 to 6 weeks by October 2007. These data show that State has maintained these processing times through July 2008, according to State’s Web site. State estimated the cost of its emergency measures to respond to the 2007 surge in passport demand to be $42.8 million. This amount included $28.5 million for contract-related costs, $7.5 million for overtime pay for staff from CA and other bureaus within State, and $3.1 million spent on travel to passport agencies for temporary duty staff. In addition, State spent $3.2 million on costs associated with buying equipment and furniture. State also spent an additional $466,000 on costs related to telephone services for its call centers, for rentals, and for Office of Personnel Management position announcements for hiring additional passport staff during the surge. These estimates do not include the costs of other measures such as hiring additional staff, which State had already planned but accelerated in order to respond to the 2007 surge. To cover costs incurred due to the surge, State notified Congress in June 2007 of its plans to devote an additional $36.9 million to the Border Security Program. According to State officials, this amount included $27.8 million for passport operations, such as $15 million for a passport processing center, additional costs for Foreign Service Institute training for new passport specialists, and salaries for 400 new staff to be hired in fiscal year 2007. In September 2007, State notified Congress of its intent to obligate an additional $96.6 million for its Border Security Program, including $54 million for additional passport books, according to State officials. In December 2007, State sent a revised spending plan for fiscal year 2008 to Congress to increase its resources to enable it to handle processing of 23 million passports. This plan included an additional 700 personnel to meet anticipated passport demand and a new passport adjudication center. The plan also provided for three passport gateway agencies to be established in fiscal year 2008. State has enhanced its capacity for responding to surges in passport demand in the near term, such as by improving its efforts to estimate passport demand. However, State lacks a comprehensive, long-term strategy for improving passport operations. State commissioned a review of its passport operations, completed in 2005, that identified several deficiencies and proposed a number of potential measures to guide modernization efforts; however, State does not have a plan to prioritize and synchronize these efforts. We have reported that an enterprise approach could help agencies develop more efficient processes, and this type of approach could help State improve passport operations and better prepare for future changes in passport demand. State has taken several steps to increase its passport production capacity and improve its ability to respond to near-term increases in passport demand. As we have noted, State hired more staff and improved individual components of passport operations, such as centralizing the printing of passport books and upgrading information technology, during and following the 2007 surge in passport demand. Additionally, State developed two shorter-term plans to address a future increase in demand, including an adjudicative capacity plan, which establishes a set of triggers for determining when to add capacity. According to State officials, the department has completed some preparations for future surges in demand, such as opening a second book printing facility in May 2008 and creating a reserve adjudication force. State also expects to open new passport agencies in Dallas and Detroit by the end of 2008 and in Minneapolis by March 2009, according to these officials. However, it faces challenges in completing others. For example, State hired only 84 out of a planned 400 additional staff called for in the first quarter of fiscal year 2008. Similarly, according to officials, State has not yet established an additional mega processing center and is behind schedule in renovating and expanding some of its existing facilities. According to these officials, these plans were developed to expand State’s capacity to issue passports. State has also taken several steps to improve future estimates of passport demand since it underestimated demand in fiscal year 2007. In particular, State’s contractor designed a new passport demand survey to overcome limitations in its 2005 survey, which was not representative of all border crossers and did not include air and sea travelers. The contractor’s 2007 estimate of total demand for passports in 2008 was derived from (1) a land border crosser survey to collect data on the impact of WHTI on passport demand in 2008, and (2) a nationally representative panel survey of 41,000 U.S. citizens, which included data on overall passport demand, including for sea and air travel and for nontravel identification purposes. State then applied average monthly application rates from previous years to the contractor’s data to estimate the number of passport applications for each month and to identify peak demand. We found these methodologies sound in terms of survey design, sample selection, contact procedures, follow-up, and analysis of nonrespondents. However, estimating passport demand faces several limitations. State and contractor officials outlined some of these limitations, which include the following. It can be difficult for respondents to anticipate travel many months—or years—into the future. For example, the most recent surveys were conducted in May and September of 2007 and were used to estimate travel throughout 2008. Survey respondents tend to overstate their prospective travel and thus their likelihood of applying for a passport. While the contractor adjusted for this phenomenon in its 2007 survey, it did so based on assumptions rather than data. Some survey respondents did not understand certain regulations and options for passports and border crossings, such as WHTI requirements, suggesting that some of these individuals are unaware of the future need to apply for passports for travel to Canada or Mexico. Changes in personal or professional circumstances, or in the economy, can lead to changes in individuals’ international travel plans. Changes in regulations can affect passport demand. For example, New York State signed a memorandum of understanding with DHS to issue enhanced driver’s licenses that could be used for land border crossings and could reduce the demand for passports or passport cards obtained solely to meet WHTI requirements. A 2005 study of passport operations commissioned by State identified several limitations in State’s passport operation, many of which were exposed during the department’s response to the 2007 surge in demand. This study and other plans, as described above, have also proposed numerous improvements to passport operations—many of which were generated by State officials themselves—and the department has begun to implement some of them. However, State does not have a long-term strategy to prioritize and synchronize these improvements to its operation. As we have reported previously, using a business enterprise approach that examines a business operation in its entirety and develops a plan to transition from the current state to a well-defined, long-term goal could help State improve its passport operations in the long term. In 2004, State contracted with an independent consulting firm to study its passport operations, which had not been formally examined for over 25 years. The study, issued in 2005, outlined the current state of passport operations and identified several issues that limited the efficiency and effectiveness of passport operations. Several of these limitations were exposed by State’s response to the 2007 surge in passport demand, and many of them remain unresolved. For example, the study found that State’s practice of manually routing the original paper passport application through the issuance process—including mailing, storage, management, and retrieval of physical batch boxes containing paper applications— slowed the process, extended processing time, and made upgrade requests difficult to handle. Due to the overwhelming number of applications during the surge, a few passport agencies told us that there was no extra space available at their facilities; according to agency officials, this situation led to duplicative efforts. In addition, the study found that limited information was available to management and that reporting tools, such as Consular Affairs’ Management Information System, could not produce customized reports. Further, the study found that this system could not provide information on the performance of its business partners, such as acceptance facilities or the lockbox, resulting in data being available only for applications that had been received at a passport agency. As a result, during the surge, State was not immediately aware of the growing workload at the lockbox. The study also found limitations in State’s communications, including challenges to communicating among passport agencies, providing feedback to headquarters in Washington, and conducting public outreach. For example, during the surge, State did not effectively disseminate management decisions and communicate changes in internal processes and resources available to field staff, according to State’s lessons learned document. In addition to identifying limitations, the study proposed a guide for State’s modernization efforts, including a framework to put in place for passport services by the year 2020. As part of this guide, the study identified key factors that affected State’s methods for conducting business and the performance of passport operations. For example, the study identified increased demand as one such factor, due to normal trends in passport demand, the impact of WHTI implementation, and the passport’s increasing role as an identification document for everyday transactions. To address these issues, the study suggests that State will have to take steps such as redistributing workload through centralization to meet increasing volumes—State has begun to implement this suggestion by establishing passport printing facilities in Arkansas and Arizona. Additionally, the study notes that passport adjudication practices will become an even more important part of combating terrorism and other security concerns in the future, which will require State to utilize technology and external data to improve its risk assessment and fraud detection methods. Finally, the study also suggests that State will face changing customer expectations in the future, requiring more frequent and effective communications and, possibly, changes to service standards. As we previously noted, this issue continues to be a challenge for State. Although the study proposed several initiatives to improve passport operations, State officials told us that the department has not developed a formal plan to implement the initiatives, nor does it have a strategic plan outlining how it intends to improve its entire passport operations. State officials told us that because the department has been largely focused on carrying out its day-to-day operations—especially as it responded to the 2007 surge in passport demand—it has not had time to document its strategic plan. While State has taken a few steps to implement some of the proposed initiatives of the study—such as developing and implementing the e-Passport, opening two passport adjudication centers, and issuing passports remotely—State does not have a systematic strategy to prioritize and synchronize these potential improvements to its passport operations. Some of these proposed initiatives that State has not implemented could be useful to State’s current operations, including the following: leveraging electronic work flow management—enabling State to develop flexible, streamlined work streams that improve its ability to monitor and manage passport operations while reducing manual processes for the physical movement and storage of paper applications and supporting documentation—to ensure a more efficient work flow that supports the issuance of increasing numbers of passports every year; providing management visibility over the end-to-end passport issuance process extending across State and partner organizations, to effectively manage the process and enforce performance standards; applying validations and identity checks automatically upon receipt or modification of an application by consistently applying a comprehensive set of business rules, to strengthen an adjudication process that supports the integrity of the passport as a primary identity document; offering an online point of service with expanded functionality as a means for self-service by the public to facilitate a simplified, flexible, and well- communicated application process to enhance service to the passport customer; and conducting a comprehensive workforce analysis to define a sustainable workforce structure and plans through 2020 and enhancing communications within State and its business partners to improve efficiency and promote knowledge sharing. The recent increases in passport demand have made the need for a plan to prioritize the study’s proposed initiatives that State intends to implement more urgent. While the study assumed that State would issue a minimum of 25 million passports by 2020, this time frame has already become outdated, as actual issuances were 18.6 million in fiscal year 2007 and, in July 2007, were estimated by State to reach 30 million as early as 2010. We have reported that using an enterprise approach to examine and improve the entirety of a business process can help agencies develop more efficient processes. An enterprise approach defines day-to-day operations in order to meet agency needs and processes that result in streamlined operations, rather than simply automating old ways of doing business, and effectively implements the disciplined processes necessary to manage the project. A key element of this approach is the concept of operations, which assesses the agency’s current state, describes its envisioned end state, and provides a transition plan to guide the agency from one state to the other. An effective concept of operations would also describe, at a high level, how all of the various elements of an organization’s business systems relate to each other and how information flows among these systems. Further, a concept of operations would serve as a useful tool to explain how all the entities involved in a business system can operate cohesively, rather than in a stovepiped manner—in the case of passport issuance, this tool would include acceptance agents, the lockbox facility, and the various components of passport operations within State. Finally, it would provide a road map that can be used to (1) measure progress and (2) focus future efforts. Using an enterprise approach could provide State with management visibility over the passport issuance process extending across its entire passport operations, thereby improving these operations in the long term. While State has made several improvements to its passport operations, it has yet to develop and implement a comprehensive strategy for passport operations. The 2005 study, which included a proposed concept of operations, recognized the need for a comprehensive approach and was designed to analyze the entire passport issuance process—including the applicant, passport agency, acceptance facility, lockbox facility, passport processing center, and passport book printing center. However, according to State officials, State has not adopted the framework for improving passport operations proposed by this study, nor has it developed an alternative strategy for prioritizing and synchronizing its varied efforts to improve these operations. The 2007 surge in passport demand exposed serious deficiencies in State’s passport issuance process. Passport wait times reached record highs, leading to inconvenience and frustration for many thousands of Americans. Once it recognized the magnitude of the problem it was facing, State took extraordinary measures to reduce wait times to normal levels by October 2007. However, these actions were not part of a long-term, comprehensive strategy to improve passport operations. State estimates that demand for passports will continue to grow significantly, making such a strategy an urgent priority. Indeed, a study State commissioned to identify potential improvements to its passport operations was premised upon demand estimates for 2020 that are likely to be surpassed as early as this year. State needs to rethink its entire end-to-end passport issuance process, including each of the entities involved in issuing a passport, and develop a formal strategy for prioritizing and implementing improvements to this process. Doing so would improve State’s ability to respond to customer inquiries and provide accurate information regarding expected wait times by increasing its visibility over a passport application from acceptance to issuance. It would also encourage greater accountability by providing transparency of State’s passport operations to the American public. In order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of passport operations, we recommend that the Secretary of State take the following two actions: Develop a comprehensive, long-term strategy for passport operations using a business enterprise approach to prioritize and synchronize the department’s planned improvements. Specifically, State should fully implement a concept of operations document that describes its desired end state for passport operations and addresses how it intends to transition from the current state to this end state. Begin tracking individual passport applications from the time the customer submits an application at an acceptance facility, in order to maintain better visibility over the passport process and provide better customer service to passport applicants. State provided written comments on a draft of our report, which we have reprinted in appendix II. State concurred with our recommendations; however, it expressed disappointment with our finding that the department lacks a comprehensive strategy to improve its passport operations. Although the department has developed short- term and contingency plans for increasing passport production capacity and responding to future surges in demand, we do not believe these efforts constitute a comprehensive strategic plan. However, we believe the establishment and staffing of the Passport Services Directorate’s Strategic Planning Division is a step in the right direction, and we encourage this office to focus on the modernization efforts discussed in this report. State also disputed our characterization of the 2005 study it commissioned to review existing processes and propose recommendations for improving these processes. We did not intend to suggest that the department fully adopt all of the recommendations in that study and have clarified that point in our findings. State and Treasury also provided technical comments and updated information, which we have included throughout this report as appropriate. We are sending copies of this report to the Secretaries of State and the Treasury and will make copies available to others upon request. We will also make copies available at no charge on the GAO Web site at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-4128 or fordj@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made major contributions to this report are listed in appendix III. In this report, we review (1) the extent to which the Department of State (State) was prepared for the surge in passport demand in 2007 and how State’s readiness affected passport operations, (2) how State increased its passport production capacity in response to the 2007 surge, and (3) State’s readiness for near-term surges in demand and whether State has a comprehensive strategy in place to improve long-term passport operations. To determine the extent to which State was prepared for the surge in passport demand in 2007, how State’s readiness affected passport operations, and how State increased its passport production in response to the surge, we observed passport operations and interviewed U.S. government officials at six passport agencies—Hot Springs, Arkansas; Charleston, South Carolina; Houston; New Orleans; New York; and Washington. We selected these sites based on their workload volume and geographic locations. We visited State’s lockbox facility in New Castle, Delaware, and interviewed officials from the financial agent responsible for providing lockbox functions. We reviewed State’s passport demand estimates for fiscal year 2007 and analyzed the survey methodology supporting these estimates. We also collected and analyzed data on passport receipts and issuances, and staffing. In addition, we interviewed officials from State’s Bureau of Consular Affairs, the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of the Treasury’s Financial Management Service, and State contractors responsible for collecting survey data on passport demand. To determine State’s passport processing times during the 2007 surge in demand, we interviewed cognizant officials, analyzed data provided by State, and reviewed public statements by State officials and information on State’s Web site. We determined that these data were sufficiently reliable to illustrate the sharp rise in processing times that occurred in the summer of 2007, and place that rise in the context of yearly and monthly trends from 2005 to 2007. However, we found that the rise in application processing time in the summer of 2007 was likely understated to some degree. This understatement likely occurred because the turnaround time for entering applications into State’s data system increased greatly at some points during 2007, due to the abnormally large volume of applications. To determine the reliability of data on passport issuances from 1997 through 2007, we interviewed cognizant officials and analyzed data provided by State. We determined that the data were sufficiently reliable to illustrate a relatively stable level of demand for passports between 1997 and 2003, followed by a significant increase in passport issuances since 2003. To determine whether State is prepared to more accurately estimate future passport demand and has a comprehensive strategy in place to address such demand, we assessed State’s passport demand study for fiscal year 2008 and beyond, a draft report on lessons learned from the 2007 surge in passport demand, and State’s long-term road map for the future of passport operations. We also reviewed prior GAO reports on enterprise architecture and business systems management. In addition, we interviewed Bureau of Consular Affairs officials in Washington and at the regional passport agencies. We conducted this performance audit from August 2007 through July 2008 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. 1. State said that the 2005 study it commissioned to review existing passport processes and propose recommendations for improving these processes did not identify or mention deficiencies. We disagree. The version of the study provided to us notes that it includes an “assessment of the deficiencies of the current state” (p. 3) and identifies issues that “limit the efficiency and effectiveness of passport operations” (p. 4). These deficiencies included the reliance on a manual, paper-based work flow, ineffective communications, and inflexible passport systems. 2. We did not intend to suggest that the department should have adopted all of the 2005 study’s recommendations and have made slight modifications to our finding to clarify this point. Our intent was to note that the department has developed a variety of recommendations to improve its passport operations—many of which were developed by staff in Consular Affairs—but still needs a comprehensive strategy to prioritize and synchronize the improvements it intends to undertake. 3. While our report recognizes that State has developed several plans designed to increase passport production capacity, improving the department’s ability to respond to near-term increases in demand, these plans are not the same as a comprehensive strategy for improving passport operations. Our recommendation addresses State’s need for such a strategy to guide its modernization efforts, by using a business enterprise approach, and not just to increase capacity. 4. State notes that it has improved its efforts to track the 72 percent of passport applications it receives from U.S. Postal Service acceptance facilities for accountability purposes. From a customer service standpoint, we believe that the department should track all applications from the time of execution in order to give the customer an accurate estimate of when to expect his or her passport. Doing so would help eliminate customer confusion, which contributed to the strain on State’s customer service operation experienced during the 2007 surge. In addition to the person named above, Michael Courts (Assistant Director), Robert Ball, Melissa Pickworth, and Neetha Rao made key contributions to this report. Technical assistance was provided by Carl Barden, Joe Carney, Martin de Alteriis, Chris Martin, and Mary Moutsos.

Summary: In 2007, following the implementation of new document requirements for travelers entering the United States from within the Western Hemisphere, the Department of State (State) received a record number of passport applications. In June 2009 further document requirements are scheduled to go into effect and will likely lead to another surge in passport demand. GAO examined (1) the extent to which State was prepared for the surge in passport demand and how its readiness affected passport operations, (2) State's actions to increase passport production capacity in response to the surge, and (3) State's readiness for near-term surges in demand and its strategy to improve passport operations. GAO interviewed officials from State and the Departments of the Treasury and Homeland Security, conducted site visits, and reviewed data on passport processing times and reports on passport operations. State was unprepared for the record number of passport applications it received in 2007, leading to significant delays in passport processing. State underestimated the increase in demand and consequently was not able to provide enough notice to the financial agent it uses for passport application payment processing for the agent to prepare for the increased workload, further adding to delays. As a result, reported wait times reached 10 to 12 weeks in the summer of 2007--more than double the normal wait--with hundreds of thousands of passports taking significantly longer. State had difficulty tracking individual applications and failed to effectively measure or communicate to applicants the total expected wait times, prompting many to re-apply and further straining State's processing capacity. State took a number of emergency measures and accelerated other planned efforts to increase its passport production capacity in 2007. For example, to help adjudicate passports, State established four adjudication task forces and deployed passport specialists to U.S. passport agencies severely affected by the surge. In addition, State accelerated hiring and expansion efforts. As a result of these efforts and the normal seasonal decline in passport applications, wait times returned to normal by October 2007. According to State estimates, these emergency measures cost $42.8 million. Although State has taken steps to improve its ability to respond to near-term surges in passport demand, it lacks a comprehensive strategy to improve long-term passport operations. State previously identified several deficiencies limiting the efficiency and effectiveness of passport operations, such as reliance on a paper-based work flow and ineffective communications, and these deficiencies were exposed by State's response to the surge. While State also identified a framework to guide its modernization efforts, it does not have a comprehensive plan to prioritize and synchronize improvements to its passport operations. A comprehensive strategy for making these improvements--for example, using a business enterprise approach--would better equip State to handle a significantly higher workload in the future.