Organ transplants are becoming increasingly common. The 28,352 organ transplants performed in the United States in 2007 represent an increase of about 40 percent since 1997. (See fig. 1.) Kidney transplants are the most common procedure, accounting for almost 60 percent of transplants. Most transplanted organs come from deceased donors, but a significant portion (22 percent in 2007) come from living donors who may donate, for example, a kidney or a segment of liver or lung. As of January 2008, 254 U.S. hospitals had a transplant center; collectively, these centers operated 844 individual transplant programs. (See table 1.) Nearly all states had at least one transplant center, but some types of transplant programs, such as lung or intestine transplant programs, were located in a limited number of states. The organ transplantation process involves the following steps. Step 1: The process begins when a patient’s physician determines that an organ transplant may be necessary and refers the patient to a transplant program for evaluation. Step 2: If the transplant program determines that the patient is a candidate for transplantation, the individual is registered on the national organ transplant waiting list maintained by the OPTN. Step 3: When an organ becomes available, the local organ procurement organization enters information about the donor organ into a national computer system operated by the OPTN. The computer system generates a ranked list of potential recipients based on how closely their medical characteristics—such as blood type, organ size, and genetic makeup— match the donor’s, as well as on the urgency of their medical conditions, their time spent on the waiting list, and their proximity to the donor. Step 4: Transplant programs whose patients appear on the list are contacted. The decision whether to accept an organ rests with the patient’s transplant team. Because the length of time organs can viably be kept outside the body is limited, the transplant team has 1 hour to make its decision. If the organ is not accepted, it is offered to the center with the next patient on the list until the organ is placed. Step 5: Once the organ is accepted for a potential recipient, a surgical team comes to the donor hospital to recover the organ. The recovered organ is transported from the donor to the recipient hospital for transplantation into the patient. The OPTN was created pursuant to the National Organ Transplant Act, which called for HHS to provide by contract for the establishment and operation of the OPTN to manage the nation’s organ allocation system. Prior to that time, national policies regarding transplantation did not exist and organ allocation was carried out on an ad hoc basis. The OPTN’s functions include maintaining a list of patients waiting for transplants, operating a system for matching donated organs with individuals on the list, establishing medical criteria for allocating organs, collecting and analyzing data on organs donated and transplanted, and conducting work to increase the supply of donated organs. The OPTN’s members include all transplant centers and organ procurement organizations in the country; tissue-typing laboratories; professional scientific and medical organizations; and other organizations and individuals interested in organ donation or transplantation, such as organ donors, recipients, and their families. The OPTN’s Membership and Professional Standards Committee (MPSC) is responsible for overseeing the compliance of OPTN members with applicable federal regulations and OPTN policies. The OPTN collects most of the funding to cover its operating costs (estimated to be about $25 million in 2006) from candidate registration fees paid by OPTN members; HRSA’s funding for the OPTN is capped at $2 million a year. From early in its history, the OPTN has been responsible for operating an equitable nationwide system of organ allocation. The OPTN develops detailed policies that govern the distribution of organs and other issues related to transplantation, such as the specific credentials required of transplant surgeons and physicians. HHS clarified the OPTN’s oversight responsibilities in regulations implemented in 2000. The regulations require the OPTN to design plans and procedures for conducting ongoing and periodic reviews of all member transplant centers for compliance with the regulations and OPTN policies. The regulations also require the OPTN to advise the Secretary of Health and Human Services when the results of its reviews indicate noncompliance with the regulations or OPTN policies or otherwise indicate a risk to patient health or public safety. While the OPTN is required to monitor transplant programs’ compliance with its policies, OPTN policies are considered voluntary or advisory. To promote transplant programs’ voluntary compliance with OPTN policies, the OPTN employs a confidential review process in which OPTN members evaluate the medical care provided by colleagues to determine compliance with OPTN policies and regulations. The OPTN emphasizes that its confidential review process focuses on corrective action rather than punishment and is aimed at continuous quality and performance improvement. On its own, the OPTN can impose certain sanctions against noncompliant transplant programs, such as issuing a letter of warning or placing a program on probation. The OPTN can also request that the Secretary of Health and Human Services impose stronger enforcement actions, including terminating a program’s ability to receive organs or reimbursement under Medicare. The OPTN contract with HRSA includes several requirements related to the oversight of transplant programs. For example, the contract requires the OPTN to conduct on-site reviews of heart, liver, and lung transplant programs at least once every 3 years and to perform ongoing analyses of organ allocations. The OPTN is also required to submit monthly reports to HRSA describing transplant program-specific instances of noncompliance with OPTN policies and the status of corrective action plans. To ensure that the OPTN is fulfilling its responsibilities to monitor transplant programs’ compliance, HRSA officials participate as ex officio nonvoting members on the OPTN’s Board of Directors and committees, including the MPSC. According to HRSA officials, the agency’s presence on OPTN committees helps ensure that the committees’ recommendations are consistent with federal laws and regulations. In addition, HRSA officials said that they and OPTN officials communicate regularly about all aspects of the OPTN’s performance, including monitoring transplant program compliance. CMS is responsible for overseeing organ transplant programs that receive Medicare reimbursement for transplant services. At the time the high- profile cases came to light, CMS had different criteria and procedures for overseeing extra-renal and renal transplant programs participating in Medicare. Extra-renal transplant programs participated in Medicare by meeting the criteria set forth in various national coverage determinations (NCD) published beginning in 1987. The NCDs provide that transplants of extra- renal organs for Medicare beneficiaries will be considered reasonable and necessary and therefore reimbursable under Medicare if they are performed in a facility that CMS approves as meeting specified criteria. For example, heart, liver, and lung transplant programs were required to have written patient selection criteria, perform a minimum number of transplants each year, and meet minimum patient survival rates. The NCDs for these programs did not include criteria for reevaluating the ongoing performance of Medicare-approved programs. Renal transplant programs participated in Medicare by meeting regulatory standards for facilities furnishing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) services. ESRD facilities include those providing dialysis services and renal transplant services. CMS monitored renal transplant programs’ compliance with Medicare requirements by contracting with state survey agencies—generally state departments of health—to conduct routine on- site inspections known as surveys. If a survey found a facility to be out of compliance and if it had a major deficiency that went uncorrected, then the facility was subject to termination from the Medicare program. In 2005, recognizing the need to update existing requirements for extra- renal and renal transplant programs and that the NCDs did not include criteria for reassessing the performance of extra-renal transplant programs, CMS promulgated proposed regulations to establish a single set of Medicare requirements for both renal and extra-renal transplant programs. CMS’s and, to a lesser extent, the OPTN’s oversight of transplant programs was not comprehensive at the time high-profile problems came to light in 2005 and 2006. CMS did not actively monitor extra-renal transplant programs’ compliance with criteria for Medicare approval. CMS monitored renal transplant programs through contracts with state agencies, but the surveys reviewed compliance with requirements that had not been substantially updated in decades and were limited in scope; also, not all programs were actively monitored. At the same time, the OPTN actively monitored transplant programs and took action to resolve identified problems, but its oversight activities fell short in some respects—the OPTN’s monitoring did not include methods capable of promptly detecting problems at transplant programs that prolonged the time that patients waited for transplants, and the OPTN did not always meet its goals for conducting on-site reviews. CMS’s oversight varied between extra-renal and renal transplant programs and was not comprehensive even for renal transplant programs, which received more oversight. At the time high-profile problems came to light in 2005 and 2006, CMS was not actively monitoring the ongoing compliance of Medicare-approved extra-renal transplant programs with the criteria specified in the NCDs, which included performing a minimum number of transplants per year and achieving a minimum patient survival rate. Instead, CMS’s procedure was to conduct only an initial review of an extra-renal program to determine if it met the criteria in the NCDs at the time the program applied for Medicare approval. Once an extra-renal transplant program received Medicare approval, CMS generally did not assess the program’s continued compliance with NCD criteria. Although the NCDs for heart and liver transplant programs called for programs to submit an application for Medicare reapproval every 3 years, the NCDs did not specify and CMS did not otherwise establish a process for doing so, and programs continued to retain Medicare approval without reapplying. To oversee extra-renal transplant programs’ ongoing compliance with criteria for Medicare approval, CMS relied on programs to self-report significant changes and complaints from Medicare beneficiaries and others that would alert CMS to a potential problem. CMS officials or state surveyors conducted complaint investigations after receiving complaints against transplant programs or otherwise becoming aware of potential problems, such as through media reports. CMS officials in three of the five regions we contacted reported that they or state surveyors had investigated nine complaints against extra-renal transplant programs during the period of 2000 through 2006. For example, one of the three high-profile cases initially came to light after CMS received a patient complaint about a liver transplant program. CMS officials investigated the complaint and discovered that this transplant program had not had a full- time surgeon on staff in over a year. After completing the complaint investigation, CMS withdrew Medicare approval from the transplant program, which closed shortly thereafter. CMS’s oversight of renal transplant programs was more active than its oversight of extra-renal transplant programs, although it also had limitations. CMS contracted with state agencies to periodically perform on-site surveys of renal transplant programs for compliance with Medicare requirements and had a process in place to resolve problems identified during these surveys. When state surveyors identified compliance problems with requirements during their reviews of renal transplant programs, CMS generally acted to resolve these problems by requiring programs to submit corrective action plans for coming back into compliance with requirements. According to CMS data, major problems were generally corrected within 90 days, and only one of the five CMS regional offices we contacted reported that CMS had withdrawn Medicare approval from a renal transplant program in its region since 2000 for failure to comply with Medicare requirements. This instance was the high- profile case involving an HMO that was unable to properly handle a large influx of patients to its program. Although CMS had a process in place to periodically review renal transplant programs through state agency surveys of ESRD facilities, the surveys reviewed compliance with requirements that had not been substantially updated in decades and were limited in scope. Medicare regulations for ESRD facilities, including renal transplant programs, were initially published in 1976 and, according to CMS officials, had not been substantially updated since then. For example, the regulations did not include a requirement that renal transplant programs achieve a minimum patient survival rate. Experts in the transplantation field have since recognized the importance of patient-centered, outcome-oriented performance measures, such as survival rates, and recommended their use. In addition, while the Medicare requirements specified that renal transplant programs should perform a minimum number of transplants per year, CMS instructions to state surveyors did not call for them to verify that these numbers were achieved. Furthermore, CMS’s process to review renal transplant programs did not ensure that all of these programs were actively monitored in practice. Our analysis of CMS data as of May 2007 showed that 31, or about 1 in 8, active, Medicare-approved renal transplant programs had been mistakenly classified as no longer participating in Medicare in CMS’s survey database or had been mistakenly excluded from the database. According to CMS officials, these programs would not have been surveyed again after these mistakes occurred. Our analysis showed that as of May 2007 the length of time since the 31 programs had last been surveyed ranged from about 4 to over 20 years; over three-quarters of these programs had not been surveyed in the previous 10 years. By comparison, most correctly classified programs had been surveyed in the previous 4 years, although 34 programs had not, and 9 of those programs had not been surveyed in the previous 10 years. CMS did not have survey frequency goals specific to renal transplant programs. However, CMS has acknowledged that not all state agencies achieved CMS goals for conducting surveys of all ESRD facilities (of which renal transplant programs are a subset). CMS officials emphasized that the CMS survey and certification budget had not been fully funded during fiscal years 2005 through 2007. The OPTN’s oversight, while more active and extensive than CMS’s oversight, also had limitations; most notably, its monitoring methods were insufficient to promptly detect problems affecting patients waiting for transplants. The OPTN monitored transplant programs on an ongoing basis for numerous types of potential problems. The OPTN’s oversight was conducted by both OPTN staff and by its MPSC, which includes OPTN members who are medical professionals from the field of transplantation. The OPTN’s numerous activities to monitor compliance with OPTN policies included reviewing information on patients placed on transplant waiting lists, allocations of organs from deceased donors, physician credentials, and timely submission of required data. These reviews were generally scheduled to occur weekly or quarterly. The OPTN also monitored on a quarterly basis two key indicators of potential performance problems at transplant programs—lower-than-expected patient and organ survival rates and failure to perform any transplants during a specified period of time. In addition, the OPTN conducted periodic routine on-site reviews of heart and liver transplant programs to review patient medical records; the OPTN’s goal was to conduct these on- site reviews once every 3 years. The OPTN’s monitoring activities identified many problems, ranging from minor anomalies with organ allocations to more significant problems, including one of the three high-profile cases. The case came to light after a routine OPTN on-site review led staff at the transplant program to self- report that a recipient of a liver transplant had inappropriately received the transplant ahead of others on the waiting list and that the program had falsified patient medical records in order to conceal its actions. Our review of a sample of compliance cases showed that the OPTN most often identified members’ noncompliance with OPTN policies through its routine on-site reviews (15 of 43 cases). Our review of OPTN compliance cases and performance data and discussions with OPTN officials indicated that the OPTN took steps to resolve compliance and performance problems it identified during its monitoring activities. As explained below, the OPTN’s process for resolving members’ noncompliance with OPTN policies differs from its process for resolving members’ performance problems, such as lower- than-expected survival rates. Noncompliance with OPTN policies. OPTN officials emphasize that the OPTN works to resolve most cases of noncompliance without resorting to strong enforcement actions. Our review of a sample of compliance cases showed that the length of time for cases to be fully resolved varied and depended on the nature of the case. For example, a relatively minor case involving an organ allocation discrepancy was resolved within 4 months, while a case involving problems with medical record documentation took about 3 years to resolve. The three high-profile cases are examples of cases in which the OPTN took strong enforcement actions. After the individual transplant programs involved in these cases had announced that they would voluntarily close, the OPTN continued to review the cases and eventually declared two of the transplant centers that operated these transplant programs “Members Not in Good Standing” and imposed a lesser sanction of probation on the third transplant center. Performance problems. The OPTN flags for the MPSC’s review transplant programs that are not achieving OPTN performance standards for survival rates or transplant activity, but these programs are not considered to be out of compliance with OPTN policies. Instead, the OPTN works with these programs until they meet the standards, sometimes sending peer review teams on-site to consult with the programs, or until problems are otherwise resolved (for example, if a program closes voluntarily). OPTN officials said that programs with low survival rates typically need to show improvement in outcomes before being released from review by the MPSC and emphasized that this can take some time. Of 72 cases the OPTN flagged for low survival rates in 2005, about 40 percent remained under review by the MPSC as of August 2007. Although the OPTN conducted numerous types of monitoring activities, these activities did not incorporate methods capable of promptly detecting problems at transplant programs that prolonged the time that patients waited for transplants. For example, the OPTN regularly flagged programs for review that did not perform any transplants in a specified period of time. While helpful in detecting completely inactive programs, this particular method did not identify more subtle problems, such as a transplant program that was understaffed and was turning down organs offered for patients at markedly high rates. At the two transplant programs with high-profile problems affecting patient access to transplants, enough transplants were conducted that the programs were not flagged as inactive programs. In addition, the transplants that did occur were successful enough that the programs were not flagged as experiencing performance problems at the time the problems came to light. However, far fewer transplants were conducted than would be expected given the numbers of patients on the waiting list, reflecting problems with understaffing that ultimately affected patients’ access to transplants at these programs. Even though a targeted method for detecting these problems was not in place, separate pieces of information, if pieced together, could have alerted the OPTN to at least one of the high-profile incidents. The OPTN, however, missed opportunities to link these separate sources of information. For example, OPTN staff who handle patient transfers were aware that an HMO was attempting to transfer hundreds of patients to its new transplant program at an unprecedented rate and was experiencing problems with the transfers. However, they did not alert other appropriate OPTN staff to the possible need for a compliance review or to look into the situation by, for example, reviewing available data that indicated far lower-than-expected numbers of transplants at the new program. The problem eventually came to light after a whistleblower alerted the news media. In addition to having insufficient methods to detect some of the high- profile cases, the OPTN was not always timely in conducting those monitoring activities that it performs on-site, namely routine on-site reviews and peer review site visits. Although the OPTN’s goal was to conduct routine on-site reviews of heart and liver programs once every 3 years, it had fallen behind this schedule. In December 2006, 50 percent of continuously active heart and liver transplant programs had not been reviewed on-site in the previous 3 years and 38 percent had not been reviewed on-site in the previous 4 years. OPTN and HRSA officials attribute the delay in routine on-site reviews to HRSA’s directive to the OPTN to study a new lung allocation policy. Additionally, in our review of performance data we observed that in some cases peer review site visits were not conducted on a timely basis. For about three-fourths of transplant programs (17 of 22) for which the MPSC recommended a peer review site visit from July 2005 through July 2006, the site visit had not yet occurred a year after being recommended. According to OPTN officials, a contributing factor in the delay was that the number of programs recommended to receive a peer review site visit significantly increased during 2005, resulting in a backlog. Since the high-profile cases came to light, CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN have made some changes and planned others to improve federal oversight of organ transplant programs; however, the full effect of these changes remains to be seen. CMS has begun monitoring extra-renal transplant programs and has finalized regulations that expand and unify Medicare requirements for all types of transplant programs and establish procedures for periodic review of transplant programs. The OPTN and HRSA are working to develop and implement a set of indicators to help the OPTN better identify problems that prolong the time patients wait for transplants. Implementation of CMS’s new requirements is in its early stages, however, and CMS has not resolved the extent to which on-site surveys will be performed as part of its periodic reviews of programs for Medicare reapproval. Also, the OPTN’s and HRSA’s set of indicators has not yet been implemented. Further, while CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN have begun sharing basic transplant program data, how they will share additional information resulting from their oversight activities has not been resolved. CMS has made substantial changes to its oversight: the agency began monitoring extra-renal transplant programs and, most significantly, finalized new regulations that apply to all types of transplant programs and that require on-site surveys of all transplant programs applying for Medicare approval. After high-profile problems came to light, CMS began monitoring extra- renal transplant programs’ compliance with existing Medicare NCD criteria in 2006. According to CMS officials, the agency’s initial monitoring effort revealed that nearly all 242 Medicare-approved programs were complying with NCD criteria for meeting minimum survival rates. A number of programs, however, were not in compliance with the NCD annual transplant volume criteria, which specify that programs must conduct a minimum number of transplants each year. CMS continued to monitor extra-renal transplant programs and ultimately found that a total of 49 extra-renal transplant programs did not meet the NCD transplant volume criteria in 2005, 2006, or both. As a result, CMS notified 11 programs that agency officials viewed as the most problematic that they could lose Medicare approval for failure to comply with NCD criteria. Ultimately, CMS withdrew Medicare approval from 1 of the 11 programs; of the remaining 10 programs, 2 withdrew voluntarily and 8 programs were implementing corrective action plans as of December 2007. (See table 2.) In March 2007, CMS made a more fundamental change to its oversight by publishing final regulations establishing a new set of Medicare requirements specifically for organ transplant programs. The regulations include 13 core requirements known as Medicare conditions of participation (CoP). Whereas renal and extra-renal transplant programs were previously subject to different requirements and regulatory procedures, the new regulations provide a single set of CoPs and review procedures for all types of transplant programs. In addition, the new regulations both update and expand upon previous requirements. For example, the new CoPs incorporate an updated method for calculating survival rates that reflects current best practices. The CoPs also include entirely new requirements, such as those related to the protection of living donors. (See app. I for more information about the 13 CoPs.) The new regulations also bring CMS requirements into substantial alignment with OPTN policies. Specifically, 10 of the 13 CoPs pertain to areas addressed in OPTN policies. In some instances, CMS incorporated OPTN policies into its requirements such that these policies are now enforceable under federal regulation for Medicare-approved transplant programs. In some areas, the new regulations impose additional requirements not covered by the OPTN. For example, while OPTN policies require transplant programs to provide social support services, CMS’s regulations further require that social support services be furnished by a qualified social worker, as defined by CMS. In other areas, the new CMS requirements cover matters not addressed in existing OPTN policies. For example, one CoP requires programs to implement formal quality assessment and performance improvement programs—a requirement not paralleled in OPTN policies. There are also areas of OPTN policies, largely pertaining to organ allocation, which the CMS regulations do not address. In addition to updating and expanding requirements and more closely aligning them with OPTN policies, CMS’s new regulations also subject transplant programs to initial and periodic reviews for compliance with the Medicare CoPs. Under the new regulations, all transplant programs seeking Medicare approval are required to apply for initial approval; programs that were previously Medicare approved must reapply. As part of determining compliance with the CoPs, each transplant program that applies for Medicare approval will undergo an on-site survey. Transplant programs that are in compliance with all CoPs will be approved for participation in Medicare for 3 years. Prior to the end of the initial 3-year approval period, CMS plans to reexamine data on three key requirements, which together compose one of the CoPs: Data submission: Transplant programs must submit OPTN-required data to the OPTN within specified time frames. Clinical experience: Transplant programs must generally perform at least 10 transplants over a 12-month period. Outcomes: Transplant programs must achieve expected survival rates. If a program is found to be in compliance with the three requirements of this CoP, under the new regulations CMS may choose whether to conduct an on-site reapproval survey of the program’s compliance with additional CoPs. CMS plans to complete on-site surveys for transplant programs seeking initial Medicare approval over the course of 3 years. CMS officials reported that on-site surveys of transplant programs had begun as of August 2007. The agency is prioritizing the order in which these surveys will be conducted, so that programs that do not currently meet the clinical experience and outcomes requirements will receive the highest priority for surveys. According to CMS officials, the agency plans to complete these high-priority surveys by the end of fiscal year 2008; all initial surveys are planned to be completed by the end of fiscal year 2010. Until a new Medicare approval decision is made under the new regulations, currently approved extra-renal and renal transplant programs will remain approved under the NCDs and requirements for ESRD facilities, respectively. To address shortcomings in the OPTN’s ability to detect problems affecting patients waiting for transplants, such as understaffing, the OPTN and HRSA, along with another HRSA contractor, are working to develop and implement a set of activity-level indicators. The set of indicators would be used to monitor programs for problems, such as understaffing, indicated by lower-than-expected activity levels in a manner similar to how the OPTN currently monitors programs for performance problems indicated by lower-than-expected survival rates. The set of indicators includes two existing indicators already developed by the OPTN, one of which, although available, was not previously reviewed by the MPSC, and a new organ acceptance rate indicator. The new indicator, which is intended to identify programs exhibiting lower-than-expected rates of organ acceptance, is a key component of the set of activity-level indicators and has been under development since January 2006. According to the OPTN, the organ acceptance rate indicator had been developed but not yet implemented for kidney and liver transplant programs as of February 2008. With HRSA’s encouragement, the OPTN has also taken steps to increase its capacity to conduct on-site monitoring activities and to improve internal communication. The OPTN substantially increased its staff in 2007 in order to get back on schedule in conducting on-site reviews once every 3 years. According to OPTN officials, the increase in staff will also help the OPTN address its backlog of peer review site visits and achieve its goal of conducting all peer review site visits within 3 months of the visit being recommended by the MPSC. To improve internal communication, the OPTN reported that since 2006, its leadership has emphasized the importance of shared communication, particularly across departments. As a result, according to the OPTN, staff responsible for managing the waiting list, including handling patient transfers, now meet frequently with staff responsible for monitoring policy compliance to share information about potential policy violations. Although CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN have taken steps to improve oversight of transplant programs since the high-profile cases came to light, three important areas remain in progress. One key unresolved question is the extent to which CMS will conduct on- site reapproval surveys of transplant programs (as part of its new review procedures) after transplant programs gain initial Medicare approval under the new regulations. According to CMS’s new regulations, CMS may choose not to conduct on-site reapproval surveys for transplant programs meeting data submission, clinical experience, and outcomes requirements. This means that CMS could potentially choose not to conduct any reapproval surveys for programs meeting these requirements. While CMS officials said that they see value in conducting reapproval surveys, just how CMS will apply its discretion remains unclear. As of January 2008, CMS officials said that the agency had not decided how many reapproval surveys it would conduct or how it would choose which programs to survey among those that meet the aforementioned requirements. They emphasized the agency’s need to carefully consider resource constraints in making these decisions. A decision by CMS not to conduct an on-site reapproval survey at a transplant program means that compliance with some CoPs would not be reviewed unless there was a complaint investigation. As a result, problems at transplant programs unrelated to the data submission, clinical experience, and outcomes requirements—for example, a transplant program failing to provide required protections for living donors or to sufficiently staff its program—could go undetected. In two of the high-profile cases, staffing problems that ultimately affected patients’ access to transplants would not have been detected by the outcomes indicator that CMS has now adopted, and the numbers of transplants performed per year at these programs exceeded or were close to CMS’s clinical experience requirement. Additional questions remain regarding the extent to which CMS will accurately track on-site surveys to avoid the misclassification errors we identified in our review and complete the surveys on a timely basis. As a result of the new transplant regulations, renal transplant programs will no longer share Medicare identification numbers with dialysis facilities, and previously misclassified renal transplant programs will at some point receive a new accurate classification in CMS’s survey database once they are approved. However, the potential for transplant programs to be mistakenly classified may remain because transplant programs within the same hospital will share one transplant center Medicare identification number, according to CMS officials. CMS officials said that they were highly aware of the need for their systems to accurately track the status of each transplant program separately. They said that they plan to test for this capability in their new tracking system for transplant programs, which remains under development. What also remains to be seen is the extent to which surveys will occur on a timely basis. Prior to the new regulations, state agencies did not always meet CMS goals for surveying ESRD facilities. Now, under the new regulations, the responsibilities of state agencies that will be conducting on-site surveys of transplant programs will increase, since they will be required to survey both renal and extra- renal transplant programs. With respect to initial approval surveys, CMS’s stated plan is that high-priority surveys of transplant programs will be completed by the end of fiscal year 2008, but as of January 2008, CMS officials expressed some uncertainty about meeting this goal. Initial surveys of transplant programs have been given a relatively high priority in the state agency workload, but it is not definite that this high priority level will continue because CMS has revised state agency workload priorities in the past. Further, the priority level for reapproval surveys is not yet known; a lower priority could affect how frequently surveys occur. The last unresolved question concerns the OPTN’s and HRSA’s planned organ acceptance rate indicator, which as part of a set of activity-level indicators, could potentially improve the OPTN’s ability to detect transplant programs experiencing problems that prolong the time patients wait for transplants. According to the OPTN, the organ acceptance rate indicator for kidney and liver transplant programs has been developed but, as of February 2008, has not yet been implemented; HRSA officials expect the indicator to be in place within 1 year. HRSA and OPTN officials reported that they are considering developing organ acceptance rate indicators for transplant programs for other organ types. Before extending the indicator to other types of programs, however, the OPTN will first assess the effectiveness of the indicator at detecting potential problems at kidney and liver transplant programs, which perform larger volumes of transplants, and determine the feasibility of developing an indicator for programs with lower transplant volumes, such as heart and lung transplant programs. CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN have recognized the importance of sharing data on transplant programs with one another and have taken initial steps to share basic data. To help CMS assess programs’ compliance with its new Medicare requirements, the OPTN (through HRSA) is now sending CMS certain basic transplant program data on a quarterly basis. For example, the new Medicare regulations require transplant centers to be OPTN members, so the OPTN is providing data on the status of each transplant center’s membership in the OPTN. (See table 3.) While this basic data sharing represents progress, CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN have additional information resulting from their oversight activities that could be shared. The exchange of this information is important because CMS and the OPTN conduct different monitoring activities and, as a result, may have different information about transplant programs that could be relevant to each other. For example, while both CMS and the OPTN conduct on-site reviews of transplant programs, the OPTN’s on-site reviews focus largely on medical records review while CMS’s on-site surveys are more broadly scoped. If the OPTN determined during an on- site review that the medical urgency assigned to patients by a transplant program was not supported by its medical records, this information could be of interest to CMS if this practice inappropriately reduced the chances of others on the waiting list to receive a transplant. As another example, the OPTN and HRSA are working to put into place their organ acceptance rate indicator, which CMS officials said they would be interested in using. Information from CMS’s and the OPTN’s investigations could also be potentially important to share. For example, if CMS investigated a complaint from a patient about the length of time he or she had been waiting for a transplant and determined that the delay was caused by the program failing to update the patient’s health status, a violation of OPTN policy, the OPTN might want to flag the program for closer monitoring. CMS and HRSA have recognized the importance of sharing information from their oversight activities, but the agencies have not yet reached agreement on how they would do so. CMS submitted a draft proposal to HRSA in April 2007 describing how CMS and HRSA could potentially share information about organ transplant programs. CMS and HRSA officials have since discussed the initial proposal, including possible revisions, but their progress has been slow. As of February 2008, CMS and HRSA had yet to reach agreement or establish a time frame for doing so. According to HRSA officials it had taken the agencies several months to better understand each other’s oversight processes, and both agencies needed to further explore their information needs. CMS officials also indicated that further issues would need to be resolved before an agreement could be reached. As part of any agreement to share information from their oversight activities, CMS and HRSA will need to determine precisely what information from their oversight activities they will share and at what point in their oversight processes they will share it. CMS and HRSA have discussed but not resolved these issues: Nature of information to be shared. It will be important for CMS and HRSA to determine specifically what information they will share from their oversight activities. For example, while CMS’s initial proposal addressed how CMS and HRSA could share information from CMS’s and the OPTN’s investigations of serious complaints, such as those involving threats to patient health and safety, CMS and HRSA officials have since discussed whether to share information from all complaints. In addition, CMS and HRSA have not determined to what extent information from routine inspections, such as the OPTN’s on-site reviews and CMS’s on-site surveys, will be shared and at what level of detail. For example, CMS’s initial proposal called for CMS to notify the OPTN about its completed on- site surveys and to indicate whether the transplant program surveyed had a plan of correction, but it did not call for CMS to provide information on the deficiencies CMS found. HRSA officials have since expressed their interest in having this more detailed information. Timing of information sharing. A more difficult challenge that CMS and HRSA face is agreeing when to share information about potential problems at transplant programs. Officials from both CMS and HRSA consider the severity of the identified problem(s) with a program to be a key factor in determining the appropriate time for information sharing. In this regard, officials from both agencies stated a willingness to promptly share information on potentially serious problems. Agreeing on just when to exchange information on less serious problems has been more problematic for the agencies in part because of differences in their approaches to oversight. On the one hand, CMS officials emphasize their agency’s obligation to investigate any indications of noncompliance with Medicare requirements and prefer to be notified as soon as possible if the OPTN discovers a potential problem indicating noncompliance with Medicare CoPs. On the other hand, HRSA officials have emphasized that the viability and success of the OPTN’s performance improvement process depends upon transplant programs sharing openly about their practices or past events. HRSA officials contend that the possibility of such information being shared with CMS, a regulatory agency, could cause transplant programs to be less candid about discussing real or potential problems, making it more difficult for the OPTN to help them return to compliance. CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN recognize the gaps in oversight that existed when serious problems were exposed at transplant centers and have taken significant steps to strengthen federal oversight. The actions they have taken will help improve standards for transplant programs and should improve detection of potential problems. These actions include CMS’s issuance of new regulations that expand and update requirements for transplant programs. In addition, CMS plans to conduct on-site surveys of all transplant programs seeking initial Medicare approval under the new regulations and to regularly review certain transplant program data, which should reduce the chances of problems going undetected by the agency. Similarly, if the OPTN’s and HRSA’s efforts to develop and implement a set of activity-level indicators to detect problems that prolong the time patients wait for transplants are successful, the indicators will likely result in earlier detection of these more subtle problems. The full effect of these planned improvements, however, is unknown at this time, and much has yet to be accomplished. While surveyors have begun conducting on-site surveys for initial Medicare approval, CMS expects these surveys may take 3 years to complete. CMS is still in the process of designing its tracking system for transplant programs, and it is important that the system include mechanisms to check that transplant programs remain accurately classified in the CMS survey database over time. The OPTN and HRSA are working on implementing their set of activity-level indicators for kidney and liver transplant programs. It will be important for the OPTN and HRSA to implement the activity-level indicators to the extent feasible to provide improved monitoring tools to detect problems affecting patient access to transplants like those involved in the high-profile cases in 2005 and 2006. Attending to these areas is critical for effective oversight, and we encourage CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN to continue their efforts to implement these initiatives. Of more concern are two other issues. The first is how CMS will ultimately conduct on-site surveys for transplant programs seeking reapproval under the new Medicare regulations. Under the regulations, CMS may choose not to conduct such surveys for transplant programs meeting data submission, clinical experience, and outcomes requirements. Not conducting on-site reapproval surveys may limit CMS’s ability to monitor these transplant programs’ compliance with other Medicare CoPs, for example, whether transplant programs are providing required protections for living donors, and to detect problems like those involved in some of the high-profile cases. CMS has not yet developed a process to determine the scope of the transplant programs (number or type) to be included in reapproval surveys or the criteria for determining which, if any, transplant programs that meet the three requirements will receive such surveys. Given the potential importance of these reapproval surveys, we believe that having a methodology that ensures that CMS conducts surveys of at least some transplant programs meeting the three requirements is critical to maximize CMS’s opportunities to identify potential problems in a timely manner. We also have a concern about the pace of progress being made to share information about the oversight activities of CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN. Agency officials believe, as we do, that their ability to identify potential problems could be enhanced by sharing information resulting from their oversight activities. While CMS’s draft proposal for sharing such information is an important first step in reaching an agreement on this issue, CMS and HRSA have yet to finalize an agreement or establish a time frame for doing so. Without a definitive time frame for reaching agreement, there is increased risk that the negotiation process among these agencies could languish, and they could miss opportunities to detect and remedy problems with transplant programs. Furthermore, in developing an agreement, CMS and HRSA will need to fully articulate what types of information will be shared from their oversight activities and when they will share it. While we agree that there are challenges associated with reaching agreement on this issue, we also believe it is important to settle these issues and finalize a clear written agreement that maximizes information sharing as appropriate and better ensures that all parties are aware of critical information in time to take appropriate action. Once CMS and HRSA reach and implement an agreement, they may wish to periodically assess how effectively it is working for each of them to improve their oversight. To improve federal oversight of organ transplant programs, we recommend that the Secretary of Health and Human Services: (1) Direct the Administrator of CMS to develop a methodology for conducting on-site surveys of transplant programs seeking Medicare reapproval that ensures that at least some transplant programs meeting data submission, clinical experience, and outcomes requirements receive on-site surveys. (2) Direct the Administrators of CMS and HRSA to establish a time frame for finalizing an agreement for the agencies to share information resulting from CMS’s and the OPTN’s oversight activities. The agreement should, at a minimum, specify the types of information CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN will share and specify at what point in CMS’s and the OPTN’s oversight processes this information will be exchanged. We received comments on a draft of this report from HHS. (See app. II.) The department concurred with both of our recommendations and commented that CMS recognizes the need to increase its oversight of organ transplant programs. HHS agreed with our recommendation that CMS develop a methodology for conducting on-site surveys for Medicare reapproval to ensure that at least some programs meeting certain Medicare criteria are surveyed, noting that CMS has developed an initial framework for doing so but that its implementation will depend on the resources available for survey and certification activities. CMS highlighted several factors the agency may use as part of a methodology to determine survey frequencies for individual transplant programs, including prior survey results, program changes, program indicators, and the time interval since the last survey. HHS also agreed with our recommendation to establish a time frame for finalizing the agreement between HRSA and CMS to share information from their oversight activities, noting that HRSA and CMS have been working to develop and finalize such an agreement. Specifically, the department commented that CMS has conveyed a proposal to HRSA regarding the criteria and process that CMS would use in sharing information, and that CMS would like the agreement with HRSA to be finalized by June 30, 2008. HHS also noted that even though a formal agreement is not yet in place, CMS and HRSA have on several occasions already shared oversight information about particular programs. The department also provided technical comments, which we incorporated as appropriate. As arranged with your office, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution of it until 30 days after its date. At that time, we will send copies of this report to the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Administrators of CMS and HRSA, and appropriate congressional committees. We will also provide copies to others upon request. In addition, the report is available at no charge on the GAO Web site at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff members have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-7114 or williamsonr@gao.gov. GAO staff who made major contributions to this report are listed in appendix III. On March 30, 2007, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) published a final rule promulgating requirements for Medicare approval and reapproval of transplant centers to perform organ transplants. The regulations, which became effective June 28, 2007, delineate Medicare conditions of participation for heart, heart-lung, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, and pancreas transplant centers. Table 4 presents a summary of the key requirements for each condition of participation. In addition to the contact named above, Kim Yamane, Assistant Director; Emily Beller; Susannah Bloch; George Bogart; Manuel Buentello; Linda McIver; Colin Smith; Stanley Stenersen; and Suzanne Worth made key contributions to this report.

Summary: Media reports in 2005 and 2006 highlighted serious problems at organ transplant programs, calling attention to possible deficits in federal oversight. Two agencies in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) oversee organ transplant programs: the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) oversees transplant programs that receive Medicare reimbursement, and the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) oversees the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), which manages the nation's organ allocation system. GAO was asked to examine (1) federal oversight of transplant programs at the time the high-profile cases came to light in 2005 and 2006 and (2) changes that federal agencies have made or planned since then to strengthen oversight. GAO interviewed CMS, HRSA, and OPTN officials and reviewed agency documents and data and a CMS draft proposal for sharing information with HRSA. Limitations in federal oversight of organ transplant programs existed when high-profile problems came to light in 2005 and 2006. These high-profile cases included, for example, a transplant program that lacked a full-time surgeon for over a year and had been turning down organs offered for patients at markedly high rates. At that time, CMS did not actively monitor heart, liver, lung, and intestine transplant programs, relying instead primarily on complaints to detect problems. CMS periodically monitored kidney transplant programs through on-site inspections, known as surveys, but the surveys reviewed compliance with requirements that had not been substantially updated in decades and were limited in scope. In addition, some programs were not actively monitored. At the same time, the OPTN actively monitored transplant programs for many types of potential problems and worked with the programs to resolve identified problems. The OPTN's monitoring activities, however, were not sufficient to promptly detect certain problems that prolonged the time that patients waited for transplants, such as inadequate staffing at transplant programs. CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN have made or plan to make changes to strengthen their oversight of organ transplant programs, but the effectiveness of these changes will depend, in part, on implementation and information sharing by CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN. In 2006, after high-profile problems came to light, CMS began actively monitoring heart, liver, lung, and intestine transplant programs. In a more fundamental change, CMS published new regulations in 2007 that establish a single set of updated requirements for all Medicare-approved transplant programs and provide for periodic reviews of programs. The OPTN has been working with HRSA to develop and implement a set of indicators to better detect problems that prolong the time patients wait for transplants. However, neither CMS nor the OPTN has fully implemented these changes, and their full effect remains to be seen. In particular, CMS has not determined the extent to which it will conduct on-site surveys in its periodic reviews of programs for Medicare reapproval. Under the new regulations, CMS may choose not to conduct on-site reapproval surveys of programs meeting certain Medicare requirements. Not conducting these surveys may limit CMS's ability to monitor for compliance with other Medicare requirements and to detect problems like some of those involved in the high-profile cases. As of January 2008, CMS had not determined how it will choose which transplant programs to survey, if any, among those for which it has discretion. Further, while CMS, HRSA, and the OPTN recognize the value of sharing information about potential problems at transplant programs, how they will share additional information from their oversight activities has not been resolved. A definitive agreement between CMS and HRSA on this issue will better ensure that problems at transplant programs are detected and corrected in a timely manner.