In connection with the Strengthening DHS Management Functions high- risk area, we monitor DHS’s progress in the area of employee morale and engagement. In 2010, we identified, and DHS agreed, that achieving 30 specific outcomes would be critical to addressing the challenges within the department’s high-risk management areas. These 30 outcomes are the criteria by which we gauge DHS’s demonstrated progress. We rate each outcome on a scale of not-initiated, initiated, partially addressed, mostly addressed, or fully addressed. Several of these outcome criteria relate to human capital actions needed to improve employee morale. Specifically, we monitor DHS’s progress to: seek employees’ input on a periodic basis and demonstrate measurable progress in implementing strategies to adjust human capital approaches; base hiring decisions, management selections, promotions, and performance evaluations on human capital competencies and individual performance; enhance information technology security through improved workforce planning of the DHS cybersecurity workforce; and improve DHS’s FEVS scores related to employee engagement. Since we began monitoring DHS’s progress on these outcomes, DHS has worked to strengthen employee engagement through several efforts both at DHS headquarters and within its component agencies. In this statement, we discuss nine recommendations related to DHS employee engagement and workforce planning, eight of which have been implemented by the department. Within DHS, the Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer (OCHCO) is responsible for implementing policies and programs to recruit, hire, train, and retain DHS’s workforce. As the department-wide unit responsible for human capital issues within DHS, OCHCO also provides guidance and oversight related to morale issues to the DHS components. Seeking employees’ input and demonstrating progress to adjust human capital approaches. DHS, OCHCO, and the components have taken action to use employees’ input from the FEVS to inform and implement initiatives targeted at improving employee engagement. For example, in 2017 and 2018 DHS implemented our two recommendations for OCHCO and DHS components to establish metrics of success within their action plans for addressing employee satisfaction problems and to better use these plans to examine the root causes of morale challenges. DHS components have continued to develop these employee engagement action plans and several components report implementing initiatives to enhance employee engagement. For example, the U.S. Secret Service’s action plan details a sponsorship program for all newly hired and recently relocated employees. In addition, one division of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) used FEVS survey data to identify a need for increased engagement between employees and component leadership. ICE’s employee action plan includes goals with milestones, timelines, and metrics to improve this engagement through efforts such as leadership town halls and leadership site visits. At the headquarters level, DHS and OCHCO have also established employee engagement initiatives across the department. For example, DHS established initiatives for employees and their families that aim to increase awareness and access to support programs, benefits, and resources. Through another initiative—Human Resources (H.R.) Academy—DHS provides education, training, and career development opportunities to human resource professionals within the department. DHS uses an Employee Engagement Steering Committee to guide and monitor implementation of these DHS-wide employee engagement initiatives. As a result of these steps, among other actions, we have considered this human capital outcome area fully addressed since 2018. Basing hiring decisions and promotions on competencies and performance. OCHCO has conducted audits to better ensure components are basing hiring decisions and promotions on human capital competencies and individual performance and we have considered this outcome fully addressed since 2017. Our past work has highlighted the importance of selecting candidates based on qualifications, as doing otherwise can negatively affect morale. Working to ensure that components’ human capital decisions are based on performance and established competencies helps create a connection between individual performance and the agency’s success. Enhancing information technology security through improved workforce planning for cybersecurity positions. In February 2018, we made six recommendations to DHS to take steps to identify its position and critical skill requirements among its cybersecurity workforce. Since then, DHS has implemented all six recommendations. For example, in fiscal year 2019, regarding its cybersecurity position identification and coding efforts, we verified that DHS had identified individuals in each component who are responsible for leading those efforts, developed procedures, established a process to review each component’s procedures, and developed plans for reporting critical needs. However, DHS has not yet implemented a recommendation we made in March 2019 to review and correct its coding of cybersecurity positions and assess the accuracy of position descriptions. Specifically, we stated that DHS had not correctly categorized its information technology/cybersecurity/cyber-related positions. We noted that having inaccurate information about the type of work performed by 28 percent of the department’s information technology/cybersecurity/cyber-related positions is a significant impediment to effectively examining the department’s cybersecurity workforce, identifying work roles of critical need, and improving workforce planning. DHS officials stated that they plan to implement this recommendation by March 2020. As a result, this outcome remains mostly addressed. Until DHS accurately categorizes its positions, its ability to effectively identify critical staffing needs will be impaired. Improving FEVS scores on employee engagement. Since our last High-Risk report in March 2019, DHS has demonstrated additional progress in its employee engagement scores, as measured by the FEVS Employee Engagement Index (EEI). The EEI is one of three indices OPM calculates to synthesize FEVS data. The EEI measures conditions that lead to engaged employees and is comprised of three sub-indices related to employees’ views on leadership, supervisors, and intrinsic work experience. As a result of continued improvement on DHS’s EEI score, we have moved this outcome rating from partially addressed to mostly addressed based on DHS’s 2019 score. As shown in figure 1, DHS increased its EEI score across 4 consecutive years, from a low of 53 percent in 2015 to 62 percent in 2019. In particular, DHS improved its score by two points between 2018 and 2019 while the government average remained constant over the same period. With its 2019 score, DHS also regained the ground that it lost during an 8-point drop between 2010 and 2015. While DHS has made progress in improving its scores including moving toward the government average, it remains below the government average on the EEI and on other measures of employee morale. For example, in 2019 DHS remained six points below the government-wide average for the EEI. In addition to the EEI and other indices OPM calculates, the Partnership for Public Service uses FEVS data to produce an index of the Best Places to Work in the Federal Government®. The Partnership for Public Service’s analysis of FEVS data indicates low levels of employee satisfaction and commitment for DHS employees relative to other large federal agencies. In 2019, the Partnership for Public Service ranked DHS 17th out of 17 large federal agencies for employee satisfaction and commitment. Across the department, employee satisfaction scores vary by component. Some DHS components have EEI scores above the government average and rank highly on the Partnership for Public Service’s index. For example, the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services have EEI scores of 76 and 74, respectively, and rank 85th and 90th, respectively, out of 420 subcomponent agencies on the Partnership for Public Service’s index. Further, some DHS component agencies have improved their scores in recent years. The U.S. Secret Service raised its EEI score 7 points between 2018 and 2019, and it moved from the last place among all subcomponent agencies on the Partnership for Public Service’s Ranking in 2016 to 360th out of 420 subcomponent agencies in 2019. However, other DHS component agencies continue to rank among the lowest across the federal government in the Partnership for Public Service rankings of employee satisfaction and commitment. For example, in 2019 out of 420 subcomponent agencies across the federal government, the DHS Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction office ranked 420th, the DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis ranked 406th, and the Transportation Security Administration ranked 398th for employee satisfaction and commitment. As a result, continuing to increase employee engagement and morale remains important to strengthening DHS’s management functions and ability to implement its missions. DHS employee concerns about senior leadership, among other things, is one area that negatively affects DHS’s overall employee morale scores. In 2015, we identified effective management practices agencies can use to improve employee engagement across the government. One of these practices is the direct involvement of top leadership in organizational improvement efforts. When top leadership clearly and personally leads organizational improvement efforts, it provides an identifiable source for employees to rally around and helps processes stay on course. A DHS analysis of its 2012 FEVS scores indicated DHS low morale issues may persist because of employee concerns about senior leadership and supervisors, among other things, such as whether their talents were being well-used. Within the 2019 FEVS results for both DHS and government wide, leadership remains the lowest of the three sub-indices of the EEI. In addition, for several years DHS components have identified several root causes of engagement scores. For example, in 2019, the Transportation Security Administration identified the performance of managers, time constraints and understaffing, and lack of manager and leadership accountability for change as root causes of the component’s engagement scores in recent years. Another component, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, identified in 2019 that the areas of leadership performance, accountability, transparency, and training and development opportunities were 2018 engagement score root causes. We have previously reported that DHS’s top leadership, including the Secretary and Deputy Secretary, have demonstrated commitment and support for addressing the department’s management challenges. Continuing to identify and address the root causes of employee engagement scores and addressing the human capital management challenges we have identified in relation to the DHS management high- risk area could help DHS maintain progress in improving employee morale. Implementing our recommendation to review and correct DHS coding of cybersecurity positions and assess the accuracy of position descriptions will assist the department in identifying critical staffing needs. In addition, as we reported in May 2019, vacancies in top leadership positions could pose a challenge to addressing aspects of DHS’s high- risk area, such as employee morale. There are currently acting officials serving in ten positions requiring Senate confirmation. Filling vacancies—including top DHS leadership positions and the heads of operational components—with confirmed appointees, as applicable, could help ensure continued leadership commitment across DHS’s mission areas. We will continue to monitor DHS’s progress in strengthening management functions, and may identify additional actions DHS leadership could take to improve employee morale and engagement. In conclusion, DHS has made notable progress in the area of human capital management, specifically in improving employee engagement and morale, but still falls behind other federal agencies. It is essential for DHS to continue improving employee morale and engagement given their impact on agency performance and the importance of DHS’s missions. Continued senior leadership commitment to employee engagement efforts and filling critical vacancies could assist DHS in these efforts. Madam Chairwoman Torres Small, Ranking Member Crenshaw, and Members of the Subcommittee, this completes my prepared statement, I would be happy to respond to any questions that you may have at this time. If you or your staff have any questions concerning this statement, please contact Christopher P. Currie at (404) 679-1875 or curriec@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this statement. Key contributors to this statement were Alana Finley (Assistant Director), Mara McMillen (Analyst-in-Charge), Nina Daoud, Michele Fejfar, Andrew Howard, and Tom Lombardi. In addition, Colette Alexander, Richard Cederholm, Ben Crossley, Eric Essig, Laura Ann Holland, Tammi Kalugdan, Neelaxi Lakhmani, Shannin O’Neill, Kevin Reeves, John Sawyer, and Julia Vieweg made contributions to this statement. This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. The published product may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. However, because this work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately.

Summary: DHS is the third-largest cabinet-level department in the federal government, employing more than 240,000 staff in a broad range of jobs, including countering terrorism and homeland security threats, providing aviation and border security, emergency response, cybersecurity, and critical infrastructure protection. Since it began operations in 2003, DHS has faced challenges with low employee morale and engagement. Federal surveys have consistently found that DHS employees are less satisfied with their jobs compared to the average federal employee. For example, DHS's scores on the FEVS and the Partnership for Public Service's rankings of the Best Places to Work in the Federal Government® are consistently among the lowest for similarly-sized federal agencies. This statement addresses our past and ongoing work monitoring human capital management and employee morale at DHS and select work on employee engagement across the government. This statement is based on products GAO issued from September 2012 through May 2019 as well as GAO's ongoing efforts to monitor employee morale at DHS as part of GAO's high-risk work. For these products, GAO analyzed DHS strategies and other documents related to DHS's efforts to address its high-risk areas, interviewed DHS officials, conducted analyses of FEVS data, and interviewed officials from other federal agencies that achieved high employee engagement scores, among other things. GAO provided a copy of new information in this statement to DHS for review. DHS confirmed the accuracy of this information. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has undertaken initiatives to strengthen employee engagement through efforts at its component agencies and across the department. For example, at the headquarters level, DHS has instituted initiatives to improve awareness and access to support programs, benefits, and resources for DHS employees and their families. In 2019, DHS improved its employee engagement scores, as measured by the Office of Personnel Management's Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS)—a tool that measures employees' perceptions of whether and to what extent conditions characterizing successful organizations are present in their agency. As shown below, DHS increased its scores on a measure of employee engagement, the Employee Engagement Index (EEI), across 4 consecutive years, from a low of 53 percent in 2015 to 62 percent in 2019. While DHS has made progress in improving its scores, in 2019 it remained six points below the government-wide average for the EEI. For several years, DHS and its component agencies have identified root causes for their engagement scores including concerns about leadership accountability and understaffing, among others. This statement discusses nine recommendations related to DHS employee engagement and workforce planning. DHS implemented all but one of these recommendations—to review and correct its coding of cybersecurity positions and assess the accuracy of position descriptions. Finally, filling vacancies could help ensure continued leadership commitment across DHS's mission areas.