In 2015, the President signed Executive Order 13693, “Planning for Federal Sustainability in the Next Decade.” This executive order called for federal agencies to, among other things, advance waste prevention and pollution prevention in federal facilities, operations, and vehicles by diverting at least 50 percent of nonhazardous solid waste, including food and compostable material, but not construction and demolition debris, in their internal operations annually, and pursue opportunities for net-zero waste or additional diversion opportunities. In May 2018, Executive Order 13693 was revoked and replaced by Executive Order 13834, “Efficient Federal Operations,” which directed federal agencies to implement waste prevention and recycling measures but no longer included the specific direction to divert at least 50 percent of nonhazardous solid waste, including food and compostable material, annually or to pursue opportunities for net-zero waste or additional diversion opportunities. CEQ and OMB are responsible for implementing and tracking progress for these executive orders. Among its duties, EPA oversees municipal solid-waste management. For example, EPA regulates the management of household, industrial, and manufacturing solid and hazardous wastes under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The objectives of the act include protecting the United States from the hazards of waste disposal, to conserve energy and natural resources by recycling and recovery, and to minimize the generation of hazardous waste. However, the management of nonhazardous solid waste, such as food waste, is left primarily to the states and local governments. Under the act, EPA established solid- waste management guidelines for municipalities that encouraged recycling, including composting food and yard waste. EPA’s Sustainable Materials Management Program, including the Sustainable Management of Food strategic priority area, seeks to reduce the environmental impact of materials through their entire life cycle. Furthermore, available landfill space is decreasing in various parts of the United States; EPA’s FLW activities may help extend the life of those existing landfills and provide opportunities for energy generation. According to USDA officials, USDA has developed a broad range of programs and policies to reduce FLW as a means to support its overarching objectives related to reducing food insecurity, improving food safety, increasing market efficiencies, and enhancing farmer income and rural development. USDA also conducts education and outreach through its network of state and local offices, the Cooperative Extension Service, state Departments of Agriculture, land-grant university partners, and nongovernmental, nonprofit, community, and faith-based organizations. Additionally, the 2018 Farm Bill requires the Secretary of Agriculture to take a number of actions to address FLW: (1) create a FLW Reduction Liaison to coordinate federal, state, local, and nongovernmental programs, and other efforts, to measure and reduce the incidence of FLW; (2) conduct a study on food waste in consultation with the FLW Reduction Liaison and report data collected on food waste and efforts to reduce and prevent such waste; (3) issue guidance outlining the best practices to minimize food waste for donated commodities; (4) enter into cooperative agreements with local or municipal governments to develop and test strategies for planning and implementing municipal compost plans and food waste reduction plans; (5) establish a milk donation program to encourage the donation of milk products produced and processed in the United States, assist individuals in low-income groups, and reduce food waste; and (6) establish a Local Agriculture Market Program to, among other things, promote new business opportunities and marketing strategies to reduce on-farm food waste. Finally, FDA, which is responsible for, among other things, overseeing the safety of about 80 percent of the nation’s food supply, has a limited mission related to FLW. FDA was not involved with establishing the national FLW reduction goal in 2015 but, according to agency officials, has become more engaged in consumer education and outreach to the food industry, hunger relief and food rescue organizations, state and local governments, academia, and other stakeholders on issues related to FLW. By signing the 2018 formal agreement on collaboration and coordination with EPA and USDA, FDA has committed to taking further actions to reduce FLW. Definitions of FLW vary among the various organizations, including federal agencies, working in this area, which inform different methodologies for measuring and reporting FLW. For example, consistent with its focus on advancing the sustainable use of materials, including food, throughout their life cycle to minimize waste and environmental impacts, EPA uses the term “wasted food” instead of “food waste” for food that is not used for its intended purpose because it conveys that a resource with value is being wasted, whereas “food waste” implies that the food no longer has value and needs to be managed as waste. EPA states that “wasted food” is managed in a variety of ways, including through donations to food banks, conversion to animal feed, composting, anaerobic digestion, or sending it to landfills. In contrast, USDA’s Economic Research Service (ERS) defines food loss as edible food that is available for human consumption but that is not eaten. According to ERS, food losses may occur for any number of reasons, including cooking loss and natural shrinkage; loss from mold, pests, or inadequate climate control; and plate waste, which refers to edible food that is served but discarded. In addition, ERS defines food waste as a component of food loss that refers to food discarded by retailers and consumers due to quality concerns, such as blemished food. ERS takes this approach in support of its effort to estimate the nation’s available food supplies, which it adjusts to account for nonedible parts of foods and losses throughout the food supply chain. USDA has noted that definitions of FLW vary worldwide. For example, FAO differentiates food loss from food waste based on the stage of the food supply chain in which the amount of edible food decreased. FAO refers to food loss as the decrease in edible food that occurs throughout the production and processing stages of the food supply chain, whereas food waste occurs at retail and consumer stages of the food supply chain. These varying definitions have led to different methodologies for measuring and reporting FLW. For example, EPA estimates the amount of food from residences, commercial establishments (such as grocery stores), and institutional establishments (such as schools) that is disposed of through landfills or converted to energy, while ERS estimates the amount, value, and calories of postharvest food losses at the retail and consumer stages of the food supply chain. In addition, ERS and FAO FLW estimates do not include inedible parts, whereas, with its focus on materials management, EPA’s estimates do. FLW can occur across the entire food supply chain, occur at more than one stage (e.g., spoilage), or be unique to a specific stage, as seen in figure 1 below. However, the share of total FLW due to each of these causes is currently unknown, according to a USDA report. EPA’s Food Recovery Hierarchy, shown in figure 2 below, focuses on different options for reducing FLW. According to EPA, the top levels of the hierarchy are the best ways to reduce FLW because they create the most benefits for the environment, society, and the economy. Source reduction is the preferred option for reducing FLW because it provides the greatest benefits in terms of environmental sustainability. This is because growing food requires resources, such as land, water, fertilizer, and pesticides. In contrast, food that is sent to landfills generates greenhouse gases, such as methane. Prevention refers to reducing the amount of surplus food generated at any stage of the food supply chain. For example, businesses, such as restaurants, may prevent FLW through better planning and food preparation techniques. Diversion includes recovering food by donating edible food to feed hungry people or sending food scraps to feed animals. Diversion also includes recycling food scraps for industrial uses, such as waste-to- energy generation or anaerobic digestion, or for composting. Disposal refers to food that is sent to landfills, incinerators, or washed into sewers. According to USDA, some FLW is inevitable and, therefore, entirely eliminating FLW is unrealistic. For example, USDA ERS reports that there is a practical limit to how much FLW in the United States could be reduced, given different factors, such as food safety concerns, the perishability of foods, storage and temperature considerations, and risk management for production and marketing uncertainties, and resource constraints to recover uneaten food for another use, among others. According to USDA officials, to be successful, FLW reduction strategies should consider the economic incentives and disincentives faced by stakeholders across the food supply chain. Nonfederal stakeholders we interviewed cited various challenges that exist to reducing FLW in the United States. Through our analysis of those interviews, we identified three key areas: (1) limited data and information about the amounts and causes of FLW; (2) a lack of awareness and education about FLW; and (3) limited infrastructure and capacity, which can hamper efforts to reduce FLW. In some instances, the nonfederal stakeholders also provided their views for ways federal agencies could potentially address the identified challenge areas. Through interviews with nonfederal stakeholders, we identified limited data and information about the amounts and causes of FLW as a challenge to reducing FLW in the United States. For example, several stakeholders told us that data gaps associated with the different food supply-chain stages make it challenging to estimate FLW. For example: An international organization published a study in 2011 that included estimates of FLW by different regions and different stages of the food supply chain. The organization reported in its study that there were major data gaps in the knowledge of global FLW, such as the causes of FLW. Representatives of this organization told us that a challenge to measuring and estimating FLW is the lack of data on the various stages of the food supply chain. They are proposing a new methodology intended to help countries measure FLW along the supply chain in a cost-effective manner and monitor progress in reducing FLW. Researchers from two academic institutions told us there are challenges to estimating farm-production food losses. For example, researchers from one of these academic institutions told us that farm- production losses fluctuate from year to year based on changes in markets and growing conditions, such as weather, which can make estimating FLW more challenging. In addition, these researchers told us more information is needed about how different economic factors, such as the existence of secondary (alternative) markets to sell excess food, or changes in farming costs such as increases in labor costs, may influence FLW. One nonprofit organization reported that data at the farm-production stage of the food supply chain are limited, including data on what happens to some food at that stage. For example, there are limited data about whether produce that goes unsold is tilled back into the farmland, composted, or sent to a landfill. This nonprofit organization reported the limitations of its estimate of FLW across the food supply chain in the United States. For example, the nonprofit organization documented in its FLW estimate methodology that its farm-production FLW data analysis focused on estimating imperfect-produce rates, but noted that FLW may occur at this stage for a variety of reasons, including inclement weather, pests, or overproduction. It also documented that future research efforts could assess actual produce imperfection and loss rates for each produce type using geographical differences to improve estimate accuracy. Representatives from another nonprofit organization that has published an estimate of FLW told us there are data gaps about FLW along the food supply chain. For example, this nonprofit organization reported in 2017 that improved research is needed regarding farm- production data and FLW estimates of the consumer stage of the food supply stage. In addition, this nonprofit organization reported that one challenge is the absence of standardized measurement methodologies and common metrics to help entities representing all food supply-chain stages accurately estimate FLW, develop strategies to reduce FLW, and measure progress. In this report, they noted that federal agencies’ efforts to develop a mechanism to aggregate and disseminate FLW information as it is gathered by businesses and institutions, among others, would be beneficial to all stakeholders. Representatives of a third nonprofit organization stated that FLW measurement methodologies need to be tailored to the particular stages of the food supply chain and that the strategies to reduce FLW need to respond to the conditions associated with specific foods. Nonfederal stakeholders identified a lack of education and awareness about FLW as a challenge to reducing FLW. For example, an official from one state told us that there is a lack of awareness among various organizations about the benefits of preventing FLW. Specifically: One state official told us that there is a lack of awareness among food producers, businesses, and consumers about the benefits of preventing FLW. According to this official, to address this challenge the state developed a strategic action plan that prioritizes focusing upstream in the food supply chain to prevent FLW, as opposed to the more traditional focus on increasing FLW diversion, such as through composting. This official also told us that implementing organic waste (e.g., food waste or other plant and animal materials) bans, which prohibit specified waste generators from sending food waste to landfills, as several states are doing to reduce FLW, tends to promote FLW reduction activities further down on EPA’s Food Recovery Hierarchy. As a result, organic waste bans may contribute relatively little to reducing FLW or maximizing the benefits of such reductions. This official emphasized that additional steps are needed to increase awareness about the benefits of prioritizing prevention through shifts in supply chains, purchasing, and consumption patterns to reduce FLW. Officials from two states told us there is a lack of resources to support efforts to educate consumers about FLW. For example, one state official told us that the state agency has insufficient staff resources to do effective outreach regarding FLW, and current staff members do not yet have the expertise to fully educate and assist consumers and businesses about all options available to reduce FLW. Another state official told us that the state would like to do a state-wide social marketing campaign to disseminate education and information about FLW to household consumers, but the state lacks sufficient resources to launch such an effort. Representatives of a nonprofit food donation organization identified a lack of education and awareness about date labeling as one of the challenges to reducing FLW. For example, the representatives told us that consumer confusion about date labels may be an impediment to reducing FLW among consumers. However, in these representatives’ view, reducing date labeling confusion is unlikely to lead to additional food donations. In addition, an academic institution representative, in collaboration with other authors, reported that a driver of household FLW is consumer confusion over date labels and conducted a survey to gain information about consumer perceptions of date labels. They concluded from their research that increasing consumer education on the meaning of date labels can help to reduce FLW. A representative of a nonprofit food donation organization told us that education and awareness about liability protections and compliance are lacking for various potential food donors and may hinder some food producers from donating food and, by extension, reducing FLW. Through interviews with nonfederal stakeholders, we identified that limited infrastructure and capacity is a challenge that can hamper efforts to reduce FLW. For example: Representatives of a nonprofit food donation organization that receives food donations cited a lack of sufficient capacity and logistical support to collect and distribute available food. For example, representatives told us that food pantries may not have a sufficient volunteer workforce or enough food storage capacity to be able to distribute all donated food to needy people. Food industry representatives told us that businesses have infrastructure limitations, such as a lack of transportation options to deliver excess food to food pantries or composting facilities. For example, representatives told us that if such facilities were available, food scraps, such as produce peels, could be used as animal feed or composted. However, if the infrastructure to utilize these options is not available, the companies generating the FLW may opt to send it to landfills instead. An official from one state told us that the state does not have access to the infrastructure and capacity needed to separate contaminants in order to be able to divert FLW for other uses, such as animal feed, composting, or anaerobic digestion. For example, this state official told us that the state does not have access to the necessary equipment to separate plastic and other packaging materials from food waste in order to be able to process FLW through anaerobic digesters. Officials of another state provided a study stating that removing packaging from food waste can be an obstacle to successful FLW diversion and that separation of food waste for composting or other diversion can be costly. In addition, a representative of one international organization told us that federal agencies could facilitate a collaborative approach with industry stakeholders to develop voluntary industry standards on food packaging materials and food portion sizes to help reduce FLW in the United States. Officials from another state told us that a lack of food recycling infrastructure limits their ability to enforce the state’s organic waste ban and reduce FLW. A state official told us that the state has one anaerobic digester facility to process food waste, but additional recycling infrastructure would be needed statewide to enable food waste generators, such as hospitals or schools, to recycle their food waste instead of sending it to landfills. Since announcing the national FLW reduction goal in 2015, EPA and USDA have taken initial actions to address challenges in the three key areas that nonfederal stakeholders identified to reduce FLW. For example, EPA and USDA have taken actions to provide improved data and information about FLW in the United States; educate and increase awareness of FLW along the food supply chain; and expand the infrastructure and capacity to support efforts to reduce FLW. EPA and USDA have provided some data and information about FLW in the United States. Specifically: In a 2018 report, EPA published trends of food waste materials generation, among other materials, and provided updated information about municipal solid waste being generated, recycled or composted, landfilled, and combusted with energy recovery using 2015 data from residential, commercial, and institutional sources. According to EPA, food waste represents the largest percentage of landfilled material in municipal solid waste, as seen in figure 3 below. EPA relies on gathering these data on food waste generation and management from studies conducted by other organizations, such as state and local governments and food waste generators. EPA measures certain FLW diversion activities (i.e., divert food to a destination other than landfill or incineration). For example, in September 2018 EPA completed an effort to quantify the number and capacity of anaerobic digestion facilities in the United States. EPA also aggregates and publishes data submitted by EPA’s Food Recovery Challenge program participants on recycling fats, oils, and grease, which may otherwise be disposed of through wastewater. For example, participating restaurants may submit data on the amount of fats from their fryer grease containers that they send for recycling through rendering, conversion to biofuels, or to an anaerobic digester. In addition, EPA develops estimates of food waste composting based on a review of state environmental agency websites, as well as published reports. EPA updates its FLW estimates annually. EPA officials stated that these annual estimates are the most comprehensive annual estimates of generated and managed FLW and that EPA plans to use these estimates to track progress. However, EPA officials acknowledged certain limitations in using these estimates to track annual progress against the 2030 goal. For example, EPA officials stated that data challenges include limited studies available for some sectors and the lack of geographic coverage, among others. EPA is taking steps to improve its FLW estimates. For example, officials stated that in 2017 EPA embarked on an effort to improve its food measurement methodology to reflect all potential FLW generating sectors for which there are data, and to characterize how food is being managed beyond composting and landfill. USDA has also provided some data and information about FLW at various stages of the food supply chain in the United States since 2015. Specifically: ERS is working on initiatives to refine and improve its data system in order to support its ongoing efforts to estimate FLW at the retail and consumer stages of the food supply chain. For example, USDA officials told us they are developing a proposal for an external expert panel to analyze food loss estimates at the consumer stage of the food supply chain and make recommendations for data updates. In addition, USDA officials told us that work is under way to update the retail-level loss estimates of selected foods. In addition, in December 2017, ERS initiated work on a study to identify gaps in information about farm-level FLW. According to ERS officials, as part of the study, ERS will describe the existing data- collection challenges and address the economic factors that influence farmers’ decisions as they relate to FLW at the farm level. For example, one factor could involve a farmer deciding to plow excess produce into the fields instead of harvesting or processing the crop if the potential additional labor or operations costs exceed the potential revenue. One senior ERS official told us that ERS expects to issue the study by the end of calendar year 2019. Additionally, ERS officials told us that USDA could use the final study to inform USDA’s policy approaches to reducing FLW. For example, the report may inform USDA’s efforts to assist farmers in implementing best practices in reducing FLW and expanding market opportunities for imperfect fruits and vegetables or excess harvest. USDA’s National Institute for Food and Agriculture has provided grant funding to projects related to FLW. For example, the institute awarded a grant in 2018 to an academic institution to study the effect of secondary markets as alternative channels for usable food. To advance the research mission of the agency, among other reasons, USDA has a memorandum of understanding with the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research, an organization that Congress authorized as part of the 2014 Farm Bill. The Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research conducts research in six defined challenge areas, including one area that focuses research on inefficiencies in the food system, such as FLW. EPA and USDA have taken some actions to educate and build awareness about FLW in the United States since announcing the national FLW reduction goal in 2015. For example, EPA published its Sustainable Materials Management Program Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2017-2022 in October 2015. One of the plan’s three strategic priority areas is Sustainable Food Management, which includes an action area of promoting opportunities to reduce wasted food and the food’s associated effects over the entire food supply-chain life cycle with a preference for using approaches that are higher on the agency’s Food Recovery Hierarchy. EPA’s strategic plan describes delivering tools and education; working with states and local communities to help provide regional or sector-based support; and sharing best practices on wasted-food reduction efforts. In addition to the planned actions identified in the Sustainable Food Management area, EPA has also provided the following FLW education and awareness tools, among others: Food: Too Good to Waste. This community-based social marketing campaign, implementation guide, and toolkit aim to reduce wasteful household food management practices and keep FLW out of landfills. The toolkit is designed for community organizations, local governments, households, and others interested in reducing wasteful household food management practices. The implementation guide is designed to teach local governments and community organizations how to implement a Food Too Good to Waste campaign in their community using the toolkit. In a 2016 report, EPA listed 17 communities in various states, including Rhode Island and Vermont, that had implemented Food Too Good to Waste campaigns and, as part of this implementation, could use outreach and engagement tools adaptable to the needs of their communities based on their available resources. The campaigns focused on helping households make small shifts in how they shop, prepare, and store food to prevent it from being wasted. Waste Reduction Model. According to the agency’s website, EPA created this tool to help solid-waste planners and organizations track greenhouse gas emissions reductions from several different waste- management practices, including source reduction, recycling, anaerobic digestion, combustion, composting, and landfilling. For example, a food service establishment can use the tool to create an estimate of the greenhouse gas savings associated with decreasing the amount of bread and produce landfilled. Tip sheets. EPA developed tip sheets about reducing FLW for different sectors involved in the food supply chain, including manufacturers and restaurants, to emphasize FLW prevention options. EPA officials told us that they make these tip sheets available online on the agency’s website and attend conferences to disseminate information. For example, the officials said that they attended the Midwest Food Recovery Summit in September 2018 and provided these tip sheets at the EPA information booth during the conference. In addition, USDA has been involved in the following FLW reduction efforts to raise awareness and educate various stakeholders along the food supply chain: FLW roundtable meeting. In May 2018, the Secretary of Agriculture hosted a roundtable meeting with members of Congress, food industry representatives, and nonprofit groups to raise awareness about FLW and discuss potential solutions. FoodKeeper application. In 2015, USDA, in partnership with Cornell University and the Food Marketing Institute, launched the FoodKeeper application, a tool to provide consumers with specific storage advice, including storage timelines for the refrigerator and freezer for food and beverage items. USDA officials stated that the agency updated the application in October 2018 to include various features including searching for food and beverages in Spanish and increasing the number of food items with storage information. USDA has continued to highlight the FoodKeeper application as part of USDA and EPA’s Food Waste Challenge effort to help educate consumers to reduce FLW. Infographic. Also in 2015, the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion issued an infographic, “Let’s Talk Trash,” to help inform American consumers about the benefits of reducing FLW, as shown in figure 4. USDA made the infographic available on its www.choosemyplate.gov website, which includes additional resources to help consumers think about the amount of FLW at home. Strategies for schools. In 2015, USDA’s Food and Nutrition Service issued a summary of strategies for schools to reduce FLW that included a list of resources to encourage FLW diversion by donating uneaten food to nonprofit institutions and information about composting. The Food and Nutrition Service also recommended that schools introduce “share tables” into cafeterias so that students could exchange unwanted but otherwise edible food items. In June 2016, USDA issued a memorandum to remind states’ Child Nutrition Program directors of the opportunities to use share tables to reduce FLW in a number of Child Nutrition Programs, such as the National School Lunch Program. In July 2016, the Food and Nutrition Service issued guidance directed at school staff members and students, among others, with tips to prevent FLW, including encouraging students to use share tables. To further provide information, raise awareness, and educate different stakeholders along the food supply chain, EPA and USDA have collaborated on the following FLW reduction efforts: A Guide to Conducting Student Food Waste Audits. In 2017, EPA, USDA, and the University of Arkansas collaborated to create this guide for students and school personnel about the amount of FLW in their cafeterias. The guide provides information on why and how to do a food waste audit and what to do with the data collected. It also offers FLW prevention ideas. Public/private partnerships. EPA and USDA support public/private partnerships to provide key information, solutions, and best practices to reduce FLW across the food supply chain. For example, EPA and USDA established the U.S. Food Loss and Waste 2030 Champions initiative in November 2016 as a way to increase efforts to meet the national FLW reduction goal. This 2030 Champions initiative recognizes organizations that have committed to cutting FLW in their own operations in half by 2030 and encourages Champions to report on their progress. In May 2018, EPA hosted a public webinar to highlight the actions of three 2030 Champions to share best practices, tools, and resources these organizations created to prevent food from going to waste. In March 2019, USDA officials told us that eight additional businesses have joined the 15 Champions involved in the initiative since its launch. In addition, EPA and USDA also support Further With Food, an online hub developed by EPA, USDA, and 10 other organizations that provides information and solutions to raise public awareness and reduce FLW. Participation in external conferences. EPA and USDA have conducted outreach, including through participation in conferences and seminars, and have disseminated resources related to FLW. For example, EPA and USDA each sent an official to attend and present at the National Academies of Science’s Reducing Food Loss and Waste: A Workshop on Impacts in October 2018. USDA officials told us they helped fund this workshop and helped develop the workshop’s objectives, which were to explore the effects of reducing FLW on food availability and other factors; to examine the role of governments, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector in adopting best practices to improve the benefits and reduce the costs of reducing FLW; and to discuss opportunities for partnerships to address FLW. USDA has also collaborated with FDA to address FLW. For example, USDA and FDA are both on the Executive Board of the Conference for Food Protection, an organization that brings together representatives from the food industry, government, academia, and consumer organizations to identify and address emerging problems of food safety. In April 2016, this group released a Comprehensive Resource for Food Recovery Programs to reduce FLW through the recovery of consumable food. This report is intended to assist stakeholders involved in the recovery, distribution, or service of food to people who are food insecure. The report references the national food standards at the retail level, as expressed in the FDA Food Code, to minimize the occurrence of risk factors that contribute to foodborne illness. FDA contributed to the submission of an issue to the 2018 Biennial Meeting of the Conference for Food Protection that sought to promote uniformity in the way in which state and local governments regulate food donation and recovery operations in retail and foodservice establishments. In addition, FDA has disseminated information to the public about strategies to reduce FLW while maintaining food safety and has referred to USDA’s FoodKeeper application as a resource for learning how to store perishable food and employ safe storage practices. EPA and USDA have each taken some actions to increase infrastructure and capacity to support efforts to reduce FLW in the United States. EPA has taken some actions to increase infrastructure and capacity to reduce FLW in the United States. For example: Technical assistance. EPA provides technical assistance to state and local governments in developing anaerobic digestion projects, a technology to process wasted food that is more desirable than landfilling or incineration, according to EPA’s Food Recovery Hierarchy. Excess Food Opportunities Map. EPA’s Excess Food Opportunities Map displays the locations of more than 500,000 industrial, commercial, and institutional food generators that may potentially produce excess food and more than 4,000 potential recipients of that excess food. The map also provides information at the specific establishment–level, including estimates of excess food generation that may help users identify alternatives to sending excess food to landfills. The map helps users identify potential infrastructure gaps for managing excess food, inform FLW management decisions at the local level, and identify potential sources of food for rescue and reuse, among other purposes. An EPA official told us that the communication plan for the launch of the Excess Food Opportunities Map included a webinar announcing the map in July 2018 and providing presentations about the map at various conferences, including during the National Academies Reducing Food Loss and Waste Workshop in October 2018. The official also stated that emails about the map were sent to over 13,000 people and approximately 700 people attended the webinar EPA hosted in July 2018. Recycling infrastructure. EPA’s Sustainable Materials Management program’s strategic plan describes EPA’s role in providing states, businesses, and other stakeholders with, among other things, tools, guidelines, and technical support to more effectively manage waste, including by helping increase recycling infrastructure. In May 2018, EPA cohosted a recycling infrastructure workshop to identify solutions for creating infrastructure for anaerobic digestion and composting. In addition, EPA officials told us that the agency is in the process of updating its recycling guide for state and local governments and they anticipate completing it by the end of 2020. USDA also has taken some actions to increase infrastructure and capacity to reduce FLW in the United States. For example: Food programs. USDA officials told us that USDA food programs, such as The Emergency Food Assistance Program, support efforts to feed people and to provide access to affordable and nutritious food. For example, food donation organizations that are recipients of program funds may use these funds to pay the direct expenses associated with the distribution of USDA foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and beans. New FLW-reduction technologies. USDA’s Agricultural Research Service has various research programs, including one to enhance the quality and utilization of agricultural products. Potential benefits listed as part of this research program are minimizing food product losses and reducing FLW through the development of farm production technologies, such as the development of an apple-sorting system that will help reduce apple harvest losses. According to USDA officials, most of the innovations of this research program involve creating value-added products from “ugly produce” or from food processing byproducts, such as orange peel or mushroom-stalk waste, or creating new technologies to prolong the shelf life of food products. Meat and poultry donation rules. USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service issued a directive that outlines procedures for donating certain meat and poultry products to nonprofit organizations. The Food Safety and Inspection Service has also begun, under certain circumstances, to recognize food banks as “retail-type” establishments, which allows food banks to break down bulk shipments of federally inspected meat or poultry products, wrap or rewrap those products, and label the products for distribution to consumers. In one case, this recognition enabled a nonprofit organization engaged in food donations to gain 2.6 million pounds of food donations from manufacturers in 2016, according to USDA documents. Grant funding. USDA’s Rural Utilities Service has provided some funding to support FLW reduction infrastructure in rural communities. For example, USDA awarded a 2016 USDA Rural Utilities Service Solid Waste Management grant to the University of Iowa’s Waste Reduction Center, which has worked toward addressing the issue of FLW disposal. More recently, in 2018, USDA awarded a solid-waste management grant to the Center for EcoTechnology, a nonprofit that provides technical assistance to implement FLW diversion programs. Low-interest loans. USDA’s Farm Storage Facility Loan Program provides low-interest loans for producers to store, handle, and transport the food they produce. The loans are designed to assist a diverse range of farming operations, including small and midsized businesses and operations supplying local food and farmers markets. The program helps keep food from being damaged by pests or inclement weather, among other things, so that more food can reach store shelves. Funding for renewable energy systems. USDA’s Rural Energy for America Program provides grants and loan guarantees to farmers, ranchers, and eligible small businesses to install renewable energy and energy-efficiency systems. For example, according to a Rural Energy for America Program Fact Sheet, funds may be used for the purchase, installation, and construction of renewable energy systems, such as anaerobic digesters. In a 2016 USDA Rural Development report, USDA provided examples of anaerobic digesters that use FLW to produce a biogas that is converted into energy. EPA and USDA have each taken some actions to plan and organize their efforts toward achieving the national FLW reduction goal, such as issuing strategic plans and establishing working groups. Additionally, EPA, USDA, and FDA signed a joint agency formal agreement in October 2018 aimed at increasing collaboration and coordination among the agencies on FLW reduction efforts. EPA, USDA, and FDA only recently initiated their interagency collaboration on FLW reduction efforts toward achieving the national FLW reduction goal, but have not yet taken certain steps that align with key practices for interagency collaboration. EPA has taken actions to guide its own efforts toward achieving the national FLW reduction goal. For example, in 2015, EPA issued a strategic plan that included a strategic priority area of sustainable food management. Subsequently, EPA developed an internal planning document (U.S. EPA Sustainable Management of Food Strategy, Fiscal Year 2018-2022). This planning document established action areas, goals, and activities for reducing FLW to achieve the national FLW reduction goal. For example, the plan identified five action areas, including addressing data and measurement issues, collaboration and partnerships, technical assistance, infrastructure and capacity, and communication and outreach. According to EPA officials, the agency intends to use the plan to track its progress and measure results towards the national FLW reduction goal. USDA has also taken actions to guide its own efforts toward achieving the national FLW reduction goal. For example, according to USDA officials, the department established a FLW working group in 2015 that currently meets on a monthly basis. According to officials from the Office of the Chief Economist and ERS, the department also designated an individual within the Office of the Chief Economist to guide USDA’s FLW efforts. In addition, in March 2016, the National Institute for Food and Agriculture’s Pilot Science Outcome Committee on Environmental Sustainability identified FLW as a top science priority area to address environmental sustainability. According to the committee, FLW is an integral component of environmental sustainability, and mitigating FLW has the potential to create economic, environmental, and social benefits while contributing to food security, resource conservation, and the mitigation of climate change. Furthermore, EPA and USDA have contributed to the work of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, an intergovernmental organization established by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States to facilitate effective cooperation on the conservation, protection, and enhancement of the environment in their territories. The organization has an initiative to identify challenges, opportunities, and solutions related to increasing organic waste diversion and processing capacity in North America. This organization issued a report in 2017 about, among other things, the management of organic waste and best practices for reducing FLW and diverting other organic waste materials away from landfills. EPA is on the steering committee for this effort. According to an EPA announcement in March 2019, the commission issued a practical guide and technical report on FLW measurement. Moreover, in October 2018, the Secretary of Agriculture hosted a public meeting to promote FLW reduction. During this meeting, EPA, USDA, and FDA signed a formal interagency agreement referred to by the agencies as the Winning on Reducing Food Waste initiative. Under this 2-year agreement, the agencies committed to developing an interagency strategic plan to increase collaboration and coordination among the agencies on their FLW reduction efforts. According to the agreement, this additional collaboration is intended to strategically align each agency’s efforts to better educate Americans on the impacts of reducing FLW. The agencies also agreed to, where appropriate, educate actors throughout the supply chain on the best practices to reduce FLW in the growing, manufacturing, transporting, selling, and disposing of food and the handling, preparation, and storage of food, as well as creating new uses for excess food. The formal agreement mentions public-private partnerships and, according to EPA officials, the agencies intend to use the views of stakeholders in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors to inform their strategic plan. According to EPA officials, the agencies intend to discuss common goals and to identify additional initiatives as appropriate to achieve the national FLW reduction goal. In announcing this initiative, the Secretary of Agriculture affirmed the importance of reducing FLW by saying that “an unacceptable percentage of our food supply is lost or wasted” and that “as the world’s population continues to grow and the food systems continue to evolve, now is the time for action to educate consumers and businesses alike on the need for food waste reduction.” In addition, the FDA Commissioner stated that “by taking steps to address obstacles that food donation and recovery programs may face in giving unsold foods a second opportunity and helping food producers find ways to recondition their products so that they can be safely sold or donated, our aim is to both reduce food waste and nourish Americans in need.” In April 2019, the agencies held a public event to announce their Winning on Reducing Food Waste Federal Interagency Strategy. This strategic plan identified six prioritized action areas for activities to reduce FLW. For example, the agencies plan to, among other things, increase consumer education and outreach efforts; increase coordination and guidance on FLW measurement; and clarify and communicate information on food safety, food date labels, and food donations. In addition, the agencies signed a formal agreement with ReFED to, among other things, better evaluate and improve upon strategies to reduce FLW. For example, according to the 2019 agreement, the agencies and ReFED intend to leverage existing partnerships to advance data-collection and measurement activities related to FLW. Finally, EPA announced that it had selected three recipients to receive EPA funding to support infrastructure projects to help reduce FLW and divert FLW from landfills. In our prior work, we have found that key practices to enhance and sustain interagency collaboration include agreeing on roles and responsibilities and developing mechanisms to monitor, evaluate, and report on results. In addition, we have found that key practices for agency collaboration call for clearly defining short- and long-term outcomes. Furthermore, such interagency efforts benefit from identifying how leadership commitment will be sustained. Lastly, we identified a key practice that calls for ensuring that the relevant stakeholders have been included in the collaborative effort. This collaboration can include other federal agencies, state and local entities, and private and nonprofit organizations. According to the strategic plan, the agencies built on information from several sources, including prior GAO work on implementing interagency collaborative mechanisms, to develop the Winning on Reducing Food Waste Federal Interagency Strategy. However, this strategic plan does not align with certain key practices for interagency collaboration. For example, the first priority area identified in the strategic plan is to enhance interagency collaboration, and the strategic plan states that an interagency, collaborative mechanism will be established to reduce programmatic redundancies and leverage complementary activities. However, the strategic plan does not identify how this mechanism will be used to monitor, evaluate, or report on results, establish a time frame for developing this collaborative mechanism, or describe how the agencies will engage relevant stakeholders, such as other federal, state, and local agencies, nonprofit organizations, academic institutions, food industry entities, international organizations, and tribal organizations. In addition, several of the strategic plan’s priority areas address specific aspects of reducing FLW, such as encouraging FLW reduction by federal agencies in their respective facilities. However, the strategic plan does not identify the roles and responsibilities of the respective agencies for taking action in these areas and it does not clearly define what specific short- and long- term outcomes the agencies intend to achieve. Furthermore, the agencies have not identified how they intend to sustain leadership commitment to this goal. For example, the Winning on Reducing Food Waste formal interagency collaborative agreement is a 2-year agreement among the agencies, but the national FLW reduction goal calls for reducing FLW by half by 2030, which falls well beyond this 2-year time frame. According to a USDA official, the agencies do not have plans for how they will continue their interagency collaboration beyond the life of the current agreement. This official noted that the agencies do not intend to update the strategic plan for the duration of the 2-year agreement and that the agencies will release more information to the public about specific actions and timelines as it becomes available. By incorporating leading practices for interagency collaboration as they implement their interagency strategic plan, EPA, USDA, and FDA would have better assurance that they are effectively collaborating toward achieving the national FLW reduction goal. Achieving the national FLW reduction goal could provide significant economic, environmental, and social benefits to the United States, such as helping to lower consumer expenses, reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions, and providing additional meals to feed food-insecure people through increased food donations. This is an important issue that requires action across the food supply chain and collaboration among federal agencies and nonfederal stakeholders, such as states and businesses. EPA and USDA have taken steps to develop programs and policies that aim to reduce FLW and to collaborate on their various initiatives. In addition, EPA, USDA, and FDA have taken some actions to plan and organize their efforts toward achieving the national goal of reducing FLW by half by 2030, including announcing an interagency strategic plan to reduce FLW. However, this strategic plan does not align with key practices in interagency collaboration that we have identified, such as agreeing on roles and responsibilities; developing mechanisms to monitor, evaluate, and report on results; clearly defining short- and long- term outcomes; identifying how leadership commitment will be sustained; and ensuring that the relevant stakeholders have been included in the collaborative effort. By incorporating such leading practices for interagency collaboration as they implement their interagency strategic plan, EPA, USDA, and FDA would have better assurance that they are effectively collaborating toward achieving the national FLW reduction goal. We are making three recommendations to the agencies in our review. Specifically: The Administrator of EPA should work with the Commissioner of FDA and Secretary of Agriculture to incorporate leading collaboration practices as they implement their interagency FLW reduction strategic plan, to include (1) agreeing on roles and responsibilities; (2) developing mechanisms to monitor, evaluate, and report on results; (3) clearly defining short- and long-term outcomes; (4) identifying how leadership commitment will be sustained; and (5) ensuring that the relevant stakeholders have been included in the collaborative effort. (Recommendation 1) The Commissioner of FDA should work with the Administrator of EPA and Secretary of Agriculture to incorporate leading collaboration practices as they implement their interagency FLW reduction strategic plan, to include (1) agreeing on roles and responsibilities; (2) developing mechanisms to monitor, evaluate, and report on results; (3) clearly defining short- and long-term outcomes; (4) identifying how leadership commitment will be sustained; and (5) ensuring that the relevant stakeholders have been included in the collaborative effort. (Recommendation 2) The Secretary of Agriculture should work with Administrator of EPA and Commissioner of FDA to incorporate leading collaboration practices as they implement their interagency FLW reduction strategic plan, to include (1) agreeing on roles and responsibilities; (2) developing mechanisms to monitor, evaluate, and report on results; (3) clearly defining short- and long-term outcomes; (4) identifying how leadership commitment will be sustained; and (5) ensuring that the relevant stakeholders have been included in the collaborative effort. (Recommendation 3) We provided a draft of this report to EPA, USDA, and the Department of Health and Human Services for review and comment. We also provided CEQ and OMB a draft of this report for review. In its comments, reproduced in appendix I, EPA agreed with our recommendation to the agency and described current and future actions to implement the recommendation. Similarly, in its comments, reproduced in appendix II, USDA agreed with our recommendation to it and described current and future actions to implement the recommendation. In addition, in its comments, reproduced in appendix III, the Department of Health and Human Services concurred with our recommendation to it and described current and future actions to implement the recommendation. USDA and CEQ provided technical comments, which we incorporated as appropriate. In response to our recommendations, EPA, USDA, and the Department of Health and Human Services said that they will work with each other to incorporate leading collaboration practices as they implement the interagency FLW reduction strategic plan. Both EPA and USDA also stated that they intend to complete implementation of their respective recommendations by October 2020, to align with the duration of the 2- year formal agreement between EPA, USDA, and FDA. The Department of Health and Human Services stated that FDA issued a letter to the food industry supporting the industry’s efforts to standardize voluntary quality date labeling. We are sending copies of this report to the appropriate congressional committees, the Administrator of EPA, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Director of OMB, the Chair of CEQ, and other interested parties. In addition, the report will be available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff members have any questions concerning this report, please contact me at (202) 512-3841 or morriss@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix IV. In addition to the contact named above, Anne K. Johnson (Assistant Director), Joseph Capuano (Analyst in Charge), David Bennett, Carol Bray, Tara Congdon, Juan Garay, Serena Lo, Greg Marchand, Jordan Mettica, Oliver Richard, Dan Royer, Marie Suding, Kiki Theodoropoulos, and Sarah Veale made key contributions to this report.

Summary: The Natural Resources Defense Council reported that in the United States up to 40 percent of the food supply goes uneaten. FLW has significant economic, environmental, and social effects on various stakeholders, including businesses and consumers. In 2015, EPA and USDA announced a national goal to reduce FLW in the United States by half by 2030. In 2018, FDA joined EPA and USDA in these efforts. GAO was asked to examine efforts by federal agencies to reduce FLW. This report (1) describes nonfederal stakeholder views on key challenges to reducing FLW in the United States, (2) describes actions EPA and USDA have taken to address key challenges to reducing FLW in the United States, and (3) examines federal planning efforts toward achieving the national FLW reduction goal. GAO reviewed federal reports on FLW; analyzed agency documents; interviewed officials from EPA, FDA, USDA, and states and representatives of nonfederal stakeholders, such as academic institutions, industry, international organizations, nonprofit organizations, and a tribal organization, based on their demonstrated expertise on FLW; and attended conferences on FLW. GAO identified three key areas in which challenges exist to reducing food loss and waste (FLW) in the United States: (1) limited data and information about FLW; (2) a lack of awareness and education about FLW; and (3) limited infrastructure and capacity. For example, the causes of FLW vary across the stages of the food supply chain (see figure), but the share of total FLW due to each of these causes is currently unknown, according to a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) report. GAO identified these challenges through interviews with selected stakeholders. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and USDA have taken initial actions to address key challenges to reducing FLW in the United States since announcing a national FLW reduction goal in 2015. These actions include conducting a study to identify gaps in information about farm-level FLW and building public awareness about ways to reduce FLW. EPA, USDA, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have taken some actions to plan and organize their efforts toward achieving the national FLW reduction goal. For example, EPA developed an internal plan that established action areas, goals, and activities for reducing FLW, and USDA designated an individual to guide USDA's FLW efforts. In October 2018, EPA, USDA, and FDA signed an interagency agreement committing them to developing a strategic plan to improve their collaboration and coordination in reducing FLW. In April 2019, the agencies announced an interagency strategic plan with prioritized action areas to reduce FLW, but this strategic plan does not address how it will incorporate key practices for interagency collaboration that GAO identified, including (1) agreeing on roles and responsibilities; (2) developing mechanisms to monitor, evaluate, and report on results; (3) clearly defining short- and long-term outcomes; (4) identifying how leadership commitment will be sustained; and (5) ensuring that the relevant stakeholders have been included in the collaborative effort. By incorporating such practices as they implement their interagency strategic plan, EPA, USDA, and FDA would have better assurance that they were effectively collaborating toward achieving the national FLW reduction goal. GAO is making three recommendations in this report. GAO is recommending that EPA, FDA, and USDA incorporate leading collaboration practices as they implement their interagency strategic plan to reduce FLW.