The JOM program provides supplementary financial assistance, through contracts, to meet the unique and specialized educational needs of eligible American Indian and Alaska Native students. Eligible students, under Interior’s regulations, are generally Indian students age 3 through grade 12 who are either a member of an Indian tribe or at least one- quarter degree Indian blood descendant of a member of an Indian tribe. BIE contracts with tribal organizations, Indian corporations, school districts, and states—which we collectively refer to as JOM contractors as that is the term used by Interior—that administer local JOM programs and disburse funds to schools or other programs providing JOM services. Most JOM funds are distributed through tribal contractors, according to BIE. BIE generally relies on BIA officials to disburse JOM funds, as noted previously (see fig. 1). BIE’s director is generally responsible for directing and managing JOM functions, including establishing policies and procedures, coordinating technical assistance, and approving the disbursement of JOM funds. In 2014, BIE established one centralized position dedicated solely to administering JOM as part of a broader re-structuring initiative and the position has been consistently staffed since 2018. The current JOM program specialist is responsible for planning, developing, administering, and coordinating the JOM program. It is the federal government’s policy to fulfill its trust responsibility for educating Indian children by working with tribes to ensure that education programs are of the highest quality. In 2016, Congress found in the Indian Trust Asset Reform Act that “through treaties, statutes, and historical relationship with Indian tribes, the United States has undertaken a unique trust responsibility to protect and support Indian tribes and Indians.” As further stated in the Act, the fiduciary responsibilities of the United States to Indians are also founded in part on specific commitments made in treaties and agreements, in exchange for which Indians surrendered claims to vast tracts of land. The JOM program is the only federally-funded Indian educational program that allows for student, parent, and community involvement in identifying and meeting the educational needs of American Indian and Alaska Native students, according to the National Johnson-O’Malley Association—a tribally led organization which advocates for JOM programs. The JOM regulations require prospective contractors to formulate an education plan in consultation with an Indian Education Committee, generally made up of parents of American Indian and Alaska Native students, and to submit the plan to BIE. Indian Education Committees have the authority to, among other things, participate fully in planning, developing, implementing, and evaluating their local JOM programs. According to BIE officials, JOM funds can be used to support a wide variety of supplemental education programs. For example, these funds support programs providing Native cultural and language enrichment; academic support; dropout prevention; and the purchase of school supplies, according to BIE (see fig. 2). JOM programs, particularly for students who are not living near tribal land, may be the only way students can access tribal language and cultural programs. According to BIE officials, JOM funding is primarily disbursed to contractors through three different funding mechanisms: self- determination contracts, self-governance compacts, and 477 plans. Most JOM contractors—over 200—are funded through self-determination contracts, according to data provided by BIE. These three funding mechanisms result in different oversight authority for Interior. However, the Johnson-O’Malley Supplemental Indian Education Program Modernization Act (Modernization Act)—enacted on December 31, 2018—requires all JOM contractors to submit annual reports to the Secretary of the Interior with the number of eligible Indian students during the previous fiscal year, an accounting of the amounts expended, and the purposes for which those amounts were expended. BIE officials said some contractors can also be subject to site visits to oversee the program. Under regulations, JOM funds are to be distributed to contractors by a formula that factors in the number of eligible students to be served and average per-student operating costs. Interior conducted its most recent official JOM student count in 1995. As a result, subsequent JOM distributions have been based on the number of students served by contractors in 1995—271,884 students. BIE officials said that the total number of eligible students has increased since 1995, although no official count has been completed. As a result, the funding contractors receive may not reflect changes in the number of students served by contractors. The size of JOM contracts currently ranges from less than $1,000 to nearly $4 million, according to data provided by BIE. The Modernization Act requires BIE to determine the number of eligible students served or potentially served and to complete a rulemaking process to, among other things, modernize program rules. BIE published a preliminary report on its initial determination of eligible students in October 2019 and is continuing to work on finalizing its count of eligible students. Additionally, in response to the Modernization Act, Interior promulgated new final JOM program regulations that became effective March 26, 2020. BIE does not maintain a complete and accurate list of all JOM contractors. BIE officials said JOM funds are disbursed by awarding officials in various BIA offices in different locations, and there is no systematic process to identify and collect information on all the awarded contracts. BIE began efforts to identify all the contractors and the amount of their awards in May 2019 after we asked for this information. As of December 2019, BIE said they identified more than 340 contractors. BIE officials said they have not verified the accuracy and completeness of their current list of contractors. According to federal internal control standards, an agency should have relevant, reliable information to run and control its operations. BIE officials said their current list of JOM contractors is incomplete because some Interior officials responsible for administering and disbursing JOM funds did not respond to their requests for information. In addition, BIE officials said they may not have contacted all the relevant officials within Interior when they developed the list. BIE officials also said they do not know how many contractors may be missing from their list. Further, they said they did not validate the accuracy of the information they received on JOM contractors. Our analysis of BIE’s list of JOM contractors identified data reliability concerns. For example, we found 19 contractors that were listed twice, meaning the total number of contractors provided by BIE contained duplicates and was not an accurate count. BIE officials said that maintaining a complete list of contractors would be very helpful in their efforts to oversee and administer the JOM program, including allowing them to share program information more effectively with all contractors. For example, BIE did not inform all contractors about four consultation sessions it was holding in July 2019 on a proposed rule to change JOM regulations because BIE did not have contact information for all contractors, according to a BIE official. As a result, some contractors may have missed the opportunity to participate in the consultation sessions. Two JOM school contractors we interviewed told us they were not informed by BIE about the consultation sessions that took place in their state. These contractors said they had to create their own networks of contractors to inform each other about JOM-related developments and events because they cannot rely on communication from BIE. In addition, BIE officials said that a complete and accurate list of contractors would help them determine the number of eligible JOM students, as mandated by the Modernization Act. In the two previous efforts to update the count, BIE relied on contractors to submit the number of eligible students they serve. However, BIE officials acknowledged that the last effort to complete a count in 2014 failed, in part, because some contractors never received any communication that BIE was conducting a count. As a result, these contractors never submitted a count of students. Without a systematic process for maintaining a complete and accurate list of contractors, BIE may continue to face barriers administering the program. BIE does not have a process for tracking and monitoring the timeliness of JOM disbursements to contractors. According to BIE officials, the bureau does not establish a target date for disbursing funds to JOM contractors. JOM contractors and BIA and BIE officials we interviewed said the disbursements of JOM funds to some contractors are routinely provided later than expected based on contractors’ past experience. For example, 27 school contractors did not receive a portion of their calendar year 2018 funding until September 2019, according to the BIA official primarily responsible for disbursing the contractors their funds. Further, some of these contractors did not receive any disbursement in the 2019 calendar year until August, months after funds are typically disbursed. Delays in disbursing funds can hinder contractors’ ability to effectively manage their JOM programs and serve students. For example, the three JOM school contractors we interviewed told us that delays in disbursements have negatively affected their ability to plan their JOM activities because they do not know when they will receive their funding. The contractors also said their JOM programs are not as robust as they could be because they regularly delay spending and retain prior disbursements to use in the following year in anticipation of future delays in disbursements. Even with these carry-over funds, contractors said they have had to delay JOM programs for students due to late disbursements of funds, which negatively affect students who depend on JOM for educational support. We were unable to determine the full extent to which Interior disburses JOM funds in a timely manner because BIE and other Interior offices do not track and monitor the timeliness of JOM disbursements to contractors. Federal internal control standards state that agency management should design control activities to achieve objectives and respond to risks, such as by comparing actual performance to planned or expected results and analyzing significant differences. BIE, however, has not established target disbursement dates for contracts and therefore has no standard against which to measure the timeliness of disbursements. Furthermore, BIE does not systematically track the time between receiving its appropriation and the disbursement of contractor funds. BIE officials acknowledged that establishing a target date for disbursing funds to contractors and tracking progress in meeting that date could help ensure funds are provided in a timely manner. In an effort to monitor the disbursement of contractor funds, BIE officials said they have recently started to track the balance of JOM funds at each Education Resource Center. However, they acknowledged that tracking the balance of funds has limited usefulness in tracking the timeliness of disbursements because the information about fund balances does not include whether or not individual contractors have received their funds. BIE officials said having more detailed information on the disbursement of JOM funds would be helpful to ensure funds are provided in a timely manner. In addition, we recently reported that funds associated with self- determination contracts and self-governance compacts for tribes, which include JOM funds, are not always disbursed in a timely manner. We recommended that the Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs should establish a process to track and monitor the disbursement of funds to tribes that are associated with self-determination contracts and self- governance compacts. However, this recommendation does not address all JOM contractors because non-tribal contractors are not eligible for self-determination contracts or self-governance compacts, and not all tribal contractors receive JOM funds through these mechanisms. Without also establishing a process for tracking and monitoring the disbursement of JOM funds through multiple funding mechanisms, BIE does not have reasonable assurance that funds will be disbursed in a timely manner. BIE has not formally assessed the usefulness of the information it has collected from JOM contractors for over 25 years. One contractor questioned whether the information was useful for the agency’s administration of the program because they never received any feedback or comments from BIE about the information they submitted. The contractor said they spent a considerable amount of time completing their annual report, which totaled over 60 pages and included information and signatures from over 40 different Indian Education Committees that oversee local JOM programs funded by the contract. In addition, all four contractors we interviewed that submitted annual reports said the information requested in the forms could be streamlined. For example, BIE’s annual report form asks each school or project site to report both the “number of eligible students actually served” and “the number of students actually served.” No instructions are provided to distinguish between the two populations, and the contractors said the reported number is identical since students must be eligible to be served by JOM. All four contractors we met with that said they submitted an annual report and renewal application also told us the information collection forms were burdensome to complete. For example, they said the forms were difficult to fill out, in part because they are not compatible with computer word processing programs, and as a result, responses have to be handwritten or completed with a typewriter. All of the forms BIE uses to collect information from contractors subject to JOM reporting requirements are also out of date. For example, the JOM renewal application form expired in 1993, meaning the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) approval to collect the information has lapsed. Agencies are required to submit all proposed information collections to OMB for approval. OMB reviews the proposal to assess the need for collecting the information and whether its collection minimizes burden on the public, among other things. Federal internal control standards also state that management should have a process to continually identify information requirements. In a 2015 presentation, BIE officials recognized the need to update the outdated forms to reflect technological developments and reduce the paperwork burden for contractors, but no revisions to the forms have been made. BIE officials said they plan to update the JOM application and reporting documents through the formal OMB review and approval process, but they do not have a timeline for doing so. We have previously reported that outdated forms may not be necessary or useful and may be an unnecessary burden on the public. Until BIE updates the forms, some contractors will continue to struggle to complete them. Further, by assessing the usefulness of the information they are collecting from JOM contractors, BIE may identify opportunities to both collect information that could improve program management and streamline information requests. BIE has not provided or developed training for JOM contractors, according to BIE officials. National Johnson-O’Malley Association officials told us that BIE and BIA used to provide training that was helpful to JOM contractors on topics such as filling out annual reports and applications for JOM contracts, particularly to new staff managing these programs, but they no longer do so. A nonprofit organization for Indian education we interviewed also said JOM contractors need training on a range of issues, including how to complete JOM annual reports and other documentation, and on how to operate following implementation of the Modernization Act. According to the nonprofit organization, regular training on JOM is particularly important because certain aspects of the program, such as conducting annual assessments to determine the learning needs of Indian children served by the program, can be technically challenging. Officials from one tribal contractor we interviewed said the tribe provides its own training to school staff that implement local JOM programs on such topics as how to conduct Indian Education Committee meetings, how to fill out reimbursement claims, and how to organize and maintain financial records for program administrators and parents on Indian Education Committees. The contractor said that BIE training on topics, including how to conduct and how often to hold Indian Education Committee meetings, would be particularly helpful. Another tribal contractor we interviewed, which BIE data identified as receiving among the largest amount of JOM funds of all contractors, said that other contractors they interact with do not have sufficient program knowledge or resources to provide training and could benefit from BIE training. According to a BIE official, a former JOM Program Specialist, the need for training for JOM contractors is particularly important as there is frequent turnover among contractor staff responsible for administering programs. Officials from the nonprofit organization for Indian education also told us that high turnover rates among administrators of local JOM programs necessitates regular training for new staff. They added that more senior staff working on local JOM programs would also benefit from regular training because they may be implementing their programs inefficiently or ineffectively. BIE officials told us they have provided program updates and answered questions at conferences hosted by organizations representing JOM contractors. Not all contractors, however, are able to attend these conferences given their limited resources, according to three contractors we interviewed. Internal controls standards state that management should develop training based on the needs of individuals’ roles. BIE officials acknowledged that developing and providing training is needed, but they told us they are currently focused on other aspects of managing the JOM program and have not prioritized training. For example, the agency has set a goal in its strategic plan to develop a JOM program handbook by July 1, 2020. By providing training, BIE can ensure that contractors have the information they need to better serve their students. BIE has not clearly defined roles and responsibilities or identified the staff necessary for conducting critical JOM functions. According to federal internal control standards, management should establish an organizational structure, assign responsibility, and delegate authority to achieve the entity’s objectives. BIE’s lack of defining or identifying roles and responsibilities related to administering contracts, reviewing the appropriateness of contract types, and conducting program oversight is described in the following bullets. Administering contracts. BIE did not identify staff to administer some contracts, which has contributed to some JOM programs affected by these contracts going unfunded. According to BIE and BIA officials, BIE did not assign any staff to administer at least 20 contracts in California, including helping contractors renew their contracts when they expired, typically after 3 years. As a result, these contracts—totaling over $300,000—expired and were not renewed, disrupting JOM services. A BIE official informed us there were lapses in administering these contracts because BIE closed the office responsible for administering them as a result of its reorganization which began in 2014, and never assigned anyone to assume responsibility for the contracts associated with that office. BIE has not assessed whether similar lapses in coverage may have occurred in other states or regions. BIE officials identified the unallocated funds from California in September 2019. In October 2019, BIE officials began efforts to identify and contact officials responsible for all the JOM programs whose contracts lapsed in California due to gaps in BIE’s administration of the program and began the process to start new JOM programs in the future. However, without identifying staff to administer all JOM contracts, problems with renewing and awarding contracts may persist. Reviewing the appropriateness of contract types. Interior’s Office of the Solicitor does not have a role in reviewing the issuance of new JOM contracts, according to a senior attorney in that office. The Office of the Solicitor’s lack of a role in reviewing JOM contracts increases the risk that contracts are not used appropriately. For example, we found that BIE has been using self-determination contracts to disburse JOM funds to non-tribal contractors, which is not authorized by the Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act. Under the Act, only Indian tribes and tribal organizations are eligible to enter into self-determination contracts; these contracts may not be used for non-tribal entities, such as school districts and states. The use of self- determination contracts for contractors that are not eligible to receive them can result in costs to the government. Self-determination contracts include provisions that would not otherwise be included in non-tribal JOM contracts, according to a senior attorney in the Office of the Solicitor. For example, self-determination contracts may include contract support costs and extend the Federal Tort Claims Act to tribal government employees administering the federal program(s) under these contracts. Therefore, school contractors that were disbursed JOM funds through self-determination contracts may have received contract support costs and legal protections they would not have been eligible to receive, according to the senior attorney. BIE officials told us that they have not determined how long self- determination contracts have been used to disburse JOM funds to non-tribal entities, how many non-tribal contractors were awarded these contracts, or whether the government has incurred costs as a result of using the wrong types of contracts. They said this information will be difficult to obtain because it is not systematically collected. After we found that BIE was using self-determination contracts to disburse JOM funds to school contractors, a senior attorney in the Office of the Solicitor said that her office would provide assistance as requested to BIE in transitioning these contracts to appropriate contracts. By systematically including the Office of the Solicitor in the process for reviewing JOM contracts, BIE can ensure that its contracts are the appropriate type and can minimize the risk of future inappropriate costs to the federal government. Conducting JOM oversight activities. BIE has not defined the roles and responsibilities related to overseeing JOM programs or identified staff dedicated to this function. For example, BIE has not identified staff at Education Resource Centers or other BIE offices with the capacity to conduct site visits and review JOM annual reports submitted by contractors. As a result, the bureau’s oversight of JOM contractors is done on an ad-hoc basis and sometimes not done at all, according to BIE officials. For example, in an internal memo addressed to BIE’s Director, a senior BIE official said that because the bureau has not identified staff with the capacity to conduct site visits, most Education Resource Centers have not conducted any site visits in at least 5 years. Officials from one tribal JOM contractor that said it is subject to BIE oversight told us that BIE has not conducted a site visit of their program in 10 years. They noted that BIE’s past site visits resulted in recommendations that improved their program activities and procedures and changed how they defined student eligibility. In addition, the head of an Education Resource Center said that JOM oversight activities are collateral duties that his staff do not have time to fulfill. Further, the responsibilities of officials who are charged with overseeing JOM programs have not been clearly defined. For example, BIE has not defined the responsibilities related to conducting site visits, such as what aspects of the program should be reviewed and which contractors should be selected for site visits. This lack of clearly defined responsibilities has resulted in inconsistencies in how officials are conducting oversight activities and potential gaps in coverage of contractors that are subject to oversight. BIE’s lack of oversight may also increase the risk of misuse and abuse of JOM funds. According to Interior’s Office of Inspector General, there have been three identified cases of theft related to the JOM program that occurred between 2004 and 2010. For example, a program coordinator of a JOM contract stole program funds as part of an embezzlement fraud scheme and was ordered to pay nearly $36,000 in restitution. By identifying staff who have the capacity to carry out oversight activities and clearly defining related responsibilities such as conducting site visits and reviewing JOM annual reports, BIE could provide support to contractors in improving their program activities and procedures and reduce the risk of potential fraud and abuse of JOM funds. Senior BIE officials acknowledged that they have not identified the staff necessary for conducting these critical JOM functions and, in November 2019, the Director of BIE approved hiring three additional JOM specialists. The core responsibilities of the new specialist positions, according to a knowledgeable BIE official, will be to support the administration of contracts, oversee contractors, and provide technical assistance. However, the exact roles and responsibilities for the new employees and the extent to which BIE staff in the Education Resource Centers will continue their role in providing programmatic support have not yet been determined. An official knowledgeable about the new JOM specialist positions added that defining the specific roles and responsibilities for these positions will be an iterative process in which BIE will assess the new staffs’ capacity to assume all the JOM responsibilities that are currently assigned to other staff. Until all the roles and responsibilities related to JOM program management have been identified and clearly defined, challenges in administering contracts, reviewing the appropriateness of contract types, and overseeing the program may persist. American Indian and Alaska Native students have unique educational and cultural needs, which can include learning Native languages, cultures, and histories, and obtaining additional academic support. The JOM program is intended to address these needs that may not otherwise be provided through the public school system. BIE plays a critical role in administering the JOM program, which is central to the bureau’s mission of providing Indian students quality education opportunities starting in early childhood in accordance with a tribe’s needs for cultural and economic well-being. However, BIE lacks key JOM program information necessary for effective oversight, including complete information on which contractors are participating in JOM. BIE also has not assessed the usefulness of the information it collects from contractors, and relies on outdated forms to collect data. Without improved program data, BIE cannot effectively oversee the program. In addition, BIE does not provide training for JOM contractors. This lack of training may result in contractors misinterpreting JOM regulations and managing their programs inconsistently. Further, BIE has not clearly defined the roles and responsibilities of staff involved in administering the JOM program, which has resulted in gaps in program management and oversight. Until staff roles and responsibilities are clearly defined and identified, gaps in managing and overseeing the program may persist, resulting in an increased risk of potential misuse or abuse of JOM funds. Without taking steps to improve the management and oversight of the JOM program in these key areas, BIE cannot ensure that the program is truly serving the educational needs of eligible American Indian and Alaska Native students. We are making the following five recommendations to Interior: The Director of the Bureau of Indian Education should develop a systematic process for identifying JOM contractors and maintaining an accurate and complete list of contractors and other relevant information about contractors, such as the amount of JOM funds they receive and their current points of contact. (Recommendation 1) The Director of the Bureau of Indian Education, in coordination with the Bureau of Indian Affairs as needed, should establish a process to track and monitor the timeliness of JOM disbursements to non-tribal contractors, including identifying a target date for disbursing funds to these contractors. (Recommendation 2) The Director of the Bureau of Indian Education should develop a timeline to assess the usefulness of the information they are collecting from JOM contractors and update JOM information collection forms, including converting them to an electronic format to reduce the burden on contractors to complete them. (Recommendation 3) The Director of the Bureau of Indian Education should develop and provide training to contractors on administering the JOM program. (Recommendation 4) The Director of the Bureau of Indian Education should clearly define the roles and responsibilities and identify the staff necessary for conducting critical JOM functions, including administering contracts, reviewing the appropriateness of contract types, and overseeing those contractors that are subject to BIE oversight. (Recommendation 5) We provided a draft of this report to Interior for review and comment. We also provided relevant report sections to and requested technical comments from the National Indian Education Association and the National Johnson-O’Malley Association. In its comments reproduced in appendix I, Interior concurred with our five recommendations and described actions BIE and BIA plan to take to address them. In our draft report, we recommended that BIE needs to clearly define the roles and responsibilities and identify the staff necessary for conducting technical assistance, among other critical JOM functions. We removed reference to technical assistance from our report because, after we provided our draft report, Interior promulgated new, final JOM program regulations that include a new process for requesting and providing technical assistance. We did not receive any comments from the nonprofit organizations. As agreed with your office, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution until 30 days from the report date. At that time, we will send copies to the appropriate congressional committees, the Secretary of Interior, and other interested parties. In addition, the report will be available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (617) 788-0534 or emreyarrasm@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix II. In addition to the contact named above, Beth Sirois (Assistant Director), Brian Schwartz (Analyst-in-Charge), Ben DeYoung, and Alex Galuten made key contributions to this report. Additional assistance was provided by Edward Bodine, Gina M. Hoover, Thomas M. James, Grant M. Mallie, Sheila R. McCoy, Anna Maria Ortiz, Jeanette M. Soares, Joy K. Solmonson, Curtia O. Taylor, and William T. Woods.

Summary: American Indian and Alaska Native students enrolled in public schools have performed consistently below other students on national assessments from 2005-2019. The JOM program provides academic and cultural supports, through contracts, to meet the specialized and unique educational needs of American Indian and Alaska Native students enrolled in public schools and select private schools. In fiscal year 2019, Interior allocated about $23 million for the JOM program, according to Interior's budget documentation. GAO was asked to review issues related to Interior's JOM program, administered by BIE. This report examines the extent to which BIE (1) has key program information, (2) provides training to JOM contractors, and (3) clearly defines and identifies JOM roles and responsibilities. GAO reviewed relevant federal laws, regulations, and both BIE and JOM contractor documents; analyzed existing data and information on JOM; and interviewed agency officials, five JOM contractors of different types, and two nonprofit organizations selected for their knowledge of the JOM program. The Department of the Interior's (Interior) Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) does not have key information to manage the Johnson-O'Malley (JOM) program which provides supplemental education services to meet the specialized and unique needs of American Indian and Alaska Native students. For example, BIE does not maintain a complete and accurate list of all its JOM contractors, who provide services including targeted academic supports, Native language classes, and cultural activities. In May 2019, BIE began to identify all the contractors, but officials acknowledged that their list is still incomplete, and GAO found problems with the list, such as duplicate entries. Federal internal control standards state that an agency should have relevant, reliable information to run its operations. Maintaining a complete list of contractors would improve BIE's administration of the JOM program. BIE does not provide any training for JOM contractors. For example, BIE does not provide training to contractors on how to effectively manage their JOM programs or meet program requirements. By providing training for contractors, BIE could ensure that contractors understand the program and are equipped to provide services to meet the educational needs of their students. In addition, BIE has not clearly defined the roles and responsibilities or identified the staff needed to effectively administer the JOM program (see figure). For example, when BIE closed a field office in California, staff were not identified to administer the office's contracts, including helping contractors renew their contracts when they expired. Also, BIE has not identified a role for Interior's attorneys in reviewing the contracts and some contractors have types of contracts for which they are not eligible. Further, BIE has not identified staff to conduct consistent program oversight, which is important to mitigating the risk of misuse and abuse of JOM funds. Until all JOM roles and responsibilities have been defined and identified, challenges may persist. GAO is making five recommendations, including that the Director of BIE should maintain an accurate and complete list of JOM contractors, develop JOM training, and clearly define roles and responsibilities and identify staff for carrying out JOM functions. Interior agreed with the recommendations.