Question: Who is Roger Ii Trencavel's paternal grandfather?

Knowledge 1: Roger II Trencavel
Roger II Trencavel (died March 1194) was the Viscount of Carcassonne, Béziers, Razès, and Albi from 1167 or 1171 until his death.Until 1177 he used the title proconsul, usually as "proconsul de Bitteris" (of Béziers), but he abandoned the usage when he became a vassal of the Crown of Aragon.His government of his lands was characterised by increasing complexity, such as the development of the offices of seneschal and sub-vicar, but his later years are characterised by financial troubles and a "general malaise" perhaps brought about by his poor relations with the Church hierarchy in light of his favourable attitude towards Catharism.Roger was the elder of two sons of Raymond I Trencavel and Saure.As a child in 1153 he was placed in the "custody and service" of Ermengard of Narbonne.Eventually he inherited all four of Raymond's viscounties on his death in 1167.However, Raymond V of Toulouse objected to the young Roger and instead enfeoffed Roger-Bernard I of Foix with the viscounties in December 1167 at Narbonne.Roger rebelled.He retook Béziers in 1169 with the assistance of troops from Aragon and Catalonia.After taking the city, Roger brought the Aragonese inside to murder the citizens who had handed the city over to his rival.However, in November 1171, Raymond drew Roger away from Alfonso II of Aragon by enfeoffing him with the viscounties and depriving the count of Foix.Roger married the young Adalais, daughter of Raymond of Toulouse, in 1171.It opened the only (brief) period of alliance between Roger and Raymond.Adalais' dowry was the town of Minerve, a fief of the King of France.In 1176, Roger held a public inquiry to prove his lordship of the village of Mèze.About the same time (c. 1175), Alfonso of Aragon held a public inquiry to prove that Carcassonne was his possession and that Roger II merely held it from him at his pleasure.In the late 1180s, Roger began the compilation of a cartulary to collect the charter evidence for his rule.The cartulary contained 248 folios and was written in proto-Gothic script.Roger was a close ally of Ermengard of Narbonne from 1171 onwards, when the viscount and viscountess swore oaths of mutual alliance.In 1177, he joined an alliance with Ermengard and William VIII of Montpellier to prevent Raymond from seizing Narbonne.In 1179, he was forced to forswear his former alliance with Raymond of Toulouse and return to the fold of Alfonso of Aragon.He recognised that he held his fiefs from Alfonso.Roger agreed to hold Minerve from the king of Aragon instead of the king of France, significant of a realignment in the politics of the lords of Languedoc with respect to central authority.Some have suggested that Roger was driven to the side of Alfonso by the results of the Third Lateran Council and by Raymond of Toulouse' request for assistance in dealing with heresy in his domains.Roger appears therefore as lenient towards heretics.Around 1175, Roger imprisoned Gerard, the bishop of Albi, probably over the disputed lordship of Albi.Roger succeeded in establishing a vicar (Pierre Raimond d'Hautpoul) in Albi between 1175 and 1177, but he was forced to come to humiliating terms with the bishop William of Dourgne in 1193.In 1178 Henry of Marcy, who was leading a papal legation in the region, marched on Albi, whence Roger fled to Ambialet, and the on Castres, where they declared him a heretic and excommunicated him after releasing the bishop Gerard.In 1179, he was excommunicated again by Pons d'Arsac for his "conspicuous lack of enthusiasm for the extirpation of heresy" under the twenty-seventh canon of the Third Lateran Council and the decretal "Ad abolendam" of Pope Lucius III.He was also accused of hiring routiers.In 1181, Henry of Marcy returned to the south of France and besieged Roger and his wife in Lavaur, which was promptly surrendered.In 1185, Alfonso was making war on Raymond over the possession of Provence.From Aix he travelled to Najac, where, probably in April, he made a treaty with Richard the Lionheart and with Roger against Raymond of Toulouse.Roger in gratitude followed Alfonso into Spain and to the siege of Valencia, where, in June, he adopted the king's son Alfonso II of Provence as his heir, even though his wife was expecting.Perhaps the adoption was cautionary in case the child of Adalais was a girl.Alfonso of Provence did not succeed Roger, rather that child, which was a boy named Raymond Roger, did.In 1188, Alfonso of Aragon came north of the Pyrenees again to defend Roger at Carcassonne, but he also granted away that viscounty as well as the Razès to Raimond-Roger of Foix in a move to dispossess the Trencavels entirely.In 1189, Roger fell seriously ill and made his will.After his recovery in 1191, however, he gathered his vassals and made them swear fealty to his son, which they did. [SEP] Knowledge 2: Raymond I Trencavel
RaymondI Trencavel (also Raimond) (died 1167) was the Viscount of Agde and Béziers from 1130 and Viscount of Albi, Carcassonne, and Razès from 1150.He was a member of the Trencavel family, ruling the lands of the elder branch.He was the second son of Bernard Ato IV and Cecilia of Provence.When his father died in 1129, he redistributed his six viscounties between his three sons.The eldest, Roger I received Carcassonne, Albi, and Razès; Raymond received Béziers and Agde; while the youngest, Bernard Ato V, received Nîmes.In 1132 Roger and Raymond agreed that in the event of Roger's death without heirs, Carcassonne would pass to Raymond.In 1150 Roger died and his three viscounties all passed to Raymond.After a series of disputes, the viscounty of Agde was divided between Raymond and Bernard Ato, with the latter holding the title.In November of the same year that he inherited his brother's viscounties, Raymond made a treaty with Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona whereby he swore fealty to the count of Barcelona and agreed to hold Carcassonne, Razès, and Lautrec from the count as a vassal.The sixteenth-century historian, Gerónimo Zurita, wrote in the "Anales de la Corona de AragónAnnals of the Crown of Aragon") that Raymond Berengar IV marched an army to Narbonne to intimidate Raymond to submit, but there is no primary contemporaneous source which verifies this.However, Raymond Berengar IV had been at Arles in September to negotiate a truce with Raymond des Baux to put an end to the Baussenque Wars and was probably accompanied by an armed host, so it is at least probable that he had an army present in the region at the time when he made the treaty with Raymond.In 1151 Raymond made a mutual defence treaty with Ermengard of Narbonne, but he included a clause which prohibited him from being required to wage war on Toulouse.That Raymond was still trying to maintain his rapidly disintegrating alliance with Toulouse following his submission to Barcelona may imply that his submission had not been voluntary.In 1152 Raymond acquired Mèze in a purchase from his nephew Gerald de Roussillon.In 1158 the agreement with Raymond Berengar was renewed.Throughout his career Raymond had very good relations with Alfonso Jordan, Count of Toulouse, and accompanied him on the Second Crusade in 1147.He remained with Alfonso until the latter died in 1148.After his return to Europe, however, relations with Toulouse went sour — possibly concerning Raymond's sworn allegiance to Barcelona — and he quarrelled with Alfonso's son Raymond V, who imprisoned him in 1153.He was released only on the payment of a ransom of 3,000 Marks in 1154.Though William of Newburgh states that Raymond was deprived of his lands by the count of Toulouse, charter evidence from 1155 to 1157 indicates that he lost no major possession.Out of hatred for the count of Toulouse, Raymond participated in Henry II of England's expedition against Toulouse in 1159.By 1163 he had made peace with Toulouse and the count had reimbursed him for the ransom of 1153.In 1131, at the very onset of his reign, Raymond was confronted with the formation of a consulate, a political office then becoming popular in the cities of southern France.Consuls were usually high-ranking citizens, but they could be noblemen or courtiers as well.Towards the end of his reign Raymond seems to have supported the nobles against the citizens and this got him murdered in the cathedral of Béziers in 1167.While he was campaigning with his nephew Bernard Ato VI against Raymond of Toulouse, he was forced to mediate between a knight and a citizen and, choosing in favour of the knight, he punished the citizen (apparently moderately).Nonetheless, there was outrage among citizenry and Raymond arranged a meeting in Béziers.The bourgeoisie arrived secretly armed and, on a signal, assaulted and killed the viscount.By his wife Saure, Raymond left a son and successor, Roger II, who inherited all his viscounties, but was unable to occupy Béziers until 1168, despite a siege led by Alfonso II of Aragon on his behalf in 1167.Roger punished the citizens of Béziers by permitting the Aragonese troops to enter the city and kill them.Raymond's death possibly forms the subject matter of the poem "A People Grieving for the Death of their Lord" by Guillem Augier Novella.His death is recorded by such diverse chroniclers as William of Newburgh, Robert of Torigny, Gaufred de Vigeois, and Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay.The chronicle of Newburgh, however, refers to Raymond as "Guillem" and can thus not be counted as completely reliable, though the details surrounding his death are largely corroborated.Vaux-de-Cernay, on the other hand, describes the massacre of 7,000 citizens of Béziers by the Albigensian Crusade in 1209 as divine justice on the city for the treachery shown to their lord and their bishop, who had had his teeth knocked out trying to defend Raymond from attack.
Knowledge 1: Roger II Trencavel
Roger II Trencavel (died March 1194) was the Viscount of Carcassonne, Béziers, Razès, and Albi from 1167 or 1171 until his death.Until 1177 he used the title proconsul, usually as "proconsul de Bitteris" (of Béziers), but he abandoned the usage when he became a vassal of the Crown of Aragon.His government of his lands was characterised by increasing complexity, such as the development of the offices of seneschal and sub-vicar, but his later years are characterised by financial troubles and a "general malaise" perhaps brought about by his poor relations with the Church hierarchy in light of his favourable attitude towards Catharism.Roger was the elder of two sons of Raymond I Trencavel and Saure.As a child in 1153 he was placed in the "custody and service" of Ermengard of Narbonne.Eventually he inherited all four of Raymond's viscounties on his death in 1167.However, Raymond V of Toulouse objected to the young Roger and instead enfeoffed Roger-Bernard I of Foix with the viscounties in December 1167 at Narbonne.Roger rebelled.He retook Béziers in 1169 with the assistance of troops from Aragon and Catalonia.After taking the city, Roger brought the Aragonese inside to murder the citizens who had handed the city over to his rival.However, in November 1171, Raymond drew Roger away from Alfonso II of Aragon by enfeoffing him with the viscounties and depriving the count of Foix.Roger married the young Adalais, daughter of Raymond of Toulouse, in 1171.It opened the only (brief) period of alliance between Roger and Raymond.Adalais' dowry was the town of Minerve, a fief of the King of France.In 1176, Roger held a public inquiry to prove his lordship of the village of Mèze.About the same time (c. 1175), Alfonso of Aragon held a public inquiry to prove that Carcassonne was his possession and that Roger II merely held it from him at his pleasure.In the late 1180s, Roger began the compilation of a cartulary to collect the charter evidence for his rule.The cartulary contained 248 folios and was written in proto-Gothic script.Roger was a close ally of Ermengard of Narbonne from 1171 onwards, when the viscount and viscountess swore oaths of mutual alliance.In 1177, he joined an alliance with Ermengard and William VIII of Montpellier to prevent Raymond from seizing Narbonne.In 1179, he was forced to forswear his former alliance with Raymond of Toulouse and return to the fold of Alfonso of Aragon.He recognised that he held his fiefs from Alfonso.Roger agreed to hold Minerve from the king of Aragon instead of the king of France, significant of a realignment in the politics of the lords of Languedoc with respect to central authority.Some have suggested that Roger was driven to the side of Alfonso by the results of the Third Lateran Council and by Raymond of Toulouse' request for assistance in dealing with heresy in his domains.Roger appears therefore as lenient towards heretics.Around 1175, Roger imprisoned Gerard, the bishop of Albi, probably over the disputed lordship of Albi.Roger succeeded in establishing a vicar (Pierre Raimond d'Hautpoul) in Albi between 1175 and 1177, but he was forced to come to humiliating terms with the bishop William of Dourgne in 1193.In 1178 Henry of Marcy, who was leading a papal legation in the region, marched on Albi, whence Roger fled to Ambialet, and the on Castres, where they declared him a heretic and excommunicated him after releasing the bishop Gerard.In 1179, he was excommunicated again by Pons d'Arsac for his "conspicuous lack of enthusiasm for the extirpation of heresy" under the twenty-seventh canon of the Third Lateran Council and the decretal "Ad abolendam" of Pope Lucius III.He was also accused of hiring routiers.In 1181, Henry of Marcy returned to the south of France and besieged Roger and his wife in Lavaur, which was promptly surrendered.In 1185, Alfonso was making war on Raymond over the possession of Provence.From Aix he travelled to Najac, where, probably in April, he made a treaty with Richard the Lionheart and with Roger against Raymond of Toulouse.Roger in gratitude followed Alfonso into Spain and to the siege of Valencia, where, in June, he adopted the king's son Alfonso II of Provence as his heir, even though his wife was expecting.Perhaps the adoption was cautionary in case the child of Adalais was a girl.Alfonso of Provence did not succeed Roger, rather that child, which was a boy named Raymond Roger, did.In 1188, Alfonso of Aragon came north of the Pyrenees again to defend Roger at Carcassonne, but he also granted away that viscounty as well as the Razès to Raimond-Roger of Foix in a move to dispossess the Trencavels entirely.In 1189, Roger fell seriously ill and made his will.After his recovery in 1191, however, he gathered his vassals and made them swear fealty to his son, which they did. [SEP] Knowledge 2: Kaya Alp
Kaya Alp was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa and the father of Suleyman Shah, who was, in turn, the grandfather of Ertuğrul, and the great grandfather of the Ottoman Empire founder, Osman I.
Knowledge 1: Raymond I Trencavel
RaymondI Trencavel (also Raimond) (died 1167) was the Viscount of Agde and Béziers from 1130 and Viscount of Albi, Carcassonne, and Razès from 1150.He was a member of the Trencavel family, ruling the lands of the elder branch.He was the second son of Bernard Ato IV and Cecilia of Provence.When his father died in 1129, he redistributed his six viscounties between his three sons.The eldest, Roger I received Carcassonne, Albi, and Razès; Raymond received Béziers and Agde; while the youngest, Bernard Ato V, received Nîmes.In 1132 Roger and Raymond agreed that in the event of Roger's death without heirs, Carcassonne would pass to Raymond.In 1150 Roger died and his three viscounties all passed to Raymond.After a series of disputes, the viscounty of Agde was divided between Raymond and Bernard Ato, with the latter holding the title.In November of the same year that he inherited his brother's viscounties, Raymond made a treaty with Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona whereby he swore fealty to the count of Barcelona and agreed to hold Carcassonne, Razès, and Lautrec from the count as a vassal.The sixteenth-century historian, Gerónimo Zurita, wrote in the "Anales de la Corona de AragónAnnals of the Crown of Aragon") that Raymond Berengar IV marched an army to Narbonne to intimidate Raymond to submit, but there is no primary contemporaneous source which verifies this.However, Raymond Berengar IV had been at Arles in September to negotiate a truce with Raymond des Baux to put an end to the Baussenque Wars and was probably accompanied by an armed host, so it is at least probable that he had an army present in the region at the time when he made the treaty with Raymond.In 1151 Raymond made a mutual defence treaty with Ermengard of Narbonne, but he included a clause which prohibited him from being required to wage war on Toulouse.That Raymond was still trying to maintain his rapidly disintegrating alliance with Toulouse following his submission to Barcelona may imply that his submission had not been voluntary.In 1152 Raymond acquired Mèze in a purchase from his nephew Gerald de Roussillon.In 1158 the agreement with Raymond Berengar was renewed.Throughout his career Raymond had very good relations with Alfonso Jordan, Count of Toulouse, and accompanied him on the Second Crusade in 1147.He remained with Alfonso until the latter died in 1148.After his return to Europe, however, relations with Toulouse went sour — possibly concerning Raymond's sworn allegiance to Barcelona — and he quarrelled with Alfonso's son Raymond V, who imprisoned him in 1153.He was released only on the payment of a ransom of 3,000 Marks in 1154.Though William of Newburgh states that Raymond was deprived of his lands by the count of Toulouse, charter evidence from 1155 to 1157 indicates that he lost no major possession.Out of hatred for the count of Toulouse, Raymond participated in Henry II of England's expedition against Toulouse in 1159.By 1163 he had made peace with Toulouse and the count had reimbursed him for the ransom of 1153.In 1131, at the very onset of his reign, Raymond was confronted with the formation of a consulate, a political office then becoming popular in the cities of southern France.Consuls were usually high-ranking citizens, but they could be noblemen or courtiers as well.Towards the end of his reign Raymond seems to have supported the nobles against the citizens and this got him murdered in the cathedral of Béziers in 1167.While he was campaigning with his nephew Bernard Ato VI against Raymond of Toulouse, he was forced to mediate between a knight and a citizen and, choosing in favour of the knight, he punished the citizen (apparently moderately).Nonetheless, there was outrage among citizenry and Raymond arranged a meeting in Béziers.The bourgeoisie arrived secretly armed and, on a signal, assaulted and killed the viscount.By his wife Saure, Raymond left a son and successor, Roger II, who inherited all his viscounties, but was unable to occupy Béziers until 1168, despite a siege led by Alfonso II of Aragon on his behalf in 1167.Roger punished the citizens of Béziers by permitting the Aragonese troops to enter the city and kill them.Raymond's death possibly forms the subject matter of the poem "A People Grieving for the Death of their Lord" by Guillem Augier Novella.His death is recorded by such diverse chroniclers as William of Newburgh, Robert of Torigny, Gaufred de Vigeois, and Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay.The chronicle of Newburgh, however, refers to Raymond as "Guillem" and can thus not be counted as completely reliable, though the details surrounding his death are largely corroborated.Vaux-de-Cernay, on the other hand, describes the massacre of 7,000 citizens of Béziers by the Albigensian Crusade in 1209 as divine justice on the city for the treachery shown to their lord and their bishop, who had had his teeth knocked out trying to defend Raymond from attack. [SEP] Knowledge 2: Simon, Prince of Taranto
Simon, bastard son of Roger II of Sicily, was declared Prince of Taranto by his father in 1148, on the death of Roger III, Duke of Apulia, the eldest legitimate son of Roger II.In 1154, Roger II died and the kingdom of Sicily passed to his fourth son, William I. William dispossessed his half- brother Simon immediately, claiming that Taranto was too important a fief to go to an illegitimate son.Simon held a grudge against the king and was called upon by Matthew Bonnellus to lead the revolt in the capital city of Palermo in 1161.This Simon did, with his nephew, Tancred of Lecce, the bastard son of Roger of Apulia, on 9 March.Simon and Tancred invaded the palace, detained King William, Queen Margaret, and their two sons, and incited a massacre of Muslims.Originally, the older of the king's sons, Roger IV, Duke of Apulia, was destined to be crowned in place of William, but soon the populace supported the accession of Simon himself.Before Simon could put himself forward as a candidate, however, the rebellion had broken down and the people were restless.The insurrectionists were forced to free the king and retreat to their castles.Pardon was given them on condition of exile and many, including Simon, took the offer.Simon did not try to seize the crown on William's death in 1166, as had been feared.Instead, the new king's uncle, Henry, Count of Montescaglioso, laid claim to Taranto and all of Simon's former territories.

Answer: Bernard Ato IV