IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PAKISTAN
(Appellate Jurisdiction)
PRESENT:
Mr. Justice Umar Ma Bandial
Mr. Justice Sajjad All Shah
Mr. Justice Mansoor All Shah
4
Civil Petitions No. 3950 & 4047 of 2019.
(Against the judgment dated 1392019 passed
by the High Court of Balochistan Quetta in
CR No, 106 of 2014)
Muhammad Anwar (decd) through his LRs.
etc.
Abdul Hameed and others.
Versus
Essa and others.
... Petit-ioners (CP3950/19)
Petitioners (CF 4047/19)
Respondents (In both)
For the Petitioner(s) Mr. Zahoor-ul-Haq Chishti, ASC (CF 3950/19)
For the Petitioner(s) Mr. Kamran Murtaza, Sr. ASC (CF 4047/19)
For the Respondent(s) 
Mr. Mir Aurangzeb, AOR/ ASC (In both)
Date of Hearing 
12.11.2021
ORDER
$Mtad All Shah, T.-. The petitioners seek leave of this Court against
the common judgment of Balochistan High Court at Quetta in Civil Revision No.
106 of 2014 whereby the said Court while setting aside the concurrent findings of
the Courts below, on the point of limitation, remanded the case for trial on merits,
2. Briefly, the respondents on 23.4.2001 filed a suit against the
petitioners seeking cancellation of their lease, consequent mutation and
permanent injunction. In the said suit, the cause of action as asserted in para 23
had initially accrued in 1971-72 and thereafter on 27/28/29.07.2000 and thereafter
on various dates. The said suit was dismissed on 25.062001 by holding it to be
barred by time. The appeal met the same fate. However, on 28.03.2002, the High
hile exercising revisional jurisdiction allowed the respondents to
bm-
CPs 3950 & '1047 of 2019 
2
withdraw the suit and to file afresh. It appears that on 18.6.2002, the respondents
filed a suit wherein the cause of action was asserted to have arisen in July, 2000
instead of 1971-72 as was asserted in the first plaint. The plaint of the said suit was
returned on 2510.2005 for want of jurisdiction. The respondents, thereafter instead
of presenting the same plaint to the Court of competent jurisdiction, filed a fresh
suit on 27.04.2006 from which these proceedings have emanated. Again the Court
of first instance on 18.9.2007 dismissed the suit being barred by time. The
respondents instead of filing an appeal before the District Judge filed an appeal
before the High Court and the High Court on 15.92011 returned the appeal to the
respondents to present it before the District Judge. It appears that on 30.12.2013
the District Judge also dismissed the appeal after affirming the finding of the trial
Court. The respondents thereafter invoked the revisional jurisdiction of the High
Court and the High Court to our dismay and surprise dealt with the issue of
limitation in a very casual and cal  
manner by holding that "when the court
arrives to the conclusion that Justice demands condonation of delay in a given case, the
formal written application for condonation of delay is not sine qua non for exercising the
discretion in this behalf verbal prayer for condonation of delay may be given effect for safe
dispensation of Justice". The Court in the same breath further observed that section
5, 12 and 14 of the Limitation Act empowers the Court to enhance the period of
limitation which even otherwise,jagainst substantial justice was a knock out on
mere technicality. The High Court consequently through order impugned, by
setting aside concurrent findings, remanded the case to the trial Court with the
directions to decide it on merits.
3. Learned counsel for the petitioner has contended that in two rounds
of litigations, the suit filed by the respondents was found hopelessly barred by
time and the High Court brushed aside such findings by holding the dismissal of
suit on the ground of limitation as "a technicality". Per ASC the setting aside of
concurrent findings of the Courts below in such casual manner cannot be
CPS .3950 & 4047 012019
3
sustained It was next contended that the law of limitation was never considered
by this Court as a "mere technicahj&" and is to be considered seriously. Per the
counsel, the High Court in its revisional jurisdiction while reversing concurrent
findings on the question of limitation without assigning any reason simply
directed the trial Court to decide the suit on merits which findings could not be
Sustafried
4. On the other hand, learned counsel appearing for the respondents
could not deny the fact that in the first suit the respondents have in Para 23 of
their plaint had mentioned the cause of action to have accrued in 1971-72 and
thereafter on 271h July, 2000. However, contended that the order of the High Court
was well reasoned and has rightly held that in the circumstances the limitation
was a technical aspect and was liable to be ignored.
5.
We have considered the contentionsof learned counsel for the
respective parties and have perused the record.
6.
It appears that in the first round, the suit filed by the respondents
was concurrently dismissed by the two Courts by holding it to be barred by
limitation and the High Court without setting aside such findings while exercising
its revisional jurisdiction allowed the respondents to withdraw the suit with the
permission to file afresh. The High Court by allowing such withdrawal in fact
tacitly without assigning any reason had set aside such concurrent findings of the
two Courts holding the suit to be barred by law which was not permissible as
being against the settled principles of law. Though a suit which has been decided
or dismissed being barred by law could be allowed to be withdrawn at any time
even in an appeal before this Court but after setting aside the judgment and decree
on merits. The question arises where a suit is dismissed under Order VII Rule ITt
(d), after having been found barred by law as has happened in the 
instant case, as
to whether a plaintiff could be allowed to withdraw the suit at appellate or
nal tage with the permission to file afresh. Order VII Rule Ii which
•1 
- -. -
CPs395O&4047 o12019 
4
envisages and records the following four categories where the Court could reject a
plaint and Rule 13 which provides that rejection of plaint does not preclude
presentation of fresh plaint, read as follows:-
"Order VII Rule 11:
71. Rejection of plaint: The plaint shall be rejected in the following
cases:-
(a) 
where it does not disclose a cause of act-ion;
(1) where the relief claimed is undervalued, and the plaintiff, on
being required by the Court to correct the valuation within a
time to be fixed by the Court, fails to do so;
(c)
where the relief claimed is properly valued, but the plaint is
written upon paper insufficiently stamped, and the plaintiff, on
being required by the Court to supply the requisite stamp-paper
within a time to be fixed by the Court, fails to do so;
(d)
where the suit appears from the statement in the plaint to be
barred by any law",
Order VII Rule 13:
13. Where rejection of plaint does not preclude presentation of fresh
plaint. The rejection of the plaint on any of the grounds hereinbefore
mentioned shall not of its own force preclude the plaintiff from
presenting afresh plaint in respect of the same cause of action".
7. A perusal of rule 11 reveals that it envisages and records 4 categories
where the Court could reject a plaint and the first 3 are where the deficiencies in
the plaint could be redressed. For instance, under clause (a) where the plaint is
rejected on the ground that it does not disclose a cause of action, subject to law of
limitation, a fresh plaint could be presented by overcoming the defect and
disclosing the cause of action. Likewise, under clause (b) where the plaint is
rejected on failures of plaintiff to correct the valuation, again subject to law of
limitation, the defect could be removed and a fresh plaint could be presented. In
the same manner, under clause (c) if the plaint is rejected on failure of the plaintiff
to supply the requisite stamp paper, subject to law of limitation, such defect could
be remedied by supplying the court fees. However, where the plaint under clause
(d) of Rule 11 is rejected on the ground that the suit is barred by any law, the filing
of fresh plaint is not envisaged unless the findings declaring the suit to be barred
CPs 3950 & 4047 of 2019 
5
by any law are reversed and, therefore, the withdrawal of the suit could not be
allowed with the permission to file a fresh. It would of course be unlawful to
revive a dead cause without bringing back the suit to life. For this very reason the
Lahore High Court substituted rule 13 as reproduced above to the effect that the
rejection of plaint on any of the grounds given in clause (a) to (c) in Order 11 shall
not on its own force preclude the plaintiff from presenting a fresh plaint in respect
of the same cause of action. The exclusion of clause (d) appears to be well
considered.
8. In the like manner, Order XXIII Rule 1 CPC, which allows the
plaintiff to withdraw his suit or abandon part of his claim, empowers the Court to
allow such withdrawal with permission to file a fresh suit. However, such
permission is to be granted by the Court after satisfying itself and recording
reasons that unless such permission is allowed, the suit would fail by reason of
some formal defect. The Court can also allow such withdrawal with permission to
file a fresh suit in case where the Court is of the view that there are other sufficient
grounds for allowing plaintiff to withdraw his suit with the permission to file a
fresh suit. A case law study shows that the suit may be allowed to be withdrawn
in a case where the plaintiff fails to implead necessary party or where the suit as
framed does not lie or the suit would fail on account of misjoinder of parties or
causes of action or where the material document is not stamped or where prayer
for necessary relief has been omitted or where the suit has been erroneously
valued and cases of like nature. It is always to be kept in mind that where such
defect could be remedied by allowing amendments, the Court should liberally
exercise such powers but within the parameters prescribed by Order VI Rule 17
CPC. Besides while exercising powers under this provision the Court must
identify the defect and record its satisfaction that the defect is formal and does not
go to the root of the case. It is also to be kept in mind that such withdrawal would
not automatically set-aside the judgment and decree which has come against the
CPS ?950 &4047 of 2019 
6
plaintiff unless such judgment and decree is set-aside by the Court after due
application of mind. In the instant case, the suit was concurrently dismissed by the
Courts after having been found barred by law/ time, therefore, the High Court had
no power to allow withdrawal of the suit with the permission to file a fresh unless
it had reversed the concurrent findings on the question of limitation. Even
otherwise, if permission is granted for filing a fresh suit under Order XXIII Rule I
CPC, then, pursuant to Order XXIII Rule 2, the plaintiff is bound by the law of
limitation in the same manner as if the first suit had not been filed, therefore, no
fresh cause of action would accrue from the date when such permission was
granted by the Court. Reference is made to the cases of Muhammad Saeed Bacha and
another vs. Lute Buds/ink Amir and others (2011 SCMR 345). In these circumstances,
the second suit filed by the plaintiff was barred by the principle of res-judicata.
9.
Coming to the core issue where the High Court in the second round,
while setting aside the concurrent findings of the two Courts holding the suit to be
barred by time, declared the law of limitation as a "mere technicality" and that the
limitation could be condoned on a verbal request, these findings of the Court are
in direct conflict with the statutory provisions as well as the case law.
10.
It appears that the High Court failed to consider and appreciate that
the parameters of discretion in condoning the delay in filing an application,
appeal, review or revision etc. are totally different than the powers vested in Court
to condone the delay occasioned in filing the suit. To cases falling in the first
category; Section 5 of the Limitation Act, 1908 (hereinafter referred to as the "Act")
is applicable which vests the Court with vast discretion of condoning delay in
cases where the Court is satisfied that the application seeking condonation of
delay discloses "sufficient cause" by accounting for each day of delay occasioned in
filing the application, appeal, review or revision. On the other hand, the Courts on
the original side while trying a suit as required under Section 3 of the Act are
bound to dismiss the suit if it is found to be barred by time notwithstanding that
CPs 950 & 4047 of 2019
the limitation has not been set up as defense. The Court has no power to condone
the delay in filing the suit but could exclude time the concession whereof is
provided in Section 4 to 25 of the Act only in cases where the plaintiff has set up in
the plaint one of such grounds available in the Act such as disability, minority,
insanity, proceedings bona fide before a Court without jurisdiction etc. and not
otherwise. In fact, the language used in Section 3 of the Act is mandatory in nature
and imposes a duty upon the Court to dismiss the suit instituted after the expiry
of period provided,unless the plaintiff seeks exclusion of time by pleading in the
plaint one of the grounds provided in Sections 4 to 25 of the Act. Reference can be
made to the cases of Ha/i Abdul Karim and others vs. Messrs Florida Builders (Pvt.)
Limited (PLD 2012 SC 247) and Hakim Muhammad Buta and another vs. Habib Ahnzad
and others (PLD 1985 SC 153). In cases where limitation is not set up in defense and
consequently a waiver is pleaded, the Courts notwithstanding such waiver are
bound to decide the question of limitation in accordance with law. Reference can
readily be made to the case of Ahsan Ali and others vs. District Judge and others (PLD
1969 SC 167). The Court even has no discretion or power to condone the delay in
filing the suit on humanitarian grounds or by invoking the principles of equity
unless any of the grounds prescribed in the Act is available to the plaintiff and is
duly pleaded. The Indian Supreme Court in the case of P.K. Rarnchandran vs. State
of Kerala and Others ((1997) 7 5CC 556) held that the "law of limitation may harshly
effect a particular party but it has to be applied with all its rigour when the statute so
prescribes and the Courts have no power to extend the period of limitation on equitable
grounds".
11. 
As to the condonation of delay on oral motion, though in the case of
Ghularn Muhammad and another vs. The Bank of Bahawal pur Ltd. (1971 SCMR 148), a
two-Member Bench of this Court had approved the condonation of delay on oral
motion allowed by the High Court by holding it to be sufficient compliance of
Section 5 of the Act but without deliberating on the issue, whereas, in a number of
CPs 3950 & 4047 of 2019 
8
cases larger Benches of this Court specifically considered this issue and held that
an oral submission for condonation of delay does not make a valid justification for
condoning the delay in cases even falling under Section 5 of the Act. Reference can
readily be made to the cases of Mullah Ahmed vs. Assistant Commissioner, Sibi (1986
SCMR 1624), Commissioner of Income Tax (Investigation) vs. Miss. Shireen Ayub Khan
(1988 SCMR 304) and Khan Muhammad vs. Zainab Sibi (2000 SCMR 1227). This
view, of course, has a valid legal justification as the party seeking condonation or
exclusion of time in terms of Section 5 or Section 3 of the Act has to explain the
delay of each and every day through an affidavit and/or justify exclusion of time.
It is to be kept in mind that upon expiry of the period of limitation a claimant loses
his right to enforce his claim through the Court of law and consequently a right
accrues in favour of respondent by operation of law which cannot be lightly
disturbed or brushed aside unless "sufficient cause" is shown and accepted by the
Court.
12. Perusal of the impugned judgment reflects that contrary to the
settled principles, the learned Judge in Chambers without realizing the fact that
the Court has no discretion in condoning the delay in filing the suit except on
statutory grounds as detailed in the Act and that too when one of such grounds is
set up to seek exclusion of time, proceeded to base its judgment by reproducing
the word to word commentary annexed to Section 5 of the Act at page 82 of
"Limitation Act 1908 by Shoukat Mahmood - 6th Edition" in respect of cases
falling under Sections 5, 12 and 14 of the Act. With due respect, the principles laid
down in Section 5 of the Act are not at all applicable to the suits, whereas the
applicability of Section 12 to suits is only to the extent of excluding the day from
which period of limitation is to be reckoned and Section 14 provides for exclusion
of time of proceedings bona fide conducted in Court without jurisdiction. Again it
was not a case of proceedings before Court without jurisdiction but a case where,
after concurrent dismissal of suit on the point of limitation, the suit which stated
CPs1395C&1 4047 of 2019
the cause of action to have accrued in the year 1971-72 was withdrawn and filing
of fresh suit on the same subject matter by just changing cause of action from 1971-
72 to 27/29.7.2000.
13.
The second ground which prevailed with the learned Judge to upset
the concurrent findings and to remand the case for trial on merits was that the
dismissal of suit on the ground of limitation was a mere technicality. It has been
held in numerous judgments by this Court that the Law of Limitation is not a
mere technicality and that once the limitation expires, a right accrues in favour of
the other side by operation of law which cannot lightly be taken away. Reference
can be made to the judgments of this Court in the case of Asad AU vs. Bank of
Pun jab (PLD 2020 SC 736), Ghu lam Qadir vs. Abdul Wadood (PLD 2016 SC 712),
Abdul Sattar vs. Federation of Pakistan (2013 SCMR 911) and Muhammad Islam vs.
Inspector-General of Police (2011 SCMR 8).
14.
In the circumstances, the judgment passed by the High Court cannot
be sustained, therefore, is set-aside and the concurrent orders of dismissal by the
Courts below are maintained. These petitions are converted into appeal and are
allowed in the above terms.
Islamabad
12.11.2021
A. Rebman
(Approved For Reporting