Question: who ruled the ottoman empire in the 1500s
[{'answer': 'Selim I', 'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '22278', 'title': 'Ottoman Empire', 'start_paragraph_id': 18, 'start_character': 7, 'end_paragraph_id': 18, 'end_character': 14, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'section': 'Section::::History.:Expansion and peak (1453–1566).\n'}]}, {'answer': 'a line of committed and effective Sultans'}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '22278', 'title': 'Ottoman Empire', 'start_paragraph_id': 17, 'start_character': 0, 'end_paragraph_id': 17, 'end_character': 273, 'bleu_score': 0.9569637990759251, 'meta': {'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'annotation_id': 14490113603173952111}, 'section': 'Section::::History.:Expansion and peak (1453–1566).\n'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '22278', 'title': 'Ottoman Empire', 'start_paragraph_id': 0, 'start_character': 0, 'end_paragraph_id': 0, 'end_character': 0, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'meta': {'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'annotation_id': 14490113603173952111}, 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '2840938', 'title': 'Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire', 'section': 'Section::::Territory.\n', 'start_paragraph_id': 6, 'end_paragraph_id': 6, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ["Under Selim's reign the empire's territory expanded from roughly to . Expansion continued during the first half of the reign of Suleiman I (r. 1520-1566), who conquered first Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes, before", "and facilitated much greater interaction between the Arabic-speaking world and the Ottoman heartlands in Anatolia and the Balkans. Under Selim's reign the empire's territory expanded from roughly to . Expansion continued during the first half of the reign of Suleiman I (r. 1520-1566), who conquered first Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes, before invading Hungary in 1526, defeating and killing King Louis II in the Battle of Mohács and briefly occupying Buda. Lacking a king, Hungary descended into civil war over the succession, and the Ottomans gave support to John Zápolya as a vassal prince. When their rivals the Habsburgs began to achieve the upper hand, Suleiman directly intervened by again conquering Buda and annexing it to the empire in 1541. Elsewhere, Suleiman led major campaigns against Safavid Iran, conquering Baghdad in 1534 and annexing Iraq. Ottoman rule was further extended with the incorporation of much of North Africa, the conquest of coastal Yemen in 1538, and the subsequent annexation of the interior."]}}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '22278', 'title': 'Ottoman Empire', 'section': 'Section::::History.:Expansion and peak (1453–1566).\n', 'start_paragraph_id': 18, 'end_paragraph_id': 18, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ["Sultan Selim I (15121520) dramatically expanded the Empire's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Persia, in the Battle of Chaldiran.", "Sultan Selim I (15121520) dramatically expanded the Empire's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Persia, in the Battle of Chaldiran. Selim I established Ottoman rule in Egypt, and created a naval presence on the Red Sea. After this Ottoman expansion, a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region."]}}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '2081846', 'title': 'Ottoman Caliphate', 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.', 'start_paragraph_id': 1, 'end_paragraph_id': 1, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ['Later Selim I, through conquering and unification of Muslim lands, became the defender of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina which further strengthened the Ottoman claim to caliphate in the Muslim world.', "The Ottoman Caliphate (15171924), under the Ottoman dynasty of the Ottoman Empire, was the last Sunni Islamic caliphate of the late medieval and the early modern era. During the period of Ottoman growth, Ottoman rulers claimed caliphal authority since Murad I's conquest of Edirne in 1362. Later Selim I, through conquering and unification of Muslim lands, became the defender of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina which further strengthened the Ottoman claim to caliphate in the Muslim world."]}}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '11125639', 'title': 'Turkey', 'section': 'Section::::History.:Seljuks and the Ottoman Empire.\n', 'start_paragraph_id': 25, 'end_paragraph_id': 25, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ['Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea.', 'ortuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, with a number of naval battles in the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was perceived as a threat to the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trade routes between East As']}}]}]