Question: epidemiologists attempt to explain the link between health and variables such as
[{'answer': 'disease conditions in defined populations', 'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '66997', 'title': 'Epidemiology', 'start_paragraph_id': 1, 'start_character': 123, 'end_paragraph_id': 1, 'end_character': 164, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.'}]}, {'answer': 'biological agents', 'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '66997', 'title': 'Epidemiology', 'start_paragraph_id': 23, 'start_character': 706, 'end_paragraph_id': 23, 'end_character': 723, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'section': 'Section::::Types of studies.\n'}]}, {'answer': 'stress', 'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '66997', 'title': 'Epidemiology', 'start_paragraph_id': 23, 'start_character': 725, 'end_paragraph_id': 23, 'end_character': 731, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'section': 'Section::::Types of studies.\n'}]}, {'answer': 'chemicals', 'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '66997', 'title': 'Epidemiology', 'start_paragraph_id': 23, 'start_character': 736, 'end_paragraph_id': 23, 'end_character': 745, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'section': 'Section::::Types of studies.\n'}]}, {'answer': 'alcohol', 'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '66997', 'title': 'Epidemiology', 'start_paragraph_id': 23, 'start_character': 686, 'end_paragraph_id': 23, 'end_character': 693, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'section': 'Section::::Types of studies.\n'}]}, {'answer': 'smoking'}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '66997', 'title': 'Epidemiology', 'start_paragraph_id': 0, 'start_character': 0, 'end_paragraph_id': 0, 'end_character': 0, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'meta': {'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'annotation_id': 2652548045080846928}, 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '66997', 'title': 'Epidemiology', 'start_paragraph_id': 2, 'start_character': 0, 'end_paragraph_id': 2, 'end_character': 529, 'bleu_score': 0.772934924225901, 'meta': {'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'annotation_id': 2652548045080846928}, 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '66997', 'title': 'Epidemiology', 'start_paragraph_id': 23, 'start_character': 0, 'end_paragraph_id': 23, 'end_character': 941, 'bleu_score': 0.9845548242372031, 'meta': {'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'annotation_id': 2652548045080846928}, 'section': 'Section::::Types of studies.\n'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '15221455', 'title': 'Social epidemiology', 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.', 'start_paragraph_id': 2, 'end_paragraph_id': 2, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ['Although health research is often organized by disease categories or organ systems, theoretical development in social epidemiology is typically organized around factors that influence health (i.e., health determinants rather than health outcomes). Many social factors are thought to be relevant for a wide range of health domains. Social epidemiology can therefore address any health outcome, including chronic disease, infectious disease, mental health, and clinical outcomes or disease prognosis. Exposures of interest to social epidemiologists include individual-level measures (e.g., poverty, education, social isolation), contextual factors (e.g., residential segregation or income inequality), and social policies (e.g., policies creating income security or promoting educational access). Analyses that address the independent or synergistic effects of individual or contextual risk factors are often of interest. Understanding the origins of health disparities and identifying strategies to eliminate health disparities is a major focus of social epidemiology.', 'Although health research is often organized by disease categories or organ systems, theoretical development in social epidemiology is typically organized around factors that influence health (i.e., health determinants rather than health outcomes). Many social factors are thought to be relevant for a wide range of health domains. Social epidemiology can therefore address any health outcome, including chronic disease, infectious disease, mental health, and clinical outcomes or disease prognosis. Exposures of interest to social epidemiologists include individual-level measures (e.g., poverty, education, social isolation), contextual factors (e.g., residential segregation or income inequality), and social policies (e.g., policies creating income security or promoting educational access). Analyses that address the independent or synergistic effects of individual or contextual risk factors are often of interest. Understanding the origins of health disparities and identifying strategies to eliminate health disparities is a major focus of social epidemiology.']}}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '66997', 'title': 'Epidemiology', 'section': 'Section::::Types of studies.:Case-control studies.\n', 'start_paragraph_id': 32, 'end_paragraph_id': 32, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ['The statistic generated to measure association is the odds ratio (OR), which is the ratio of the odds of exposure in the cases (A/C) to the odds of exposure in the controls (B/D), i.e. OR = (AD/BC)', ') and unexposed controls (D). The statistic generated to measure association is the odds ratio (OR), which is the ratio of the odds of exposure in the cases (A/C) to the odds of exposure in the controls (B/D), i.e. OR = (AD/BC). If the OR is significantly greater than 1, then the conclusion is "those with the disease are more likely to have been exposed," whereas if it is close to 1 then the exposure and disease are not likely associated. If the OR is far less than one, then this suggests that the exposure is a protective factor in the causation of the disease.', ') and unexposed controls (D). The statistic generated to measure association is the odds ratio (OR), which is the ratio of the odds of exposure in the cases (A/C) to the odds of exposure in the controls (B/D), i.e. OR = (AD/BC). If the OR is significantly greater than 1, then the conclusion is "those with the disease are more likely to have been exposed," whereas if it is close to 1 then the exposure and disease are not likely associated. If the OR is far less than one, then this suggests that the exposure is a protective factor in the causation of the disease.']}}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '15221455', 'title': 'Social epidemiology', 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.', 'start_paragraph_id': 1, 'end_paragraph_id': 1, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ['While epidemiology is "the study of the distribution and determinants of states of health in populations", social epidemiology is "that branch of epidemiology concerned with the way that social structures, institutions, and relationships influence health." This research includes "both specific features of, and pathways by which, societal conditions affect health".', 'While epidemiology is "the study of the distribution and determinants of states of health in populations", social epidemiology is "that branch of epidemiology concerned with the way that social structures, institutions, and relationships influence health." This research includes "both specific features of, and pathways by which, societal conditions affect health".']}}]}]