Question: who developed the central processing unit (cpu)
[{'answer': 'John von Neumann', 'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '5218', 'title': 'Central processing unit', 'start_paragraph_id': 7, 'start_character': 250, 'end_paragraph_id': 7, 'end_character': 266, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'section': 'Section::::History.\n'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '5218', 'title': 'Central processing unit', 'start_paragraph_id': 0, 'start_character': 0, 'end_paragraph_id': 0, 'end_character': 0, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'meta': {'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'annotation_id': 4944532588940812069}, 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '5218', 'title': 'Central processing unit', 'start_paragraph_id': 7, 'start_character': 0, 'end_paragraph_id': 7, 'end_character': 1208, 'bleu_score': 0.9305952778315091, 'meta': {'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'annotation_id': 4944532588940812069}, 'section': 'Section::::History.\n'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '95618', 'title': 'John Vincent Atanasoff', 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.', 'start_paragraph_id': 2, 'end_paragraph_id': 2, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ['John Vincent Atanasoff, , (October 4, 1903 June 15, 1995) was an American physicist and inventor, best known for being credited with inventing the first electronic digital computer. Atanasoff invented the first electronic digital computer in the 1930s at Iowa State College. Challenges to his claim were resolved in 1973 when the "Honeywell v. Sperry Rand" lawsuit ruled that Atanasoff was the inventor of the computer. His special-purpose machine has come to be called the AtanasoffBerry Computer. Atanasoff was born on October 4\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer', 'John Vincent Atanasoff, , (October 4, 1903 June 15, 1995) was an American physicist and inventor, best known for being credited with inventing the first electronic digital computer. Atanasoff invented the first electronic digital computer in the 1930s at Iowa State College. Challenges to his claim were resolved in 1973 when the "Honeywell v. Sperry Rand" lawsuit ruled that Atanasoff was the inventor of the computer. His special-purpose machine has come to be called the AtanasoffBerry Computer. Atanasoff was born on October 4']}}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '5218', 'title': 'Central processing unit', 'section': 'Section::::History.\n', 'start_paragraph_id': 10, 'end_paragraph_id': 10, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ['uses the same memory space for both. Most modern CPUs are primarily von Neumann in design, but CPUs with the Harvard architecture are seen as well, especially in embedded applications; for instance, the Atmel AVR microcontrollers are Harvard architecture processors. Relays and vacuum tubes (thermionic tubes) were commonly used as switching elements; a useful computer requires thousands or tens of thousands of switching devices. The overall speed of a system is dependent on the speed of the switches. Tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures, whereas relay computers like the (slower, but earlier) Harvard Mark I failed very rarely. In the end, tube-based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems. Most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs. Clock signal frequencies ranging from 100 kHz to 4\xa0MHz were very common at this time, limited largely by the speed of the switching devices they were built with.\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer', 'uses the same memory space for both. Most modern CPUs are primarily von Neumann in design, but CPUs with the Harvard architecture are seen as well, especially in embedded applications; for instance, the Atmel AVR microcontrollers are Harvard architecture processors. Relays and vacuum tubes (thermionic tubes) were commonly used as switching elements; a useful computer requires thousands or tens of thousands of switching devices. The overall speed of a system is dependent on the speed of the switches. Tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures, whereas relay computers like the (slower, but earlier) Harvard Mark I failed very rarely. In the end, tube-based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems. Most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs. Clock signal frequencies ranging from 100 kHz to 4\xa0MHz were very common at this time, limited largely by the speed of the switching devices they were built with.', 'uses the same memory space for both. Most modern CPUs are primarily von Neumann in design, but CPUs with the Harvard architecture are seen as well, especially in embedded applications; for instance, the Atmel AVR microcontrollers are Harvard architecture processors.']}}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '5218', 'title': 'Central processing unit', 'section': 'Section::::History.\n', 'start_paragraph_id': 7, 'end_paragraph_id': 7, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ['The idea of a stored-program computer had been already present in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly\'s ENIAC, but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner. On June\xa030, 1945, before ENIAC was made, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper entitled "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC". It was the outline of a stored-program computer that would eventually be completed in August 1949. EDVAC was designed to perform a certain number of instructions (or operations) of various types. Significantly, the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high-speed computer memory rather than specified by the physical wiring of the computer. This overcame a severe limitation of ENIAC, which was the considerable time and effort required to reconfigure the computer to perform a new task. With von Neumann\'s design, the program that EDVAC ran could be changed simply by changing the contents of the memory. EDVAC, however, was not the first stored-program computer; the Manchester Baby, a small-scale experimental stored-program computer, ran its first program on 21 June 1948 and the Manchester Mark 1 ran its first program during the night of 1617 June 1949.\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer', 'The idea of a stored-program computer had been already present in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly\'s ENIAC, but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner. On June\xa030, 1945, before ENIAC was made, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper entitled "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC". It was the outline of a stored-program computer that would eventually be completed in August 1949. EDVAC was designed to perform a certain number of instructions (or operations) of various types. Significantly, the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high-speed computer memory rather than specified by the physical wiring of the computer. This overcame a severe limitation of ENIAC, which was the considerable time and effort required to reconfigure the computer to perform a new task. With von Neumann\'s design, the program that EDVAC ran could be changed simply by changing the contents of the memory. EDVAC, however, was not the first stored-program computer; the Manchester Baby, a small-scale experimental stored-program computer, ran its first program on 21 June 1948 and the Manchester Mark 1 ran its first program during the night of 1617 June 1949.']}}]}]