Question: who established the idea that microorganisms play a role in disease
[{'answer': 'Agostino Bassi', 'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '185259', 'title': 'Germ theory of disease', 'start_paragraph_id': 16, 'start_character': 11, 'end_paragraph_id': 16, 'end_character': 25, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'section': 'Section::::Development.:Late Middle Ages.\n'}]}, {'answer': 'Robert Koch', 'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '185259', 'title': 'Germ theory of disease', 'start_paragraph_id': 2, 'start_character': 854, 'end_paragraph_id': 2, 'end_character': 865, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '185259', 'title': 'Germ theory of disease', 'start_paragraph_id': 0, 'start_character': 0, 'end_paragraph_id': 0, 'end_character': 0, 'bleu_score': 1.0, 'meta': {'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'annotation_id': 5172440872527825906}, 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '185259', 'title': 'Germ theory of disease', 'start_paragraph_id': 17, 'start_character': 0, 'end_paragraph_id': 17, 'end_character': 449, 'bleu_score': 0.923732788176137, 'meta': {'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'annotation_id': 5172440872527825906}, 'section': 'Section::::Development.:Agostino Bassi.\n'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '185259', 'title': 'Germ theory of disease', 'start_paragraph_id': 2, 'start_character': 137, 'end_paragraph_id': 2, 'end_character': 1177, 'bleu_score': 0.908115289175746, 'meta': {'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'annotation_id': 5172440872527825906}, 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '185259', 'title': 'Germ theory of disease', 'start_paragraph_id': 35, 'start_character': 0, 'end_paragraph_id': 35, 'end_character': 332, 'bleu_score': 0.962600167205617, 'meta': {'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'annotation_id': 5172440872527825906}, 'section': 'Section::::Development.:Robert Koch.\n'}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '147009', 'title': "Koch's postulates", 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.', 'start_paragraph_id': 1, 'end_paragraph_id': 1, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ["Koch's postulates () are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease. The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle, and refined and published by Koch in 1890. Koch applied the postulates to describe the etiology of cholera and tuberculosis, but they have been controversially generalized to other diseases. These postulates were generated prior to understanding of modern concepts in microbial pathogenesis that cannot be examined using Koch's postulates, including viruses (which are obligate cellular parasites) and asymptomatic carriers. They have largely been supplanted by other criteria such as the Bradford Hill criteria for infectious disease causality in modern public health.", "Koch's postulates () are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease. The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle, and refined and published by Koch in 1890. Koch applied the postulates to describe the etiology of cholera and tuberculosis, but they have been controversially generalized to other diseases. These postulates were generated prior to understanding of modern concepts in microbial pathogenesis that cannot be examined using Koch's postulates, including viruses (which are obligate cellular parasites) and asymptomatic carriers. They have largely been supplanted by other criteria such as the Bradford Hill criteria for infectious disease causality in modern public health.", 'Robert Koch']}}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '42972033', 'title': 'Diseases and epidemics of the 19th century', 'section': 'Section::::Medical responses.\n', 'start_paragraph_id': 4, 'end_paragraph_id': 4, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ["generation conclusively, allowing germ theory and Robert Koch's discovery of micro-organisms as the cause of disease transmission. Thus throughout the majority of the 19th century, there was only the most basic, common sense understanding of the causes, amelioration and treatment of epidemic disease. The late 19th century was the beginning of widespread use of vaccines. The cholera bacterium was isolated in 1854 by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini, and a vaccine, the first to immunize humans against a bacterial disease, was developed by Spanish physician Jaume Ferran i Clua in 1885, and by Russian-Jewish bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine in July 1892.", "generation conclusively, allowing germ theory and Robert Koch's discovery of micro-organisms as the cause of disease transmission. Thus throughout the majority of the 19th century, there was only the most basic, common sense understanding of the causes, amelioration and treatment of epidemic disease. The late 19th century was the beginning of widespread use of vaccines. The cholera bacterium was isolated in 1854 by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini, and a vaccine, the first to immunize humans against a bacterial disease, was developed by Spanish physician Jaume Ferran i Clua in 1885, and by Russian-Jewish bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine in July 1892.", 'Robert Koch']}}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '20377', 'title': 'Microorganism', 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.', 'start_paragraph_id': 3, 'end_paragraph_id': 3, 'meta': {'evidence_span': [', debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s, Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here.', 'debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s, Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms.', 'Robert Koch']}}]}, {'provenance': [{'wikipedia_id': '185259', 'title': 'Germ theory of disease', 'section': 'Section::::Abstract.', 'start_paragraph_id': 2, 'end_paragraph_id': 2, 'meta': {'evidence_span': ['Basic forms of germ theory were proposed in the late Middle Ages by physicians including Ibn Sina in 1025, Ibn Khatima and Ibn al-Khatib in the 14th century, and Girolamo Fracastoro in 1546, and expanded upon by Marcus von Plenciz in 1762. However, such views were held in disdain in Europe, where Galen\'s miasma theory remained dominant among scientists and doctors. The nature of this doctrine prevented them from understanding how diseases actually progressed, with predictable consequences. By the early nineteenth century, smallpox vaccination was commonplace in Europe, though doctors were unaware of how it worked or how to extend the principle to other diseases. Similar treatments had been prevalent in India from just before AD 1000. A transitional period began in the late 1850s with the work of Louis Pasteur. This work was later extended by Robert Koch in the 1880s. Viruses were discovered in the 1890s. By the end of the 1880s, the miasma theory was struggling to compete with the germ theory of disease. Eventually, a "golden era" of bacteriology ensued, during which the theory quickly led to the identification of the actual organisms that cause many diseases.', 'A transitional period began in the late 1850s with the work of Louis Pasteur. This work was later extended by Robert Koch in the 1880s. Viruses were discovered in the 1890s. By the end of the 1880s, the miasma theory was struggling to compete with the germ theory of disease. Eventually, a "golden era" of bacteriology ensued, during which the theory quickly led to the identification of the actual organisms that cause many diseases.', 'Robert Koch']}}]}]