sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.

Question: what traditional options were available for users and small businesses?

Question: what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?

Question: who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?
Passage: For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).

Question: What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements?

Question: what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers?

Question: what is high-speed dsl used for?

Question: what is SONET?
Passage: A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

Question: What is a mailbox provider?

Question: What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains?

Question: what is the purpose of a mailbox provider?

Question: how does a user store electronic mail?
Passage: Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Question: What is SMTP?

Question: What is IMAP?

Question: How is access to mail provided?

Question: what are most mailbox providers as well?

Question: who possibly controls their own mail servers?
Passage: Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.

Question: What do internet hosting services provide?

Question: Who provides a virtual server service?

Question: who provides cloud services?
Passage: Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.

Question: Who does an ISP pay for internet access?

Question: Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?

Question: What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?

Question: what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?
Passage: In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.

Question: What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP?

Question: what do transit ISPs provide?

Question: A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?

Question: What is a PoP?

Question: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
Passage: A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

Question: What is a VISP?

Question: What do VISPs resemble?

Question: What do visps purchase services from?
Passage: Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]

Question: What are free ISPs?

Question: What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?

Question: What are free ISPs similar to?

Question: How are freenets run?
Passage: A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]

Question: What is a WISP?

Question: What technology is part of a WISP?

Question: What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over?

Question: What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?
Passage: ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.

Question: What is peering?

Question: What does peering allow?

Question: Why is peering used?

Question: What are IXs?

Question: Where do multiple ISPs connect?
Passage: Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

Question: Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible?

Question: What sort of route does data follow?
Passage: Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.

Question: What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries?

Question: What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?

Question: What does PRISM do?

Question: What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies?

Question: What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do?
Passage: Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.

Question: Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?

Question: In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?

Question: What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?

Question: The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?
Passage: The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia.

Question: When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?

Question: Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?

Question: What is Japanese cartooning known as?
Passage: The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult.

Question: French comics are also known as what?

Question: When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?

Question: The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?

Question: Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?

Question: What are Japanese comics called?
Passage: The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries.

Question: Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?

Question: Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?

Question: When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?

Question: What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?
Passage: Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b]

Question: In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?

Question: What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?

Question: In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?

Question: In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?
Passage: Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.

Question: What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?

Question: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?

Question: In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?

Question: Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?

Question: When did Ally Sloper first appear?
Passage: American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons.

Question: Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?

Question: Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?
Passage: Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.

Question: What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?

Question: When did Mutt and Jeff appear?

Question: When did comic books make an appearance?

Question: Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?
Passage: The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres.

Question: Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?

Question: Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?

Question: When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?

Question: When did the alternative comics movement begin?
Passage: From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.

Question: Serialization of comics became less popular when?

Question: How were comics published when serialization became less common?

Question: Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?

Question: Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?
Passage: Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects.

Question: What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?

Question: What is ukiyo-e an example of?
Passage: Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.

Question: When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?

Question: Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?

Question: When did Jiji Manga debut?

Question: Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?

Question: When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?
Passage: The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tankōbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets—in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics.

Question: What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?

Question: Where were comic strip stories first serialized?

Question: What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?
Passage: Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page.

Question: Where do comics usually appear?
Passage: Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages.

Question: Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?

Question: How often are European serialized comics in magazines?

Question: How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?

Question: How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?
Passage: Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.

Question: What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?

Question: What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?

Question: What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?

Question: What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?
Passage: Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term "cartoon"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch.

Question: Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?

Question: When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?

Question: In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?
Passage: Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates.

Question: What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots?

Question: Who thought pop culture was a risk?

Question: What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write?