sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: In 334 BC, Alexander the Great invaded the Achaemenid Empire, defeating the last Achaemenid emperor, Darius III, at the Battle of Issus. Following the premature death of Alexander, Iran came under the control of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Parthian Empire rose to become the main power in Iran, and the century-long geopolitical arch-rivalry between Romans and Parthians began, culminating in the Roman–Parthian Wars. The Parthian Empire continued as a feudal monarchy for nearly five centuries, until 224 CE, when it was succeeded by the Sassanid Empire. Together with their neighboring arch-rival, the Roman-Byzantines, they made up the world's two most dominant powers at the time, for over four centuries.

Question: Who invaded the Archaemenid Empire in 334BC?

Question: Who was the last Archaemenid Emperor at the time of its defeat by Alexander the Great?

Question: Who controlled the Archaemenid Empire after Alexander the Great died prematurely?

Question: When did the Parthian Empire rise to become the main power in Iran?

Question: When did the Sassanid Empire succeed the Parthian Empire in control of Iran?
Passage: The prolonged Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, most importantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628, as well as the social conflict within the Sassanid Empire, opened the way for an Arab invasion to Iran in the 7th century. Initially defeated by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate, Iran came under the rule of the Arab caliphates of Umayyad and Abbasid. The prolonged and gradual process of the Islamization of Iran began following the conquest. Under the new Arab elite of the Rashidun and later the Umayyad caliphates, both converted (mawali) and non-converted (dhimmi) Iranians were discriminated against, being excluded from the government and military, and having to pay a special tax called Jizya. Gunde Shapur, home of the Academy of Gunde Shapur which was the most important medical center of the world at the time, survived after the invasion, but became known as an Islamic institute thereafter.

Question: What wars in the 600s CE lead to the weakening of Iran and a subsequent invasion by the Arabs?

Question: When did the Arabs invade Iran?

Question: Which Arab Caliphate defeated Iran first?

Question: What special tax did the discriminated Iranians - both converted and nonconverted - have to pay?

Question: What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions?
Passage: The blossoming literature, philosophy, medicine, and art of Iran became major elements in the formation of a new age for the Iranian civilization, during the period known as the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age reached its peak by the 10th and 11th centuries, during which Iran was the main theater of the scientific activities. After the 10th century, Persian language, alongside Arabic, was used for the scientific, philosophical, historical, musical, and medical works, whereas the important Iranian writers, such as Tusi, Avicenna, Qotb od Din Shirazi, and Biruni, had major contributions in the scientific writing.

Question: What period was known for an era where Iranian civilization blossomed and peaked?

Question: When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith?

Question: Prominent Iranian writers during this time of the Islamic Golden Age contributed to what area of writing?

Question: Where was the main area where the peak of scientific activity take place during the Islamic Golden Age?
Passage: The 10th century saw a mass migration of Turkic tribes from Central Asia into the Iranian plateau. Turkic tribesmen were first used in the Abbasid army as mamluks (slave-warriors), replacing Iranian and Arab elements within the army. As a result, the mamluks gained a significant political power. In 999, large portions of Iran came briefly under the rule of the Ghaznavids, whose rulers were of mamluk Turk origin, and longer subsequently under the Turkish Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires. These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership. The Seljuks subsequently gave rise to the Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia, while taking their thoroughly Persianized identity with them. The result of the adoption and patronage of Persian culture by Turkish rulers was the development of a distinct Turko-Persian tradition.

Question: What tribes migranted en masse to the Iranian plateau in the 10th Century?

Question: Where did these Turkic tribes come from before the migrated into Iran in the 10th Century?

Question: The Abbasid army replaced Iranian and Arabic men with Turkic tribesmen as what element in their army?

Question: In what year did the Ghaznavids briefly control large portions of Iran?

Question: How were the Ghaznavids different from the original Turkics that migrated into Iran?
Passage: Following the fracture of the Mongol Empire in 1256, Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, established the Ilkhanate in Iran. In 1370, yet another conqueror, Timur, followed the example of Hulagu, establishing the Timurid Empire which lasted for another 156 years. In 1387, Timur ordered the complete massacre of Isfahan, reportedly killing 70,000 citizens. The Ilkhans and the Timurids soon came to adopt the ways and customs of the Iranians, choosing to surround themselves with a culture that was distinctively Iranian.

Question: Who established an Ilkhanate in Iran after the break up of the Mongol Empire in 1256?

Question: Timur established the Timurid Empire in Iran in what year?

Question: How long did the Timurid empire last in Iran?

Question: The Ilkhans and Tumrids had what type of culture when ruling Iran?

Question: How many citizens were massacred in Isfahan by Timur in 1387?
Passage: By the 1500s, Ismail I from Ardabil, established the Safavid Dynasty, with Tabriz as the capital. Beginning with Azerbaijan, he subsequently extended his authority over all of the Iranian territories, and established an intermittent Iranian hegemony over the vast relative regions, reasserting the Iranian identity within large parts of the Greater Iran. Iran was predominantly Sunni, but Ismail instigated a forced conversion to the Shia branch of Islam, by which the Shia Islam spread throughout the Safavid territories in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. As a result, thereof, the modern-day Iran is the only official Shia nation of the world, with it holding an absolute majority in Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan, having there the 1st and 2nd highest number of Shia inhabitants by population percentage in the world.

Question: Who established the Safavid Dynasty?

Question: What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty?

Question: Ismail I forced a conversion to what Islamic branch?

Question: What country is currently the only official Shia nation of the world?
Passage: The centuries-long geopolitical and ideological rivalry between Safavid Iran and the neighboring Ottoman Empire, led to numerous Ottoman–Persian Wars. The Safavid Era peaked in the reign of Abbas the Great, 1587–1629, surpassing their Ottoman arch rivals in strength, and making the empire a leading hub in Western Eurasia for the sciences and arts. The Safavid Era saw the start of mass integration from Caucasian populations into new layers of the society of Iran, as well as mass resettlement of them within the heartlands of Iran, playing a pivotal role in the history of Iran for centuries onwards. Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and early 1700s, which was caused by the internal conflicts, the continuous wars with the Ottomans, and the foreign interference (most notably the Russian interference), the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels who besieged Isfahan and defeated Soltan Hosein in 1722.

Question: What Empire neighbored and had a rivalry with Safavid Iran?

Question: Safavid Iran peaked during whose reign?

Question: When did the Safavid Empire peak?

Question: Who ended Safavid power in Iran in 1722?

Question: Who was the last Safavid ruler who was defeated in 1722 by the Pashtuns in Isfahan?
Passage: In 1729, Nader Shah, a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan, successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders. He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran. During the reign of Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian hegemony all over the Caucasus, as well as other major parts of the west and central Asia, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time.

Question: Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729?

Question: Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire?

Question: Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?

Question: Where was Nader Shan from?

Question: In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran?
Passage: Another civil war ensued after the death of Karim Khan in 1779, out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged, founding the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. In 1795, following the disobedience of the Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russians, the Qajars captured Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisi, and drove the Russians out of the entire Caucasus, reestablishing a short-lived Iranian suzerainty over the region. The Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 resulted in large irrevocable territorial losses for Iran in the Caucasus, comprising all of Transcaucasia and Dagestan, which made part of the very concept of Iran for centuries, and thus substantial gains for the neighboring Russian Empire.

Question: Whose death in 1779 led to a civil war in Iran?

Question: Who founded the following Qajar Empire in 1794?

Question: The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region?

Question: The Qajars defeated the Russians at what battle to take over Tblisi?

Question: Iran lost territory in the Caucasus during what wars in the early 1800s?
Passage: As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. The area to the north of the river Aras, among which the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.

Question: What wars resulted in Iran losing control of the Caucasus to the Russians?

Question: What region consisting of Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, & Azerbaijan did Iran lose control of to the Russians?

Question: What century did Iran lose the Caucasus to Russia?

Question: The Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties between Iran and Russia confirmed what?
Passage: Between 1872 and 1905, a series of protests took place in response to the sale of concessions to foreigners by Nasser od Din and Mozaffar od Din shahs of Qajar, and led to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. The first Iranian Constitution and the first national parliament of Iran were founded in 1906, through the ongoing revolution. The Constitution included the official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities, namely Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews, which has remained a basis in the legislation of Iran since then.

Question: When did a series of protests over foreign concessions sales in Iran occur?

Question: What resulted from the series of protests in Iran over foreign concessions sales?

Question: The first national parliament of Iran was founded in what year?

Question: The first Constitution of Iran was founded in what year?

Question: The Iranian Constitution did what for Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians in Iran?
Passage: The struggle related to the constitutional movement continued until 1911, when Mohammad Ali Shah was defeated and forced to abdicate. On the pretext of restoring order, the Russians occupied Northern Iran in 1911, and maintained a military presence in the region for years to come. During World War I, the British occupied much of Western Iran, and fully withdrew in 1921. The Persian Campaign commenced furthermore during World War I in Northwestern Iran after an Ottoman invasion, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I. As a result of Ottoman hostilities across the border, a large amount of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred by the Ottoman armies, notably in and around Urmia. Apart from the rule of Aqa Mohammad Khan, the Qajar rule is characterized as a century of misrule.

Question: The constitutional movement in Iran lasted from 1906 until what year?

Question: The British occupied Western Iran from World War 1 until finally withdrawing in what year?

Question: Who was defeated and forced to abdicate at the end of the Iranian constitutional movement?

Question: In 1911, Russians occupied Northern Iran under what pretext?

Question: Who massacred many Assyrian Iranians around Urmia during World War 1?
Passage: In 1941, Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and established the Persian Corridor, a massive supply route that would last until the end of the ongoing war. The presence of so many foreign troops in the nation also culminated in the Soviet-backed establishment of two puppet regimes in the nation; the Azerbaijan People's Government, and the Republic of Mahabad. As the Soviet Union refused to relinquish the occupied Iranian territory, the Iran crisis of 1946 was followed, which particularly resulted in the dissolution of both puppet states, and the withdrawal of the Soviets.

Question: When was Reza Shah forced to abdicate in Iran?

Question: Who succeeded Reza Shah after his abdication?

Question: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi established what enormous supply route during World War 2?

Question: Who backed two puppet regimes in/around Iran during WWII?

Question: What happened which ended in two puppet states dissolving and Soviet withdrawal out of Iran after WWII?
Passage: Due to the 1973 spike in oil prices, the economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency, which caused inflation. By 1974, the economy of Iran was experiencing double digit inflation, and despite many large projects to modernize the country, corruption was rampant and caused large amounts of waste. By 1975 and 1976, an economic recession led to increased unemployment, especially among millions of youth who had migrated to the cities of Iran looking for construction jobs during the boom years of the early 1970s. By the late 1970s, many of these people opposed the Shah's regime and began to organize and join the protests against it.

Question: What year did oil price spikes in Iran lead to inflation?

Question: What caused inflation to Iran's economy during the oil price spike in 1973?

Question: Iran's inflation led to what in 1975-1976?

Question: Why did millions of youth migrate to the urban areas of Iran in the mid 1970s?

Question: Due to increased unemployment, who mainly opposed the Shah's regime?
Passage: The immediate nationwide uprisings against the new government began by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion with the Khuzestan uprisings, along with the uprisings in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and other areas. Over the next several years, these uprisings were subdued in a violent manner by the new Islamic government. The new government went about purging itself of the non-Islamist political opposition. Although both nationalists and Marxists had initially joined with Islamists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were executed by the Islamic government afterward.

Question: The new Iranian government following the Shah's downfall dealt with the Kurdish rebellion in what year?

Question: How did the new Iranian government handle the rebellions and uprisings following their rise to power?

Question: The new Iranian government purged itself of what political opposition?

Question: What happened to the nationalists and Marxists that had helped the Islamic ruling government to depose the Shah?
Passage: On November 4, 1979, a group of students seized the United States Embassy and took the embassy with 52 personnel and citizens hostage, after the United States refused to return Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Iran to face trial in the court of the new regime. Attempts by the Jimmy Carter administration to negotiate for the release of the hostages, and a failed rescue attempt, helped force Carter out of office and brought Ronald Reagan to power. On Jimmy Carter's final day in office, the last hostages were finally set free as a result of the Algiers Accords.

Question: Who seized the US Embassy in Iran in 1979?

Question: When was the US Embassy in Iran seized?

Question: ALl of the hostages were completely freed as the result of what treaty?

Question: Who won the 1980 US Presidential Elections after President Carter's repeated failed attempts to resolve the US Iranian Embassy situation?

Question: How many hostages were taken in the US Embassy seizure?
Passage: On September 22, 1980, the Iraqi army invaded the Iranian Khuzestan, and the Iran–Iraq War began. Although the forces of Saddam Hussein made several early advances, by mid 1982, the Iranian forces successfully managed to drive the Iraqi army back into Iraq. In July 1982, with Iraq thrown on the defensive, Iran took the decision to invade Iraq and conducted countless offensives in a bid to conquer Iraqi territory and capture cities, such as Basra. The war continued until 1988, when the Iraqi army defeated the Iranian forces inside Iraq and pushed the remaining Iranian troops back across the border. Subsequently, Khomeini accepted a truce mediated by the UN. The total Iranian casualties in the war were estimated to be 123,220–160,000 KIA, 60,711 MIA, and 11,000–16,000 civilians killed.

Question: Who invaded Iran in 1980?

Question: When did the Iranian army push the Iraqis back into Iraq?

Question: Who mediated the truce which ended the Iran-Iraq War?

Question: When did the Iran-Iraq War finally end?

Question: How many civilians in Iran were killed during the Iran-Iraq War?
Passage: Iran has an area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi). Iran lies between latitudes 24° and 40° N, and longitudes 44° and 64° E. Its borders are with Azerbaijan (611 km or 380 mi, with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave, 179 km or 111 mi) and Armenia (35 km or 22 mi) to the north-west; the Caspian Sea to the north; Turkmenistan (992 km or 616 mi) to the north-east; Pakistan (909 km or 565 mi) and Afghanistan (936 km or 582 mi) to the east; Turkey (499 km or 310 mi) and Iraq (1,458 km or 906 mi) to the west; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south.

Question: What latitudes does Iran lie between?

Question: What is the size of Iran?

Question: Where does Iran border the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman?

Question: What longitudes does Iran lie between?

Question: What does Iran border with to its north?
Passage: Iran consists of the Iranian Plateau with the exception of the coasts of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan Province. It is one of the world's most mountainous countries, its landscape dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaux from one another. The populous western part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the Caucasus, Zagros and Alborz Mountains; the last contains Iran's highest point, Mount Damavand at 5,610 m (18,406 ft), which is also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush.

Question: Iran's landscape is dominated by what geographical feature?

Question: What is Iran's highest mountain?

Question: How tall is Mount Damavand?

Question: Mount Damavand is located in what range?
Passage: Iran's climate ranges from arid or semiarid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast and the northern forests. On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain) temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid for the rest of the year. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C (84.2 °F). Annual precipitation is 680 mm (26.8 in) in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the western part. United Nations Resident Coordinator for Iran Gary Lewis has said that "Water scarcity poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today".

Question: Iran's climate along its Capsian coast and northen forests is?

Question: During what season does Iran's northern region's temperatures never go higher than 29c?

Question: What is the annual precipitation in Iran's eastern plains?

Question: What is the annual precipitation in Iran's western plains?

Question: According to Gary Lewis of the UN, what is the most pressing human security challenge in Iran?
Passage: To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters with below zero average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The eastern and central basins are arid, with less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain, and have occasional deserts. Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern Iran have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in).

Question: In Iran's western Zagros Basin, temperatures do not exceed what level during the summer?

Question: In Iran's western Zagros Basin, what are the average daily temperatures during winter?

Question: The eastern and central basins of Iran experience how much annual precipitation?

Question: What is the coastal plains of Iran's annual precipitation ranges?
Passage: At least 74 species of Iranian wildlife are on the red list of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, a sign of serious threats against the country’s biodiversity. The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environment, and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats.

Question: The Iranian Parliament does not demand environmental impact studies before approving what projects?

Question: How many species of Iranian wildlife are listed by the IUCN as endangered?

Question: The Iranian Parliament lets who exploit mines without guidance from the Department of the Environment?

Question: The Iranian Parliament passes legislation without the involvement of what department to the detriment of wildlife?
Passage: Shiraz, with a population of around 1.4 million (2011 census), is the sixth major city of Iran. It is the capital of Fars Province, and was also a former capital of Iran. The area was greatly influenced by the Babylonian civilization, and after the emergence of the ancient Persians, soon came to be known as Persis. Persians were present in the region since the 9th century BC, and became rulers of a large empire under the reign of the Achaemenid Dynasty in the 6th century BC. The ruins of Persepolis and Pasargadae, two of the four capitals of the Achaemenid Empire, are located around the modern-day city of Shiraz.

Question: What is the sixth most populous city of Iran?

Question: What is Shiraz' population by the 2011 Census?

Question: Shiraz is the capital of what Province?

Question: What ancient civilization has majorly influenced the Fars Province?

Question: Persians have been in the Fars Province since what century?