sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011.

Question: Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association?

Question: Where did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?

Question: When did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?
Passage: The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.

Question: Where does the Governor's cup take place?

Question: What months does the Governor's cup take place?

Question: When did the most recent Governor's cup take place?
Passage: There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.

Question: What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island?

Question: When was Scouting established on Saint Helena?

Question: Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937?

Question: What book describes Lord and Lady Baden-Powel's visit?
Passage: In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

Question: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?

Question: Aspirated consonants are what in English?

Question: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?
Passage: To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.

Question: With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?

Question: In English the first consonant in "pin" is what?
Passage: In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.

Question: What does IPA stand for?

Question: Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?

Question: What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?

Question: pʰ represents what?
Passage: Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

Question: What is not often aspirated?

Question: The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?

Question: Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?
Passage: There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.

Question: There are no IPA symbols for what?

Question: What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?

Question: What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?

Question: How are voice-onset time details usually presented?
Passage: Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.

Question: A preaspirated consonant is marked how?

Question: What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?
Passage: Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.

Question: How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?

Question: What is the superscript equal sign?

Question: Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?

Question: How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?
Passage: Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

Question: What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?

Question: What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?

Question: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?
Passage: Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.

Question: Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?

Question: In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?
Passage: Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.

Question: In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?

Question: Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?
Passage: Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)

Question: As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?
Passage: Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.

Question: Aspiration alters with what?
Passage: When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.

Question: What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?

Question: What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?
Passage: Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:

Question: What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?

Question: What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?

Question: What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?
Passage: Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.

Question: The Sami tongue also has what?

Question: Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?
Passage: Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [sʰ], [fʰ] or [ɕʰ] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives [sʰ] [ɕʰ], [ʂʰ] and [xʰ].

Question: How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?
Passage: True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

Question: Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?

Question: True aspirated consonants are considered what?

Question: True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?
Passage: Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.

Question: What has a different significance in various languages?

Question: What two forms can aspiration be in?
Passage: In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

Question: Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?

Question: How are stops distinguished?

Question: Voiceless stops are at times what?

Question: Voiced stops are most often what?
Passage: They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

Question: When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?

Question: If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?

Question: If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?

Question: If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?
Passage: In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.

Question: In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?

Question: [p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what?
Passage: In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration.

Question: How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?

Question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?
Passage: Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.

Question: Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?

Question: Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?

Question: What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?
Passage: Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

Question: What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?

Question: What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?

Question: What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?

Question: What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?
Passage: Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.

Question: How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?

Question: What is another term for voice-aspirated?

Question: Which distinction has Punjabi lost?
Passage: Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.

Question: Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?

Question: What has no distinction between the categories of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?
Passage: Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.

Question: What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?

Question: Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?

Question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?
Passage: Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians.

Question: Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?

Question: What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?

Question: Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?
Passage: There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

Question: What is the representation for the three places of articulation?

Question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?

Question: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?
Passage: The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).

Question: Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?

Question: Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?

Question: Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?
Passage: Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.

Question: Attic Greek lenited to what?

Question: The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?
Passage: The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].

Question: Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?

Question: Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?

Question: What is another term for a consonant being weakened?
Passage: So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.

Question: What is breathy voice?

Question: The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?
Passage: Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.

Question: What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?

Question: What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?

Question: What uses the ⟨◌ʱ⟩?
Passage: Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[note 1] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.

Question: What is hydrogens chemical symbol?

Question: What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?

Question: What is the atomic weight for hydrogen?

Question: What element is considered the lightest?
Passage: The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Since hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most non-metallic elements, most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as in the form of water or organic compounds. Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid–base reactions as many acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. In ionic compounds, hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge (i.e., anion) when it is known as a hydride, or as a positively charged (i.e., cation) species denoted by the symbol H+. The hydrogen cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds are always more complex species than that would suggest. As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.

Question: What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?

Question: What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?

Question: What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?

Question: What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?

Question: What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?
Passage: Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with acids. In 1766–81, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name: in Greek, hydrogen means "water-former".

Question: When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time?

Question: Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?

Question: When it is burned what does hydrogen make?

Question: What is the Greek translation for hydrogen?
Passage: Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive hydrogen production methods like the electrolysis of water. Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen is a concern in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.

Question: What market primarily uses ammonia production?

Question: Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen.
Passage: Hydrogen gas (dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen) is highly flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4% and 75% by volume. The enthalpy of combustion for hydrogen is −286 kJ/mol:

Question: For hydrogen what is the enthalpy of combustion?

Question: What are two forms of hydrogen gas?

Question: Which element has a enthalpy of combustion at −286 kJ/mol?
Passage: Hydrogen gas forms explosive mixtures with air if it is 4–74% concentrated and with chlorine if it is 5–95% concentrated. The mixtures may be ignited by spark, heat or sunlight. The hydrogen autoignition temperature, the temperature of spontaneous ignition in air, is 500 °C (932 °F). Pure hydrogen-oxygen flames emit ultraviolet light and with high oxygen mix are nearly invisible to the naked eye, as illustrated by the faint plume of the Space Shuttle Main Engine compared to the highly visible plume of a Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. The detection of a burning hydrogen leak may require a flame detector; such leaks can be very dangerous. Hydrogen flames in other conditions are blue, resembling blue natural gas flames. The destruction of the Hindenburg airship was an infamous example of hydrogen combustion; the cause is debated, but the visible orange flames were the result of a rich mixture of hydrogen to oxygen combined with carbon compounds from the airship skin.

Question: What kind of light do hydrogen-oxygen flames make?

Question: What caused the Hindenburg to explode?