sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Bonaparte could win battles by concealment of troop deployments and concentration of his forces on the 'hinge' of an enemy's weakened front. If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until it fled, then turn to face the other. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170 standards. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics.

Question: What was Napoleon's favorite strategy?

Question: How many prisoners did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?

Question: How many cannons did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?

Question: In what area did the French army display superior technology to its opponents?

Question: How many standards did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
Passage: During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and another for circulation in France. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. All told, Napoleon's forces extracted an estimated $45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there, another $12 million in precious metals and jewels; atop that, his forces confiscated more than three-hundred priceless paintings and sculptures. Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a coup d'état and purge the royalists on 4 September—Coup of 18 Fructidor. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent on Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero. He met Talleyrand, France's new Foreign Minister—who later served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon—and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain.

Question: For what action during the Italian campaign did the royalists condemn Bonaparte?

Question: About how much money did Napoleon's army take from Italy during the conflict there?

Question: Approximately how many valuable paintings and sculpture's did Napoleon's forces loot from Italy during the campaign there?

Question: What was the name of the general sent to Paris by Napoleon to organize a coup against the royalists there?

Question: Napoleon's peace negotiations with Austria brought about what treaty?
Passage: General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling military caste. This helped the French practice their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids, fought on 21 July, about 24 km (15 mi) from the pyramids. General Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the morale of the French army.

Question: Before landing at Alexandria, Napoleon succeeded in evading what military entity?

Question: On what date did Napoleon land at Alexandria?

Question: What battle did Napoleon fight against the Mamluks?

Question: What was the name of Egypt's dominant military class?

Question: Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids?
Passage: On 1 August, the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and 1,400 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning to save bullets. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days.

Question: In what battle did the British fleet seize or destroy most of the French vessels in Egypt?

Question: Who led the British during the Battle of the Nile?

Question: In what year did Napoleon lead his army into Damascus?

Question: During the battles in Damascus, the attack on which city was know for its brutality?

Question: Approximately how many troops were in the army Napoleon led into Damascus?
Passage: Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men; 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly bubonic plague. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium; the number who died remains disputed, ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.

Question: How many men were in Napoleon's army when the battle began?

Question: How many soldiers in Napoleon's army died in combat?

Question: How many soldiers from Napoleon's army were reported missing?

Question: What disease took the heaviest toll on Napoleon's army?

Question: To speed his retreat to Egypt, Napoleon ordered the poisoning of sick men with what substance?
Passage: Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero's welcome. He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, his brother Lucien, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos, director Joseph Fouché, and Talleyrand, and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'état on 9 November 1799 ("the 18th Brumaire" according to the revolutionary calendar), closing down the council of five hundred. Napoleon became "first consul" for ten years, with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only. His power was confirmed by the new "Constitution of the Year VIII", originally devised by Sieyès to give Napoleon a minor role, but rewritten by Napoleon, and accepted by direct popular vote (3,000,000 in favor, 1,567 opposed). The constitution preserved the appearance of a republic but in reality established a dictatorship.

Question: Napoleon's ally Roger Ducos was the speaker for what organization?

Question: On what date did Napoleon's alliance overthrow the Directory?

Question: Napoleon's successful coup against the directory resulted in the closure of what organization?

Question: After his successful coup against the Directory, what political office did Napoleon assume?

Question: What was the count of the popular vote in favor of the "Constitution of the Year VIII"?
Passage: Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called "dictatorship by plebiscite." Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting "yes." Napoleon's brother, Lucien, had falsified the returns to show that 3 million people had participated in the plebiscite; the real number was 1.5 million. Political observers at the time assumed the eligible French voting public numbered about 5 million people, so the regime artificially doubled the participation rate to indicate popular enthusiasm for the Consulate. In the first few months of the Consulate, with war in Europe still raging and internal instability still plaguing the country, Napoleon's grip on power remained very tenuous.

Question: What was historian Martin Lyons' term for the political system created by Napoleon?

Question: What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon?

Question: After his election to First Consul, where did Napoleon take up residence?

Question: What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon's constitution?

Question: What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon's constitution?
Passage: In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt.[note 5] After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force. The fierce resistance of this French army, under André Masséna, gave the northern striking force precious time to carry out their operations with little interference. After spending several days looking for each other, the two armies finally collided at the Battle of Marengo on June 14. General Melas had a numerical advantage, fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops. The battle began favorably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back. Melas concluded that he'd won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French. However, the French lines never broke during their tactical retreat; Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. Late in the afternoon, a full division under Desaix arrived on the field and dramatically reversed the tide of the battle. A series of artillery barrages and fortunate cavalry charges managed to decimate the Austrian army, which fled chaotically over the Bormida River back to Alessandria, leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region.

Question: In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy?

Question: Who led the French army defending Genoa against the Austrian siege?

Question: What was the date of the Battle of Marengo?

Question: Who led the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo?

Question: How many troops did Napoleon field at the Battle of Marengo?
Passage: Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign; in 1800, it took him only a month to achieve the same goal. German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that "Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless" while "[attaining] the object of the campaign: the conquest of North Italy."

Question: From what direction did Napoleon elect to invade Italy?

Question: What direction did French invasions of Italy normally come from?

Question: Around how long did it take Napoleon to push Austria out of Italy in his first experiences there?

Question: How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800?

Question: According to Alfred von Shlieffen, what was the object of Napoleon's 1800 Italian campaign?
Passage: Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800. As a result, the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio. Britain now remained the only nation that was still at war with France.

Question: Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur?

Question: Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon's brother take place?

Question: What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria?

Question: What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden?

Question: Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800?
Passage: After a decade of constant warfare, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Amiens called for the withdrawal of British troops from recently conquered colonial territories as well as for assurances to curtail the expansionary goals of the French Republic. With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Napoleon's popularity soared to its highest levels under the Consulate, both domestically and abroad. In a new plebiscite during the spring of 1802, the French public came out in huge numbers to approve a constitution that made the Consulate permanent, essentially elevating Napoleon to dictator for life. Whereas the plebiscite two years earlier had brought out 1.5 million people to the polls, the new referendum enticed 3.6 million to go and vote (72% of all eligible voters). There was no secret ballot in 1802 and few people wanted to openly defy the regime; the constitution gained approval with over 99% of the vote. His broad powers were spelled out in the new constitution: Article 1. The French people name, and the Senate proclaims Napoleon-Bonaparte First Consul for Life. After 1802, he was generally referred to as Napoleon rather than Bonaparte.

Question: What 1802 treaty between Britain and France ended the Revolutionary Wars?

Question: What year was the Treaty of Amiens signed?

Question: In what year did French voters approve a constitution making the Consulate permanent?

Question: What percentage of the French vote approved Napoleon's new constitution?

Question: What position was Napoleon granted in Article 1 of the new French constitution?
Passage: The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on the French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw his chance to recuperate the formerly wealthy colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. During the Revolution, the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794. Under the terms of Amiens, however, Napoleon agreed to appease British demands by not abolishing slavery in any colonies where the 1794 decree had never been implemented. The resulting Law of 20 May never applied to colonies like Guadeloupe or Guyane, even though rogue generals and other officials used the pretext of peace as an opportunity to reinstate slavery in some of these places. The Law of 20 May officially restored the slave trade to the Caribbean colonies, not slavery itself. Napoleon sent an expedition under General Leclerc designed to reassert control over Sainte-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed when high rates of disease crippled the French army. In May 1803, the last 8000 French troops left the island and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Haïti in 1804. Seeing the failure of his colonial efforts, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, instantly doubling the size of the U.S. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million.

Question: During the short peace in Europe, where did Napoleon turn his focus?

Question: During the Revolutionary War, which French colony had moved towards political independence?

Question: Who was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue in 1801?

Question: In February of what year did the national Convention vote to get rid of slavery?

Question: What was the name of the French general who led the forces that attempted to regain control of Sainte-Domingue?
Passage: During the Consulate, Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots, including the Conspiration des poignards (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the Infernal Machine) two months later. In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family, the former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien, violating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though he had not been involved in the plot. Enghien's execution infuriated royal courts throughout Europe, become one of the contributing political factors for the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars.

Question: What was the name of the assassination plot against Napoleon also known as the Infernal Machine?

Question: When did the Conspiration des poignards take place?

Question: What family was supposed to have supported the January 1804 assassination plot targeting Napoleon?

Question: What was another name for the Conspiration des poignards?

Question: The kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien violated the sovereignty of what locale?
Passage: To expand his power, Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model. He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution. Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as Emperor of the French by a tally exceeding 99%. As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls.

Question: The imperial system Napoleon created was based on what model?

Question: What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system?

Question: Napoleon wrote his family's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family?

Question: Napoleon was elected Emperor of the French by more than what percentage of voters?

Question: About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French?
Passage: Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. For the official coronation, he raised the Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. Instead he placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26, 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army.

Question: On what date did Napoleon's coronation occur?

Question: How many crowns were used in Napoleon's coronation ceremony?

Question: Other than France, what country was Napoleon crowned king of?

Question: When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?

Question: Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
Passage: Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, the Armée d'Angleterre, around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called La Grande Armée. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the Grande Armée countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. On top of these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons, and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces. By 1805, the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.

Question: What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition?

Question: Where in Northern France were the camps of the Armée d'Angleterre located?

Question: What country was the Armée d'Angleterre intended to strike at?

Question: What was the name of the later military organization that the Armée d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?

Question: How many men were in the Grande Armée by 1805?
Passage: Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

Question: Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?

Question: Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?

Question: Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?

Question: Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?

Question: When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?