sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: The name Shell is linked to The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company. In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.

Question: The name Shell is connected to what company?

Question: What was the purpose of the created of The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company?

Question: What did the younger founder of The "Shell" Transport and Trading company discover while collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area?

Question: By what year did the company have a fleet of oil tankers operating in the Caspian Sea region?

Question: The company operated a refinery on what river for several decades?
Passage: Shell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry, each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company.

Question: What is Shell's primary business?

Question: The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded?

Question: One of the most important business in which Shell is involved is what?

Question: Each business now seeks to become what type of unit?

Question: The business model that provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry is called what?
Passage: Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague. Nevertheless, there were very large "exploration and production" companies in a few major oil and gas production centres such as the United Kingdom (Shell Expro, a Joint Venture with Exxon), Nigeria, Brunei, and Oman.

Question: Shell was traditionally considered what type of business worldwide?

Question: Shell operated companies in how many countries?

Question: A good deal of technical and financial direction for the upstream came from what entity?

Question: What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers?
Passage: Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generates a third of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries. The downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining, generally included a retail petrol station network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales and a host of other product/market sectors such as LPG and bitumen. The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local "operating companies" – often with middle and senior management reinforced by expatriates. In the 1990s, this paradigm began to change, and the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced. Today, virtually all of Shell's operations in various businesses are much more directly managed from London and The Hague. The autonomy of "operating companies" has been largely removed, as more "global businesses" have been created.

Question: Downstream operations currently includes what type of business?

Question: Downstream operations produces what percent of Shell's profits worldwide?

Question: How many petrol stationsare included in Shell's downstream operations global network?

Question: Prior to the 1990s, Shell's downstream businesses were essentially considered what kind of businesses?

Question: In what way did the business paradigm of Shell's downstream operations begin to change?
Passage: In April 2010, Shell announced its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and "Helios". In several countries such as Tunisia, protests and strikes broke out. Shell denied rumours of the sellout. Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich Niger Delta as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. In August 2014, the company disclosed it was in the process of finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.

Question: What did Shell announce in April 2010?

Question: What happened in several countries in response to Shell's April 2010 announcement?

Question: In June 2013, Shell announced a review of its operations in which country?

Question: In August 2014, Shell announced it was in the process of doing what?

Question: What did Shell indicate was a reason for the strategic review of operations in Nigeria?
Passage: On 27 August 2007, Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group, the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia, announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country. On April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations. On October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden were sold to St1, a Finnish energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy. Shell branded gas stations will be rebranded within maximum of five years from the acquisition and the number of gas stations is likely to be reduced. Until then the stations will operate under Shell brand licence.

Question: What company was the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia?

Question: In what year did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group announce an agreement?

Question: How many service stations did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group agree to re-brand?

Question: Shell announced it was in the process of doing what in April 2010?

Question: In October 2010, Shell sold what to St1?
Passage: Through most of Shell's early history, the Shell Oil Company business in the United States was substantially independent with its stock being traded on the NYSE and with little direct involvement from the group's central offices in the running of the American business. However, in 1984, Royal Dutch Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and despite opposition from some minority shareholders, which led to a court case, Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $5.7 billion.

Question: Shell Oil Company's United States business throughout its early history is described as what?

Question: On which exchange was Shell Oil Company's U.S. stock historically traded?

Question: Shell Oil Company historically had little direct involvement from what entity in the running of its American businesses?

Question: In what year did Royal Dutch Shell make a bid to purchase approximately 30% of Shell Oil Company's shares?

Question: What did Royal Dutch Shell's bid to purchase Shell Oil Company's shares lead to?
Passage: On 20 May 2011, Royal Dutch Shell's final investment decision for the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field—located off Australia's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves—in 2007. FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas, often too small to extract any other way.

Question: The final investment decision for what was finalized by Royal Dutch Shell in May 2011?

Question: The remote offshore Prelude field was discovered where?

Question: On what developments was FLNG technology based?

Question: The Prelude field was estimated to contain how many cubic feet of natural gas reserves?

Question: FLNG technology faciliates what?
Passage: Shell sold 9.5% of its 23.1% stake in Woodside Petroleum in June 2014 and advised that it had reached an agreement for Woodside to buy back 9.5% of its shares at a later stage. Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer Peter Costello and the corporation has been open about its intention to sell its stake in Woodside as part of its target to shed assets. At a general body meeting, held on 1 August 2014, 72 percent of shareholders voted to approve the buy-back, short of the 75 percent vote that was required for approval. A statement from Shell read: "Royal Dutch Shell acknowledges the outcome of Woodside Petroleum Limited's shareholders' negative vote on the selective buy-back proposal. Shell is reviewing its options in relation to its remaining 13.6 percent holding."

Question: What percent of its stake in Woodside Petroleum did Shell sell in June 2014?

Question: Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a takeover attempt was blocked in what year?

Question: Who blocked the takeover attempt?

Question: What percentage of shareholders voted to approve the 2014 buy-back?

Question: What percentage of shareholder votes was need to approve the 2014 buy-back?
Passage: Following the purchase of an offshore lease in 2005, Shell initiated its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program in 2006, after the corporation purchased the "Kulluk" oil rig and leased the Noble Discoverer drillship. At inception, the project was led by Pete Slaiby, a Shell executive who had previously worked in the North Sea. However, after the purchase of a second offshore lease in 2008, Shell only commenced drilling work in 2012, due to the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits. The plans to drill in the Arctic led to protests from environmental groups, particularly Greenpeace; furthermore, analysts in the energy field, as well as related industries, also expressed skepticism due to perceptions that drilling in the region is "too dangerous because of harsh conditions and remote locations".

Question: Shell purchased what in 2005?

Question: What did Shell initate after its 2005 purchase?

Question: What executive initially led the Artic drilling project?

Question: What caused the delay in drilling after Shell's 2008 purchase?

Question: Shell's plans to drill in the Artic led to protests from which particular environmental group?
Passage: Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012, as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits, Coast Guard certification of a marine vessel and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment. Additionally, difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the "Kulluk" incident at the end of the year. Royal Dutch Shell had invested nearly US$5 billion by this stage of the project.

Question: What conditions caused the delay of drilling in mid-2012?

Question: What worsened the situation at the end of 2012?

Question: What amount had Royal Dutch Shell invested in the project by the end of 2012?

Question: In what year did drilling in the Arctic region begin?
Passage: As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the situation. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that "A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season."

Question: Why was the Kulluk oil rig being towed to Washington?

Question: What caused towing crews and rescue service to lose control while the Kulluk rig was in transport to Washington?

Question: On January 1, 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast of which island?

Question: Following the incident, which magazine contacted Larry McKinney?

Question: Larry McKinney explained that a two-month delay in drilling could do what?
Passage: It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the "Kulluk" incident and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would "pause" its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration. In January 2014, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic, with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is "under review" due to both market and internal issues.

Question: Following what event was it uncertain if Shell would recommence drilling?

Question: In February 2013, Shell Corporation announced that it would pause what?

Question: Shell Corporation announced what in January 2014?

Question: Which Shell Corporation executive explained the reason for the January 2014 announcement?

Question: What reason did the executive give for Shell's January 2014 announcement?
Passage: In the 1990s, protesters criticised the company's environmental record, particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea. Despite support from the UK government, Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally better. Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development, supported by executive speeches reinforcing this commitment.

Question: For what particular reason did protesters criticize the company's environmental record in the 1990s?

Question: What entity supported Shell during the 1990s protests?

Question: Following the reversal of its decision, Shell published what?
Passage: In the beginning of 1996, several human rights groups brought cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria, including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture, inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. In particular, Shell stood accused of collaborating in the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other leaders of the Ogoni tribe of southern Nigeria, who were hanged in 1995 by Nigeria's then military rulers. The lawsuits were brought against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation. In 2009, Shell agreed to pay $15.5m in a legal settlement. Shell has not accepted any liability over the allegations against it.

Question: In 1996, multiple groups filed lawsuits to hold Shell accountable for what?

Question: Shell was accused of participating in the execution of which southern Nigerian tribal leader?

Question: In what year did Shell agree to settle the lawsuits filed in 1996?

Question: For what amount did Shell agree to settle the 1996 lawsuits?

Question: In contrast to its agreement to settle the 1996 lawsuits, Shell refused to do what?
Passage: In 2010, a leaked cable revealed that Shell claims to have inserted staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government and know "everything that was being done in those ministries", according to Shell's top executive in Nigeria. The same executive also boasted that the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration. Documents released in 2009 (but not used in the court case) reveal that Shell regularly made payments to the Nigerian military in order to prevent protests.

Question: A 2010 leaked communication revealed that Shell claimed to have inserted what into which entities?

Question: The same leaked communication revealed Shell claimed to know what?

Question: About what did the Shell executive boast in relation to the leaked communication?

Question: Documents released in 2009 showed that Shell made regular payments to which entity?

Question: For what purpose did Shell make regular payments to the entity cited in the documents released in 2009?
Passage: On 16 March 2012, 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica, multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska. Around the same time period, a reporter for Fortune magazine spoke with Edward Itta, an Inupiat Eskimo leader and the former mayor of the North Slope Borough, who expressed that he was conflicted about Shell's plans in the Arctic, as he was very concerned that an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture, but his borough also received major tax revenue from oil and gas production; additionally, further revenue from energy activity was considered crucial to the future of the living standard in Itta's community.

Question: How many Greenpeace activists boarded Fennica and Nordica in March 2012?

Question: How many countries did the group of Greenpeace activists represent?

Question: What types of vehicles were the Fennica and Nordica?

Question: Why were the Fennica and Nordica chartered?

Question: What was the main concern of Edward Itta?
Passage: In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was "trampling American's rights." According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to ban video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013, in which "SaveTheArctic.org" banners appear at the winners' podium ceremony. In the video, the banners rise up automatically—activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas—revealing the website URL, alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo.

Question: Why did Shell file lawsuits?

Question: Jealous and Radford asserted that the legal action taken by Shell was what?

Question: Greenpeace claimed that Shell requested Google to ban what?

Question: What banners appeared on the winners' podium at the August 2013 ceremony?

Question: At the 2013 ceremony, activitsts controlled their appearance with what?
Passage: Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works. The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement.

Question: How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?

Question: What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected?

Question: Who is protected by copyright laws?

Question: You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?

Question: What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?

Question: How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?

Question: Who is protected by copyright laws?

Question: What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?

Question: You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?
Passage: Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize – as "indirect" infringers – the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others.

Question: How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement?

Question: Why has copyright infringement increased recently?

Question: What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?

Question: What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?

Question: What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?

Question: What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?

Question: What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?

Question: What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works?
Passage: The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is "robbery or illegal violence at sea", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of intellectual property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible property. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft.

Question: What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own?

Question: What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?

Question: What kind of property is copyright used for?

Question: What is the difference between robbery and piracy?

Question: In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what?