sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.

Question: What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?

Question: What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called?

Question: What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?
Passage: Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.

Question: What can cause issues with installed computer systems?

Question: What year did DST rules change in North America?

Question: What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?

Question: In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?

Question: Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?
Passage: Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.

Question: What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?

Question: By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?

Question: In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?

Question: Where do computers usually use UTC?

Question: What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?
Passage: However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.

Question: Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?

Question: What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?

Question: What's another name for the IANA database?
Passage: The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.

Question: The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?

Question: IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?

Question: What environment variable defines a location's name?

Question: What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?

Question: What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?
Passage: Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.

Question: Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?

Question: When must TZ values be changed on an older system?

Question: What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?

Question: What years will a new TZ value apply to?

Question: What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?
Passage: As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.

Question: Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?

Question: When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?

Question: If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?

Question: If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?

Question: On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?
Passage: These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.

Question: What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?

Question: Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?

Question: How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?

Question: What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?

Question: Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?
Passage: Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.

Question: What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?

Question: Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?

Question: As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?

Question: In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?

Question: Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?
Passage: The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).

Question: What file system do recent Windows versions use?

Question: Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?

Question: What file system do most removable devices use?

Question: What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?
Passage: A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.

Question: What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?

Question: Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?

Question: In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?

Question: During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?

Question: In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?
Passage: Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

Question: In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?

Question: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?

Question: What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?

Question: Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?

Question: What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?
Passage: Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.

Question: Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?

Question: During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?

Question: What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?

Question: What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?
Passage: The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.

Question: What does RIBA stand for?

Question: What is the goal of RIBA?

Question: When was RIBA founded?

Question: When was RIBA's founding document expanded?

Question: In what country does RIBA mainly operate?
Passage: Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

Question: What was Riba's first name?

Question: In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?

Question: In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?

Question: In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?
Passage: After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

Question: What caused the change of the Institute's name?

Question: What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?

Question: When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?

Question: Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?

Question: Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?
Passage: It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.

Question: When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?

Question: Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?

Question: In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?

Question: When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?

Question: What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?
Passage: The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'

Question: What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?

Question: What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?

Question: What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?
Passage: The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval.

Question: What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?

Question: What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?

Question: What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?
Passage: The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".

Question: What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?

Question: Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?

Question: What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?

Question: Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?

Question: When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?
Passage: In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938. A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.

Question: What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?

Question: Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?

Question: Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach?

Question: What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?

Question: How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?
Passage: Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.

Question: When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?

Question: Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?

Question: In 1934, what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations?

Question: Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?

Question: What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute?
Passage: The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a "Visiting Board" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of "recognized schools" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.

Question: When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?

Question: What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?

Question: What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?

Question: What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?
Passage: The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified only as municipal or other engineers. By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect, due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders, in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK. Eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper "Reform of Architects Registration" (1994). The change of name to "Architects Registration Board" was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education.

Question: What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK?

Question: When did the name of ARCUK change?

Question: What was the name of the legistlation leading to the change in ARCUK's name?

Question: What was shut down as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?

Question: What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '90s?
Passage: RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.

Question: What is the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?

Question: When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria?

Question: What does ARB stand for?

Question: What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute?
Passage: The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

Question: How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?

Question: What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?

Question: What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?

Question: What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?

Question: Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?