sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their military service to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (veldams). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their family names, the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the Goštautai, Radvilos, Astikai, Kęsgailos and others. These families were granted their coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo (1413).

Question: WHo reformed the grand duchy army?

Question: vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?

Question: What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR?

Question: What is an example of noble family name?

Question: Who gave the coat of arms to others?
Passage: Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms, and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners.

Question: Who defined the significant legislative changes?

Question: What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation?

Question: What did the 1425 requirement entail?

Question: What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?
Passage: Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who moved into another part of the country and falsely pretended to noble status. Hundreds of such false nobles were denounced by Hieronim Nekanda Trepka in his Liber generationis plebeanorium (or Liber chamorum) in the first half of the 16th century. The law forbade non-nobles from owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer. Trepka was an impoverished nobleman who lived a townsman life and collected hundreds of such stories hoping to take over any of such estates. It does not seem he ever succeeded in proving one at the court. Many sejms issued decrees over the centuries in an attempt to resolve this issue, but with little success. It is unknown what percentage of the Polish nobility came from the 'lower' orders of society, but most historians agree that nobles of such base origins formed a 'significant' element of the szlachta.

Question: What was a rarest rare to become a noble?

Question: Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way?

Question: Who denounced many nobles?

Question: When did the denouncing of many nobles take place?

Question: What did the nobles lose by being denounced?
Passage: The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility's Commonwealth because the king was elected by all interested members of hereditary nobility and Poland was considered to be the property of this class, not of the king or the ruling dynasty. This state of affairs grew up in part because of the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty (first the Piasts, then the Jagiellons), and the selection by the nobility of the Polish king from among the dynasty's female-line descendants.

Question: THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what?

Question: What was the nobilities commonwealth?

Question: WHo elected the king?

Question: WHy did the state affairs partly grow up on?

Question: The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom?
Passage: Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie.

Question: When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?

Question: What specified the kings privileges?

Question: What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?

Question: What did nobles get in from the king during election?
Passage: In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use their own funds for military expeditions abroad. He also promised that during travels of the royal court, the king and the court would pay for all expenses, instead of using facilities of local nobility.

Question: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?

Question: who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility?

Question: WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?

Question: What was promised by Buda King Casimer?

Question: WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?
Passage: In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.

Question: When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?

Question: WHy did King louis approve the privilege?

Question: What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?

Question: WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?

Question: What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?
Passage: In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), including the right to mint coinage.

Question: Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?

Question: When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?

Question: What happened to the right to mint coinage?
Passage: In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas corpus, known from its own Latin name as "neminem captivabimus (nisi jure victum)." Henceforth no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a warrant from a court of justice: the king could neither punish nor imprison any noble at his whim. King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon was the nobles' guarantee that his throne would be inherited by one of his sons (who would be bound to honour the privileges theretofore granted to the nobility). On May 2, 1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as those possessed by the Polish szlachta.

Question: Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?

Question: WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?

Question: What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?

Question: What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility?

Question: What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons?
Passage: In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses. The Nieszawa Statutes also curbed the power of the magnates, as the Sejm (national parliament) received the right to elect many officials, including judges, voivods and castellans. These privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.

Question: When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?

Question: What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?

Question: THe nobility was protected from what?

Question: Whos power was curbed?

Question: Why did the szlachta demand privileges?
Passage: The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won by John I Albert. For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, only members of that royal family were considered for election; later, there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates.

Question: When did the first free election take place?

Question: What was different about later elections then first free election?

Question: Who only voted in the election of 1492?

Question: Who won the election of 1492?

Question: What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492?
Passage: On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfolk (Polish: "mieszczaństwo") were prohibited from owning land; and positions in the Church hierarchy could be given only to nobles.

Question: Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow?

Question: Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?

Question: WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?

Question: Who was allowed to leave the village?

Question: What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing?
Passage: On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to reduce the power of the magnates with a law that made them impeachable before the Senate for malfeasance. However the Act of Mielno (Polish: Przywilej mielnicki) of 25 October did more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility. The nobles were given the right to disobey the King or his representatives—in the Latin, "non praestanda oboedientia"—and to form confederations, an armed rebellion against the king or state officers if the nobles thought that the law or their legitimate privileges were being infringed.

Question: When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform?

Question: Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed?

Question: Where was the coronation Sejm founded?

Question: What did the actof of milno do?

Question: What right was given to the nobles?
Passage: On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the nobility's political position. Basically, this act transferred legislative power from the king to the Sejm. This date commonly marks the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita, the period of a szlachta-run "Commonwealth".

Question: When did the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" happen?

Question: Who granted the act Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"?

Question: What did The Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" Do

Question: What happened to the notabilities political position?

Question: What has happened to the legislative power?
Passage: About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased crown lands to the king, and the king to create a standing army (wojsko kwarciane). One of the most famous members of this movement was Jan Zamoyski. After his death in 1605, the movement lost its political force.

Question: What was the movement called also known as execution of laws?

Question: What were the intentions of executionists movement?

Question: what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do?

Question: WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die?

Question: What happened when Jan Zamoyski died?
Passage: Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign two documents—the Pacta conventa ("agreed pacts")—a confirmation of the king's pre-election promises, and Henrican articles (artykuły henrykowskie, named after the first freely elected king, Henry of Valois). The latter document served as a virtual Polish constitution and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth:

Question: Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty?

Question: What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus?

Question: After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch?

Question: How many documents should the new elected king sign?

Question: What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa?
Passage: In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuania, the Lithuanian Tribunal.

Question: The crown tribunal was created when?

Question: Who created the crown tribunal?

Question: What was the crown tribunal supposed to do?

Question: Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal?

Question: WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually?
Passage: For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generations and own at least 20 villages or estates. He should also hold a major office in the Commonwealth.

Question: What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought?

Question: What were most szlachtas class?

Question: What is another name for magnates?

Question: A proper magnates own what?

Question: Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth?
Passage: Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on Poland's politics.

Question: Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?

Question: Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates?

Question: Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically?
Passage: Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demanded that all such possessions are returned to their proper owner, the king).

Question: Magnates recieved gifts often from who?

Question: What significantly increased the magnates wealth?

Question: What terms were these gifts given?

Question: What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts?
Passage: One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of the king and were important power bases for the magnates.

Question: The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?

Question: When did the right to create ordynacja's happen?

Question: What did the right to create ordynacja's entail?

Question: What did the powerful families do with the kings estates?

Question: What was an important power basis for the magnates?
Passage: The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy.

Question: When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?

Question: Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta?

Question: UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta?
Passage: In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants paid the market price in redemption for the land (the average for the empire was 34% above the market price). All land taken from Polish peasants since 1846 was to be returned without redemption payments. The ex serfs could only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta. 90% of the ex serfs in the empire who actually gained land after 1861 were in the 8 western provinces. Along with Romania, Polish landless or domestic serfs were the only ones to be given land after serfdom was abolished. All this was to punish the szlachta's role in the uprisings of 1830 and 1863. By 1864 80% of szlachta were déclassé, 1/4 petty nobles were worse off than the average serf, 48.9% of land in Russian Poland was in peasant hands, nobles still held 46%. In Second Polish Republic the privileges of the nobility were lawfully abolished by the March Constitution in 1921 and as such not granted by any future Polish law.

Question: Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status?

Question: IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?

Question: When and who abolished the serfdom?

Question: Who could the ex serfs sell their land to?

Question: How much land was held by the peasants?
Passage: The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king, and the political system evolved into an oligarchy.

Question: What was different between the polish nobility and others?

Question: What happened to nobility at expense of the king?

Question: What did the political system eventually evolve into?

Question: What did the ruler strive for?
Passage: Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921.

Question: How much of the total population was polish common wealth?

Question: IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?

Question: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?

Question: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?

Question: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?
Passage: There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence over the country's politics, in some ways even greater than that enjoyed by the citizens of modern democratic countries. Between 1652 and 1791, any nobleman could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm (Commonwealth parliament) or sejmik (Commonwealth local parliament) by exercising his individual right of liberum veto (Latin for "I do not allow"), except in the case of a confederated sejm or confederated sejmik.

Question: What class was polands nobility?

Question: Who could rise into polish ennoblement?

Question: How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?

Question: WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm?

Question: What is is called to nullify proceedings?
Passage: All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general sejm).

Question: Children inherited polish nobility from whom?

Question: What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?

Question: WHo could naturalize a polish noble?

Question: What is another name for ennoblement?

Question: WHat is another name for polish noble?