sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists attacked the town from the mainland side, as the British had hoped they would do. Col. Moultrie's men returned fire and inflicted heavy damage on several of the British ships. The British were forced to withdraw their forces, and the Americans renamed the defensive installation as Fort Moultrie in honor of its commander.

Question: Which general tried to seize Charles Town during the American Revolution?

Question: Who was the commander of the American forces defending South Carolina?

Question: When did General Clinton attack South Carolina?

Question: What was the British hoping to inspire by their attack on Charles Town?

Question: Fort Sullivan was renamed what after the battle?
Passage: Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined other militias, including those of Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox"; and Andrew Pickens. The British retained control of the city until December 1782. After the British left, the city's name was officially changed to Charleston in 1783.

Question: What was the greatest American defeat of the American Revolution?

Question: How many soldiers did General Clinton return with?

Question: In what year did General Clinton return to Charles Towne?

Question: Who was the leader of the American forces defending Charles Towne?

Question: How many soldiers did General Lincoln lead?
Passage: Although the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786, Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Carolina's major export commodity. The Piedmont region was developed into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers, and laborers.

Question: What city became the state capital of South Carolina?

Question: Charleston was the state capital of South Carolina until what year?

Question: In what year was the cotton gin invented?

Question: What became South Carolina's major export commodity after 1793?

Question: Who made up most of the primary labor force of cotton plantations?
Passage: The city also had a large class of free people of color. By 1860, 3,785 free people of color were in Charleston, nearly 18% of the city's black population, and 8% of the total population. Free people of color were far more likely to be of mixed racial background than slaves. Many were educated, practiced skilled crafts, and some even owned substantial property, including slaves. In 1790, they established the Brown Fellowship Society for mutual aid, initially as a burial society. It continued until 1945.

Question: How many free people of color lived in Charleston in 1860?

Question: What percentage of Charleston's population were free people of color?

Question: What percentage of Charleston's black population were free people of color?

Question: In what year was the Brown Fellowship Society created?

Question: In what year did the Brown Fellowship Society end?
Passage: By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with intense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution. Soon after, Vesey was tried and executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for manumission (the freeing of a slave) and regulating activities of free blacks and slaves.

Question: What was planned by Denmark Vesey?

Question: When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?

Question: How was Vesey executed in 1822?

Question: How many slaves were executed with Vesey?

Question: What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves?
Passage: In Charleston, the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880. Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to operate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes, most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church, setting up their own black Baptist congregations or joining new African Methodist Episcopal Church and AME Zion churches, both independent black denominations first established in the North. Freedmen "acquired dogs, guns, and liquor (all barred to them under slavery), and refused to yield the sidewalks to whites".

Question: Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery?

Question: How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860?

Question: What barred product ,along with dogs and guns , did the Freemen want after slavery ended?

Question: How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880?

Question: AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America?
Passage: Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality and jobs attracted new residents. As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston's African American population. General William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a university-preparatory school, Porter-Gaud School.

Question: What association founded the Avery Normal Institute?

Question: What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute?

Question: Who attended the Avery Normal Institute?

Question: What general supported the conversion of a US Arsenal into Porter Military Academy?

Question: Soldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy were affected by what?
Passage: In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's population, and 73% of Charleston County. With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" in being able to defend themselves without provoking "massive white retaliation", as occurred in numerous other areas during Reconstruction. In the 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in September and the day after the election in November, as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting.

Question: What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875?

Question: What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1875?

Question: In 1876, Charleston's Black Republicans fought against whom?

Question: The second riot of 1876 happened when?

Question: How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1876?
Passage: Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.

Question: What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?

Question: What granted Freeman were American citizenship?

Question: The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day?

Question: The violent 1876 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day?

Question: Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation?
Passage: On August 31, 1886, Charleston was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). It was felt as far away as Boston to the north, Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest, as far west as New Orleans, as far south as Cuba, and as far east as Bermuda. It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ($133 million in 2006 dollars), at a time when all the city's buildings were valued around $24 million ($531 million in 2006 dollars).

Question: What nearly destroyed Charleston in 1886?

Question: What date was the Charleston earthquake of 1886?

Question: How many buildings were damaged by the 1886 earthquake in Charleston?

Question: What was the cost of the damage of the 1886 earthquake to the city of Charleston?

Question: What was the total value of all of Charleston's city buildings before the earthquake?
Passage: Investment in the city continued. The William Enston Home, a planned community for the city's aged and infirm, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city. The Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks, effectively excluding them entirely from the political process, a second-class status that was maintained for more than six decades in a state that was majority black until about 1930.

Question: Which party dominated South Carolina's state legislature?

Question: What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against blacks were passed?

Question: The William Enston Home was built in what year?

Question: Blacks were the majority in South Carolina until what year?

Question: A large post office and courthouse was built in what year?
Passage: On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people. Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jackson, 87; Rev. Daniel Simmons Sr., 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Rev. Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Rev. Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; and Tywanza Sanders, 26. The attack garnered national attention, and sparked a debate on historical racism, Confederate symbolism in Southern states, and gun violence. On July 10, 2015, the Confederate battle flag was removed from the South Carolina State House. A memorial service on the campus of the College of Charleston was attended by President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Jill Biden, and Speaker of the House John Boehner.

Question: On what day were nine people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church?

Question: What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?

Question: Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of South Carolina?

Question: A memorial service for the nine victims was held on which college's campus?

Question: On what day was the Confederate flag removed from South Carolina State House?
Passage: Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has become one of the world's major performing arts festivals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.

Question: What season is Spoleto Festival USA held?

Question: Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?

Question: What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded?

Question: What the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?

Question: What major award did Gian Carlo Menotti win?
Passage: Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.

Question: What is Charleston's oldest community theater group?

Question: Where is the annual Charleston Fashion week held?

Question: The Footlight Players started creating theatrical productions in what year?

Question: Charleston is known for what type of food?

Question: Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures?
Passage: The traditional Charleston accent has long been noted in the state and throughout the South. It is typically heard in wealthy white families who trace their families back generations in the city. It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels, raises ay and aw in certain environments, and is nonrhotic. Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: "Charleston Provincialisms" (1887) and "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms", published in a German journal. He believed the accent was based on the English as it was spoken by the earliest settlers, therefore derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers. The rapidly disappearing "Charleston accent" is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name. Some elderly (and usually upper-class) Charleston natives ignore the 'r' and elongate the first vowel, pronouncing the name as "Chah-l-ston". Some observers attribute these unique features of Charleston's speech to its early settlement by French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews (who were primarily English speakers from London), both of whom played influential roles in Charleston's early development and history.[citation needed]

Question: "Charleston's Provincialisms" was published in what year?

Question: To which two early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston's accent attributed to?

Question: To which college did Sylvester Primer belong?

Question: Who was the author of the work entitled, "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms"?

Question: What type of journal were Primer's work on Charleston's accent published?
Passage: Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines. The Spoleto Festival is internationally recognized as America's premier performing arts festival. The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show, the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the Cooper River Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival.

Question: How many days does the Spoleto Festival USA run each year?

Question: What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA?

Question: The Holiday Festival of Lights are held where?

Question: About how many performances are there in the Spoleto Festival USA?

Question: Who founded the Spoleto Festival USA?
Passage: As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music. In turn, the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country. The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake's "Charleston Rag" and later James P. Johnson's "The Charleston", as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s. "Ballin' the Jack", which was a popular dance in the years before "The Charleston", was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith.

Question: Who wrote the "Charleston"?

Question: What decade was the Charleston dance popular nationally?

Question: Who created the song "Charleston Rag"?

Question: Which Charleston community had a large influence on jazz music?

Question: Geechee dances are associated with the music of what type of worker?
Passage: The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety of instruments and were able to read music expertly. These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie. William "Cat" Anderson, Jabbo Smith, and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni from the Jenkins Orphanage band who became professional musicians in some of the best bands of the day. Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success. At the Colored Waif's Home Brass Band in New Orleans, for example, a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first began to draw attention.

Question: What year was the Jenkins Orphanage created?

Question: What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept?

Question: What Charleston Reverend established the Jenkins Orphanage?

Question: Whose graduates tutored many boys from the Jenkins Orphanage?

Question: What city was Louis Armstrong from?
Passage: As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe. The band also played on Broadway for the play "Porgy" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this "folk opera", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed.

Question: What other president did the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft?

Question: What play did the Jenkins Orphanage band play for on Broadway ?

Question: What was the name of the "folk opera" based on 'Porgy'?

Question: Where did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?

Question: When did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?
Passage: The City of Charleston Fire Department consists over 300 full-time firefighters. These firefighters operate out of 19 companies located throughout the city: 16 engine companies, two tower companies, and one ladder company. Training, Fire Marshall, Operations, and Administration are the divisions of the department. The department operates on a 24/48 schedule and had a Class 1 ISO rating until late 2008, when ISO officially lowered it to Class 3. Russell (Rusty) Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008, and was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008.

Question: How many companies are there in the City of Charleston Fire Department?

Question: How many full time firefighters do Charleston have?

Question: Who was the Fire Chief until June 2008?

Question: Who became the Fire Chief in November 2008?

Question: How many tower companies does the fire department have?
Passage: The City of Charleston Police Department, with a total of 452 sworn officers, 137 civilians, and 27 reserve police officers, is South Carolina's largest police department. Their procedures on cracking down on drug use and gang violence in the city are used as models to other cities to do the same.[citation needed] According to the final 2005 FBI Crime Reports, Charleston crime level is worse than the national average in almost every major category. Greg Mullen, the former Deputy Chief of the Virginia Beach, Virginia Police Department, serves as the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department. The former Charleston police chief was Reuben Greenberg, who resigned August 12, 2005. Greenberg was credited with creating a polite police force that kept police brutality well in check, even as it developed a visible presence in community policing and a significant reduction in crime rates.

Question: What is the largest police department of South Carolina?

Question: How many reserve police officers do the Charleston Police Department have?

Question: How many civilians serve on the Charleston Police Department?

Question: Who is the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department?

Question: What year did Reuben Greenberg retire as Chief of Charleston Police Department?