sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855; women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan just 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The university's law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre (10 ha) campus in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. In 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication.

Question: Who founded Northwestern University?

Question: What year was Northwestern founded?

Question: In what year did Northwestern University began teaching?

Question: What year were women allowed to attend Northwestern University?

Question: Where did Northwestern University opened an additional campus at in 2008?

Question: What was Northwestern's founding purpose in 1851?

Question: When did instruction begin at Northwestern?

Question: When were women first admitted to Northwestern?

Question: How many acres is the modern-day Northwestern campus in Evanston?

Question: What programs are offered at Northwestern's Quatar campus?

Question: Which great lake is Northwestern located along?

Question: What is the name of the city located 12 miles north of Northwestern?
Passage: The foundation of Northwestern University is traceable to a meeting on May 31, 1850 of nine prominent Chicago businessmen, Methodist leaders and attorneys who had formed the idea of establishing a university to serve what had once been known as the Northwest Territory. On January 28, 1851, the Illinois General Assembly granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University, making it the first chartered university in Illinois. The school's nine founders, all of whom were Methodists (three of them ministers), knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting. Although they affiliated the university with the Methodist Episcopal Church, they were committed to non-sectarian admissions, believing that Northwestern should serve all people in the newly developing territory.

Question: How many founders did Northwestern University have?

Question: What type of church is Northwestern University associated with?

Question: What was the date that lay down the foundation for Northwestern University?

Question: How many ministers founded Northwestern University?

Question: What denomination did the all of the founders associated with?

Question: In what environment was the foundation for Northwestern University planned on May 31, 1850?

Question: Who granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University in January of 1851?

Question: What was the religious affiliation of all 9 founding members of Northwestern?

Question: How many of Northwestern's 9 founders were ministers?

Question: Which church did the 9 founders of Northwestern affiliate the university with?
Passage: John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres (153 ha) of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston, Illinois. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5, 1855. To raise funds for its construction, Northwestern sold $100 "perpetual scholarships" entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition. Another building, University Hall, was built in 1869 of the same Joliet limestone as the Chicago Water Tower, also built in 1869, one of the few buildings in the heart of Chicago to survive the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. In 1873 the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern, and Frances Willard, who later gained fame as a suffragette and as one of the founders of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), became the school's first dean of women. Willard Residential College (1938) is named in her honor. Northwestern admitted its first women students in 1869, and the first woman was graduated in 1874.

Question: What was the name of the first building opened in 1855?

Question: What did Northwestern sell to raise funds for it's first building?

Question: Who received free tuition after buying the $100 perpetual scholarships?

Question: Who did Northwestern merge with in 1873?

Question: Who was Northwestern's first dean of women?
Passage: Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago. The Northwestern University School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago. As the university increased in wealth and distinction, and enrollments grew, these professional schools were integrated with the undergraduate college in Evanston; the result was a modern research university combining professional, graduate, and undergraduate programs, which gave equal weight to teaching and research. The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917.

Question: What sports team did Northwestern field its first of in 1882?

Question: Which already existing schools did Northwestern affiliate itself with in the 1870's and 1880's?

Question: What is the oldest law school in Chicago?

Question: What organization invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917?

Question: What type of member was Northwestern of the Big Ten Conference?
Passage: Under Walter Dill Scott's presidency from 1920 to 1939, Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools; established the Kellogg School of Management; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus, Dyche Stadium (now named Ryan Field) and Deering Library among others. In 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) in the 1920s. Northwestern played host to the first-ever NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939 in the original Patten Gymnasium, which was later demolished and relocated farther north along with the Dearborn Observatory to make room for the Technological Institute.

Question: What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott's presidency?

Question: What was the orginal name for Northwestern's Ryan Field?

Question: What merger was proposed and rejected in 1933?

Question: What was Northwestern one of the first six universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920's?

Question: What first-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939?
Passage: Like other American research universities, Northwestern was transformed by World War II. Franklyn B. Snyder led the university from 1939 to 1949, when nearly 50,000 military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses. After the war, surging enrollments under the G.I. Bill drove drastic expansion of both campuses. In 1948 prominent anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits founded the Program of African Studies at Northwestern, the first center of its kind at an American academic institution. J. Roscoe Miller's tenure as president from 1949 to 1970 was responsible for the expansion of the Evanston campus, with the construction of the lakefill on Lake Michigan, growth of the faculty and new academic programs, as well as polarizing Vietnam-era student protests. In 1978, the first and second Unabomber attacks occurred at Northwestern University. Relations between Evanston and Northwestern were strained throughout much of the post-war era because of episodes of disruptive student activism, disputes over municipal zoning, building codes, and law enforcement, as well as restrictions on the sale of alcohol near campus until 1972. Northwestern's exemption from state and municipal property tax obligations under its original charter has historically been a source of town and gown tension.

Question: Which war transformed many colleges, including Northwestern?

Question: Between 1939 and 1949, how many military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses?

Question: Under what Bill did enrollments surge after the war?

Question: What center was founded by Melville J. Herskovits in 1948?

Question: In 1978, what famous attacks occured at Northwestern?
Passage: Though government support for universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s, President Arnold R. Weber was able to stabilize university finances, leading to a revitalization of the campuses. As admissions to colleges and universities grew increasingly competitive in the 1990s and 2000s, President Henry S. Bienen's tenure saw a notable increase in the number and quality of undergraduate applicants, continued expansion of the facilities and faculty, and renewed athletic competitiveness. In 1999, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution, and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men. On January 11, 2003, in a speech at Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall, then Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates.

Question: In 1999, who uncovered information that exonerated death row inmate Anthony Porter only 2 days before his scheduled death?

Question: What Northwestern program is responsible for exonerating more than 10 men?

Question: In 2003, where did Governor George Ryan announce that the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates would be commuted?

Question: What was President Arnold R. Weber able to do with Northwestern's finances as the government's support of universities declined in the 70's and 80's?
Passage: The Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal, Quaecumque sunt vera (Whatsoever things are true) is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 4:8, while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John 1:14: ο λόγος πλήρης χάριτος και αληθείας (The Word full of grace and truth). Purple became Northwestern's official color in 1892, replacing black and gold after a university committee concluded that too many other universities had used these colors. Today, Northwestern's official color is purple, although white is something of an official color as well, being mentioned in both the university's earliest song, Alma Mater (1907) ("Hail to purple, hail to white") and in many university guidelines.

Question: What has been Northwestern's official color since 1892?

Question: Why did Northwestern replace it's original official colors of black and gold?

Question: What is the meaning of the Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal?

Question: What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an open book on the seal mean?

Question: What color besides purple is often considered an official color of Northwestern?
Passage: Northwestern's Evanston campus, where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center. South Campus is home to the University's humanities buildings, Pick-Staiger Concert Hall and other music buildings, the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, and the sorority quads. In the 1960s, the University created an additional 84 acres (34.0 ha) by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan. Among some of the buildings located on these broad new acres are University Library, Norris University Center (the student union), and Pick-Staiger Concert Hall.

Question: How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1960's?

Question: Which campus holds the undergraduate schools, the Graduate school, and the Kellogg school of Management?

Question: What is noticably different between Northwestern's North and South Campuses?

Question: Which campus is home to the fraternity quads?

Question: Which campus is home to the music and art buildings?
Passage: The Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train running through Evanston is called the Purple Line, taking its name from Northwestern's school color. The Foster and Davis stations are within walking distance of the southern end of the campus, while the Noyes station is close to the northern end of the campus. The Central station is close to Ryan Field, Northwestern's football stadium. The Evanston Davis Street Metra station serves the Northwestern campus in downtown Evanston and the Evanston Central Street Metra station is near Ryan Field. Pace Suburban Bus Service and the CTA have several bus routes that run through or near the Evanston campus.

Question: What is the name of the Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train through Evanston?

Question: What was Chicago's Purple Line train route named after?

Question: Which train stations are within walking distance of the southern end of campus?

Question: Which train station is close to the northern end of campus?

Question: What is the name of Northwestern's football stadium?
Passage: Founded at various times in the university's history, the professional schools originally were scattered throughout Chicago. In connection with a 1917 master plan for a central Chicago campus and President Walter Dill Scott's capital campaign, 8.5 acres (3.44 ha) of land were purchased at the corner of Chicago Avenue and Lake Shore Drive for $1.5 million in 1920. The architect James Gamble Rogers was commissioned to create a master plan for the principal buildings on the new campus which he designed in collegiate gothic style. In 1923, Mrs. Montgomery Ward donated $8 million to the campaign to finance the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building which would house the medical and dental schools and to create endowments for faculty chairs, research grants, scholarships, and building maintenance. The building would become the first university skyscraper in the United States. In addition to the Ward Building, Rogers designed Wieboldt Hall to house facilities for the School of Commerce and Levy Mayer Hall to house the School of Law. The new campus comprising these three new buildings was dedicated during a two-day ceremony in June 1927. The Chicago campus continued to expand with the addition of Thorne Hall in 1931 and Abbott Hall in 1939. In October 2013, Northwestern began the demolition of the architecturally significant Prentice Women's Hospital. Eric G. Neilson, dean of the medical school, penned an op-ed that equated retaining the building with loss of life.

Question: In 1920, how many acres were purchased for $8 million for a new central Chicago campus?

Question: What style did architect James Gamble Rogers use for the principal buildings on the new Chicago campus?

Question: Who donated $8 million in 1923 for the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?

Question: What two schools were housed in the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?

Question: Which building became the first university skyscraper in the U.S.?
Passage: In Fall 2008, Northwestern opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar, joining five other American universities: Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Georgetown University, Texas A&M University, and Virginia Commonwealth University. Through the Medill School of Journalism and School of Communication, NU-Q offers bachelor's degrees in journalism and communication respectively. The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development provided funding for construction and administrative costs as well as support to hire 50 to 60 faculty and staff, some of whom rotate between the Evanston and Qatar campuses. In February 2016, Northwestern reached an agreement with the Qatar Foundation to extend the operations of the NU-Q branch for an additional decade, through the 2027-2028 academic year.

Question: What branch did Northwestern open in Education City, Doha, Qatar?

Question: What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the Medill School of Journalism?

Question: Who provided the funding for the construction and administrative costs for NU-Q?

Question: How long is the NU-Q branch of Northwestern scheduled to operate through an agreement in 2016?

Question: What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the School of Communication?
Passage: In January 2009, the Green Power Partnership (GPP, sponsored by the EPA) listed Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing energy from renewable sources. The university matches 74 million kilowatt hours (kWh) of its annual energy use with Green-e Certified Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). This green power commitment represents 30 percent of the university's total annual electricity use and places Northwestern in the EPA's Green Power Leadership Club. The 2010 Report by The Sustainable Endowments Institute awarded Northwestern a "B-" on its College Sustainability Report Card. The Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), supporting research, teaching and outreach in these themes, was launched in 2008.

Question: In 2009, who named Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing renewable energy?

Question: How much of the university's total annual electric bill is represented by the green power commitment?

Question: What grade was given to Northwestern on the 2010 College Sustainability Report Card by The Sustainable Endowments Institute?

Question: Which EPA club is Northwestern University included in?

Question: Who sponsored the Green Power Partnership?
Passage: Northwestern requires that all new buildings be LEED-certified. Silverman Hall on the Evanston campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2010; Wieboldt Hall on the Chicago campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2007, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center on the Evanston campus was awarded Silver LEED Certification in 2006. New construction and renovation projects will be designed to provide at least a 20% improvement over energy code requirements where technically feasible. The university also released at the beginning of the 2008–09 academic year the Evanston Campus Framework Plan, which outlines plans for future development of the Evanston Campus. The plan not only emphasizes the sustainable construction of buildings, but also discusses improving transportation by optimizing pedestrian and bicycle access. Northwestern has had a comprehensive recycling program in place since 1990. Annually more than 1,500 tons are recycled at Northwestern, which represents 30% of the waste produced on campus. Additionally, all landscape waste at the university is composted.

Question: What is the required certification for all Northwestern buildings?

Question: What percentage of improvement over energy code requirements will be the goal of all new construction and renovations?

Question: How many tons of waste are recycled at Northwestern yearly?

Question: How is all university landscape waste used?

Question: What does the Evanston Campus Framework Plan outline?
Passage: Northwestern is privately owned and is governed by an appointed Board of Trustees. The board, composed of 70 members and as of 2011[update] chaired by William A. Osborn '69, delegates its power to an elected president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university. Northwestern has had sixteen presidents in its history (excluding interim presidents), the current president, Morton O. Schapiro, an economist, having succeeded Henry Bienen whose 14-year tenure ended on August 31, 2009. The president has a staff of vice presidents, directors, and other assistants for administrative, financial, faculty, and student matters. Daniel I. Linzer, provost since September 2007, serves under the president as the chief academic officer of the university to whom the deans of every academic school, leaders of cross-disciplinary units, and chairs of the standing faculty committee report.

Question: Who governs Northwestern?

Question: How many members are on Northwestern's Board of Trustees?

Question: Who does the Board of Trustees delegate it's power to?

Question: How many presidents, excluding interrims, has Northwestern had?

Question: Who has a staff of vice-presidents, directors, and other administrative assistants?
Passage: Northwestern is a large, residential research university. Accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the respective national professional organizations for chemistry, psychology, business, education, journalism, music, engineering, law, and medicine, the university offers 124 undergraduate programs and 145 graduate and professional programs. Northwestern conferred 2,190 bachelor's degrees, 3,272 master's degrees, 565 doctoral degrees, and 444 professional degrees in 2012–2013.

Question: How many undergraduate programs are offered by Northwestern?

Question: How many graduate and professional programs are offered by Northwestern?

Question: How many master's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?

Question: How many doctoral degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?

Question: How many bachelor's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?
Passage: The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction in the arts and sciences, plus the professions of engineering, journalism, communication, music, and education. Although a foundation in the liberal arts and sciences is required in all majors, there is no required common core curriculum; individual degree requirements are set by the faculty of each school. Northwestern's full-time undergraduate and graduate programs operate on an approximately 10-week academic quarter system with the academic year beginning in late September and ending in early June. Undergraduates typically take four courses each quarter and twelve courses in an academic year and are required to complete at least twelve quarters on campus to graduate. Northwestern offers honors, accelerated, and joint degree programs in medicine, science, mathematics, engineering, and journalism. The comprehensive doctoral graduate program has high coexistence with undergraduate programs.

Question: Which 4-year program comprises the majority of enrollments at Northwestern?

Question: Who sets individual degree requirements at Northwestern?

Question: How many quarters are undergraduates required to complete on campus to graduate?

Question: How many courses do undergrads typically take each quarter?

Question: How many weeks is one academic quarter at Northwestern?