sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Major religious groups in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include the United Church of Christ (formerly Congregational), with 51.5% of the population; the Assemblies of God, 24.2%; the Roman Catholic Church, 8.4%; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), 8.3%; Also represented are Bukot Nan Jesus (also known as Assembly of God Part Two), 2.2%; Baptist, 1.0%; Seventh-day Adventists, 0.9%; Full Gospel, 0.7%; and the Baha'i Faith, 0.6%; Persons without any religious affiliation account for a very small percentage of the population. There is also a small community of Ahmadiyya Muslims based in Majuro, with the first mosque opening in the capital in September 2012.

Question: What was the previous name of the United Church of Christ?

Question: What percentage of Marshall Islanders belong to the Assemblies of God?

Question: What percentage of Marshall Islands residents are Mormons?

Question: What percentage of Marshall Islanders worship at the Assembly of God Part Two?

Question: When did the first mosque in Majuro open?
Passage: The Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands) operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands. There are two tertiary institutions operating in the Marshall Islands, the College of the Marshall Islands and the University of the South Pacific.

Question: What body operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands?

Question: Along with the University of the South Pacific, what tertiary education institution exists in the Marshall Islands?
Passage: The Marshall Islands are served by the Marshall Islands International Airport in Majuro, the Bucholz Army Airfield in Kwajalein, and other small airports and airstrips.

Question: Where is the Marshall Islands International Airport located?

Question: What airfield operates in Kwajalein?
Passage: The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland, the existing Lithuanian nobility formally joined this class.:211 As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia, Podolian and Ruthenian lands.

Question: What class was slackta in Poland?

Question: Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?

Question: WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?

Question: When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?

Question: What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith.
Passage: The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth in the late 18th century.

Question: What is another name for folwarks?

Question: Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud.

Question: Around what time was the decline of the polish common wealth.

Question: WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined.
Passage: During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921.

Question: When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status.

Question: What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on.

Question: When was the March constitution implemented.

Question: What did the Mach constitution do?

Question: In what republic did the szlachta lose their legal privileges.
Passage: The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying:

Question: What was the notion for all polish nobles?

Question: What ethnic saying is this traditional from?

Question: Did it matter how much money a person had to polish nobles?
Passage: The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from the German "Erbe", "heritage").

Question: What german word does the term szlachta come from?

Question: What does slahta mean?

Question: What is the polish name for knight?

Question: German name for knight?

Question: Where does the word her derive from in german?
Passage: Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings.

Question: What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from?

Question: What does schlachtan mean in german?

Question: What German word is also suggestive deriving from szlachta?

Question: What does schlacht mean?

Question: The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who?
Passage: Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania.

Question: What were some powerful Polish nobles referred too?

Question: What is the singular version of magnates?

Question: What is another name referring polish nobles?

Question: What is the plural version of mozny?

Question: What other country besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found?
Passage: The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as "nobilitas" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility.

Question: What term designated the noble class of polish Lithuania common wealth?

Question: What are two adjectives that best describe the szlachta?

Question: Who is referred to as nobilitas?

Question: What is the legal status of nobilitas?
Passage: Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to "nobility". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned manorial estates though they were not noble by birth. In the narrow sense, szlachta denotes the old-Commonwealth nobility.

Question: What simple word does the term szlachta translate too?

Question: What were the non noble land owners referred too as?

Question: Why were the non nobles and nobles referred as the same term?

Question: What does szlachta mainly denote?
Passage: In the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of "szlachta" as "gentry" rather than "nobility".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates of the Realm regarding wealth and nobility). The szlachta included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals with a noble lineage, no land, no castle, no money, no village, and no peasants.:xvi

Question: Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about?

Question: Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta?
Passage: As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.

Question: What ultimately determined nobility?

Question: What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do?

Question: Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility?

Question: What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did?
Passage: The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians or from Japheth, one of Noah's sons (by contrast, the peasantry were said to be the offspring of another son of Noah, Ham—and hence subject to bondage under the Curse of Ham—and the Jews as the offspring of Shem). Other fanciful theories included its foundation by Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great:207 or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens'.:208

Question: Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?

Question: What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?

Question: What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?

Question: What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?

Question: What was important and unique about regional leaders?
Passage: Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants (kmiecie; Latin: cmethones):430 :118 over which they ruled.:482 The Szlachta were differentiated from the rural population. The nobleman's sense of distinction led to practices that in later periods would be characterized as racism.:233 The Szlachta were noble in the Aryan sense -- "noble" in contrast to the people over whom they ruled after coming into contact with them.:482 The szlachta traced their descent from Lech/Lekh, who probably founded the Polish kingdom in about the fifth century.:482 Lechia was the name of Poland in antiquity, and the szlachta's own name for themselves was Lechici/Lekhi.:482 An exact counterpart of Szlachta society was the Meerassee system of tenure of southern India—an aristocracy of equality—settled as conquerors among a separate race.:484 The Polish state paralleled the Roman Empire in that full rights of citizenship were limited to the szlachta. The szlachta were a caste, a military caste, as in Hindu society.

Question: WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class?

Question: In this theory, what was the upper class?

Question: WHen did they find the polish kingdom?

Question: WHat caste system does the hindu society have?

Question: Who shares the same caste system as Hindu?
Passage: The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish clan name and cry ritualized the ius militare, i.e., the power to command an army; and they had been used some time before 1244 to define knightly status. (Górecki 1992, pp. 183–185).

Question: WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights?

Question: WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices?

Question: The polish anem and cry ritualized what?

Question: In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what?
Passage: Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.

Question: Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar?

Question: What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas?
Passage: Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. The election privilege was usually limited to elites.

Question: What contributed to the long standing traditions?

Question: What was governing the polish tribes?

Question: What was the wiec?

Question: When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern?

Question: What was the governing position limited to?
Passage: The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often exercised with an assembly of elders. Strongholds called grόd were built where the religious cult was powerful, where trials were conducted, and where clans gathered in the face of danger. The opole was the territory occupied by a single tribe. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 44)

Question: What ruled over the tribes?

Question: What did the clans people all have in common?

Question: What gave them a sense of solidarity?

Question: What were stronghold called?

Question: What was the territory occupied by a single tribe?
Passage: Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well.

Question: WHo established an elite knightly retinue?

Question: How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?

Question: Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in?

Question: Who also established this retinue as well?
Passage: Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz" was almost strictly hereditary; the class of all such individuals was known as the "rycerstwo". Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes, this other class of rycerstwo, which became the szlachta/nobility ("szlachta" becomes the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century), gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues. This rycerstwo/nobility obtained more privileges granting them favored status. They were absolved from particular burdens and obligations under ducal law, resulting in the belief only rycerstwo (those combining military prowess with high/noble birth) could serve as officials in state administration.

Question: WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?

Question: What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz?

Question: What people did the rycerstwo class represent?

Question: What positive did the szlachta class receive?

Question: What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?
Passage: The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both ecclesiastical and lay) from the rycerstwo they originated from. The prior social structure was one of Polish tribes united into the historic Polish nation under a state ruled by the Piast dynasty, this dynasty appearing circa 850 A.D.

Question: WHen was the period of Division?

Question: What stemmed the period of division?

Question: What tribe was the prior social structure from?

Question: WHen did the Piast dynasty appear?

Question: Polish nation ruled by what dynasty?
Passage: Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobility's alarm when the Palatine Sieciech "elevated those of a lower class over those who were noble born" entrusting them with state offices. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 149)

Question: What did some Mozni regard themselves with?

Question: What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms?

Question: Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority?
Passage: In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword from Scandinavic konung. They were the established local leaders and warlords. During the development of the state they gradually became subordinated to higher dukes, and later to the King of Lithuania. Because of expansion of Lithuanian duchy into lands of Ruthenia in the mid of 14th century a new term appeared to denominate nobility bajorai—from Ruthenian (modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages) бояре. This word to this day is used in Lithuanian language to name nobility, not only for own, but also for nobility of other countries.

Question: WHat were nobles named in german language?

Question: What were the nobles named in lithuanian?

Question: What were the higher nobility named?

Question: The kunigai were subordinate to who?

Question: What word is used to denominate nobility?
Passage: After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian nobility claimed that they were of Roman extraction, and the Lithuanian language was just a morphed Latin language. This led to paradox: Polish nobility claimed own ancestry from Sarmatian tribes, but Sarmatians were considered enemies to Romans. Thus new Roman-Sarmatian theory was created. Strong cultural ties with Polish nobility led that in the 16th century the new term to name Lithuanian nobility appeared šlėkta—a direct loanword from Polish szlachta. From the view of historical truth Lithuanians also should use this term, šlėkta (szlachta), to name own nobility, but Lithuanian linguists forbade the usage of this Polish loanword. This refusal to use word szlachta (in Lithuanian text šlėkta) complicates all naming.

Question: What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility?

Question: What did the polish szlachta become more of?

Question: What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox?

Question: What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility?

Question: Who forbid the use of the word slekta?
Passage: The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empire such as removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas few years after the November Uprising. After the January Uprising the sanctions went further, and Russian officials announced that "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism" and began to intensify russification, and to ban the printing of books in the Lithuanian language.

Question: WHo was first invloved in the polonization?

Question: Who imposed various sanction on the people?

Question: What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians?

Question: What did the russian officials announce as a sanction?

Question: What language was banned from printing on books?
Passage: In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones.

Question: What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards?

Question: What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania?

Question: What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania?

Question: What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian?
Passage: The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki.

Question: What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles?

Question: What social pressure was pressing down the people?

Question: What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism.

Question: What year was the union of brest
Passage: In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. Most often the individual being ennobled would join an existing noble szlachta clan and assume the undifferentiated coat of arms of that clan.

Question: Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what?

Question: What right was reversed by sijm?

Question: What would be given to the enobled one?

Question: After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement?

Question: What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?
Passage: According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland.

Question: Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800?

Question: What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century.

Question: What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?
Passage: According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century).

Question: What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth

Question: When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?

Question: When were most ennoblements implemented?