sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: The first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity-relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Modeling Language. A successful data model will accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled: for example, if people can have more than one phone number, it will allow this information to be captured. Designing a good conceptual data model requires a good understanding of the application domain; it typically involves asking deep questions about the things of interest to an organisation, like "can a customer also be a supplier?", or "if a product is sold with two different forms of packaging, are those the same product or different products?", or "if a plane flies from New York to Dubai via Frankfurt, is that one flight or two (or maybe even three)?". The answers to these questions establish definitions of the terminology used for entities (customers, products, flights, flight segments) and their relationships and attributes.

Question: What should a conceptual data model do?

Question: What makes a successful data model?

Question: Asking questions about an organization's needs will help to create what?

Question: What must one understand in order to create a successful data model?
Passage: Having produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a schema that implements the relevant data structures within the database. This process is often called logical database design, and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of a schema. Whereas the conceptual data model is (in theory at least) independent of the choice of database technology, the logical data model will be expressed in terms of a particular database model supported by the chosen DBMS. (The terms data model and database model are often used interchangeably, but in this article we use data model for the design of a specific database, and database model for the modelling notation used to express that design.)

Question: A conceptual data model in separate from the choice of what?

Question: In what form is the output of a logical database design?

Question: Which data model is displayed as a specific model that uses DBMS?
Passage: The final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like. This is often called physical database design. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes should be invisible to end-users and applications. Physical design is driven mainly by performance requirements, and requires a good knowledge of the expected workload and access patterns, and a deep understanding of the features offered by the chosen DBMS.

Question: What decisions must be made in the last stage of database design?

Question: What is an important goal in in this final stage?

Question: What factor is reflected in performance requirements?
Passage: While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different views of the company's database.

Question: How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?

Question: How many different external views of data are there?

Question: What is the benefit of external views of data?
Passage: The conceptual view provides a level of indirection between internal and external. On one hand it provides a common view of the database, independent of different external view structures, and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed (internal level). In principle every level, and even every external view, can be presented by a different data model. In practice usually a given DBMS uses the same data model for both the external and the conceptual levels (e.g., relational model). The internal level, which is hidden inside the DBMS and depends on its implementation, requires a different level of detail and uses its own types of data structure types.

Question: What does the conceptual view offer?

Question: How does the conceptual view handle how data is managed?

Question: What type of view does the conceptual view offer?
Passage: Database storage is the container of the physical materialization of a database. It comprises the internal (physical) level in the database architecture. It also contains all the information needed (e.g., metadata, "data about the data", and internal data structures) to reconstruct the conceptual level and external level from the internal level when needed. Putting data into permanent storage is generally the responsibility of the database engine a.k.a. "storage engine". Though typically accessed by a DBMS through the underlying operating system (and often utilizing the operating systems' file systems as intermediates for storage layout), storage properties and configuration setting are extremely important for the efficient operation of the DBMS, and thus are closely maintained by database administrators. A DBMS, while in operation, always has its database residing in several types of storage (e.g., memory and external storage). The database data and the additional needed information, possibly in very large amounts, are coded into bits. Data typically reside in the storage in structures that look completely different from the way the data look in the conceptual and external levels, but in ways that attempt to optimize (the best possible) these levels' reconstruction when needed by users and programs, as well as for computing additional types of needed information from the data (e.g., when querying the database).

Question: What is responsible for putting information into permanent storage?

Question: What do database administrators closely monitor?

Question: What is database storage?

Question: While working, does DBMS store information in one place?

Question: What are huge quantities of information stored as?
Passage: Database access control deals with controlling who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information in the database. The information may comprise specific database objects (e.g., record types, specific records, data structures), certain computations over certain objects (e.g., query types, or specific queries), or utilizing specific access paths to the former (e.g., using specific indexes or other data structures to access information). Database access controls are set by special authorized (by the database owner) personnel that uses dedicated protected security DBMS interfaces.

Question: What does database access limit?

Question: What are examples of database objects?

Question: Who sets database access?
Passage: This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called "subschemas". For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases.

Question: What does data security avoid?

Question: What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a password?

Question: What is possible when a DBMS interrogate and update a database?
Passage: Database transactions can be used to introduce some level of fault tolerance and data integrity after recovery from a crash. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring lock, etc.), an abstraction supported in database and also other systems. Each transaction has well defined boundaries in terms of which program/code executions are included in that transaction (determined by the transaction's programmer via special transaction commands).

Question: What is a unit of work called in a database?

Question: Are transactions limited?

Question: How can database transactions ensure accuracy after a crash?
Passage: A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations it is desirable to move, migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs) intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular DBMSs.

Question: Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?

Question: In order to merge, what must the database maintain?

Question: What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?

Question: How can a DBMS database migration be made easier?

Question: Can a DBMS be transfered to a different DBMS?
Passage: Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each desired database state (i.e., the values of its data and their embedding in database's data structures) is kept within dedicated backup files (many techniques exist to do this effectively). When this state is needed, i.e., when it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state (e.g., by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state), these files are utilized to restore that state.

Question: Name a reason to take a database backward in time?

Question: Is each database backup kept in the same file?

Question: Who can restore a database that has been corrupted?

Question: What parameter is requiret to restore a database?
Passage: Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database system has many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine grained access control, watermarking, etc.

Question: How can static analysis be useful with query languages?

Question: What do query languages support in abstract interpretation frameworks?

Question: What is a security measure that uses a relational database system?

Question: Can query languages be adjusted?
Passage: Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.

Question: What is the largest populated city in Arizona?

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?

Question: What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?

Question: What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census?

Question: What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013?

Question: Which county is Tucson in?

Question: Which university is in Tucson?

Question: How far is Tucson from Phoenix?

Question: How far is Tucson from Mexico?

Question: What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?
Passage: Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]

Question: What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?

Question: What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?

Question: Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found?

Question: Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?

Question: How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?

Question: How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?

Question: How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?

Question: When was the Early Agricultural period?

Question: What happened in the Early Ceramic period?

Question: When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?
Passage: Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now "A" mountain. Hugo O'Conor, the founding father of the city of Tucson, Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón, on August 20, 1775 (near the present downtown Pima County Courthouse). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by Apaches. Eventually the town came to be called "Tucson" and became a part of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821.

Question: What year did Mexico gain independence from Spain?

Question: Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan?

Question: Who founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac?

Question: How many miles was Mission San Xavier del Bac from Tuscon?

Question: Which missionary came to the Santa Cruz River area in 1692?

Question: What religion was Kino?

Question: What mission did Kino found?

Question: When did Kino found the del Bac mission?

Question: Who is Tucson's 'founding father'?
Passage: Arizona, south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854. Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take over control until March 1856. In 1857 Tucson became a stage station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and in 1858 became 3rd division headquarters of the Butterfield Overland Mail until the line shut down in March 1861. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running, however following the Bascom Affair, devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861.[citation needed]

Question: What was the date when Arizona was bought?

Question: What year did the Overland Mail Corporation end operations?

Question: Arizona is south of which river?

Question: What was the name of the deal in which Arizona was bought?

Question: In what year did Tuscon become a stage station?

Question: When was the Gadsden Purchase?

Question: Where did the US buy land from in the Gadsden Purchase?

Question: When did the US formally take control of the Tucson area?

Question: When did the mail stagecoaches stop running?

Question: Why did the mail stagecoaches stop running?
Passage: From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable, however, were the two holdups committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton. Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station approximately 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum, of Tombstone, Arizona fame was one of the passengers. Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery not only in the Tucson area, but also in the Prescott region and Silver City, New Mexico area as well. Brazelton's crimes prompted John J. Valentine, Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. to send special agent and future Pima County sheriff Bob Paul to investigate. Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, was established to help protect settlers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner's inquest on Morgan Earp's shooting. The coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. :250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California. They found Stilwell lying in wait for Virgil in the Tucson station and killed him on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and rode on a vendetta, killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the state.

Question: What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die?

Question: What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?

Question: What was Wyatt Earp's job title?

Question: Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?

Question: What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?

Question: What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?

Question: Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?

Question: When was Brazelton killed?

Question: Who killed Brazelton?

Question: What was Shibell's job?
Passage: By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910. At about this time, the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction on the present Veterans Hospital. Many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and were in need of respiratory therapy began coming to Tucson after the war, due to the clean dry air. Over the following years the city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006 the population of Pima County, in which Tucson is located, passed one million while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.

Question: What county is Tuscon located in?

Question: What was the population of Tuscon in 2006?

Question: what were veterans in need of after World War I?

Question: What did the U.S. Veterans Administration build around 1910?

Question: What was the population of Tuscon in 1940?

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1900?

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1910?

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1920?

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1940?

Question: What was Tucson's population in 2006?
Passage: The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. The high point of the Santa Catalina Mountains is 9,157 ft (2,791 m) Mount Lemmon, the southernmost ski destination in the continental U.S., while the Tucson Mountains include 4,687 ft (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson, found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft (2,881 m) above sea level.

Question: Which Mountain has the Highest point surrounding Tuscon?

Question: Which desert is Tuscon in?

Question: How many mountain ranges is Tuscon surrounded by?

Question: How above sea level is Wasson Peak in feet?

Question: What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon?

Question: How high is Tucson's airport?

Question: What desert is Tucson in?

Question: What mountain range is east of Tucson?

Question: What mountain range is north of Tucson?

Question: What mountain range is west of Tucson?
Passage: Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million.

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?

Question: What is the second largest city in Arizona?

Question: Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009?

Question: What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015?

Question: What is Tucson's city population in 2010?

Question: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2010?

Question: How does Tucson rank among US cities?

Question: How does Tucson rank among US metro areas?

Question: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2015?