sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: The settlement of Plympton, further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port, but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English. The name Plym Mouth, meaning "mouth of the River Plym" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym.

Question: In what century were sailors obligated to relocate from Plympton due to silting?

Question: What did Sutton mean in the Old English language?

Question: In what year was the first written reference to Plymouth made?

Question: During whose reign was the former town of Sutton referred to as Plymouth?

Question: What did 'Plym Mouth' mean?
Passage: During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. In the late fifteenth century a 'castle quadrate' was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth, and a series of fortifications were then built, including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain would be extended in time of danger). Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe. This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596, which itself went on to provide the site for the Citadel, established in the 1660s (see below).

Question: In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?

Question: Who set fire to Plymouth in 1403?

Question: In what year was the fortification later known as Drake's Fort constructed?

Question: Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?

Question: In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth?
Passage: During the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony – the second English colony in what is now the United States of America.

Question: What notable slave trader was based out of Plymouth?

Question: Who served as Plymouth's mayor in 1593?

Question: In what year did Drake battle the Spanish Armada?

Question: When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth?

Question: What was the name of the settlement founded by the Pilgrim Fathers?
Passage: During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time.

Question: Which faction did Plymouth support during the English Civil War?

Question: For how many years was Plymouth under siege during the English Civil War?

Question: Where did the last battle for Plymouth during the English Civil War end?

Question: In what year did Charles II ascend to the throne?

Question: What locale was used to house imprisoned Parliamentarians after the restoration of Charles II?
Passage: Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port. By the mid-17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, although it did play a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century.

Question: During what century was Plymouth involved with the Atlantic slave trade?

Question: In what century did Plymouth cease to be a vital trading port?
Passage: In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called "Dock" or "Plymouth Dock" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3,000 people.

Question: In what year was HMNB Davenport established?

Question: What river was adjacent to HMNB Davenport?

Question: How many male workers were present in Plymouth Dock circa 1712?

Question: What was the 1733 population of Plymouth Dock?

Question: In what parish was HMNB Davenport located?
Passage: Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports. During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard. The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street.

Question: Along with coal and grain, what was the most important import in 18th century Plymouth?

Question: What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824?

Question: Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what settlement comprised the Three Towns?

Question: What architect was noted for his neoclassical designs in Plymouth?

Question: On what street did many of the buildings designed by John Foulston reside?
Passage: Local chemist William Cookworthy established his somewhat short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local China Clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income. As an associate and host of engineer John Smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the Eddystone Lighthouse.

Question: Who founded Plymouth Porcelain?

Question: In what year was Plymouth Porcelain founded?

Question: What was William Cookworthy's profession?

Question: What was the name of the engineer involved in the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse?
Passage: The 1-mile-long (2 km) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.

Question: In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?

Question: Who was the designer of the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?

Question: In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?

Question: When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater?

Question: Near which settlement were Palmerston forts built in the 1860s?
Passage: Some of the greatest imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century.

Question: What animal byproduct was imported to Plymouth in the 19th century?

Question: In what settlement were the dockyards located?
Passage: During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten.

Question: What was the primary base of the Royal navy during World War I?

Question: What sorts of ships were based in Davenport?

Question: What location provided a base for flying boats?
Passage: In the First World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished, as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II.

Question: What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport?

Question: What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941?

Question: How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz?

Question: How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz?

Question: How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?
Passage: The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London. Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types; by 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia. Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan. In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.

Question: Who was the author of the 1943 Plan for Plymouth?

Question: In the period 1951-1957, how many new houses were constructed yearly in Plymouth?

Question: In the postwar period to 1964, how many houses were built in Plymouth?

Question: When was the Civic Centre built?

Question: What English Heritage status does the Civic Centre possess?
Passage: Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and, later, nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, with barracks pulled down in the 1960s, however the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines.

Question: What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard?

Question: By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone?

Question: What military unit is based in Plymouth?
Passage: The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns".

Question: In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded?

Question: In what year was the Domesday Book compiled?

Question: What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book?

Question: In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?

Question: In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth?
Passage: In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock.

Question: Who was the first woman MP to take her seat in the British Parliament?

Question: For what constituency was Nancy Astor elected?

Question: On what date did Plymouth become a city?

Question: In what year did Plymouth receive its first Lord Mayor?

Question: What parish was incorporated into Plymouth in 1967?
Passage: In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.

Question: What constituency did MP Michael Foot represent?

Question: What position was Michael Foot noted to occupy in government?

Question: What notable piece of legislation did Michael Foot contribute to?

Question: What party did Michael Foot become a leader of?

Question: In what town was Michael Foot born?
Passage: The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission.

Question: What was the population of Plymouth in 1971?

Question: What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated?

Question: What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created?

Question: On what date did Plymouth's county status end?

Question: What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?
Passage: In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View.

Question: What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of?

Question: Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?

Question: As of 2015, what political party did all of Plymouth's MPs belong to?

Question: What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?
Passage: The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57. Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following "fourth" year, which is when County Council elections take place. The total electorate for Plymouth was 188,924 in April 2015. The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors, 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Labour administration. Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with: Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebastián, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001).

Question: How many wards in Plymouth elect two councillors?

Question: How many members are on the Plymouth council?

Question: What fraction of the Plymouth council is elected each year?

Question: With what French city is Plymouth twinned?

Question: In what year did Plymouth twin with Plymouth in the United States?
Passage: Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015–16.

Question: What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?

Question: How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?

Question: What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?

Question: Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?
Passage: The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.

Question: At what street address is the Lord Mayor's residence located?

Question: Who gave the Lord Mayor's official residence to Plymouth?

Question: On what street is the Civic Centre office building located?

Question: In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building?

Question: What did Plymouth council estimate the cost to refurbish the Civic Centre municipal office building to be?
Passage: Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.

Question: What river is to the west of Plymouth?

Question: To the east of Plymouth lies which river?

Question: The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?

Question: In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?

Question: When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?
Passage: The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).

Question: What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym?

Question: When did the Plymouth Breakwater open?

Question: What island is present in Plymouth Sound?

Question: How large is the Unitary Authority of Plymouth in square miles?

Question: In meters, what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority?
Passage: Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea.

Question: What special designation does Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs possess?

Question: What stones form the headlands near Plymouth Sound?

Question: Along with Devonian slate, Middle Devonian limestone and limestone, what stone provides the geologic base of Plymouth?

Question: Along with shales, what is most of the city built on?

Question: For what reason is Plymouth Sound a Site of Special Scientific Interest?
Passage: A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford.

Question: Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location?

Question: What location north of the city possesses granite?

Question: What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth?

Question: Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?

Question: What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings?