sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure typical of Galileo or modernized GPS. Similar to the other GNSS, there will be two levels of positioning service: open and restricted (military). The public service shall be available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSS systems are deployed, the users will benefit from the use of a total constellation of 75+ satellites, which will significantly improve all the aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons. The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is Sun Jiadong, who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system.

Question: What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on?

Question: What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer?

Question: Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available?

Question: Who designed the COMPASS navigation system?

Question: How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use?
Passage: There are two levels of service provided — a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan.

Question: What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?

Question: What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?

Question: What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?

Question: As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?

Question: What is something the licensed military service can be used for?
Passage: Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Question: How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?

Question: What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?

Question: Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?

Question: Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?

Question: According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?
Passage: Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver.

Question: How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?

Question: What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?

Question: What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?
Passage: Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

Question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched?

Question: What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?

Question: The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite?

Question: What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite?

Question: What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?
Passage: Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Question: What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in?

Question: What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by Compass-M1?

Question: What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?

Question: What is the intended purpose of the "I" component?

Question: What is the intended purpose of the "Q" component?
Passage: The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

Question: When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?

Question: What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?

Question: Who reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components?

Question: Who built the COMPASS receiver?

Question: What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?
Passage: Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.

Question: What is the difference between the "I" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?
Passage: In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

Question: When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases?

Question: When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations?

Question: What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system?

Question: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users?

Question: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?
Passage: The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.

Question: When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?

Question: Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?

Question: At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?
Passage: In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

Question: When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?

Question: When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?

Question: As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?

Question: Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?
Passage: The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

Question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?

Question: How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?

Question: What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?

Question: How many satellites were launched since 2007?
Passage: In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system.

Question: When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?

Question: How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?
Passage: On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

Question: When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?

Question: Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?

Question: What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?

Question: What is the Expedition-1?
Passage: The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.

Question: What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?

Question: What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?

Question: How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?
Passage: Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

Question: What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?

Question: In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?

Question: Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?

Question: What body was first responsible for creating canon?

Question: What does canon law consist of?
Passage: Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Question: What is the Greek term for canon?

Question: What is the Hebrew term for canon?

Question: What is the Arabic term meaning canon?

Question: What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?

Question: Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?
Passage: The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

Question: How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?

Question: How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?

Question: What is another term for Apostolic Canons?

Question: When was the First Council of Nicaea held?

Question: What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?
Passage: In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.

Question: Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?

Question: What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?

Question: What does management of canon law aim to regulate?

Question: What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?
Passage: The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:

Question: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?

Question: How many major rites exist?

Question: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?

Question: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?

Question: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?
Passage: In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

Question: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?

Question: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?

Question: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?

Question: What is the pope's official title?

Question: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?
Passage: The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

Question: What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?

Question: What is a legal system older than Catholic law?

Question: What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?

Question: When was the Council of Jerusalem held?

Question: Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?
Passage: The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).

Question: Which period followed the jus antiquum?

Question: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?

Question: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?
Passage: The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.

Question: In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?

Question: What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?

Question: When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?

Question: Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?

Question: What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?
Passage: It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.

Question: What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?

Question: What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?

Question: What does J.C.B. stand for?

Question: What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?

Question: What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?
Passage: Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.

Question: What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?

Question: What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?

Question: What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?

Question: What is the English meaning of inquirere?
Passage: The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

Question: What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?

Question: In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?

Question: Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?

Question: What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?

Question: What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?
Passage: Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as "...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community" and reformulates it as "...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good."

Question: What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?

Question: Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?

Question: What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?

Question: What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?

Question: What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?
Passage: The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.

Question: Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?

Question: What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?

Question: What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?

Question: When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?

Question: During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?
Passage: The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.

Question: When was the original Code of Canon Law published?

Question: For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?

Question: During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?

Question: For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?

Question: When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?