sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest. He was ordained priest on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Holy Mass in Brescia in the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year. Afterwards he studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome La Sapienza and, at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. At the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the Secretariat of State in 1922, where he worked under Pizzardo together with Francesco Borgongini-Duca, Alfredo Ottaviani, Carlo Grano, Domenico Tardini and Francis Spellman. Consequently, he spent not a day as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian inspired culture'.

Question: In what year did Montini enter the Catholic seminary to become a priest?

Question: In what field did Montini obtain a doctorate in?

Question: In what city did Montini finish his doctoral studies?

Question: At what age did Montini enter the Secretariat of state?

Question: Where did Montini continue to study at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo?
Passage: The only foreign diplomatic experience Montini underwent was his time in the nunciature in Warsaw, Poland in 1923. Like Achille Ratti before him,[a] he felt confronted with the huge problem, not limited to Poland, of excessive nationalism: "This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars." When he was recalled to Rome he was happy to go, because "this concludes this episode of my life, which has provided useful, though not always joyful, experiences."

Question: What political problem did Montini feel he needed to address as a diplomat in Poland?

Question: How did Montini see the nationalism of Poland as a problem?

Question: What humanitarian concept did Montini see nationalism as violating?

Question: What type of political stability was compromised as a result of violent nationalism?

Question: Where was Montini happy to return to after his tenure in Poland?
Passage: His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia, the papal civil service. In 1931, Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Papal Academy for Diplomats In 1937, after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI. From Pius XI, whom he viewed with awe, he adopted the view, that learning is a life long process, and that history was the magister vitae teacher of life His immediate supervisor in the Vatican was Domenico Tardini, with whom he got along well. The election of Pacelli to the papacy in 1939, anticipated by everybody and openly promoted by Pope Pius XI in his last years, was a good omen for Montini, whose position was confirmed in the position under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione. He met the pope every morning until 1954 and thus developed a rather close relationship:

Question: What type of natural ability helped Montini in his career in the Roman Curia?

Question: When was Paccelli elected to the papacy?

Question: With whom did Montini have a relationship with that eventually groomed him for the papacy?

Question: Where did Montini teach history?

Question: Who was Montini's mentor that eventually became a Cardinal?
Passage: As war broke out, Maglione, Tardini and Montini were the main figures in the Vatican's State Department, as despatches originated from or addressed to them during the war years.[page needed] Montini was in charge of taking care of the "ordinary affairs" of the Secretariat of State, which took much of the mornings of every working day. In the afternoon he moved to the third floor into the Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff. Pius XII did not have a personal secretary. As did several popes before him, he delegated the secretarial functions to the State Secretariat. During the war years, thousands of letters from all parts of the world arrived at the desk of the pope, most of them asking for understanding, prayer and help. Montini was tasked to formulate the replies in the name of Pius XII, expressing his empathy, and understanding and providing help, where possible.

Question: What department did Montini oversee when he worked with the Secretariat of State?

Question: What organization did Montini, Maglione and Tardini belong to?

Question: What role did Montini fill for Pius XII?

Question: What did Montini take charge of responding to on behalf of Pius XII?

Question: During what time was Montini responsible for the communications of the Vatican?
Passage: At the request of the pope, he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million (9 891 497) information requests and produced over eleven million (11.293.511) answers about missing persons. Montini was several times openly attacked by Benito Mussolini's government as a politician, and meddling in politics, but each time he found powerful defenses by the Vatican. In 1944, Luigi Maglione died, and Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini together as heads of the State Department. Montini's admiration was almost filial, when he described Pope Pius XII:

Question: In what year was the office for information for prisoners and refugees founded?

Question: How many inquiries did Mintini receive regarding missing persons ?

Question: What was Montini accused of being by the Italian government?

Question: With whom did Montini feel he had a brother like connection to?

Question: What Italian Prime Minister attacked Montini for his political stances?
Passage: As Secretary of State Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to the persecuted hidden in convents, parishes, seminaries, and in ecclesiastical schools. At the request of the pope, together with Pascalina Lehnert, Ferdinando Baldelli and Otto Faller, he created the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, which aided large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other material assistance. In Rome alone this organization distributed almost two million portions of free food in the year 1944. The Vatican and the Papal Residence Castel Gandolfo were opened to refugees. Some 15,000 persons lived in Castel Gandolfo alone, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza. At the request of Pius XII, Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, providing protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers, who had escaped from Axis prison camps, Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, German soldiers, partisans and other displaced persons. After the war and later as pope, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, into the major charity, Caritas Italiana.[b]

Question: Who requested Montini become involved in the Church Asylum movement?

Question: What war time group did the Vatican and Papal residence open their doors to?

Question: How many people lived at Castel Gofolfo during the war?

Question: What organization did Montini form with other fellow officials to help refugees?

Question: What did Montini strive to reestablish to help persecuted Jews and allied soldiers?
Passage: Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954. Both Montini and the pope had tears in their eyes when Montini parted for his dioceses with 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls. On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan. Montini, after a period of preparation, liked his new tasks as archbishop, connecting to all groups of faithful in Milan. He enjoyed meetings with intellectuals, artists and writers.

Question: In what year did Pius XII deliver a radio address announcing Montini's papal appointment?

Question: On what date did Montini become the archbishop of Milan?

Question: In what year did Montini become the archbishop of the Cathedral of Milan?

Question: Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?

Question: To what Italian city was Montini appointed archbishop?
Passage: Montini and Angelo Roncalli were considered to be friends, but when Roncalli, as Pope John XXIII announced a new Ecumenical Council, Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to Giulio Bevilacqua: "This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up." He was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961. During the Council, his friend Pope John XXIII asked him to live in the Vatican. He was a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs but did not engage himself much into the floor debates on various issues. His main advisor was Monsignore Giovanni Colombo, whom he later appointed to be his successor in Milan The Commission was greatly overshadowed by the insistence of John XXIII to have the Council complete all its work in one single session before Christmas 1962, to the 400th anniversary of the Council of Trent, an insistence which may have also been influenced by the Pope's recent knowledge that he had cancer.

Question: What group did Montini oppose reforming?

Question: In what year was Montini appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission?

Question: Where did the Pope ask Cardinal Montini to live?

Question: What did Montini avoid as a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs?

Question: What illness had the Pope contracted?
Passage: During his period in Milan, Montini was known as a progressive member of the Catholic hierarchy. Montini went new ways in pastoral care, which he reformed. He used his authority to ensure that the liturgical reforms of Pius XII were carried out at the local level and employed innovative methods to reach the people of Milan: Huge posters announced that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957. More than 500 priests and many bishops, cardinals and lay persons delivered 7,000 sermons in the period not only in churches but in factories, meeting halls, houses, courtyards, schools, offices, military barracks, hospitals, hotels and other places, where people meet. His goal was the re-introduction of faith to a city without much religion. "If only we can say Our Father and know what this means, then we would understand the Christian faith."

Question: What type of political viewpoint was Montini known for as a member of the Catholic leadership?

Question: What part of Catholic ministry did Montini seek to reform?

Question: What type of media did Montini use to advertise the church's sermons to the people of Milan?

Question: How many "voices" did Montini's posters claim the people of Milan would hear?

Question: From the 10 of NOvember to the 24 of November how many sermons were actually delivered to the Italian people?
Passage: Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate. Previously as Pro-Secretary, he had worked hard to unify a worldwide organization of lay people of 58 nations, representing 42 national organizations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: "Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world."

Question: To whom did Montini speak as an archbishop in the year 1957?

Question: According to Montini was does the term apostolate mean?

Question: How many nations did Montini hope to unify as Pro-secretary?

Question: When was Montini's first meeting addressing the unification of Catholic lay followers?
Passage: Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years.

Question: What role was Montini not considered a likely candidate for?

Question: What had Montini yet to become?

Question: Who was elected pope in 1958?

Question: When did Montini finally become a cardinal?

Question: What doicese did Montini become cardinal of?
Passage: As a Cardinal, Montini journeyed to Africa (1962), where he visited Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria. After his journey, John XXIII gave him a private audience on his trip which lasted for several hours. In fifteen other trips he visited Brazil (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington, DC, Chicago, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. While a cardinal, he usually vacationed in Engelberg Abbey, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.

Question: What country did Montini visit as Cardinal?

Question: In what year did Montini travel to visit Africa as a cardinal?

Question: How many foreign trips did Montini make as Cardinal?

Question: In what year did Montini visit the United States?

Question: Where did Montini like to use as a retreat as a cardinal?
Passage: Unlike the papabile cardinals Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna and Giuseppe Siri of Genoa, he was not identified with either the left or right, nor was he seen as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the Second Vatican Council, which already, without any tangible results, had lasted longer than anticipated by John XXIII, who had a vision but "did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s." When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope.

Question: What role was Montini not perceived to fill unlike some of his fellow cardinals?

Question: In what year did Pope John XXIII die?

Question: What role did Pope John XXIII's death precipitate the election of?

Question: What illness caused the death of Pope John XXIII

Question: What organization did the church expect Montini to continue?
Passage: Paul VI did away with much of the regal splendor of the papacy. He was the last pope to date to be crowned; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation (which Paul had already substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo) with a Papal Inauguration. Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.

Question: What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?

Question: What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?

Question: Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?

Question: Who was the last pope to be crowned?

Question: What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution?
Passage: During Vatican II, the Council Fathers avoided statements which might anger Christians of other faiths.[page needed] Cardinal Augustin Bea, the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of Nostra aetate, which regulates the Church's relations with the Jewish faith and members of other religions.[d]

Question: Who was President of the Christian Unity Secretariat?

Question: What did Paul VI believe in keeping friendly to people of other Christian faiths?

Question: Who insisted that Protestant and Orthodox Christians be invited to all Counsel meetings?

Question: Which cardinal became heavily engaged in the passage of Nostra aetate?

Question: Which Vatican strove to avoid offending other Christian faiths with counsel session language?
Passage: After his election as Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new dioceses. He told them that in Milan he started a dialogue with the modern world and asked them to seek contact with all people from all walks of life. Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963. In a radio address to the world, Paul VI recalled the uniqueness of his predecessors, the strength of Pius XI, the wisdom and intelligence of Pius XII and the love of John XXIII. As "his pontifical goals" he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the reform of the Canon Law and improved social peace and justice in the world. The Unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.

Question: What did Paul VI want to keep open with the modern world and people from all walks of life?

Question: How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II?

Question: On what date was Vatican II re convened?

Question: Six days after he was elected, what did Paul VI announce he would continue?

Question: What did Paul want to reform as a newly elected pope?
Passage: He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to explain in simple words how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church is guilty for the separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys.

Question: What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ?

Question: How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy?

Question: What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?

Question: From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI?

Question: What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for?
Passage: Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the Council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism. The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964, with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church.

Question: What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel?

Question: What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for?

Question: What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church?

Question: Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy?

Question: In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church?
Passage: Between the third and fourth sessions the pope announced reforms in the areas of Roman Curia, revision of Canon Law, regulations for mixed marriages involving several faiths, and birth control issues. He opened the final session of the council, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed. But all texts were finally agreed upon. The Council was concluded on 8 December 1965, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.

Question: What did Paul VI enact between the third and fourth ecumenical sessions?

Question: What does the Catholic church considered "mixed" in a "mixed marriage"?

Question: What is celebrated in the Catholic calendar the 8 of December?

Question: In what year was Paul Vi's final counsel session?

Question: With whom did Paul VI celebrate surviving persecution in other countries?
Passage: Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages, rather than in one fell swoop. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with Pontificalis Domus, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions.

Question: For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?

Question: In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation?

Question: With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968?

Question: What did Paul Vi's reforms reduce in the Curia?

Question: Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia?
Passage: Paul VI revolutionized papal elections by ordering that only cardinals below the age of eighty might participate in future conclaves. In Ecclesiae Sanctae, his motu proprio of 6 August 1966, he further invited all bishops to offer their retirement to the pontiff no later than the completion of their 75th year of age. This requirement was extended to all Cardinals of the Catholic Church on 21 November 1970. With these two stipulations, the Pope filled several positions with younger bishops and cardinals, and further internationalized the Roman Curia in light of several resignations due to age.

Question: At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves?

Question: At what age were bishops required to retire by Paul VI?

Question: At what age were cardinals subsequently required to retire in an edict issued in 1970?

Question: What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions?

Question: When was Paul Vi's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued?