sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Moisture absorption occurs when the material is exposed to high humidity or water. Both the resin and the reinforcement may absorb water; water may be also soaked by capillary forces through voids in the materials and along the reinforcement. Epoxies of the FR-4 materials aren't too susceptible, with absorption of only 0.15%. Teflon has very low absorption of 0.01%. Polyimides and cyanate esters, on the other side, suffer from high water absorption. Absorbed water can lead to significant degradation of key parameters; it impairs tracking resistance, breakdown voltage, and dielectric parameters. Relative dielectric constant of water is about 73, compared to about 4 for common circuitboard materials. Absorbed moisture can also vaporize on heating and cause cracking and delamination, the same effect responsible for "popcorning" damage on wet packaging of electronic parts. Careful baking of the substrates may be required.

Question: What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area?

Question: If materials absorb moisture and then are heated enough to vaporize the water, the board might show delamination or what other type of damage?

Question: What percentage absorption do F-4 epoxies have?

Question: What's the approximate relative dielectric constant of most materials in circuit boards?

Question: What material has an absorption rate of only 0.01%?
Passage: The printed circuit board industry defines heavy copper as layers exceeding three ounces of copper, or approximately 0.0042 inches (4.2 mils, 105 μm) thick. PCB designers and fabricators often use heavy copper when design and manufacturing circuit boards in order to increase current-carrying capacity as well as resistance to thermal strains. Heavy copper plated vias transfer heat to external heat sinks. IPC 2152 is a standard for determining current-carrying capacity of printed circuit board traces.

Question: What's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered "heavy copper"?

Question: About how thick would a PCB layer be if it contained three oz. of copper?

Question: What will a circuit board with heavy copper carry very well?

Question: What would a PCB designer use heavy copper to make their circuit board resist?

Question: Where does the heat go when it leaves heavy copper-plated vias?
Passage: Since it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire in straight line from one location/pin to another. This led to very short design times (no complex algorithms to use even for high density designs) as well as reduced crosstalk (which is worse when wires run parallel to each other—which almost never happens in Multiwire), though the cost is too high to compete with cheaper PCB technologies when large quantities are needed.

Question: What arduous aspect of the process can designers skip in Multiwire?

Question: What does the machine create by drawing a straight line between two points on the board?

Question: Along with quick design times, what problem does Multiwire cut down on?

Question: What makes Multiwire impractical to use when large quantities of a board are needed?

Question: In simple language, what are the interconnections in an embedding matrix?
Passage: Cordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leaded components were mounted between two parallel planes. The components were either soldered together with jumper wire, or they were connected to other components by thin nickel ribbon welded at right angles onto the component leads. To avoid shorting together different interconnection layers, thin insulating cards were placed between them. Perforations or holes in the cards allowed component leads to project through to the next interconnection layer. One disadvantage of this system was that special nickel-leaded components had to be used to allow the interconnecting welds to be made. Differential thermal expansion of the component could put pressure on the leads of the components and the PCB traces and cause physical damage (as was seen in several modules on the Apollo program). Additionally, components located in the interior are difficult to replace. Some versions of cordwood construction used soldered single-sided PCBs as the interconnection method (as pictured), allowing the use of normal-leaded components.

Question: What type of construction is best for applications that need to portion space carefully?

Question: What gets mounted in the middle of two parallel planes in a cordwood construction?

Question: What type of component has to be used in cordwood construction to its detriment?

Question: What do insulating cards prevent between interconnection layers?

Question: What force caused the physical damage to components that affected the Apollo program?
Passage: Development of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating conductors onto linen paper in 1904. Arthur Berry in 1913 patented a print-and-etch method in Britain, and in the United States Max Schoop obtained a patent to flame-spray metal onto a board through a patterned mask. Charles Ducas in 1927 patented a method of electroplating circuit patterns.

Question: Who was the German inventor who wrote in 1903 about conductors being laminated in layers to a board?

Question: What material did Thomas Edison experiment with by trying to chemically attach conductors to it?

Question: What year did Arthur Berry patent his print-and-etch method?

Question: In Max Schoop's method, what was used to create the flame-sprayed pattern on the board?

Question: Who obtained a patent in 1927 for his method of electroplating circuit patterns?
Passage: The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army. At around the same time in Britain work along similar lines was carried out by Geoffrey Dummer, then at the RRDE.

Question: What was Paul Eisler making when he came up with the printed circuit?

Question: What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses?

Question: When was the printed circuit released for commercial use in the U.S.?

Question: Who was working on the same type of large-scale application of printed circuits as the U.S. in Britain in the mid-1950s?

Question: What process was created by the U.S. Army that led to innovation in consumer electronics?
Passage: During World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate would be screenprinted with metallic paint for conductors and carbon material for resistors, with ceramic disc capacitors and subminiature vacuum tubes soldered in place. The technique proved viable, and the resulting patent on the process, which was classified by the U.S. Army, was assigned to Globe Union. It was not until 1984 that the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) awarded Mr. Harry W. Rubinstein, the former head of Globe Union's Centralab Division, its coveted Cledo Brunetti Award for early key contributions to the development of printed components and conductors on a common insulating substrate. As well, Mr. Rubinstein was honored in 1984 by his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his innovations in the technology of printed electronic circuits and the fabrication of capacitors.

Question: What company developed the first electronic circuit that could be mass produced and was durable enough to be fired from a gun?

Question: Who was in charge of the Centralab Division of Globe Union when the PCB used in anti-aircraft fuses was invented?

Question: Where did Harry Rubinstein attend college?

Question: What was the plate used for anti-aircraft proximity fuses in World War II made out of?

Question: What award did Rubinstein win in 1984 for his contributions?
Passage: Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the United States Army Signal Corps developed the Auto-Sembly process in which component leads were inserted into a copper foil interconnection pattern and dip soldered. The patent they obtained in 1956 was assigned to the U.S. Army. With the development of board lamination and etching techniques, this concept evolved into the standard printed circuit board fabrication process in use today. Soldering could be done automatically by passing the board over a ripple, or wave, of molten solder in a wave-soldering machine. However, the wires and holes are wasteful since drilling holes is expensive and the protruding wires are merely cut off.

Question: What type of construction was originally used for all electronic components?

Question: In what year was the Auto-Sembly process created?

Question: What year was the patent for the Auto-Sembly process granted?

Question: Although two men developed the Auto-Sembly process, to whom was the patent officially granted?

Question: Which part of the Auto-Sembly manufacturing process is the most costly?
Passage: The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May. Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season. Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings. It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership. Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL).

Question: How many club members are there?

Question: How many matches does each team play?

Question: What days are most games played?

Question: Who sponsors the Premier League?

Question: What name is the Premier League known as outside of the United Kingdom?

Question: How many member clubs are shareholders in the Premier League?

Question: When do Premier League seasons run from?

Question: How many matches do each team play?

Question: Who sponsors the Premier League?

Question: What is the Premier League commonly referred to outside the UK?
Passage: The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14, with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively. The league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of £1.6 billion.

Question: What date was the Premier League formed?

Question: Who secured the domestic rights to broadcast games 116 and 38 respectively?

Question: How much was the deal worth?

Question: How much revenue does the league generate in domestic and international television rights?

Question: In 2014/15, how much were the teams apportioned in revenues?

Question: When was the Premier League originally formed?

Question: When was the Football League originally founded?

Question: How many games were secured to broadcast by BSkyB?

Question: How many games were secured to broadcast by BT Group?

Question: How much income does the Premier League generate per year in worldwide television rights?
Passage: The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. In the 2014–15 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga's 43,500. Most stadium occupancies are near capacity. The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons.

Question: Is the Premier League the most watched football league in the world?

Question: How many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?

Question: What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?

Question: What is the Premier League's UEFA co-efficients of leagues rank?

Question: What is the average game attendance for the league?

Question: To how many homes is the Premier League broadcast to?

Question: What average attendance number was exceeded by the Premier League in the 2014-15 season?

Question: Which league has the highest average attendance in professional football?

Question: To how many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?

Question: What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?
Passage: Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888, was well behind leagues such as Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad.

Question: When was the low point for English football?

Question: Why was there a low point for English football?

Question: Why were the English clubs banned from European competition in the 1980's?

Question: Had the Football League First Division ever been in the top level?

Question: In which year were English football clubs banned from competition in Europe?

Question: How long were the clubs banned for?

Question: What did English players do after the ban?

Question: When attendance dropped to the Football League First Division, what else decreased?
Passage: However, by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse; England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals. UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 (resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991) and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards, which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster, was published in January of that year.

Question: When did the downward trend of the English Football start to turn around?

Question: Was England successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?

Question: Did the UEFA remove the 5 year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990?

Question: What did the removal of the ban result in?

Question: Did the Taylor Report on stadiums safety standards propose expensive upgrades to stadiums?

Question: In which year did English football's downward trend stop thanks to England making it to the FIFA World Cup semi-finals?

Question: In which year was the English club ban lifted by UEFA?

Question: In which year shortly thereafter did Manchester United win the UEFA Winners' Cup?

Question: In which month was the Taylor Report published?

Question: In which year was the Taylor Report published?
Passage: Television money had also become much more important; the Football League received £6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986, but when that deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to £44 million over four years. The 1988 negotiations were the first signs of a breakaway league; ten clubs threatened to leave and form a "super league", but were eventually persuaded to stay. As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose, the country's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport.

Question: How much money did the Football League receive in revenues from television money for a two year agreement in 1986?

Question: In 1998, the deal was renewed for what amount over four years?

Question: In 1988, how many clubs threateded to leave and form another league?

Question: Why did some of the top teams consider leaving the Football league?

Question: What did the Football League's television agreement price rise to in 1988?

Question: When was the first year that clubs threatened to leave the Football League?

Question: What price was set for Football League television rights in 1986?

Question: For how many years was the 1986 television rights contract?

Question: For how many years was the 1988 television rights contract?
Passage: At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 by the game's top-flight clubs, established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League. The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League, giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe.

Question: In 1991, was a proposal for a new league postponed?

Question: What did this agreement establish?

Question: When was the Founder Members Agreement signed?

Question: Would the new top division have commerical independence from the Football Association as well as the Football League?

Question: Would the FA Premier League be able to negotiate their broadcasting and sponsorship agreements?

Question: On which day was the Founder Members Agreement signed?

Question: What was the argument made for the splitting off of the FA Premier League which would lead to being able to compete across Europe?

Question: In which year was the proposal for a new league tabled?
Passage: The managing director of London Weekend Television (LWT), Greg Dyke, met with the representatives of the "big five" football clubs in England in 1990. The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League. Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television and wanted to establish whether the clubs would be interested in a larger share of television rights money. The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it; however, the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea. The FA did not enjoy an amicable relationship with the Football League at the time and considered it as a way to weaken the Football League's position.

Question: Why did Greg Dyke of London Weekend Television meet with representatives of the biggest five English football clubs in 1990?

Question: Why did Dyke only want the larger clubs featured on national television?

Question: Did the five clubs think this was a good idea?

Question: Were talks held with the Football Association to see if they were okay with this plan?

Question: Who was the London Weekend Television's managing director?

Question: In which year did the managing director meet with the representatives of the "big five" football clubs?

Question: In which country did the managing director meet with the representatives of the "big five" football clubs?

Question: Which Arsenal representative held talks with the Football Association about getting their backing for the new league?

Question: What did the Football Association want to do through building a relationship with the new league?
Passage: In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate. This meant a break-up of the 104-year-old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three. There was no change in competition format; the same number of teams competed in the top flight, and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted.

Question: When did the First Division clubs resign from the Football League?

Question: When was the FA Premier League formed as a limited company?

Question: How many divisions did the Premier League start out with at this time?

Question: How many divisions did the Football League after the the Premier League was founded?

Question: Was there a change in the competition format after the Premier League was formed?

Question: On which date was the FA Premier League formed legally?

Question: Out of which organization's headquarters did the original FA Premier League staff operate out of?

Question: How old was the Football League when the break-up happened?

Question: How many divisions were left in the Football League after the split?

Question: How many divisions did the Premier League start with after the split?
Passage: The league held its first season in 1992–93 and was originally composed of 22 clubs. The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United. The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Ipswich Town, Leeds United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Middlesbrough, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, and Wimbledon. Luton Town, Notts County and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991–92 season, and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season.

Question: When did the Premier League hold its first season?

Question: Originally, how many clubs did the Premier League have?

Question: Who scored the first ever goal for the Premier League

Question: Which blubs were relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991-1992 season and didn't take part in the first Premier League season?

Question: In which years were the first season?

Question: How many clubs originally made up the league?

Question: Who scored the first goal in the Premier League?

Question: For which team was the first goal scored?

Question: Against which team was the first goal scored?