sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech in St. John's Church in Richmond, crucial for deciding Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence. On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack. The latter motive proved to be in vain, and in 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond was burned by British troops, causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia, led by Sampson Mathews, defended the city.

Question: What year did Patrick Henry give his speech?

Question: What happened on April 18, 1780?

Question: What did Patrick Henry's speech encourage to happen?

Question: What's one reason the capital was moved to Richmond?

Question: Who was Governor of Virginia in 1781

Question: What did Patrick Henry's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to?

Question: What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond?

Question: What general led the troops that burned Richmond?

Question: Who led the militia that defended Richmond?

Question: Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781?
Passage: Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond, providing the basis for the separation of church and state, a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, and was completed in 1788.

Question: What is the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?

Question: Who drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?

Question: Who designed the Richmond Capital Building?

Question: Who is Charles-Louis Clerisseau?

Question: When was the Capital building completed?

Question: Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol?

Question: In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished?

Question: What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786?

Question: What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?

Question: In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution?
Passage: After the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. To facilitate the transfer of cargo from the flat-bottomed bateaux above the fall line to the ocean-faring ships below, George Washington helped design the James River and Kanawha Canal in the 18th century to bypass Richmond's rapids, with the intent of providing a water route across the Appalachians to the Kanawha River. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag. As a result of this and ample access to hydropower due to the falls, Richmond became home to some of the largest manufacturing facilities in the country, including iron works and flour mills, the largest facilities of their kind in the South. The resistance to the slave trade was growing by the mid-nineteenth century; in one famous case in 1848, Henry "Box" Brown made history by having himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to abolitionists in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, escaping slavery.

Question: What man-made body of water was designed in part by George Washington?

Question: To where was the canal designed by Washington intended to ferry water?

Question: To what city was Henry Brown shipped as freight?

Question: What was Henry Brown's nickname?

Question: What sort of economic center was Richmond in the wake of the American Revolution?
Passage: On 17 April 1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its national capital to Richmond. The city was at the end of a long supply line, which made it somewhat difficult to defend, although supplies continued to reach the city by canal and wagon for years, since it was protected by the Army of Northern Virginia and arguably the Confederacy's best troops and commanders. It became the main target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862 and 1864-5.

Question: On what date was Virginia's secession from the Union?

Question: After leaving the Union, what nation did Virginia join?

Question: Along with 1864-5, what year notably saw US campaigns directed at Richmond?
Passage: In addition to Virginia and Confederate government offices and hospitals, a railroad hub, and one of the South's largest slave markets, Richmond had the largest factory in the Confederacy, the Tredegar Iron Works, which turned out artillery and other munitions, including the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia, the world's first ironclad used in war, as well as much of the Confederates' heavy ordnance machinery. The Confederate Congress shared quarters with the Virginia General Assembly in the Virginia State Capitol, with the Confederacy's executive mansion, the "White House of the Confederacy", located two blocks away. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond but ultimately failed.

Question: What was the name of the biggest factory in the Confederate States of America?

Question: What was the name of the first ironclad warship that saw combat?

Question: What is another name for the Confederacy's executive mansion?

Question: How far away from the Confederate executive mansion was the Virginia State Capitol?

Question: Who commanded the Union armies during the Seven Days Battles?
Passage: Three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B. Gordon's desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed. On April 1, General Philip Sheridan, assigned to interdict the Southside Railroad, met brigades commanded by George Pickett at the Five Forks junction, smashing them, taking thousands of prisoners, and encouraging General Grant to order a general advance. When the Union Sixth Corps broke through Confederate lines on Boydton Plank Road south of Petersburg, Confederate casualties exceeded 5000, or about a tenth of Lee's defending army. General Lee then informed Jefferson Davis that he was about to evacuate Richmond.

Question: Where was Petersburg located in relation to Ford Stedman?

Question: 5000 men represented what fraction of General Lee's army?

Question: On what road did the US Army Sixth Corps shatter the Confederate line?

Question: What general commanded the attack on Fort Stedman?

Question: In what month of 1865 was Richmond judged to be no longer able to be defended?
Passage: Davis and his cabinet left the city by train that night, as government officials burned documents and departing Confederate troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny their contents to the victors. On April 2, 1865, General Godfrey Weitzel, commander of the 25th corps of the United States Colored Troops, accepted the city's surrender from the mayor and group of leading citizens who remained. The Union troops eventually managed to stop the raging fires but about 25% of the city's buildings were destroyed-

Question: What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond?

Question: What general received the surrender of Richmond?

Question: On what day did the Confederacy surrender Richmond to the Union?

Question: By what means did Davis leave Richmond?

Question: What percentage of Richmond was destroyed by fire after the Confederate evacuation?
Passage: President Abraham Lincoln visited General Grant at Petersburg on April 3, and took a launch to Richmond the next day, while Jefferson Davis attempted to organize his Confederate government at Danville. Lincoln met Confederate assistant secretary of War John A. Campbell, and handed him a note inviting Virginia's legislature to end their rebellion. After Campbell spun the note to Confederate legislators as a possible end to the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln rescinded his offer and ordered General Weitzel to prevent the Confederate state legislature from meeting. Union forces killed, wounded or captured 8000 Confederate troops at Saylor's Creek southwest of Petersburg on April 6. General Lee continued to reject General Grant's surrender suggestion until Sheridan's infantry and cavalry appeared in front of his retreating army on April 8. He surrendered his remaining approximately 10000 troops at Appomattox Court House the following morning. Jefferson Davis retreated to North Carolina, then further south. when Lincoln rejected the surrender terms negotiated by general Sherman and envoys of North Carolina governor Zebulon Vance, which failed to mention slavery. Davis was captured on May 10 near Irwinville, Georgia and taken back to Virginia, where he was charged with treason and imprisoned for two years at Fort Monroe until freed on bail.

Question: What was the date before the day Lincoln entered Richmond?

Question: How many soldiers did Lee have remaining when he surrendered?

Question: To what state did Davis travel after Lee surrendered?

Question: In what structure did Lee surrender to Grant?

Question: How many years did Davis spend in Fort Monroe?
Passage: Richmond emerged a decade after the smoldering rubble of the Civil War to resume its position as an economic powerhouse, with iron front buildings and massive brick factories. Canal traffic peaked in the 1860s and slowly gave way to railroads, allowing Richmond to become a major railroad crossroads, eventually including the site of the world's first triple railroad crossing. Tobacco warehousing and processing continued to play a role, boosted by the world's first cigarette-rolling machine, invented by James Albert Bonsack of Roanoke in 1880/81. Contributing to Richmond's resurgence was the first successful electrically powered trolley system in the United States, the Richmond Union Passenger Railway. Designed by electric power pioneer Frank J. Sprague, the trolley system opened its first line in 1888, and electric streetcar lines rapidly spread to other cities across the country. Sprague's system used an overhead wire and trolley pole to collect current, with electric motors on the car's trucks. In Richmond, the transition from streetcars to buses began in May 1947 and was completed on November 25, 1949.

Question: What mode of transportation took over from the canals?

Question: What sort of railroad crossing was first built at Richmond?

Question: Who was the inventor of the cigarette-rolling machine?

Question: From what city did James Bonsack originate?

Question: What was the name of the first American trolley system powered by electricity?
Passage: By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had reached 85,050 in 5 square miles (13 km2), making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States. In 1900, the Census Bureau reported Richmond's population as 62.1% white and 37.9% black. Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriving African-American business community, and the city's historic Jackson Ward became known as the "Wall Street of Black America." In 1903, African-American businesswoman and financier Maggie L. Walker chartered St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, and served as its first president, as well as the first female bank president in the United States. Today, the bank is called the Consolidated Bank and Trust Company, and it is the oldest surviving African-American bank in the U.S. Other figures from this time included John Mitchell, Jr. In 1910, the former city of Manchester was consolidated with the city of Richmond, and in 1914, the city annexed Barton Heights, Ginter Park, and Highland Park areas of Henrico County. In May 1914, Richmond became the headquarters of the Fifth District of the Federal Reserve Bank.

Question: When the 1900s began, how many people lived in Richmond?

Question: How many square kilometers was Richmond at the start of the 20th century?

Question: What percentage of Richmond's 1900 population was African American?

Question: What was another name for Richmond's Jackson Ward?

Question: Who was the inaugural president of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank?
Passage: Between 1963 and 1965, there was a "downtown boom" that led to the construction of more than 700 buildings in the city. In 1968, Virginia Commonwealth University was created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia with the Richmond Professional Institute. In 1970, Richmond's borders expanded by an additional 27 square miles (70 km2) on the south. After several years of court cases in which Chesterfield County fought annexation, more than 47,000 people who once were Chesterfield County residents found themselves within the city's perimeters on January 1, 1970. In 1996, still-sore tensions arose amid controversy involved in placing a statue of African American Richmond native and tennis star Arthur Ashe to the famed series of statues of Confederate heroes of the Civil War on Monument Avenue. After several months of controversy, the bronze statue of Ashe was finally completed on Monument Avenue facing the opposite direction from the Confederate Heroes on July 10, 1996.

Question: When did the so-called downtown boom in Richmond end?

Question: About how many structures were built in Richmond during the downtown boom?

Question: What combined with the Richmond Professional Institute to form Virginia Commonwealth University?

Question: In what direction did Richmond's borders expand in 1970?

Question: People of what county did not want to join Richmond circa 1970?
Passage: Richmond is located at 37°32′N 77°28′W﻿ / ﻿37.533°N 77.467°W﻿ / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, −77.462). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62 square miles (160 km2), of which 60 square miles (160 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) of it (4.3%) is water. The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia, at the highest navigable point of the James River. The Piedmont region is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, sea level Tidewater region and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River, the Appomattox River, and the Chickahominy River.

Question: How many square kilometers is Richmond?

Question: How many square miles of Richmond is water?

Question: What percentage of Richmond is made up of water?

Question: In which of Virginia's regions is Richmond?

Question: Along with the James and the Chickahominy, what is a notable river in the area near Richmond?
Passage: Richmond's original street grid, laid out in 1737, included the area between what are now Broad, 17th, and 25th Streets and the James River. Modern Downtown Richmond is located slightly farther west, on the slopes of Shockoe Hill. Nearby neighborhoods include Shockoe Bottom, the historically significant and low-lying area between Shockoe Hill and Church Hill, and Monroe Ward, which contains the Jefferson Hotel. Richmond's East End includes neighborhoods like rapidly gentrifying Church Hill, home to St. John's Church, as well as poorer areas like Fulton, Union Hill, and Fairmont, and public housing projects like Mosby Court, Whitcomb Court, Fairfield Court, and Creighton Court closer to Interstate 64.

Question: What neighborhood is located in between Church and Shockoe Hill?

Question: What Richmond neighborhood is home to the Jefferson Hotel?

Question: What neighborhood of Richmond contains St. John's Church?

Question: What is Fairfield Court?

Question: In what year was the Richmond street grid first developed?
Passage: The area between Belvidere Street, Interstate 195, Interstate 95, and the river, which includes Virginia Commonwealth University, is socioeconomically and architecturally diverse. North of Broad Street, the Carver and Newtowne West neighborhoods are demographically similar to neighboring Jackson Ward, with Carver experiencing some gentrification due to its proximity to VCU. The affluent area between the Boulevard, Main Street, Broad Street, and VCU, known as the Fan, is home to Monument Avenue, an outstanding collection of Victorian architecture, and many students. West of the Boulevard is the Museum District, the location of the Virginia Historical Society and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. South of the Downtown Expressway are Byrd Park, Maymont, Hollywood Cemetery, the predominantly black working class Randolph neighborhood, and white working class Oregon Hill. Cary Street between Interstate 195 and the Boulevard is a popular commercial area called Carytown.

Question: The neighborhood of Newtowne West is north of what street?

Question: Along with Newtowne West, to what neighborhood is Carver regarded as having comparable demographics?

Question: What Richmond street contains a notable amount of Victorian buildings?

Question: In what part of Richmond is the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts found?

Question: What is the primary race of the population of the Randolph neighborhood?
Passage: The portion of the city south of the James River is known as the Southside. Neighborhoods in the city's Southside area range from affluent and middle class suburban neighborhoods Westover Hills, Forest Hill, Southampton, Stratford Hills, Oxford, Huguenot Hills, Hobby Hill, and Woodland Heights to the impoverished Manchester and Blackwell areas, the Hillside Court housing projects, and the ailing Jefferson Davis Highway commercial corridor. Other Southside neighborhoods include Fawnbrook, Broad Rock, Cherry Gardens, Cullenwood, and Beaufont Hills. Much of Southside developed a suburban character as part of Chesterfield County before being annexed by Richmond, most notably in 1970.

Question: What name is given to the part of Richmond located to the south of the James?

Question: Along with the affluent, what is the socioeconomic class of the inhabitants of the Southside?

Question: What notable public housing projects are present in the Southside?

Question: Prior to joining Richmond, what county was a significant portion of Southside part of?

Question: What is the economic status of the Manchester part of Richmond?
Passage: Richmond has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with hot and humid summers and generally cool winters. The mountains to the west act as a partial barrier to outbreaks of cold, continental air in winter; Arctic air is delayed long enough to be modified, then further warmed as it subsides in its approach to Richmond. The open waters of the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean contribute to the humid summers and mild winters. The coldest weather normally occurs from late December to early February, and the January daily mean temperature is 37.9 °F (3.3 °C), with an average of 6.0 days with highs at or below the freezing mark. Downtown areas straddle the border between USDA Hardiness zones 7B and 8A, and temperatures seldom lower to 0 °F (−18 °C), with the most recent subzero (°F) reading occurring on January 28, 2000, when the temperature reached −1 °F (−18 °C). The July daily mean temperature is 79.3 °F (26.3 °C), and high temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) approximately 43 days out of the year; while 100 °F (38 °C) temperatures are not uncommon, they do not occur every year. Extremes in temperature have ranged from −12 °F (−24 °C) on January 19, 1940 up to 107 °F (42 °C) on August 6, 1918.[a]

Question: What is Richmond's Köppen climate classification?

Question: How could one characterize the winters in Richmond?

Question: What geographic feature keeps some cold inland air from reaching Richmond?

Question: In what month of the year does Richmond's chilliest weather typically end?

Question: About how many days a year does the temperature in Richmond go above 32 degrees Celsius?
Passage: Precipitation is rather uniformly distributed throughout the year. However, dry periods lasting several weeks do occur, especially in autumn when long periods of pleasant, mild weather are most common. There is considerable variability in total monthly amounts from year to year so that no one month can be depended upon to be normal. Snow has been recorded during seven of the twelve months. Falls of 3 inches (7.6 cm) or more within 24 hours occur an average once per year. Annual snowfall, however, is usually light, averaging 10.5 inches (27 cm) per season. Snow typically remains on the ground only one or two days at a time, but remained for 16 days in 2010 (January 30 to February 14). Ice storms (freezing rain or glaze) are not uncommon, but they are seldom severe enough to do any considerable damage.

Question: What season in Richmond is most likely to see periods of dryness?

Question: How many times does Richmond receive 7.6 centimeters or more of snow in a 24 hour period annually?

Question: About how many centimeters of snow does Richmond experience in the fall?

Question: During what span of 2010 did snowfall remain for a significant amount of time on the ground in Richmond?

Question: What types of ice storms sometimes hit Richmond?
Passage: The James River reaches tidewater at Richmond where flooding may occur in every month of the year, most frequently in March and least in July. Hurricanes and tropical storms have been responsible for most of the flooding during the summer and early fall months. Hurricanes passing near Richmond have produced record rainfalls. In 1955, three hurricanes brought record rainfall to Richmond within a six-week period. The most noteworthy of these were Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane that brought heavy rains five days apart. And in 2004, the downtown area suffered extensive flood damage after the remnants of Hurricane Gaston dumped up to 12 inches (300 mm) of rainfall.

Question: What is the most likely month for the James to flood Richmond?

Question: What month sees the lowest likelihood of the James flooding?

Question: In 1955, Richmond was hit with three hurricanes in how many weeks?

Question: In 1955, what two hurricanes occurred within a week of one another?

Question: What hurricane hit Richmond in 2004?
Passage: As of the census of 2000, there were 197,790 people, 84,549 households, and 43,627 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,292.6 people per square mile (1,271.3/km²). There were 92,282 housing units at an average density of 1,536.2 per square mile (593.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 38.3% White, 57.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.5% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.

Question: In 2000, how many families lived in Richmond?

Question: As of 2000, how many people lived in Richmond per square kilometer?

Question: What percentage of the Richmond population of 2000 was Pacific Islander?

Question: What was the largest racial group in Richmond as of 2000?

Question: In 2000, what percentage of Richmond residents were multiracial?
Passage: During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Richmond experienced a spike in overall crime, in particular, the city's murder rate. The city had 93 murders for the year of 1985, with a murder rate of 41.9 killings committed per 100,000 residents. Over the next decade, the city saw a major increase in total homicides. In 1990 there were 114 murders, for a murder rate of 56.1 killings per 100,000 residents. There were 120 murders in 1995, resulting in a murder rate of 59.1 killings per 100,000 residents, one of the highest in the United States.

Question: What crime notably increased in Richmond over the course of the 1980s?

Question: In 1985, how many people were murdered in Richmond?

Question: How many people per 100,000 were murdered in Richmond in 1990?

Question: How many murders occurred in Richmond in 1995?