sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.

Question: What has helped geneologists researching slaves?

Question: What were slaves usually not allowed to do?

Question: What replaced written records for black families?

Question: Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?

Question: When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?
Passage: European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.

Question: Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?

Question: When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?

Question: What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?

Question: How did natives and Africans come to know each other?

Question: Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?
Passage: Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.

Question: What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?

Question: What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?

Question: What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?

Question: English common law generally said what?
Passage: Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.

Question: What are many Latin American migrants?

Question: What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?

Question: Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?

Question: What does the typical latino in media look like?
Passage: In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.

Question: Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?

Question: What year was mulatto left off the US Census?

Question: Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?
Passage: Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."

Question: Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?

Question: What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?

Question: What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?

Question: What was the title of Crouch's article?
Passage: The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".

Question: What does the "mixture" heading mean?

Question: What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?

Question: Bi-racial would be coded as what?

Question: How many race options were there?
Passage: Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.

Question: What is considered to be neglected in American history?

Question: When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?

Question: Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?

Question: Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?

Question: How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?
Passage: Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.

Question: Who is related to Bliss Broyard?

Question: Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?

Question: What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?
Passage: By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.

Question: When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?

Question: How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?

Question: Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?

Question: What did they fear would happen?
Passage: In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.

Question: Who married Sacagewea?

Question: Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?

Question: What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?

Question: What nations are considered matrilineal?

Question: How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
Passage: For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.

Question: What brought African Americans together?

Question: Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?

Question: Slaves were not allowed to do what?

Question: What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?

Question: What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?
Passage: The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.

Question: What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?

Question: Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?

Question: What story was written by Child in 1842?

Question: What does the tragic octoroon point out?

Question: Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?
Passage: By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion.

Question: Who identified the active substance?

Question: Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?

Question: Who marketed epinephrine?

Question: What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?

Question: As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?

Question: Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?

Question: What could epinephrine treat?

Question: When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?

Question: What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?

Question: In what year was epinephrine discovered?

Question: What was the trade name of epinephrine?

Question: Who first discovered epinephrine?

Question: What is epinephrine used to treat?

Question: In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?
Passage: While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome, academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929. The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects, but produced sensations of exhilaration and palpitations. Amphetamine was developed by Smith, Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler. Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications. It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s.

Question: Who developed Amphetamine?

Question: Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma?

Question: What are common side effects of Amphetamine?

Question: When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?

Question: What were some uses for Amphetamine?

Question: Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness?

Question: In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients?

Question: What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant?

Question: In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use?

Question: In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created?
Passage: A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study, and found that injections of pancreatic extract reversed the symptoms produced by pancreas removal. Soon, the extract was demonstrated to work in people, but development of insulin therapy as a routine medical procedure was delayed by difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity. The researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the company's experience with large scale purification of biological materials. Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced. Under pressure from Toronto University and a potential patent challenge by academic scientists who had independently developed a similar purification method, an agreement was reached for non-exclusive production of insulin by multiple companies. Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months.

Question: What is diabetes caused from?

Question: Why was insulin therapy delayed?

Question: How can diabetes be induced in dogs?

Question: Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?

Question: Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?

Question: Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?

Question: Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?

Question: What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?

Question: To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?

Question: Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?
Passage: In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action led to the discovery of phenobarbital at Bayer in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014, remains on the World Health Organizations list of essential medications. The 1950s and 1960s saw increased awareness of the addictive properties and abuse potential of barbiturates and amphetamines and led to increasing restrictions on their use and growing government oversight of prescribers. Today, amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy.

Question: What is phenobarbital used for?

Question: Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?

Question: What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?

Question: What is amphetamine used for today?

Question: Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?

Question: What compound was discovered to induce sleep?

Question: What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?

Question: What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?

Question: In what year was phenobarbital discovered?

Question: What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?
Passage: In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes by bacteria, hypothesized that an arsenic-containing dye with similar selective absorption properties could be used to treat bacterial infections. Arsphenamine was prepared as part of a campaign to synthesize a series of such compounds, and found to exhibit partially selective toxicity. Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis, a disease which prior to that time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death.[citation needed]

Question: Who developed Arsphenamine?

Question: What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis?

Question: What complications are associated with Syphilis?

Question: What is Amphetamine's market name?

Question: Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located?

Question: Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye?

Question: What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug?

Question: Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease?

Question: In what year was arsphenamine discovered?

Question: What was the commercial name of arsphenamine?