sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

Question: What is the latin word for architecture?

Question: What is the Latin word for architecture?

Question: What do you call the planning and building of buildings?

Question: What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?

Question: Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures?

Question: In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins?

Question: What two words is "architecture" a combination of?

Question: Architecture involves the creation of what?

Question: Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?

Question: What can extant architectural works be used to identify?
Passage: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:

Question: What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?

Question: Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?

Question: When did Vitruvius create these plans?

Question: What are the three principles every plan should consider?

Question: What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?

Question: Who was the author of De architectura?

Question: What was Vitruvius' profession?

Question: What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?

Question: What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?
Passage: According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.

Question: When were the styles of arts created?

Question: Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?

Question: By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?

Question: In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?

Question: Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?

Question: What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?

Question: What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?

Question: In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise?
Passage: In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."

Question: Who wrote the book Contrasts?

Question: What year was Contrasts written in?

Question: What was the name of Pugin's book?

Question: In what year was Contrasts written?

Question: What world did Pugin dislike?

Question: What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?
Passage: The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".

Question: Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?

Question: Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?

Question: What was Ruskin's career?

Question: When was Seven Lamps of Architecture published?

Question: What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?
Passage: For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.

Question: Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?

Question: What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?

Question: To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?

Question: What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
Passage: On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".

Question: What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?

Question: Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?

Question: What was Le Corbusier 's profession?

Question: When did Le Corbusier live and write?

Question: What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?

Question: What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
Passage: While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.

Question: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?

Question: In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?

Question: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?

Question: What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?

Question: What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
Passage: Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

Question: What are some philosophies that modern architects use?

Question: Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?

Question: Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?

Question: Which philosophy followed structuralism?
Passage: In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.

Question: When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?

Question: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?

Question: To what should a building be friendly?

Question: What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
Passage: Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Question: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?

Question: Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?

Question: What was building considered?

Question: What was the most valued type of building craft called?

Question: Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?
Passage: It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.

Question: What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?

Question: Why did the economy begin to expand?

Question: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?

Question: What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?

Question: In what environment were many of the first human settlements?

Question: What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?

Question: At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?
Passage: In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.

Question: What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?

Question: What are two examples of past civilizations?

Question: To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?

Question: What does architectural monumentality often represent?
Passage: Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.

Question: Name one Asian architectural writer.

Question: What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?

Question: When was the Kao Gong Ji written?

Question: What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?

Question: India produced which early architectural text?
Passage: The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.

Question: What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?

Question: Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?

Question: When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?

Question: What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?

Question: What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?

Question: What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences

Question: What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
Passage: Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.

Question: What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?

Question: When was Islamic architecture first seen?

Question: In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?

Question: What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?

Question: What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?
Passage: The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.

Question: What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?

Question: What were the most important buildings of the time?

Question: What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?

Question: What style is Gothic?

Question: What is another pan-European style?

Question: When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?
Passage: In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.

Question: When was Renaissance Humanism developed?

Question: When did the Classical learning revival begin?

Question: What continent did this revival take place on?

Question: What was the name for the time period?

Question: What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?

Question: What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?
Passage: Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

Question: What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account?

Question: In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?

Question: Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?
Passage: Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'

Question: Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?

Question: In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?

Question: What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?

Question: What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?

Question: What does architecture share with other sciences?
Passage: To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".

Question: What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?

Question: What sort of quest lacks purpose?

Question: What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?
Passage: The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.

Question: From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?

Question: These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?

Question: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?

Question: What owes its development to the Classical orders?
Passage: Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.

Question: When were architectural writings first made?

Question: Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?

Question: What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?

Question: When did Vitruvius write his canons?

Question: What is a significant early architectural canonical type?
Passage: In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.

Question: What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?

Question: What records of the guilds are still in existence?

Question: What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?

Question: What is another term for master mason?
Passage: A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.

Question: What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?

Question: Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?
Passage: With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.

Question: What two fields began to grow apart?

Question: What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?

Question: What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?

Question: What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?

Question: Where did most architects learn their trade?
Passage: Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.

Question: What started with the Industrial Revolution?

Question: What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?

Question: As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?
Passage: Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.

Question: What kind of books did housebuilders use?

Question: What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?
Passage: Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.

Question: At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor?

Question: What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?

Question: When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?

Question: What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?

Question: In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?
Passage: When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms.

Question: What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?

Question: Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?

Question: Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?

Question: What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?

Question: What details did Modernists' do away with?
Passage: Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.

Question: Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?

Question: What are two of Wright's designs?

Question: What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?