sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is sometimes stated to be if bills are not passed in good faith, though it is difficult to make an interpretation on what this circumstance might constitute. Hence, in modern practice, royal assent is always granted; a refusal to do so would be appropriate only in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch's reserve powers.

Question: Modern-day sovereigns often acts on the advice of whom?

Question: In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent, what can the monarch make use of?

Question: Whose advice does a sovereign follow?

Question: Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills?

Question: Is it probable, improbable, or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent?
Passage: Originally, legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia Regis, or Royal Council, in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament. The so-called Model Parliament included bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough among its members. In 1265, the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorisation. The body eventually came to be divided into two branches: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed the House of Lords, while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons. The King would seek the advice and consent of both houses before making any law. During Henry VI's reign, it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which would not become law unless the sovereign's assent was obtained, as the sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws. Hence, all acts include the clause "Be it enacted by the Queen's (King's) most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows...". The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process.

Question: What is another name for "Curia Regis"?

Question: Who was it that peculiarly called a full parliament without royal authorization in 1265?

Question: As a result, the bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed which body of parliament?

Question: Which body did the shire and borough representatives form?

Question: From what did parliament evolve?

Question: What positions were contained within the House of Lords?

Question: Which branch of parliament contains shire and borough representatives?

Question: A bill could not become a law without whose assent?

Question: Who is considered the enactor of laws?
Passage: The power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power. During the eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions, such as raising taxes without parliament's approval. After the English Civil War, it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse royal assent to bills. In 1678, Charles II withheld his assent from a bill "for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom by raising the Militia, and continuing them in Duty for Two and Forty Days," suggesting that he, not parliament, should control the militia. The last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1708, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland. No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a bill passed by the British parliament.

Question: Which monarch was responsible for dissolving parliament in 1629?

Question: What is one action this monarch took that is typically left to the discretion of parliament?

Question: After which event was it decided that parliament should meet on a regular basis?

Question: Like Charles II had previously done, the last Stuart monarch withheld assent. Who was this monarch?

Question: Which ruler removed parliament in 1629?

Question: Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent?

Question: What did motions attempt to accomplish that prompted Charles I to dissolve parliament in 1629?

Question: When was the last time royal assent was enacted?

Question: Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708?
Passage: During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty, power was gradually exercised more by parliament and the government. The first Hanoverian monarch, George I, relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs. Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation: George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath, which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy. However, George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers. Thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms.

Question: During whose rule was power transferred more to parliament?

Question: Who was the first ruler during this dynasty?

Question: In attempting to take back control, George III and George IV opposed which church movement?

Question: Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors?

Question: What did George III and George IV both oppose?

Question: What rule did George III and George IV believe a Catholic emancipation bill would violate?

Question: Which monarch granted assent reluctantly under the advise of his ministers?
Passage: Royal assent is the final stage in the legislative process for acts of the Scottish parliament. The process is governed by sections 28, 32, and 33 of the Scotland Act 1998. After a bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period, during which the Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (prior to 1 October 2009, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) for review of its legality. Royal assent is signified by letters patent under the Great Seal of Scotland in the following form which is set out in The Scottish Parliament (Letters Patent and Proclamations) Order 1999 (SI 1999/737) and of which notice is published in the London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes:

Question: In Scotland, who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent?

Question: Which three publications are used to signify royal assent?

Question: Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed?

Question: How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer?

Question: Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?

Question: For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland?
Passage: Measures, which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011, were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council. Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly's legislative competence.

Question: What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?

Question: After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?

Question: What were "measures" in Wales?

Question: During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?

Question: In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?
Passage: Instead, the monarch directly grants royal assent by Order in Council. Assent is granted or refused on the advice of the Lord Chancellor. A recent example when assent was refused (or, more correctly, when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent) was in 2007, concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark. (A revised version of the proposed reforms was subsequently given assent.) In 2011, campaigners against a law that sought to reduce the number of senators in the states of Jersey petitioned the Privy Council to advise the Queen to refuse royal assent. An Order in Council of 13 July 2011 established new rules for the consideration of petitions against granting royal assent.

Question: The sovereign grants assent by which order?

Question: Who advises the sovereign in this decision?

Question: Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused?

Question: Who advises a bill to be granted or refused?

Question: When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent?

Question: In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law concerning constituational reform for assent?

Question: What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007?
Passage: Royal assent is not sufficient to give legal effect to an Act of Tynwald. By ancient custom, an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald, usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John's on St John's Day (24 June), but, since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753, on 5 July (or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday). Promulgation originally consisted of the reading of the Act in English and Manx; but, after 1865 the reading of the title of the act and a summary of each section were sufficient. This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act, and, since 1988, only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read.

Question: Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?

Question: Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?

Question: Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?

Question: How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?

Question: On what day does St John's Day occur?

Question: Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?
Passage: Since 1993, the Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod has had power to enact measures making provision "with respect to any matter concerning the Church of England in the Island". If approved by Tynwald, a measure "shall have the force and effect of an Act of Tynwald upon the Royal Assent thereto being announced to Tynwald". Between 1979 and 1993, the Synod had similar powers, but limited to the extension to the Isle of Man of measures of the General Synod. Before 1994, royal assent was granted by Order in Council, as for a bill, but the power to grant royal assent to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor. A Measure does not require promulgation.

Question: Since 1993, which body has had power to enact measures?

Question: This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom?

Question: Up until 1994, royal assent was given by whom?

Question: Which position now has the power to grant royal assent?

Question: Before what year was royal assent approved by Order in Council?

Question: Who currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures?

Question: During which years did the Synod have power to enact measures?
Passage: If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent, it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. It is not actually necessary for the governor general to sign a bill passed by a legislature, the signature being merely an attestation. In each case, the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law. Two methods are available: the sovereign's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament; alternatively, each house may be notified separately, usually by the speaker of that house. However, though both houses must be notified on the same day, notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons, whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker.

Question: In the Canadian federal government, who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent?

Question: Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?

Question: Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada cannot?

Question: How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada?

Question: If each house of parliament is notified seperately, what regulation applies?

Question: How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session?

Question: In contrast to the House of Commons, how must the Senate be notified of assent?
Passage: While royal assent has not been withheld in the United Kingdom since 1708, it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions. In the United States Declaration of Independence, colonists complained that George III "has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them." Even after colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland were granted responsible government, the British government continued to sometimes advise governors-general on the granting of assent; assent was also occasionally reserved to allow the British government to examine a bill before advising the governor-general.

Question: Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK?

Question: The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?

Question: What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of?

Question: In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK?

Question: Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent, even after their colonies had responsible government?

Question: To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent, although they had their own responsible governments?
Passage: In Australia, a technical issue arose with the royal assent in both 1976 and 2001. In 1976, a bill originating in the House of Representatives was mistakenly submitted to the Governor-General and assented to. However, it was later discovered that it had not been passed by each house. The error arose because two bills of the same title had originated from the house. The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed. The same procedure was followed to correct a similar error which arose in 2001.

Question: The bill from the Australian House of Representatives was mistakenly sent and assented to by whom in 1976?

Question: Why did this occur?

Question: What did the Governor-General do with the first assent?

Question: This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year?

Question: What was the reason a bill was accidentally assented in 1976?

Question: After an accidental assention of a bill with same name in 1976, when did a similar mistaken assention occur in Australia?

Question: What protocol was not followed in 1976 when a bill was mistakenly assented?

Question: How was the case of two bills mistakenly assented corrected both in 1796 and 2001?
Passage: Special procedures apply to legislation passed by Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man. Before the lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 (the Revestment), the assent of the Lord of Mann to a bill was signified by letter to the governor. After 1765, royal assent was at first signified by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor; but, during the British Regency, the practice began of granting royal assent by Order in Council, which continues to this day, though limited to exceptional cases since 1981.

Question: What term refers to the legislature of the Isle of man?

Question: In what year was lordship of the Isle of Man purchased?

Question: What does the term the Revestment refer to?

Question: Previous to the Order in Council method, how was royal assent passed previously within the Isle of Man?

Question: How is royal assent currently granted in the Isle of Man?
Passage: In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign, the governor-general. In federated realms, assent in each state, province, or territory is granted or withheld by the representatives of the sovereign. In Australia, this is the governors of the states, administrators of the territories, or the governor-general in the Australian Capital Territory. For Canada, this is the lieutenant governors of the provinces. A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.

Question: In Commonwealth realms, who is the representative of the sovereign?

Question: Who grants royal assent in Canada?

Question: In Canada, who is authorized to defer assent and to whom?

Question: Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK?
Passage: Since the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931, the all Commonwealth realms have been sovereign kingdoms, the monarch and governors-general acting solely on the advice of the local ministers who generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills. They, therefore, are unlikely to advise the sovereign or his or her representative to withhold assent. The power to withhold the royal assent was exercised by Alberta's lieutenant governor, John C. Bowen, in 1937, in respect of three bills passed in the legislature dominated by William Aberhart's Social Credit party. Two bills sought to put banks under the authority of the province, thereby interfering with the federal government's powers. The third, the Accurate News and Information Bill, purported to force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected. The unconstitutionality of all three bills was later confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

Question: What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms?

Question: Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?

Question: What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?

Question: Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party?
Passage: In the United Kingdom, a bill is presented for royal assent after it has passed all the required stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the House of Commons may, under certain circumstances, direct that a bill be presented for assent despite lack of passage by the House of Lords. Officially, assent is granted by the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners authorised to act by letters patent. It may be granted in parliament or outside parliament; in the latter case, each house must be separately notified before the bill takes effect.

Question: Which Houses in the UK must approve a bill before it is assented?

Question: Which Parliamentary Acts allow a bill to be presented for assent even after the House of Lords has refused it?

Question: Who can be authorized to grant assent by letters patent?
Passage: The Clerk of the Parliaments, an official of the House of Lords, traditionally states a formula in Anglo-Norman Law French, indicating the sovereign's decision. The granting of royal assent to a supply bill is indicated with the words "La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult", translated as "The Queen thanks her good subjects, accepts their bounty, and wills it so." For other public or private bills, the formula is simply "La Reyne le veult" ("the Queen wills it"). For personal bills, the phrase is "Soit fait comme il est désiré" ("let it be as it is desired"). The appropriate formula for withholding assent is the euphemistic "La Reyne s'avisera" ("the Queen will consider it"). When the sovereign is male, Le Roy is substituted for La Reyne.

Question: In what language does the Clerk of the Parliaments announce Parliament's decision?

Question: What words in Anglo-Norman Law French announce a granted assent?

Question: What is the shortened version of the notification of assent?

Question: What phrase is used to announce a withheld assent?
Passage: Before the reign of Henry VIII, the sovereign always granted his or her assent in person. The sovereign, wearing the Imperial State Crown, would be seated on the throne in the Lords chamber, surrounded by heralds and members of the royal court—a scene that nowadays is repeated only at the annual State Opening of Parliament. The Commons, led by their speaker, would listen from the Bar of the Lords, just outside the chamber. The Clerk of the Parliaments presented the bills awaiting assent to the monarch, save that supply bills were traditionally brought up by the speaker. The Clerk of the Crown, standing on the sovereign's right, then read aloud the titles of the bills (in earlier times, the entire text of the bills). The Clerk of the Parliaments, standing on the sovereign's left, responded by stating the appropriate Norman French formula.

Question: When assention was formally granted in person, who read the titles of the bills?

Question: What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications?

Question: Before whose reign was assent always granted in person?

Question: Nowadays, when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs?

Question: On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand?