sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Government revenues largely come from sales of fishing licenses, income from the Tuvalu Trust Fund, and from the lease of its highly fortuitous .tv Internet Top Level Domain (TLD). In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue from the use of its area code for premium-rate telephone numbers and from the commercialisation of its ".tv" Internet domain name, which is now managed by Verisign until 2021. The ".tv" domain name generates around $2.2 million each year from royalties, which is about ten per cent of the government's total revenue. Domain name income paid most of the cost of paving the streets of Funafuti and installing street lighting in mid-2002. Tuvalu also generates income from stamps by the Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau and income from the Tuvalu Ship Registry.

Question: How much money does Tuvalu's tv domain name earn each year?

Question: What si Tuvalu's tv domain?

Question: What company is managing Tuvalu's tv domain?

Question: How much of the total government revenue comes from the domain name?

Question: What income source does Tuvalu earn from shipping?
Passage: The United Nations designates Tuvalu as a least developed country (LDC) because of its limited potential for economic development, absence of exploitable resources and its small size and vulnerability to external economic and environmental shocks. Tuvalu participates in the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries (EIF), which was established in October 1997 under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation. In 2013 Tuvalu deferred its graduation from least developed country (LDC) status to a developing country to 2015. Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said that this deferral was necessary to maintain access by Tuvalu to the funds provided by the United Nations's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), as "Once Tuvalu graduates to a developed country, it will not be considered for funding assistance for climate change adaptation programmes like NAPA, which only goes to LDCs". Tuvalu had met targets so that Tuvalu was to graduate from LDC status. Prime minister, Enele Sopoaga wants the United Nations to reconsider its criteria for graduation from LDC status as not enough weight is given to the environmental plight of small island states like Tuvalu in the application of the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI).

Question: What is the UN developmental designation for Tuvalu?

Question: What did Tuvalu do in 2013 in regards to it least developed country status?

Question: What organization sponsors an assistance program for least developed countries?

Question: What would Tuvalu have lost as a developed country?

Question: What type of problem does the current developed country rating not take into enough consideration?
Passage: The Tuvalu Media Department of the Government of Tuvalu operates Radio Tuvalu which broadcasts from Funafuti. In 2011 the Japanese government provided financial support to construct a new AM broadcast studio. The installation of upgraded transmission equipment allows Radio Tuvalu to be heard on all nine islands of Tuvalu. The new AM radio transmitter on Funafuti replaced the FM radio service to the outer islands and freed up satellite bandwidth for mobile services. Fenui – news from Tuvalu is a free digital publication of the Tuvalu Media Department that is emailed to subscribers and operates a Facebook page, which publishes news about government activities and news about Tuvaluan events, such as a special edition covering the results of the 2015 general election.

Question: What is the radio station on Tuvalu?

Question: From where does Radio Tuvalu broadcast?

Question: Who gave financial support to Tuvalu to upgrade transmission equipment?

Question: What did the new radio equipment replace with AM service?

Question: What service got more bandwidth from the transmission upgrade?
Passage: Funafuti is the only port but there is a deep-water berth in the harbour at Nukufetau. The merchant marine fleet consists of two passenger/cargo ships Nivaga III and Manu Folau. These ships carry cargo and passengers between the main atolls and travel between Suva, Fiji and Funafuti 3 to 4 times a year. The Nivaga III and Manu Folau provide round trip visits to the outer islands every three or four weeks. The Manu Folau is a 50-metre vessel that was a gift from Japan to the people of Tuvalu. In 2015 the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) assisted the government of Tuvalu to acquire MV Talamoana, a 30-metre vessel that will be used to implement Tuvalu's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to transport government officials and project personnel to the outer islands. In 2015 the Nivaga III was donated by the government of Japan; it replaced the Nivaga II, which had serviced Tuvalu from 1989.

Question: Where is Tuvalu's only port?

Question: Where is there a deep water berth available on Tuvalu?

Question: Of how many ships does the merchant marine fleet consist?

Question: What ship did Japan donate to Tuvalu in 2015?

Question: What do Tuvalu's merchant fleet carry?
Passage: Tuvalu consists of three reef islands and six true atolls. Its small, scattered group of atolls have poor soil and a total land area of only about 26 square kilometres (10 square miles) making it the fourth smallest country in the world. The islets that form the atolls are very low lying. Nanumanga, Niutao, Niulakita are reef islands and the six true atolls are Funafuti, Nanumea, Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Vaitupu. Tuvalu's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an oceanic area of approximately 900,000 km2.

Question: How many reef islands does the Tuvalu group have?

Question: What are the number of true atolls are in the Tuvalu islands?

Question: What is the total land area of Tuvalu?

Question: How does Tuvalu rank in country size as compared to other nations?

Question: What is the coverage of Tuvalu's economic zone?
Passage: Funafuti is the largest atoll of the nine low reef islands and atolls that form the Tuvalu volcanic island chain. It comprises numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately 25.1 kilometres (15.6 miles) (N–S) by 18.4 kilometres (11.4 miles) (W-E), centred on 179°7'E and 8°30'S. On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon with several natural reef channels. Surveys were carried out in May 2010 of the reef habitats of Nanumea, Nukulaelae and Funafuti and a total of 317 fish species were recorded during this Tuvalu Marine Life study. The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu, which brings the total number of identified species to 607.

Question: Which of Tuvalu's atolls is largest?

Question: What type of island grouping is Tuvalu?

Question: What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu?

Question: How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?

Question: How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded?
Passage: Tuvalu experiences the effects of El Niño and La Niña caused by changes in ocean temperatures in the equatorial and central Pacific. El Niño effects increase the chances of tropical storms and cyclones, while La Niña effects increase the chances of drought. Typically the islands of Tuvalu receive between 200 to 400 mm (8 to 16 in) of rainfall per month. However, in 2011 a weak La Niña effect caused a drought by cooling the surface of the sea around Tuvalu. A state of emergency was declared on 28 September 2011; with rationing of fresh-water on the islands of Funafuti and Nukulaelae. Households on Funafuti and Nukulaelae were restricted to two buckets of fresh water per day (40 litres).

Question: What specific ocean temperature conditions effect Tuvalu?

Question: Which effect causes increases in sea storms like cyclones?

Question: What temperature effect causes drought?

Question: What did a drought in 2011 cause on Funafuti?

Question: What is the usual amount of rainfall per month on Tuvalu?
Passage: The governments of Australia and New Zealand responded to the 2011 fresh-water crisis by supplying temporary desalination plants, and assisted in the repair of the existing desalination unit that was donated by Japan in 2006. In response to the 2011 drought, Japan funded the purchase of a 100 m3/d desalination plant and two portable 10 m3/d plants as part of its Pacific Environment Community (PEC) program. Aid programs from the European Union and Australia also provided water tanks as part of the longer term solution for the storage of available fresh water.

Question: What type of device did Australia and New Zealand offer to Tuvalu during the 2011 drought?

Question: As aprt of what program did Japan fund a new desalination plant at Tuvalu?

Question: What did aid from the European Union provide during the drought on Tuvalu?

Question: What did Tuvalu's new water tanks make possible to store?

Question: In what year had Japan previously donated a desalination plant to Tuvalu?
Passage: The eastern shoreline of Funafuti Lagoon was modified during World War II when the airfield (what is now Funafuti International Airport) was constructed. The coral base of the atoll was used as fill to create the runway. The resulting borrow pits impacted the fresh-water aquifer. In the low areas of Funafuti the sea water can be seen bubbling up through the porous coral rock to form pools with each high tide. Since 1994 a project has been in development to assess the environmental impact of transporting sand from the lagoon to fill all the borrow pits and low-lying areas on Fongafale. In 2014 the Tuvalu Borrow Pits Remediation (BPR) project was approved in order to fill 10 borrow pits, leaving Tafua Pond, which is a natural pond. The New Zealand Government funded the BPR project. The project was carried out in 2015 with 365,000 sqm of sand being dredged from the lagoon to fill the holes and improve living conditions on the island. This project increase the usable land space on Fongafale by eight per cent.

Question: What is the modern name for the air field built during WWII?

Question: What was damaged by building of the war time air field?

Question: What has the pits from the Tuvalu air runways construction impacted?

Question: What government funded the restoration of the borrow pits on Tuvalu?

Question: How much increase in land space did the filling of the borrow pits cause?
Passage: The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage, with 80 per cent of the coral becoming bleached as a consequence of the increase in ocean temperatures and ocean acidification. The coral bleaching, which includes staghorn corals, is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the El Niños that occurred from 1998–2000 and from 2000–2001. A reef restoration project has investigated reef restoration techniques; and researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the coral reefs through the introduction of foraminifera. The project of the Japan International Cooperation Agency is designed to increase the resilience of the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise through ecosystem rehabilitation and regeneration and through support for sand production.

Question: What percentage of the Tuvalu coral has become bleached?

Question: What increase caused by the El Ninos is responsible for the coral bleaching?

Question: What has been investigated as a means of rebuilding the reefs at Tuvalu?

Question: What is hoped will strengthen the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise?

Question: What type of project has been started to rebuild the reefs at Tuvalu?
Passage: The rising population has resulted in an increased demand on fish stocks, which are under stress; although the creation of the Funafuti Conservation Area has provided a fishing exclusion area to help sustain the fish population across the Funafuti lagoon. Population pressure on the resources of Funafuti and inadequate sanitation systems have resulted in pollution. The Waste Operations and Services Act of 2009 provides the legal framework for waste management and pollution control projects funded by the European Union directed at organic waste composting in eco-sanitation systems. The Environment Protection (Litter and Waste Control) Regulation 2013 is intended to improve the management of the importation of non-biodegradable materials. In Tuvalu plastic waste is a problem as much imported food and other commodities are supplied in plastic containers or packaging.

Question: What has been formed to protect the fish stocks in Tuvalu Lagoon?

Question: What factor has caused an increased demand for fish?

Question: What has growth in population and poor sanitation caused?

Question: What organization has funded a waste management control plan on Tuvalu?

Question: What do imports produce on Tuvalu?
Passage: Reverse osmosis (R/O) desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti. The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day. R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30%, however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating. Water is delivered at a cost of A$3.50 per m3. Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$6 per m3, with the difference subsidised by the government.

Question: What type of desalination is used on Funafuti?

Question: How much water does the Funafuti plant produce?

Question: At what storage point is R/O water production meant to be used?

Question: What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination?

Question: What is the cost of R/O produced water?
Passage: In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities.

Question: When did the UN ask Tuvalu to come up with a plan to improve drinking water?

Question: What did Tuvalu develop as a safe water strategy?

Question: What is the per person per day targeted use of water for Tuvalu?

Question: What organization called for Tuvalu to improve its water and sanitation systems?

Question: What group ultimately sponsored the Tuvalu water resources policy?
Passage: Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the Maldives). The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with Cyclone Bebe, which was a very early-season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October 1972. Cyclone Bebe submerged Funafuti, eliminating 90% of structures on the island. Sources of drinking water were contaminated as a result of the system's storm surge and the flooding of the sources of fresh water.

Question: What geological situation makes Tuvalu prone to storm damage?

Question: To what climate change condition does Tuvalu's low elevation make it susceptible?

Question: What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu?

Question: Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation?

Question: Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation?
Passage: Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops. Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997, and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996–97 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season.

Question: What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?

Question: How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97 cyclone season?

Question: What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?

Question: What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?

Question: What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?
Passage: In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On Nui the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau caused many families to shelter in evacuation centres or with other families. Nui suffered the most damage of the three central islands (Nui, Nukufetau and Vaitupu); with both Nui and Nukufetau suffering the loss of 90% of the crops. Of the three northern islands (Nanumanga, Niutao, Nanumea), Nanumanga suffered the most damage, with 60-100 houses flooded, with the waves also causing damage to the health facility. Vasafua islet, part of the Funafuti Conservation Area, was severely damaged by Cyclone Pam. The coconut palms were washed away, leaving the islet as a sand bar.

Question: What were the wave heights during Cyclone Pam on Tuvalu?

Question: In what year did Cyclone Pam strike Tuvalu?

Question: During Cyclone Pam which island had the most damage?

Question: What percentage of Tuvalu crops were destroyed during Cyclone Pam?

Question: The loss of what caused the Vasafua islet to become a sand bar due to Cyclone Pam?
Passage: The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid, food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris. Government and Non-Government Organisations provided assistance technical, funding and material support to Tuvalu to assist with recovery, including WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, OCHA, World Bank, DFAT, New Zealand Red Cross & IFRC, Fiji National University and governments of New Zealand, Netherlands, UAE, Taiwan and the United States.

Question: What did the Tuvalu government assess after Cyclone Pam?

Question: What event on Tuvalu made assistance to the population necessary?

Question: What assistance did many international groups give to Tuvalu?

Question: For what action was government assistance necessary after the Tuvalu cyclone??
Passage: Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year."

Question: What subject is arguable concerning Tuvalu?

Question: What was the amount of sea level change on Tuvalu estimated by the 2011 report?

Question: What device was used to produce the measurements of sea level change on Tuvalu?

Question: Prior to what year were the reports used to assess sea level rise?

Question: What is assumed about the sea level reports and records of Tuvalu?
Passage: The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. The 2011 report of Pacific Climate Change Science Program of Australia concludes, in relation to Tuvalu, states the conclusions that over the course of the 21st century:

Question: What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise?

Question: What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase?

Question: What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs?

Question: What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs?

Question: Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones?
Passage: While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji, in 2006 Maatia Toafa (Prime Minister from 2004–2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013 Enele Sopoaga, the prime minister of Tuvalu, said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise "should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself. For Tuvalu I think we really need to mobilise public opinion in the Pacific as well as in the [rest of] world to really talk to their lawmakers to please have some sort of moral obligation and things like that to do the right thing."

Question: What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu?

Question: What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population?

Question: When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu?

Question: What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be?
Passage: The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, saying that Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes, the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition). The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states "that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin." Therefore, being always free from original sin, the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.

Question: What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ?

Question: What was Mary prevented from having to endure ?

Question: Who was believed to have prevented this from occurring to Mary ?

Question: What was the outcome of preventing Mary from having to endure such an injustice ?

Question: What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ?
Passage: The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more, nor lose grace, and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified; or, on the contrary, that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins, except by a special privilege of God, as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin: let him be anathema."

Question: Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?

Question: How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ?

Question: What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in regards to the decision on Mary ?

Question: What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?