sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.

Question: Who led the Estado Novo?

Question: In what year was the Estado Novo established?

Question: How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?

Question: What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?
Passage: Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. However, drugs are still illegal in Portugal.

Question: What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?

Question: What form of government does Portugal maintain?

Question: What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?

Question: Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?

Question: In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?
Passage: Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelayos was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã.

Question: What was Pelayos' plan?

Question: Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?

Question: In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?

Question: In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?

Question: What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?
Passage: After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália — the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of León, Galicia and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (León and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of León.

Question: Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?

Question: Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?

Question: In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?

Question: What was Vimara knighted as?

Question: What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?
Passage: During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal, formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the Kingdom of Leon. Throughout this period, the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture, whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon. As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia (a dependent kingdom of Leon) to establish the Kingdom of Portugal. The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. This began occurring when the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile united and the Castilian Language (known as Spanish) slowly over the centuries began influencing the Galician Language and then trying to replace it. The same thing happened to Astur-Leonese Language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the Castilian (Spanish Language).

Question: During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?

Question: The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?

Question: Portugese diverged from which language?

Question: What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?

Question: By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?
Passage: In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Question: Who was de Melo's second marriage to?

Question: Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?

Question: What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?

Question: Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?

Question: Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?
Passage: Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.

Question: What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?

Question: How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?

Question: Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?

Question: What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?

Question: How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?
Passage: Portugal (Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.

Question: What is the official name of Portugal?

Question: Where is Portugal located?

Question: Which ocean does Portugal border?

Question: How long is the Portugal-Spain border?

Question: What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?

Question: What is the official name of Portugal?

Question: Where is Portugal located?

Question: What other country does Portugal border?

Question: What ocean does Portugal border?

Question: What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?
Passage: The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from León. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers.

Question: Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?

Question: Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?

Question: By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?

Question: What age did Portugal pioneer?

Question: In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?
Passage: Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the "Estado Novo" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to all its colonies, with the exception of Macau, which was handed over to China in 1999. This marked the end of the longest-lived European colonial empire, leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today.

Question: In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?

Question: In which year did Brazel become independent?

Question: In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?

Question: Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?

Question: How many Portugese speakers are there today?
Passage: The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer (old Germanic Alankerk, from Alan+kerk; meaning church of the Alan (people), Coimbra and Lisbon.

Question: From what name is Portugal derived?

Question: By what group was the Portugal region settled?

Question: To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?

Question: During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?

Question: From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?
Passage: In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Conímbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Conímbriga lies 16 km from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient Aeminium). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.

Question: In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?

Question: What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?

Question: What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?

Question: What are castros?

Question: How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?
Passage: After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent (now Pakistan) up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.

Question: How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?

Question: In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?

Question: In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?

Question: Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?

Question: How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?
Passage: The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh.

Question: What were the governors of the taifas called?

Question: Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?

Question: To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?

Question: In which year did the taifa period end?

Question: Which battle took place in 1147?
Passage: The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. In Portugal, the Muslim population (or "Moors"), relatively small in numbers, stayed in the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus. Today, there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin. The Muslims were expelled from Portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring Spain, which is reflected both in Portuguese culture and the language, which is mostly Celtiberian and Vulgar Latin.

Question: What are converts to Islam called?

Question: Who did the Arabs principally consist of?

Question: Where were the Berbers originally from?

Question: In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?

Question: How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?
Passage: A year before Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, García, became king of León. The second son, Ordoño, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. Alfonso died in Zamora, probably in 910. His former realm would be reunited when first García died childless and León passed to Ordoño. He in turn died when his children were too young to ascend; Fruela became king of a reunited crown. His death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century. It continued under that name[clarification needed] until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230, after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms. This was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the Christian Kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete Muslim take over of the Iberian Peninsula and to further the Reconquista of Iberia by Christian armies.

Question: Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?

Question: Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?

Question: Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?

Question: In which year did Alfonso III likely die?

Question: In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?
Passage: In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.

Question: Which years were plagued by the Black Death?

Question: In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?

Question: What is the longest standing alliance in the world?

Question: The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?

Question: In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?
Passage: Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan.

Question: What European age did Portugal spearhead?

Question: Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?

Question: Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?

Question: By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?

Question: What South American country did Portugal discover?
Passage: As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.

Question: Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?

Question: What title was given to de Melo in 1755?

Question: With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?

Question: Who abolished slavery in Portugal?

Question: Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?
Passage: But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.

Question: What were de Melo's greatest reforms?

Question: Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?

Question: Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?

Question: Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?

Question: Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?
Passage: The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).

Question: Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?

Question: What was the Carnation Revolution?

Question: By what was the PREC characterized by?
Passage: The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.

Question: What entity governed Portugal until 1976?

Question: Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?

Question: Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?

Question: Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?
Passage: The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977–78 and 1983–85.

Question: Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?

Question: In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?

Question: For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?