sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.

Question: How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?

Question: What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?

Question: What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?
Passage: Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.

Question: In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?

Question: What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?

Question: What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?

Question: What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?
Passage: Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.

Question: What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?

Question: How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?

Question: How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?

Question: How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?
Passage: Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

Question: What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?

Question: How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?

Question: Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?

Question: What agency internationally regulates dioxins?
Passage: Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.

Question: What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?

Question: What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?

Question: What is paperfoam primarily made of?

Question: How is paperfoam commonly disposed of?
Passage: With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.

Question: What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?

Question: Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?

Question: PFOA is what type of coating?
Passage: The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played indoors on a 68-yard field (about half the distance of an NFL field), resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.

Question: When was the football league established?

Question: Where is football played?

Question: What does AFL sand for?

Question: Who founded The AFL?

Question: In what year was the AFL founded?

Question: In what decade was AFL sport invented?

Question: Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?

Question: What was the inaugural year of the AFL?

Question: Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?

Question: In yards, how large is an arena football field?

Question: What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?
Passage: For its 2015 season, the league consisted of 12 teams, all from the United States; however, upon the completion of the regular season, the league announced that the two teams it had assumed operation of during the season would cease all operations effective immediately; a regular season game slated between the two had previously been canceled and declared a tie. Subsequently, one of the remaining teams, the Spokane Shock, severed its ties with the league to join the competing IFL. The AFL is divided into two conferences – the American Conference and National Conference. Starting 2016, each conference will have only four teams as the champion San Jose SaberCats announced in November 2015 that they were ceasing activity for "reasons not associated with League operations."

Question: How many teams were there in the 2015 season?

Question: How many conferences does the AFL have?

Question: What are these conferences in the AFL named?

Question: Which team was the Champion in the 2015 season?

Question: How many teams played in the Arena Football League in the 2015 season?

Question: What team left the AFL after the 2015 season to join another league?

Question: What league did the Spokane Shock join after the 2015 season?

Question: Along with the American Conference, what is the other conference in the AFL?

Question: As of 2016, how many teams does each conference have?
Passage: The 2016 regular season consists of an 18-week schedule during which each team plays 16 games and two bye weeks. Each team plays two or three games against the teams within its own conference, and two games (home/road) against each team interconference-wise. The 2015 season started during the last week of March and ran weekly into late August. At the end of the regular season, all teams from each conference (the conference winner and three wild card teams) play in the AFL playoffs, an eight-team single-elimination tournament that culminates with the championship game, known as the ArenaBowl. From 1987 to 2004, 2010 and 2011 and again starting in 2014, the game was played at the site of the higher seeded team. From 2005 to 2008, the games were at neutral sites, Las Vegas and New Orleans. In 2012, the league championship returned to a neutral site and ArenaBowl XXV was held at the New Orleans Arena; ArenaBowl XXVI was held in Orlando. The 2016 season will begin April 1, 2016.

Question: As of 2016, how many regular season games does an AFL team play?

Question: How long is the AFL regular season?

Question: In what month did the 2015 AFL season begin?

Question: What month did the 2015 AFL season end?

Question: What is the name of the AFL championship game?
Passage: From 2000 to 2009, the AFL had its own developmental league, the af2. The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play. Later that year both the AFL and af2 were dissolved and reorganized as a new corporation comprising teams from both leagues, and the AFL returned in 2010. The Arena Football League has its headquarters in Chicago, Illinois.

Question: What was the name of the AFL development league?

Question: When did the AFL development league begin?

Question: When was the first AFL season played?

Question: What Arena Football League season was cancelled?

Question: In what city and state is the Arena Football League based?
Passage: Jim Foster, a promotions manager with the National Football League, conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9x12 envelope, with sketches of the field and notes on gameplay. He presented the idea to a few friends at the NFL offices, where he received praise and encouragement for his concept. After solidifying the rules and a business plan, and supplemented with sketches by a professional artist, Foster presented his idea to various television networks. He reached an agreement with NBC for a "test game".

Question: Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?

Question: What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?

Question: Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?

Question: In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?

Question: What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?
Passage: Plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched. Foster left the NFL to accept a position in the USFL. He eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz, where he returned to his concept of arena football. In 1983, he began organizing the test game in his spare time from his job with the Blitz. By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when the test game was played.

Question: What football league began in 1982?

Question: What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?

Question: When did the USFL shut down?

Question: On what date was the arena football test game played?

Question: What was Foster's job title with the Chicago Blitz?
Passage: The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, at the Rockford MetroCentre. Sponsors were secured, and players and coaches from local colleges were recruited to volunteer to play for the teams, the Chicago Politicians and Rockford Metros, with the guarantee of a tryout should the league take off. Interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, "showcase", game. The second game was held on February 26, 1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $20,000, up from $4,000 in the test game. Foster also invited ESPN to send a film crew to the game; a highlights package aired on SportsCenter.

Question: In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?

Question: At what venue did the test game occur?

Question: Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?

Question: On what date did the second test game take place?

Question: The second test game was played in what arena?
Passage: Following the successes of his trial-run games, Foster moved ahead with his idea for arena football. He founded the Arena Football League with four teams: the Pittsburgh Gladiators, Denver Dynamite, Washington Commandos, and Chicago Bruisers. Foster appointed legendary Darrel "Mouse" Davis, godfather of the "run and shoot" and modern pro offenses, as executive director of football operations. Davis hired the original coaches and was the architect of the league's original wide-open offensive playbooks.

Question: How many teams did the Arena Football League originally have?

Question: Along with the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite and Pittsburgh Gladiators, what team was one of the original AFL teams?

Question: What was the title of Darrell Davis in the AFL?

Question: What was Darrell Davis' nickname?

Question: Who was responsible for hiring the first coaches of the AFL teams?
Passage: The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19, 1987, between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans. The game was deliberately not televised so that it could be analyzed and any follies and failures would not be subject to national public scrutiny. Following the inaugural game, tweaks and adjustments were made, and the first season continued. The Dynamite and Bruisers played in the first-ever televised AFL game the next night, on June 20, 1987, at the Rosemont Horizon in suburban Chicago on ESPN with Bob Rathbun and Lee Corso calling the play. The broadcast showed a short clip of the Commandos-Gladiators game. Each team played six games, two against each other team. The top two teams, Denver and Pittsburgh, then competed in the first-ever AFL championship game, ArenaBowl I.

Question: On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?

Question: Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?

Question: How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game?

Question: On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television?

Question: At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur?
Passage: On September 30, 1987, Foster filed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to patent his invented sport. The patent application covered the rules of the game, specifically detailing the goalposts and rebound netting and their impact on gameplay. Foster's application was granted on March 27, 1990. The patent expired on September 30, 2007.

Question: On what date did Foster apply for a patent on arena football?

Question: When did the United States Patent and Trademark Office grant Foster's patent?

Question: On what date was the expiration of Foster's patent?

Question: With whom did Foster file his patent?
Passage: From the 1987 season until the late 1990s, the most exposure the league would receive was on ESPN, which aired tape-delayed games, often well after midnight, and often edited to match the alloted time slot. The league received its first taste of wide exposure in 1998, when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as part of ABC's old Wide World of Sports.

Question: In 1987, what television station sometimes showed arena football games?

Question: In the early years of arena football, after what hour were games often aired?

Question: What AFL game was broadcast on ABC?

Question: In what year did ABC broadcast an Arena Football League game?

Question: On what ABC program was an AFL game shown?
Passage: On Saturday, July 23, 1989, much of America learned of the AFL for an unintended reason, when the Pittsburgh Gladiators' head coach, Joe Haering, made football history by punching commissioner Jim Foster during a game with the Chicago Bruisers. The national media ran with the story, including a photo in USA Today. The game was played between the two teams in Sacramento's Arco Arena, as part of the AFL's 'Barnstorming America' tour. Foster had walked onto the field of play to mediate an altercation between the two teams when Haering, a former NFL assistant, punched him in the jaw. Haering was suspended without pay.

Question: Who was the coach of the Pittsburgh Gladiators in 1989?

Question: What day of the week was July 23, 1989?

Question: Who was the commissioner of the AFL in 1989?

Question: What paper featured a photograph of the head coach of the Gladiators punching the commissioner of the AFL?

Question: In what arena were the Gladiators playing the Bruisers on July 23, 1989?
Passage: One of the league's early success stories was the Detroit Drive. A primary team for some of the AFL's most highly regarded players, including George LaFrance and Gary and Alvin Rettig, as well as being a second career chance for quarterback Art Schlichter, the Drive regularly played before sold out crowds at Joe Louis Arena, and went to the ArenaBowl every year of their existence (1988–1993). The AFL's first dynasty came to an end when their owner, Mike Ilitch (who also owned Little Caesars Pizza and the Detroit Red Wings) bought the Detroit Tigers baseball team and sold the AFL team.

Question: What team did Art Schlichter play for?

Question: Where did the Detroit Drive play their home games?

Question: In what year did the Drive go to their first Arena Bowl?

Question: Who owned the Detroit Drive in this period?

Question: What team did the owner of the Detroit Drive buy that led him to sell the Drive?
Passage: Although the Drive moved to Massachusetts for the 1994 season, the AFL had a number of other teams which it considered "dynasties", including the Tampa Bay Storm (the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty-eight contested seasons), their arch-rival the Orlando Predators, the now-defunct San Jose SaberCats of the present decade, and their rivals the Arizona Rattlers.

Question: Where did the Drive franchise relocate to?

Question: Before what season did the Drive move to a different state?

Question: What is the name of the AFL team based in Tampa Bay?

Question: What team is cited as a rival of the Tampa Bay franchise?

Question: What team was the rival of the Arizona Rattlers?
Passage: In 1993, the league staged its first All-Star Game in Des Moines, Iowa, the future home of the long-running Iowa Barnstormers, as a fundraiser for flood victims in the area. The National Conference defeated the American Conference 64–40 in front of a crowd of 7,189. The second Allstar game was in Oct. 2013, with two games, the first in Honolulu, Hawai'i, the second being in Beijing, China.

Question: What notable event in the AFL first occurred in 1993?

Question: In what city and state did the 1993 All-Star Game occur?

Question: What AFL team would be based in Des Moines?

Question: What conference lost the first All-Star Game?

Question: How many points did the National Conference score in the first All-Star Game?
Passage: While some teams have enjoyed considerable on-field and even financial success, many teams in the history of the league have enjoyed little success either on or off of the field of play. There are a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of largely-unrelated teams under numerous management groups until they folded (an example is the New York CityHawks whose owners transferred the team from New York to Hartford to become the New England Sea Wolves after two seasons, then after another two seasons were sold and became the Toronto Phantoms, who lasted another two seasons until folding). There are a number of reasons why these teams failed, including financially weak ownership groups, lack of deep financial support from some owners otherwise capable of providing it, lack of media exposure, and the host city's evident lack of interest in its team or the sport as a whole.

Question: What team did the New York CityHawks become after moving to Hartford?

Question: What city did the Sea Wolves move to?

Question: How many seasons were the CityHawks in New York?

Question: How long did the Sea Wolves stay in Hartford?

Question: How many seasons did the Toronto Phantoms last?
Passage: The year 2000 brought heightened interest in the AFL. Then-St. Louis Rams quarterback Kurt Warner, who was MVP of Super Bowl XXXIV, was first noticed because he played quarterback for the AFL's Iowa Barnstormers. While many sports commentators and fans continued to ridicule the league, Warner's story gave the league positive exposure, and it brought the league a new television deal with TNN, which, unlike ESPN, televised regular season games live. While it was not financially lucrative, it helped set the stage for what the league would become in the new millennium. Also, the year also brought a spin-off league, the AF2, intended to be a developmental league, comparable to the National Football League's NFL Europe. There was a lot of expansion in the 2000s. Expansion teams included the Austin Wranglers, Carolina Cobras, Los Angeles Avengers, Chicago Rush, Detroit Fury, Dallas Desperados, Colorado Crush, New Orleans VooDoo, Philadelphia Soul, Nashville Kats, Kansas City Brigade, New York Dragons and Utah Blaze. Some of these teams, including the Crush, Desperados, Kats, and VooDoo, were owned by the same group which owned the NFL teams in their host cities. The NFL purchased, but never exercised, an option to buy a major interest the AFL. Of all of these teams, only the Soul still compete in the AFL as of now.

Question: What AFL team did Kurt Warner play for?

Question: Kurt Warner was the Most Valuable Player in what Super Bowl?

Question: What NFL team did Kurt Warner play for?

Question: What television network did the AFL sign a deal with in 2000?

Question: What was the name of the AFL team based in New Orleans?
Passage: In 2003, the season expanded to 16 games. There were also several rule changes in this period. In 2005, players were no longer allowed to run out of bounds. The only way for a player to go out of bounds presently is if he is tackled into or deliberately contacts the side boards. This was also the first year the ArenaBowl was played at a neutral site. In 2007, free substitution was allowed, ending the "iron man" era of one-platoon football. And in 2008, the "jack" linebacker was allowed to go sideboard to sideboard without being penalized for "illegal defense".

Question: How many games made up the AFL season in 2003?

Question: In what year did the rules first forbid players running out of bounds?

Question: In what year was the ArenaBowl first played at a neutral location?

Question: What year introduced the free substitution rule?

Question: What year saw a rules change that had an impact on the role of the "jack" linebacker?
Passage: After 12 years as commissioner of the AFL, David Baker retired unexpectedly on July 25, 2008, just two days before ArenaBowl XXII; deputy commissioner Ed Policy was named interim commissioner until Baker's replacement was found. Baker explained, "When I took over as commissioner, I thought it would be for one year. It turned into 12. But now it's time."

Question: Who was the commissioner of the Arena Football League for the first half of 2008?

Question: For how many years did David Baker serve as commissioner of the AFL?

Question: On what date did Baker step down as commissioner of the AFL?

Question: What Arena Football League event occurred two days after Baker's resignation?

Question: Who temporarily served in the commissioner's post after Baker's departure?
Passage: In October 2008, Tom Benson announced that the New Orleans VooDoo were ceasing operations and folding "based on circumstances currently affecting the league and the team". Shortly thereafter, an article in Sports Business Journal announced that the AFL had a tentative agreement to sell a $100 million stake in the league to Platinum Equity; in exchange, Platinum Equity would create a centralized, single-entity business model that would streamline league and team operations and allow the league to be more profitable. Benson's move to shut down the VooDoo came during the Platinum Equity conference call, leading to speculation that he had folded because of the deal.

Question: What team shut down in October 2008?

Question: Who made the announcement that the VooDoo were shutting down?

Question: What business wanted to buy a stake in the AFL?

Question: How large a stake did Platinum Equity want to buy in the AFL?

Question: What publication announced the Platinum Equity business deal?