sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into the Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns, and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands.

Question: What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?

Question: What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?

Question: What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?
Passage: However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine, such as may be caused by drought or pests. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not have been routinely experienced by prior hunter-gatherer communities. Nevertheless, agrarian communities generally proved successful, and their growth and the expansion of territory under cultivation continued.

Question: What were the causes of famine in early farm towns?

Question: What type of societies were not affected by famine?

Question: What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine?
Passage: Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of diet. Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products. Supplementation of diet by hunting and gathering was to variable degrees precluded by the increase in population above the carrying capacity of the land and a high sedentary local population concentration. In some cultures, there would have been a significant shift toward increased starch and plant protein. The relative nutritional benefits and drawbacks of these dietary changes and their overall impact on early societal development is still debated.

Question: What food related trend was significant in the new agrarian societies?

Question: What forms of availability dictated Pre-agrarian diets?

Question: What was included in the Post-agrarian diet?

Question: What forced the need to supplement food supply with hunting and gathering?
Passage: Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. But what allowed forest clearance on a large scale was the polished stone axe above all other tools. Together with the adze, fashioning wood for shelter, structures and canoes for example, this enabled them to exploit their newly won farmland.

Question: What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at?

Question: What purposes were the production of farm tools used for?

Question: What types of tools did early farmers use for crops?

Question: What types of tools did early farmers use for food production?

Question: What tool allowed early farmers to convert forest into arable land?
Passage: Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs were built for the dead. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges, flint mines and cursus monuments. It was also important to figure out ways of preserving food for future months, such as fashioning relatively airtight containers, and using substances like salt as preservatives.

Question: What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build?

Question: What scenes did the paintings on homes depict?

Question: What were European homes constructed from?

Question: What types of sites were built for the deceased?

Question: Where do thousands of early tombs still exist?
Passage: Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served as spindle whorls or loom weights. The clothing worn in the Neolithic Age might be similar to that worn by Ötzi the Iceman, although he was not Neolithic (since he belonged to the later Copper age).

Question: What did early humans use to make clothing?

Question: What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing?

Question: What were perforated stones used for?

Question: What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era?
Passage: Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his "pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena."

Question: In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born?

Question: Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?

Question: What award did Hayek receive in 1974?

Question: With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?

Question: Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?
Passage: In 1984, he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". He was the first recipient of the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize in 1984. He also received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991 from President George H. W. Bush. In 2011, his article "The Use of Knowledge in Society" was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in The American Economic Review during its first 100 years.

Question: Hayek became a member of which group in 1984?

Question: For what reason was Hayek inducted into the order?

Question: What award was Hayek the first to receive?

Question: Who awarded Hayek the Medal of Freedom?

Question: Which of Hayek's articles received recognition in 2011?
Passage: Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (née von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number of monographs. August von Hayek was also a part-time botany lecturer at the University of Vienna. Friedrich's mother was born in 1875 to a wealthy, conservative, land-owning family. As her mother died several years prior to Friedrich's birth, Felicitas gained a significant inheritance which provided as much as half of her and August's income during the early years of their marriage. Hayek was the oldest of three brothers, Heinrich (1900–69) and Erich (1904–86), who were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.

Question: Who was Hayek's father?

Question: What was August von Hayek's occupation?

Question: What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about?

Question: From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?

Question: How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?
Passage: His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Austrian School of Economics. Von Juraschek was a statistician and was later employed by the Austrian government. Friedrich's paternal grandfather, Gustav Edler von Hayek, taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium (secondary school) in Vienna. He wrote systematic works in biology, some of which are relatively well known.

Question: Who's occupation inspired Hayek when he was older?

Question: Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek's grandfathers?

Question: What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have?

Question: What did August von Hayek's father write?

Question: Who was August von Hayek's father?
Passage: On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921. Although Hayek met Wittgenstein on only a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought. In his later years, Hayek recalled a discussion of philosophy with Wittgenstein, when both were officers during World War I. After Wittgenstein's death, Hayek had intended to write a biography of Wittgenstein and worked on collecting family materials; and he later assisted biographers of Wittgenstein.

Question: Who was among the first readers of Ludwig Wittgenstein's book?

Question: How often times did Hayek and Wittgenstein meet?

Question: Whose philosophy heavily influenced Hayek?

Question: What did Wittgenstein and Hayek do during the first world war?

Question: What was the name of the book Wittgenstein published in 1921?
Passage: Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics. In his unpublished autobiographical notes, Hayek recalled a division between him and his younger brothers who were only few years younger than him, but he believed that they were somehow of a different generation. He preferred to associate with adults.

Question: What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers?

Question: With whom did Hayek more frequently converse?

Question: Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?

Question: Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works?

Question: Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture?
Passage: At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells. Hayek's time in Monakow's lab, and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach, inspired Hayek's first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the "sense data" associationism of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis.

Question: Where did Hayek acquire his doctorates?

Question: Where did Hayek learn about the brain?

Question: What was the name of Hayek's first work?

Question: With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis?

Question: Where did first show his work?
Passage: During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University, compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve.

Question: What work did Hayek begin in 1923?

Question: Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek?

Question: For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises?

Question: What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant?

Question: What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant?
Passage: Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.

Question: What ideology was Hayek originally in support of?

Question: What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology?

Question: During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with?

Question: What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?

Question: Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?
Passage: With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

Question: What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute?

Question: Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?

Question: What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?

Question: What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?

Question: In what year did Hayek come to London?
Passage: Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to servitude." It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book," also due in part to wartime paper rationing. When it was published in the United States by the University of Chicago in September of that year, it achieved greater popularity than in Britain. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest also published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a far wider audience than academics. The book is widely popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism.

Question: What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?

Question: Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?

Question: When was the Road to Serfdom published?

Question: Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?

Question: Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?
Passage: In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicago faculty over departmental autonomy and control, and Hayek got caught in the middle of that battle. Hutchins had been attempting to force all departments to adopt the neo-Thomist Great Books program of Mortimer Adler, and the U. of Chicago economists were sick of Hutchins' meddling. As the result the Economics department rejected Hutchins' pressure to hire Hayek, and Hayek became a part of the new Committee on Social Thought.

Question: Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?

Question: Who supplied Hayek's salary?

Question: What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?

Question: Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?

Question: What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?
Passage: Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as Aaron Director, who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the "Law and Society" program in the University of Chicago Law School. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont Pèlerin Society, an international forum for libertarian economists. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas.

Question: Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?

Question: Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?

Question: What group did Hayek form with three other people?

Question: What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?
Passage: After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with publication in February 1960. Hayek was concerned "with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society". Hayek was disappointed that the book did not receive the same enthusiastic general reception as The Road to Serfdom had sixteen years before.

Question: What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover?

Question: Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom?

Question: As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released?

Question: What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter?

Question: How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960?
Passage: From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty, teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Primary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts and finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979.

Question: What country did Hayek move to in 1962?

Question: What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany?

Question: Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement?

Question: When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released?

Question: During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book?
Passage: In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on why the "middle way" was the pragmatic path the Conservative Party should take, avoiding the extremes of left and right. Before he had finished, Thatcher "reached into her briefcase and took out a book. It was Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. Interrupting our pragmatist, she held the book up for all of us to see. 'This', she said sternly, 'is what we believe', and banged Hayek down on the table".

Question: What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975?

Question: Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party?

Question: What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker?

Question: Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department?
Passage: In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a socialist government in power has lost all title to the name 'Liberal'. Certainly no liberal can in future vote 'Liberal'". Hayek was criticised by Liberal politicians Gladwyn Jebb and Andrew Phillips, who both claimed that the purpose of the pact was to discourage socialist legislation.

Question: What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977?

Question: What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do?

Question: The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party?

Question: What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government?