sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining, to be reviewed in 2048, further limiting economic development and exploitation. The primary economic activity is the capture and offshore trading of fish. Antarctic fisheries in 2000–01 reported landing 112,934 tonnes.

Question: What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate?

Question: In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica?

Question: When will the mining ban be reviewed?

Question: What is the major economic activity near Antarctica?

Question: How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01?
Passage: This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These specimens, particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET, are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets.

Question: How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?

Question: From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?

Question: Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?

Question: About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?

Question: What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?
Passage: In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009. According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).

Question: When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse?

Question: What Antarctic ice shelf collapsed in 2008?

Question: How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze?

Question: When did the most widespread melting of ice occur?

Question: How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting?
Passage: Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa—had existed since the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD), who suggested the idea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled "Antarctica", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size.

Question: When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?

Question: What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers?

Question: What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass would do to preserve?

Question: Of what did early explores think Australia and South America were part?

Question: Early geographers thought that Antarctica was what in size?
Passage: About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.

Question: How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?

Question: How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?

Question: How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?

Question: How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?

Question: What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?
Passage: There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m (1,300 ft) above the water line, that Lake Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon, Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, it would strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on Europa. On 7 February 2008, a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee, searching for extremophiles in its highly alkaline waters. If found, these resilient creatures could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in extremely cold, methane-rich environments.

Question: What lake is thought to contain microbial life?

Question: To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble?

Question: With what is Europa associated??

Question: When did NASA go on an expedition to Lake Untersee?

Question: For what was NASA searching?
Passage: Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic, around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma). By the end of the Cretaceous, about 66 Ma, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a subtropical climate and flora, complete with a marsupial fauna. In the Eocene epoch, about 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, so that latitudinal currents could isolate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear. During the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, CO2 levels have been found to be about 760 ppm and had been decreasing from earlier levels in the thousands of ppm.

Question: In what period did Africa beak off from Antarctica?

Question: When was Antarctica still joined to Australia?

Question: What type of climate did Antarctica have in the Cretaceous period?

Question: When did Australia separate from Antarctica?

Question: After the division from Australia, what began to appear?
Passage: Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere. Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica. Third, the Earth is at aphelion in July (i.e., the Earth is farthest from the Sun in the Antarctic winter), and the Earth is at perihelion in January (i.e., the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Antarctic summer). The orbital distance contributes to a colder Antarctic winter (and a warmer Antarctic summer) but the first two effects have more impact.

Question: Which of the the poles is colder?

Question: How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level?

Question: How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic?

Question: What contributes to the Antarctic cold?

Question: What does temperature do with elevation?
Passage: Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Frei Montalva Station, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station. As of 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentine Esperanza Base and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station.

Question: Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?

Question: Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?

Question: When was Palma born?

Question: What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?
Passage: About 1150 species of fungi have been recorded from Antarctica, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming and 400 are lichen-forming. Some of these species are cryptoendoliths as a result of evolution under extreme conditions, and have significantly contributed to shaping the impressive rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges. The apparently simple morphology, scarcely differentiated structures, metabolic systems and enzymes still active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles shown by such fungi make them particularly suited to harsh environments such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys. In particular, their thick-walled and strongly melanized cells make them resistant to UV light. Those features can also be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that these are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that, if life ever occurred on Mars, it might have looked similar to Antarctic fungi such as Cryomyces minteri. Some of these fungi are also apparently endemic to Antarctica. Endemic Antarctic fungi also include certain dung-inhabiting species which have had to evolve in response to the double challenge of extreme cold while growing on dung, and the need to survive passage through the gut of warm-blooded animals.

Question: How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica?

Question: What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica?

Question: How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming?

Question: What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms?

Question: How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved?
Passage: The Argentine, British and Chilean claims all overlap, and have caused friction. On 18 December 2012, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. On 22 December 2012, the UK ambassador to Argentina, John Freeman, was summoned to the Argentine government as protest against the claim. Argentine–UK relations had previously been damaged throughout 2012 due to disputes over the sovereignty of the nearby Falkland Islands, and the 30th anniversary of the Falklands War.

Question: What did the British claim in 2012?

Question: To what was the claim of land in tribute?

Question: What was the response of the Argentine response to the British land claim?

Question: When did the British claim Queen Elizabeth Land in Antarctica?

Question: Of what war was 2012 the anniversary?
Passage: There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO, "site use guidelines" setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Antarctic sightseeing flights (which did not land) operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the fatal crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 on Mount Erebus, which killed all 257 aboard. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s.

Question: The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?

Question: What do environmentalists want enacted?

Question: What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists?

Question: What have the authorities produced in response to these requests?

Question: When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?
Passage: Researchers include biologists, geologists, oceanographers, physicists, astronomers, glaciologists, and meteorologists. Geologists tend to study plate tectonics, meteorites from outer space, and resources from the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Biologists, in addition to examining the wildlife, are interested in how harsh temperatures and the presence of people affect adaptation and survival strategies in a wide variety of organisms. Medical physicians have made discoveries concerning the spreading of viruses and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures. Astrophysicists at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station study the celestial dome and cosmic microwave background radiation. Many astronomical observations are better made from the interior of Antarctica than from most surface locations because of the high elevation, which results in a thin atmosphere; low temperature, which minimizes the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere; and absence of light pollution, thus allowing for a view of space clearer than anywhere else on Earth. Antarctic ice serves as both the shield and the detection medium for the largest neutrino telescope in the world, built 2 km (1.2 mi) below Amundsen–Scott station.

Question: What group of scientists study tectonics?

Question: Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans?

Question: Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice?

Question: What kind of observations use the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space?

Question: Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?
Passage: According to the apocryphal Gospel of James, Mary was the daughter of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. Before Mary's conception, Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years. Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old, much like Hannah took Samuel to the Tabernacle as recorded in the Old Testament. Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, Mary was 12–14 years old, and he was thirty years old, but such accounts are unreliable.

Question: Who were Mary's parents?

Question: How old was Mary when she was consecrated as a virgin?

Question: Who was Mary betrothed to?

Question: When she was betrothed to Joseph, approximately how old was Mary?

Question: Where was Mary consecrated as a virgin?
Passage: The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary's life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to gospel accounts, Mary was present at the Crucifixion of Jesus and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to Apocryphal writings, at some time soon after her death, her incorrupt body was assumed directly into Heaven, to be reunited with her soul, and the apostles thereupon found the tomb empty; this is known in Christian teaching as the Assumption.

Question: Which angel appeared to Mary?

Question: What happened to Mary's body at death?

Question: What did Gabriel announce to Mary at the Annunciation?

Question: How was Mary related to Jesus?

Question: Which goespel begins its story of Mary with the Annunciation?
Passage: The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died.

Question: When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church?

Question: In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined?

Question: Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus?

Question: Other than the Roman Catholic Church, which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true?

Question: What is another name for the Assumption of Mary?
Passage: After Mary continued in the "blood of her purifying" another 33 days for a total of 40 days, she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem,[Luke 2:22] so the priest could make atonement for her sins, being cleansed from her blood.[Leviticus 12:1-8] They also presented Jesus – "As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord" (Luke 2:23other verses). After the prophecies of Simeon and the prophetess Anna in Luke 2:25-38 concluded, Joseph and Mary took Jesus and "returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth".[Luke 2:39]

Question: How long in total was the "blood of her purifying" for Mary?

Question: Where did Mary bring a burnt offering and sin offering?

Question: Who was presented at the Temple in Jerusalem?

Question: Who prophesized in Luke 2:25-38?

Question: To which Galilean city did Joseph and Mary take Jesus?
Passage: According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi.[Luke 1:5;1:36] Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, consider that Mary, like Joseph, to whom she was betrothed, was of the House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan, third son of David and Bathsheba, is in fact the genealogy of Mary,[need quotation to verify] while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph. (Aaron's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)[Num.1:7 & Ex.6:23]

Question: What was Zechariah's occupation?

Question: Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?

Question: Who was Aaron's wife?

Question: Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?

Question: Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba?
Passage: Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near "the disciple whom Jesus loved" along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,[Jn 19:25-26] to which list Matthew 27:56 adds "the mother of the sons of Zebedee", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. This representation is called a Stabat Mater. While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a "pietà" or "pity".

Question: Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus?

Question: In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus?

Question: In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion?

Question: What does pieta mean?

Question: What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called?
Passage: The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary. In fact, some scholars have gone even further, and have suggested, on the basis of this relationship, a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis."

Question: Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?

Question: What type of goddess is Isis?

Question: What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?
Passage: In the 19th century, a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found, based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich, an Augustinian nun in Germany. It has since been visited as the House of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholic pilgrims who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption. The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with the Disciple whom Jesus loved,[Jn 19:27] identified as John the Evangelist.[citation needed] Irenaeus and Eusebius of Caesarea wrote in their histories that John later went to Ephesus, which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary also lived in Ephesus with John.

Question: In which country is Ephesus?

Question: Whose visions led to the identification of the House of the Virgin Mary?

Question: Which disciple is known as "the Disciple whom Jesus loved?"

Question: With whom is it believed that Mary lived with in Ephesus?

Question: In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found?
Passage: Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of Roman Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child. The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church. Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary, given that the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents, and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same. According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice, however, believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat, two-dimensional icons, and not three-dimensional statues.

Question: In which year was the Second Council of Nicea?

Question: In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary?

Question: Which icon is most venerated in the Orthodox Church?

Question: What is the name given to artistic depictions of Mary?

Question: In the Orthodox church, what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before?
Passage: Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus being regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th Century. According to William E. Phipps, in the book Survivals of Roman Religion "Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary."

Question: Where is the site of the first Church dedicated to Mary?

Question: Which goddess was worshipped in Ephesus before Mary?

Question: Who was the author of the book, "Survivals of Roman Religion?"

Question: Which Queen furthered the cult of Mary in the 6th Century?

Question: Where was Mary rumored to have died?