sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki.

Question: What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?

Question: What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?

Question: What style came after Modernism?

Question: What is an example of International Style?

Question: Who designed the Twin Towers?
Passage: Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.

Question: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?

Question: Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?

Question: What material was used in Brutalist structures?

Question: Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?
Passage: One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.

Question: What school was a response to Brutalism?

Question: What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?

Question: What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?

Question: What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
Passage: Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms).

Question: When was the start of the architectural phenomenology movement?

Question: What was architectural phenomenology reacting to?

Question: What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?

Question: Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"?

Question: What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?
Passage: Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.

Question: About when did architecture begin specializing?

Question: Who can no longer design a large structure?

Question: What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality?
Passage: Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.

Question: What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?

Question: What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?

Question: Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?

Question: Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?

Question: What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?
Passage: Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.

Question: What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?

Question: What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?

Question: What are three things the new movements try to achieve?

Question: What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?
Passage: The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.

Question: Which three statistics does the HDI compile?

Question: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?

Question: Who developed the HDI?

Question: What entity publishes the HDI?

Question: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?
Passage: The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."

Question: In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?

Question: What does IHDI stand for?

Question: Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?

Question: Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?
Passage: The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being.

Question: In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?

Question: Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?

Question: Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
Passage: LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools) EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

Question: What does LE stand for?

Question: What does MYS stand for?

Question: What does EYS stand for?

Question: What does GNIpc stand for?
Passage: The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:

Question: What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?
Passage: The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?
Passage: The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?
Passage: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Question: What does the IHDI specifically take into account?

Question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
Passage: Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?

Question: Is the top quartile of HDI considered "high" or "very high" human development?
Passage: Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.

Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?

Question: Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?
Passage: The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?
Passage: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
Passage: Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United Arab Emirates, and Seychelles.

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Passage: The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values based on estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries (equal to the top quartile):

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
Passage: Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados.

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Passage: Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.

Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?

Question: Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?
Passage: The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?
Passage: The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI:

Question: In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?
Passage: Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados.

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Passage: Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.

Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?

Question: Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?

Question: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?
Passage: The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:

Question: On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?

Question: What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?

Question: What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?

Question: What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?

Question: How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?
Passage: Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.

Question: What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?
Passage: A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.

Question: What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?

Question: What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?

Question: What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?
Passage: The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.

Question: On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?

Question: What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?

Question: What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?

Question: The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?

Question: Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?
Passage: The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.

Question: Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?
Passage: A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group.

Question: Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "low development" country?

Question: On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?

Question: What is Gabon's ranking?

Question: What is South Africa's ranking?

Question: What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?
Passage: A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the "medium development" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.

Question: What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country?

Question: Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?

Question: What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?
Passage: On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.

Question: If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?

Question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?

Question: If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?
Passage: The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.

Question: Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?

Question: Which country has received the top rank twice?
Passage: The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.

Question: The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?

Question: Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?

Question: The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?

Question: Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?