sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: When a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost. French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki’s Polish version.

Question: What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?

Question: Who was Jan Potocki?

Question: What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in?

Question: When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French?

Question: What fragments were the complete Saragossa Manuscripts now produced based on?
Passage: Translation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between cultures; and along with ideas, they have imported from the source languages, into their own languages, loanwords and calques of grammatical structures, idioms and vocabulary.

Question: What has served as a school of writing for many authors?

Question: Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia?

Question: What did translators shape in the course of their work?

Question: What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures?

Question: Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from?
Passage: Interpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had become bilingual. Subsequently given along with other women to the invading Spaniards, she became instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, adviser, intermediary and lover to Hernán Cortés.

Question: What roles have interpreters occasionally played in history?

Question: Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from?

Question: What region did La Malinche hail from?

Question: What was La Malinche essential to?

Question: In addition to being an interpreter and adviser, what function did La Malinche serve for Hernán Cortés?
Passage: Web-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergence of translation crowdsourcing, translation-memory techniques, and internet applications, translation agencies have been able to provide on-demand human-translation services to businesses, individuals, and enterprises.

Question: What type of translation is favored by those wanting more accurate translations?

Question: What reputation does machine translations have?

Question: What type of translation is still the most accurate and reliable?

Question: Because of crowdsourcing, what type of translation are agencies able to provide?

Question: Who purchases the services of translation agencies?
Passage: Relying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-generated translations are prone to error; therefore, to ensure that a machine-generated translation will be useful to a human being and that publishable-quality translation is achieved, such translations must be reviewed and edited by a human.

Question: Unedited machine translation will miss what crucial aspect of human language?

Question: What does it take a person to be able to do?

Question: What can even translations completely done by a human still be prone to?

Question: How must machine translations be transformed by a human?
Passage: In Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describe the Emperor and his mother personally contributing to the translation effort, alongside sages of various nationalities), the Tanguts took mere decades to translate volumes that had taken the Chinese centuries to render.[citation needed]

Question: Where did Buddhism spread?

Question: Buddhism's spread led to what large-scale effort?

Question: How long did the translation effort take?

Question: What Empire was especially good at translation?

Question: What were the Tanguts able to do in only decades that took the Chinese centuries?
Passage: The Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sabio (Alphonse the Wise) of Castille in the 13th century promoted this effort by founding a Schola Traductorum (School of Translation) in Toledo. There Arabic texts, Hebrew texts, and Latin texts were translated into the other tongues by Muslim, Jewish and Christian scholars, who also argued the merits of their respective religions. Latin translations of Greek and original Arab works of scholarship and science helped advance European Scholasticism, and thus European science and culture.

Question: Who attempted a large-scale effort at translation?

Question: What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of?

Question: When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences translated into Latin?

Question: What is Schola Traductorum in English?

Question: Latin translations indirectly advanced whose science and culture?
Passage: The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can, in fact, hardly be called a true translation. The first great Tudor translations are, accordingly, the Tyndale New Testament (1525), which influenced the Authorized Version (1611), and Lord Berners' version of Jean Froissart's Chronicles (1523–25).

Question: What was the first great English translation?

Question: When was the Wycliffe Bible translated?

Question: When did the age of great English prose translation begin?

Question: What adaptation of Arthurian romances took so many liberties with the source material that it could hardly be called a translation?

Question: The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style?
Passage: Meanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's works was undertaken by Marsilio Ficino. This and Erasmus' Latin edition of the New Testament led to a new attitude to translation. For the first time, readers demanded rigor of rendering, as philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words of Plato, Aristotle and Jesus.

Question: Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy?

Question: What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho carry?

Question: When did Constantinople fall to the Turks?

Question: Who undertook translating Plato's works to Latin?

Question: What did religious beliefs depend upon when it came to Plato, Aristotle and Jesus?
Passage: Throughout the 18th century, the watchword of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted. They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best, and that texts should be made to conform to it in translation. For scholarship they cared no more than had their predecessors, and they did not shrink from making translations from translations in third languages, or from languages that they hardly knew, or—as in the case of James Macpherson's "translations" of Ossian—from texts that were actually of the "translator's" own composition.

Question: What was the guiding ideal of translators throughout the 18th century?

Question: If a translator didn't understand something in a text or thought it too boring to present to readers, what did they do with it?

Question: What did translators of this time assume was better than the actual text they were translating?

Question: How much did the translators care about scholarship?

Question: What did James Macpherson "translate" from?
Passage: The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim, achieved through far-reaching metaphrase (literality) or pseudo-metaphrase, was to constantly remind readers that they were reading a foreign classic. An exception was the outstanding translation in this period, Edward FitzGerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), which achieved its Oriental flavor largely by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes and actually drew little of its material from the Persian original.

Question: What new standards of translation came with the 19th century?

Question: Who observed that the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text"?

Question: What sort of passages were still left out of the supposed "whole" text?

Question: What did the Victorians aim to remind the reader of their translations?

Question: How did the translation of Rubaiyat achieve an Oriental flavor?
Passage: Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called "singing translation"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme. (Since the late 19th century, musical setting of prose and free verse has also been practiced in some art music, though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of stanzaic forms with or without refrains.) A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns, such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Winkworth.

Question: What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to?

Question: What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition?

Question: What type of forms does popular music tend to retain?

Question: What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?

Question: Who translated German chorales into English?
Passage: Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator. There is the option in prose sung texts, less so in verse, of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes, respectively, but even with prose the process is almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody of the sung melodic line.

Question: How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?

Question: Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive?

Question: What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another?

Question: How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?
Passage: Translations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

Question: Who can translations of a sung text aid?

Question: What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?

Question: What do professional and amateur singers often sing?

Question: Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?
Passage: One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the "Septuagint", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical. The Septuagint became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian.

Question: What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West?

Question: When was the Old Testament translated into Greek?

Question: Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?

Question: How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?

Question: According to myth, what property did all seventy versions of the bible have?
Passage: The period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions of crucial words and passages (although the Protestant movement was largely based on other things, such as a perceived need for reformation of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate corruption). Lasting effects on the religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries have been exerted by such Bible translations as Martin Luther's into German, Jakub Wujek's into Polish, and the King James Bible's translators' into English. Debate and religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day, as demonstrated by, for example, the King James Only movement.

Question: During the Protestant Reformation, what local languages was the bible translated into?

Question: Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what?

Question: Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split?

Question: What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate?

Question: Who translated the Bible to German?
Passage: An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars and terminals. Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, airport aprons, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.

Question: What is an aerodome with facilities for flights to take off and land?

Question: What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad?

Question: What is an airport?
Passage: The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. Busy airports have air traffic control (ATC) system. All airports use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and taxiways at night or in rain, snow, or fog. In the U.S. and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, will either have some form of automated airport weather station, a human observer or a combination of the two. Air safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and airports often have their own safety services.

Question: What does ATC stand for?

Question: What do airports use to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?

Question: What is an important concern in the operation of an airport?
Passage: Most of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major commercial airports - it was subsequently privatized in the late 1980s, and following its takeover by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium in 2006, has been further divested and downsized to operating just five. Germany's Frankfurt Airport is managed by the quasi-private firm Fraport. While in India GMR Group operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport. Bengaluru International Airport and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport are controlled by GVK Group. The rest of India's airports are managed by the Airports Authority of India.

Question: How many commercial airports did the British Airports Authority originally operate?

Question: What group took over the British Airports Authority in 2006?

Question: What group manages the Frankfurt Airport?

Question: Who operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport?
Passage: Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly controlled at most airports. Passengers on commercial flights access airside areas through terminals, where they can purchase tickets, clear security check, or claim luggage and board aircraft through gates. The waiting areas which provide passenger access to aircraft are typically called concourses, although this term is often used interchangeably with terminal.

Question: What do landside areas include?

Question: Airports are divided into what two areas?

Question: What do airside areas include?

Question: Where can passengers purchase tickets?

Question: What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft?
Passage: Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturers' suggested retail price (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.[citation needed]

Question: Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what?

Question: Where are most of these companies located in an airport?

Question: Some of these companies include what type of businesses?

Question: Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?
Passage: Airports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract premium customers away from rival airlines.

Question: What are some services that are offered by VIP services?

Question: These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers?

Question: What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?
Passage: Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop.

Question: For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?

Question: What does MBTA stand for?

Question: It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what?
Passage: The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as Mexico City International Airport, where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by Aerotrén to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.

Question: It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?

Question: What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?

Question: Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.