sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism. With approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people. Additionally, there are also many smaller bodies such as the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches.

Question: What is one of the largest Protestant branches with 80 million members?

Question: How popular is the branch of Lutheranism?

Question: What is the largest body of Lutheran churches?

Question: How many people belong to the Lutheran World Federation?

Question: Name two smaller Lutheran church bodies.
Passage: Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley—an Anglican priest and evangelist. This evangelical movement originated as a revival within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide. Originally it appealed especially to workers, agricultural workers, and slaves.

Question: Who was the inspiration for Methodism?

Question: Who did Methodism originally attract?

Question: What was John Wesley's occupation?

Question: How many Methodists are there in the world today?

Question: How did the Methodist movement spread so far and wide?
Passage: Soteriologically, most Methodists are Arminian, emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism). Methodism is traditionally low church in liturgy, although this varies greatly between individual congregations; the Wesleys themselves greatly valued the Anglican liturgy and tradition. Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition; John Wesley's brother, Charles, was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church, and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition.

Question: What is Methodism known for, as far as music goes?

Question: Methodists believe that Christ achieved salvation for whom?

Question: What do Methodists believe that one must do to receive Christ's salvation?

Question: Who wrote most of the Methodist hymns?

Question: What Calvinist doctrine is focuses on salvation?
Passage: This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a Holy Spirit–filled and empowered life. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing—two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement.

Question: Give two examples of spiritual gifts.

Question: What are other terms used to describe Pentecostalism?

Question: Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age?

Question: Pentecostals believe in baptism with what entity?

Question: What three things are Pentecostals committed to?
Passage: Pentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations, including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, both in the United States and elsewhere. There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and Catholic churches through the Charismatic Movement. Together, Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents.

Question: How many denominations were spawned by Pentecostalism?

Question: How many Pentecostals are there in the world?

Question: What movement has caused non-Pentecostal churches to accept some Pentecostal beliefs?

Question: Who can claim over 500 million members?

Question: Where is Pentecostalism currently growing the most?
Passage: There are many other Protestant denominations that do not fit neatly into the mentioned branches, and are far smaller in membership. Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as "Christians" or "born-again Christians". They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and/or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves "non-denominational" or "evangelical". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.

Question: What denomination do these small groups belong to?

Question: How much affiliation do these small groups have with historical denominations?

Question: Who has founded these small groups of Christians?

Question: What do some groups of people who believe in basic Protestant principles identify as?
Passage: The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative, low church, evangelical movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from Anglicanism. Among other beliefs, the group emphasizes sola scriptura. Brethren generally see themselves not as a denomination, but as a network, or even as a collection of overlapping networks, of like-minded independent churches. Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itself—a stance that some of them still maintain—the title The Brethren, is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as brethren.

Question: Where do the Plymouth Brethren hail from?

Question: What belief is the emphasis of the Plymouth Brethren?

Question: Though the Plymouth Brethren do not have a denominational name, what name is generally used for them?

Question: When did the Plymouth Brethren originate?

Question: What denomination do the Brethren originate from?
Passage: Quakers, or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers. Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity. Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity, the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid creeds and hierarchical structures.

Question: What is another informal name for Quaker?

Question: What is the Quakers unifying belief?

Question: What have the Quakers tried to avoid?

Question: What collective movement are the Quakers associated with?

Question: What types of Christianity do Quakers belong to?
Passage: There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. Evangelicalism is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church, such as does it the Charismatic Movement, which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity. Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Nondenominational churches often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements.

Question: What is a prominent example of a movement which crosses over denominational lines?

Question: Which movement actually affected the Catholic Church?

Question: What groups beliefs does the Charismatic Movement seek to add to branches of Christianity?

Question: Name a sub-group of the Charismatic Movement.

Question: What other types of churches often adopt charismatic or evangelical beliefs?
Passage: It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones.

Question: What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism?

Question: Where did the Great Awakenings increase interest in Evangelicalism?

Question: Methodism is part of what movement?

Question: What man is associated with the beginnings of Evangelicalism?
Passage: In America, Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence. In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.

Question: What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement?

Question: When was the Massey conference held?

Question: The Massey conference eventually led to developing what seminars?

Question: Name UK influences on the Charismatic movement.

Question: Where was the Massey conference held?
Passage: Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in Minneapolis. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially "Hosanna!" in Lakeville, and North Heights in St. Paul. The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches. There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach. Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement.

Question: Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s?

Question: In what state did charismatic Lutheran congregations grow to be quite large?

Question: Where is an annual event that has quite a bit of charismatic activity?

Question: What was published in 1974?

Question: Who wrote Touched by the Spirit?
Passage: In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit. Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival. Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the USA, in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement, which leading figure is Terry Virgo.

Question: Who heads the Newfrontiers movement?

Question: What tendencies do reformed charismatics avoid?

Question: Where is Every Nations Churches located?

Question: What is a name for gifts of the Spirit?

Question: Name the renewal movements which could be considered overemotional.
Passage: Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. Their beliefs, however, were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands (and later to New England), and by evangelical clergy to Ireland (and later into Wales), and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism.

Question: What group was very much hampered in England from making changes?

Question: What college was influenced by Puritan beliefs?

Question: What movement influenced the Puritans?

Question: What movement did the Puritans adopt in the 17th century?

Question: When was the Synod of Dort?
Passage: They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous gathered churches. These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church.

Question: What type of theology did Puritans accept?

Question: When did separatists become powerful in Puritanism?

Question: What types of piety did the Puritans advocate?

Question: Where was Calvin criticized?

Question: At what gathering were supporters unsuccessful in establishing a new national church?
Passage: Although the Reformation was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life: marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts. Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry. Many of their families contributed to the development of intellectual elites in their countries. Since about 1950, women have entered the ministry, and some have assumed leading positions (e.g. bishops), in most Protestant churches.

Question: What religious movement affected education, politics, the economy, and marriage?

Question: What churches let their clergy marry?

Question: When did women join the Protestant ministry?

Question: What types of churches have women had leading positions?

Question: What priesthood rules do Protestant churches reject?
Passage: As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning.

Question: What did Reformers increase so that their followers could read the Bible?

Question: In the middle of the eighteenth century, how many Swedes could read and write?

Question: Who founded Harvard College?

Question: When was Yale founded?

Question: What state became a hub of learning?
Passage: The Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God-given faculties, including the power of reason. That means that they are allowed to explore God's creation and, according to Genesis 2:15, make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way. Thus a cultural climate was created that greatly enhanced the development of the humanities and the sciences. Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers, in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ, are to follow God's commandments. Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code. In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Therefore, craftsmen, industrialists, and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. In this way, the economy, the sciences, and technology reinforced each other. The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors. The Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. This idea is also known as the "Protestant ethic thesis."

Question: What is the heart of the Protestant moral code?

Question: What did Calvin particular reject?

Question: What was a strong reason for inventors and investors to work on technical inventions?

Question: What work ethic was an influence on capitalism and the Industrial Revolution?

Question: What is another name for the Protestant work ethic?
Passage: In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data, Arno Tausch (Corvinus University of Budapest) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc.

Question: Who calculated the Global Value Development Index?

Question: What does a good job of combining religion and liberalism?

Question: Who did an analysis of World Values Survey data?

Question: What university is Arno Tausch from?

Question: What type of engagement is considered a World Value?
Passage: Episcopalians and Presbyterians, as well as other WASPs, tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, especially the Republican Party. Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts and the Astors, Rockefeller, Du Pont, Roosevelt, Forbes, Whitneys, the Morgans and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families.

Question: What denominations are considered to be wealthier than most other groups?

Question: Affluent American families are what type of families?

Question: What denominations are considered to be better educated than most other groups?

Question: What political group has a disproportionately large number of Protestants?

Question: Other than politics, what areas have a disproportionately large number of Protestants?
Passage: Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the Merton Thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society (English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values. Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science. Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to identify God's influence on the world—his creation—and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.

Question: The rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism resulted in a corresponding rise in what?

Question: What religions did Merton think caused the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries?

Question: What other reason did Merton believe causes science to advance?

Question: What religions were English scientists in the 17th century?

Question: What values were thought to have a significant synergy?
Passage: In the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (doctrine of the two kingdoms). The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture; 1523). Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen (church elders, presbyters) in his representative church government. The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches.

Question: What was the name of the doctrine that separated church and non-religious affairs?

Question: Who added the election of laymen to church government?

Question: When was the treatise that allowed a congregation to elect or remove a minister?

Question: Who added synods to church government?

Question: What were Luther's followers advised to use when governing worldly affairs?
Passage: Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy. Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle. Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.

Question: What political mixture did Calvin prefer?

Question: What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?

Question: Who paved the way for modern democracy to emerge?

Question: Who was allowed to teach a liberal Bible interpretation?

Question: What philosophers were given asylum?