sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisine, include yogurt, döner kebab/gyro/shawarma, cacık/tzatziki, ayran, pita bread, feta cheese, baklava, lahmacun, moussaka, yuvarlak, köfte/keftés/kofta, börek/boureki, rakı/rakia/tsipouro/tsikoudia, meze, dolma, sarma, rice pilaf, Turkish coffee, sujuk, kashk, keşkek, manti, lavash, kanafeh, and more.

Question: Turkish cuisine originates from what source?

Question: The cuisine of what territories are descended from Ottoman cuisine?

Question: Turkish and Greek cuisine are descended from Ottoman Cuisine, along with the food of what other regions?

Question: Turkish coffee is descended from what?

Question: Pita bread descends from what type of cuisine?
Passage: Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul.

Question: In what century did the Ottoman's start to desire foreign manuscripts?

Question: Which sultan ordered a Greek scholar to do translations of work by Ptolemy?

Question: Who did an Ottoman sultan order to translate work by Ptolemy?

Question: How many years did Ali Qushji spend in Istanbul?

Question: Where was Ali Qushji from?
Passage: The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to timeline, were Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club (1903), Galatasaray Sports Club (1905) and Fenerbahçe Sports Club (1907) in Istanbul. Football clubs were formed in other provinces too, such as Karşıyaka Sports Club (1912), Altay Sports Club (1914) and Turkish Fatherland Football Club (later Ülküspor) (1914) of İzmir.

Question: When did European sport clubs begin to form in the Ottoman empire?

Question: Where did football matches become to be popular in the Ottoman empire?

Question: What was the leading sport club in 1905?

Question: In what year did the Altay Sports Club form?

Question: What was the football club known as Ülküspor formerly known as?
Passage: Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).

Question: Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?

Question: The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?

Question: The philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?

Question: The philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time?
Passage: The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.

Question: Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?

Question: When do the Vedas date back to?

Question: Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?

Question: What do the Vedas describe?

Question: How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?
Passage: In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood." But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).

Question: Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?

Question: What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?

Question: Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation?

Question: What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?

Question: Where did Augustine say time could not appear?
Passage: In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."

Question: Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?

Question: Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?

Question: Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?

Question: Alhazen's experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?

Question: Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?
Passage: In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.

Question: When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.

Question: What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?

Question: What did Kant describe time as?

Question: What did Kant say was similar notion to time?

Question: What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?
Passage: Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.

Question: What did Leibniz argue against?

Question: Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?

Question: Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?

Question: What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?
Passage: The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, according to Leibniz, for if it were, a universe's position in absolute space would have no sufficient reason, as it might very well have been anywhere else. Therefore, it contradicts the principle of sufficient reason, and there could exist two distinct universes that were in all ways indiscernible, thus contradicting the identity of indiscernibles.

Question: Leibniz's example involves how many universes?

Question: Where are Leibniz's universes situated?

Question: How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?

Question: What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?
Passage: Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue to spin, and while the spin continues, the surface will remain concave. The concave surface is apparently not the result of the interaction of the bucket and the water, since the surface is flat when the bucket first starts to spin, it becomes concave as the water starts to spin, and it remains concave as the bucket stops.

Question: What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz?

Question: According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface?

Question: As the buck spins, what happens to the water?

Question: If the buck stops, the water will do what?

Question: What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by?
Passage: Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the frame of reference exists independently of the objects contained within it. These objects can be described as moving in relation to space itself. For many centuries, the evidence of a concave water surface held authority.

Question: Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what?

Question: According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections?

Question: What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?

Question: In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?

Question: For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?
Passage: Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence of anything else in the universe, it would be difficult to confirm that the bucket was indeed spinning. It seems equally possible that the surface of the water in the bucket would remain flat.

Question: How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument?

Question: What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe?

Question: What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?
Passage: Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a slight curve. To account for the curve that we observe, an increase in the number of objects in the universe also increases the curvature in the water. Mach argued that the momentum of an object, whether angular or linear, exists as a result of the sum of the effects of other objects in the universe (Mach's Principle).

Question: What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe?

Question: What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?

Question: What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?

Question: The Mach argument is called what?

Question: Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what?
Passage: Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was motivated by Maxwell's equations, which show that electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum at the speed of light. However, Maxwell's equations give no indication of what this speed is relative to. Prior to Einstein, it was thought that this speed was relative to a fixed medium, called the luminiferous ether. In contrast, the theory of special relativity postulates that light propagates at the speed of light in all inertial frames, and examines the implications of this postulate.

Question: lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle?

Question: The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who?

Question: In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light?

Question: Einstein's theory was motivated by who?

Question: Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what?
Passage: In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does not experience a force, because it is following a geodesic. An object standing on the earth, however, will experience a force, as it is being held against the geodesic by the surface of the planet. In light of this, the bucket of water rotating in empty space will experience a force because it rotates with respect to the geodesic. The water will become concave, not because it is rotating with respect to the distant stars, but because it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.

Question: In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?

Question: What follows a geodesic of space-time?

Question: An object in free fall does not experience what?

Question: What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic?

Question: Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?
Passage: Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as volume and mass. If one holds, contrary to idealist beliefs, that objects exist independently of the mind, it seems that relativistics commits them to also hold that space and temporality have exactly the same type of independent existence.

Question: How does Einstein advocate Mach's principle?

Question: How Einstein's theory compared to Leibniz's?

Question: What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space?
Passage: Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), or the wavelength of cadmium to stand in as our unit of length. The second feature deals with separated objects. Although we can, presumably, directly test the equality of length of two measuring rods when they are next to one another, we can not find out as much for two rods distant from one another. Even supposing that two rods, whenever brought near to one another are seen to be equal in length, we are not justified in stating that they are always equal in length. This impossibility undermines our ability to decide the equality of length of two distant objects. Sameness of length, to the contrary, must be set by definition.

Question: Coordinative definition has how many major features?

Question: The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?

Question: What is the first feature motivated by?

Question: The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?

Question: Sameness of length must be set how?
Passage: In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other words there are no absolute objects. The formulations of the general theory of relativity, unlike those of classical mechanics, do not share a standard, i.e., there is no single formulation paired with transformations. As such the covariance group of the general theory of relativity is just the covariance group of every theory.

Question: The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what?

Question: What else besides invariance, or symmetry and group part ways in relativistic physics?

Question: Which theory does the relativity depart from?

Question: What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?

Question: The covariance group of the general theory of relativity is the covariance group of how many theories?
Passage: The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possible process. Secondly, our experience of time, at the macroscopic level, is not time-reversal invariant. Glasses can fall and break, but shards of glass cannot reassemble and fly up onto tables. We have memories of the past, and none of the future. We feel we can't change the past but can influence the future.

Question: How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from?

Question: What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant?

Question: If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?

Question: How is our experience of time at the macro level?

Question: What do we not have memories of?
Passage: But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike classical thermodynamics, is time-reversal symmetric. The second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics, merely states that it is overwhelmingly likely that net entropy will increase, but it is not an absolute law.

Question: How are things in statistical mechanics?

Question: What are superior to classical thermodynamics?

Question: In order to explain glass breaking, Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what?

Question: Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal?

Question: What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics?
Passage: A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]

Question: What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?

Question: What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?

Question: Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?
Passage: One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.

Question: Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?

Question: Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?

Question: What grounds the distinction between sequences?

Question: Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?