sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. In September 2008, 16,539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. There were 21 elementary schools, five middle schools (Forsythe, Slauson, Tappan, Scarlett, and Clague) three traditional high schools (Pioneer, Huron, and Skyline), and three alternative high schools (Community High, Stone School, and Roberto Clemente) in the district. The district also operates a K-8 open school program, Ann Arbor Open School, out of the former Mack School. This program is open to all families who live within the district. Ann Arbor Public Schools also operates a preschool and family center, with programs for at-risk infants and children before kindergarten. The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district.

Question: Ann Arbor has one of the leading programs in what subject?

Question: What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor?

Question: In 2008, how many were enrolled in public schools?
Passage: The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, is the major daily newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year print run in 2009, due to economic difficulties. It was replaced by AnnArbor.com, but returned to a limited print publication under its former name in 2013. Another Ann Arbor-based publication that has ceased production was the Ann Arbor Paper, a free monthly. Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper. The Ann Arbor Chronicle, an online newspaper, covered local news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and DDA until September 3, 2014.

Question: Who owns Ann Arbor news?

Question: When did the Ann Arbor news end its print?

Question: Which was the only city in the US to loose its only daily paper?
Passage: Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly community newspaper; the Ann Arbor Observer, a free monthly local magazine; the Ann Arbor Independent, a locally owned, independent weekly; and Current, a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly. The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.

Question: What magazine covers Ann Arbor's local businesses?

Question: Which automobile magazines are based from Ann Arbor?

Question: Which university magazine reports local, state & regional issues in addition to campus news?
Passage: Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600, a conservative news and talk station; WLBY 1290, a business news and talk station; WDEO 990, Catholic radio; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7; country station WWWW 102.9; and adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1. Freeform station WCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming. The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.

Question: What is the name of the conservative AM radio channel in Ann arbor?

Question: What is the name of the city's FM radio channel?

Question: What is the name of the local free community college radio?
Passage: WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area.

Question: WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network?

Question: What is the abbreviation of CTN?
Passage: Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms.

Question: What is one time period in which Gothic architecture flourished?

Question: What style of architecture did Gothic architecture evolve from?

Question: What style of architecture came after the Gothic style?

Question: Where did the Gothic architecture style originate?

Question: Gothic architecture is known for being commonly used in cathedrals and churches, what is one example of a lesser known type of structure in which Gothic architecture has been used?
Passage: It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions, whether springing from faith or from civic pride. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches.

Question: What is an example of where the Gothic style is expressed most strongly?

Question: Where do the emotions which traits of the Gothic style represent, originate from?

Question: A great number of what type of buildings still remain from this period today?

Question: With what organization are many Gothic cathedral listed with as World Heritage Sites?

Question: Why are larger cathedrals and churches associated with the Gothic style?
Passage: The term "Gothic architecture" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term "barbarous German style" in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to "the Goths" whom he holds responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style. At the time in which Vasari was writing, Italy had experienced a century of building in the Classical architectural vocabulary revived in the Renaissance and seen as evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement.

Question: What type of description did the term "Gothic architecture" originate as?

Question: Who used the term "barbarous German style" to portray what is known today as the Gothic style?

Question: Who does Vasari believe destroyed ancient buildings after they conquered Rome?

Question: How long had Italy undergone building in a Classical architecture style at the time of Vasari?

Question: In what period was the Classical architecture vocabulary revived?
Passage: The greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches. These range from tiny chapels to large cathedrals, and although many have been extended and altered in different styles, a large number remain either substantially intact or sympathetically restored, demonstrating the form, character and decoration of Gothic architecture. The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France, the Low Countries, England and Spain, with other fine examples occurring across Europe.

Question: What is one region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

Question: What is another region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

Question: What type of structures remaining today have the largest amount of examples of the Gothic style?

Question: What is one country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

Question: What is another country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?
Passage: At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms. The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy (excluding Venice and Papal State) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy. France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms, as was the Angevin Empire, whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France. Norway came under the influence of England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus.

Question: At the end of what century was Europe separated into several city states and kingdoms?

Question: What was the region covering modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy known as?

Question: What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled large domains?

Question: Poland was affected by trade connections with what League?

Question: What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Italy?
Passage: Throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns. Germany and the Lowlands had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace, in trade and competition with each other, or united for mutual weal, as in the Hanseatic League. Civic building was of great importance to these towns as a sign of wealth and pride. England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings, dukes and bishops, rather than grand town halls for their burghers.

Question: Europe experienced a rapid growth in what at this time?

Question: What is one country that contained considerable and prosperous towns during this time?

Question: What type of building was considered to be very important and a sign of affluence and achievement?

Question: What is one country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?

Question: What is another country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?
Passage: The Catholic Church prevailed across Europe at this time, influencing not only faith but also wealth and power. Bishops were appointed by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners) and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates. The early Medieval periods had seen a rapid growth in monasticism, with several different orders being prevalent and spreading their influence widely. Foremost were the Benedictines whose great abbey churches vastly outnumbered any others in France and England. A part of their influence was that towns developed around them and they became centers of culture, learning and commerce. The Cluniac and Cistercian Orders were prevalent in France, the great monastery at Cluny having established a formula for a well planned monastic site which was then to influence all subsequent monastic building for many centuries.

Question: What church was widespread across Europe at this time?

Question: Who were bishops appointed by?

Question: Which periods saw a quick growth in Monasticism?

Question: What types of church were the Benedictines known for?

Question: What is one type of Benedictine order that was common in France?
Passage: From the 10th to the 13th century, Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction, affecting buildings in countries as far apart as Ireland, Croatia, Sweden and Sicily. The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture, but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place, as did the expressions of Gothic taste. The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders do not define divisions of style. On the other hand, some regions such as England and Spain produced defining characteristics rarely seen elsewhere, except where they have been carried by itinerant craftsmen, or the transfer of bishops. Regional differences that are apparent in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period often become even more apparent in the Gothic.

Question: During what time period did Romanesque architecture become a pan-European style of construction?

Question: What is one country in the geographic area that was affected by the development of the Gothic style of architecture?

Question: Why did country borders not affect differences in style within Gothic architecture?

Question: During which period did regional differences in Romanesque architecture become even more pronounced?

Question: England and what other country showed differences in architectural style rarely observed anywhere else?
Passage: In Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries local building stone was unavailable but there was a strong tradition of building in brick. The resultant style, Brick Gothic, is called "Backsteingotik" in Germany and Scandinavia and is associated with the Hanseatic League. In Italy, stone was used for fortifications, but brick was preferred for other buildings. Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble, many buildings were faced in marble, or were left with undecorated façade so that this might be achieved at a later date.

Question: Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries used what building material in place of local stone?

Question: What was the name of the building style that resulted from the use of brick?

Question: What building style was the Hanseatic League connected with in Germany and Scandinavia?

Question: Why were many buildings covered with marble?

Question: With what type of facade were buildings left with if they were to completed at a later time?
Passage: By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period.

Question: What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?

Question: By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?

Question: The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire the basic architectural forms throughout which period?

Question: What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?

Question: What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?
Passage: It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it with a style where light appears to triumph over substance. With its use came the development of many other architectural devices, previously put to the test in scattered buildings and then called into service to meet the structural, aesthetic and ideological needs of the new style. These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture. But while pointed arch is so strongly associated with the Gothic style, it was first used in Western architecture in buildings that were in other ways clearly Romanesque, notably Durham Cathedral in the north of England, Monreale Cathedral and Cathedral of Cefalù in Sicily, Autun Cathedral in France.

Question: What was the most important single design aspect that separated the Gothic style from the Romanesque?

Question: What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?

Question: What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?

Question: What is the name of the cathedral in Northern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?

Question: What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?
Passage: The pointed arch, one of the defining attributes of Gothic, was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the Seventh Century. The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture; within the Roman context, evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures, like the Roman Karamagara Bridge; in Sassanid architecture, in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction.

Question: What is one defining characteristic of the Gothic architectural style?

Question: Which type of architecture first used the pointed arch during the seventh century?

Question: What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch?

Question: The Roman Karamagara Bridge is an example of what type of structure?

Question: Parabolic and pointed arches were used in what type of constrcution?
Passage: Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades, beginning 1096, and the Islamic presence in Spain, may have influenced Medieval Europe's adoption of the pointed arch, although this hypothesis remains controversial. Certainly, in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence, rich regional variants arose, fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms, as seen, for example, in Monreale and Cefalù Cathedrals, the Alcázar of Seville, and Teruel Cathedral.

Question: What could have affected Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?

Question: What event in the year 1090 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?

Question: In which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Romanesque and Islamic styles occur?

Question: What is one cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?

Question: What is another example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?
Passage: The characteristic forms that were to define Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture and developed at several different geographic locations, as the result of different influences and structural requirements. While barrel vaults and groin vaults are typical of Romanesque architecture, ribbed vaults were used in the naves of two Romanesque churches in Caen, Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames in 1120. Another early example is the nave and apse area of the Cathedral of Cefalù in 1131. The ribbed vault over the north transept at Durham Cathedral in England, built from 1128 to 1133, is probably earlier still and was the first time pointed arches were used in a high vault.

Question: The distinctive forms that describe Gothic architecture developed out of which style?

Question: Barrel and groin vaults are examples of what kind of architecture?

Question: What type of vaults were used in the Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames?

Question: When was Durham Cathedral constructed?

Question: What cathedral first made use of pointed arches in high vaults?
Passage: The Basilica of Saint Denis is generally cited as the first truly Gothic building, however the distinction is best reserved for the choir, of which the ambulatory remains intact. Noyon Cathedral, also in France, saw the earliest completion of a rebuilding of an entire cathedral in the new style from 1150 to 1231. While using all those features that came to be known as Gothic, including pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting, the builders continued to employ many of the features and much of the character of Romanesque architecture including round-headed arch throughout the building, varying the shape to pointed where it was functionally practical to do so.

Question: What is considered the first truly Gothic building?

Question: Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231?

Question: What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?

Question: What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?

Question: What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?
Passage: At the Abbey Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England, simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers. Wells Cathedral in England, commenced at the eastern end in 1175, was the first building in which the designer broke free from Romanesque forms. The architect entirely dispensed with the round arch in favour of the pointed arch and with cylindrical columns in favour of piers composed of clusters of shafts which lead into the mouldings of the arches. The transepts and nave were continued by Adam Locke in the same style and completed in about 1230. The character of the building is entirely Gothic. Wells Cathedral is thus considered the first truly Gothic cathedral.

Question: What is one cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?

Question: When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England begun?

Question: Who completed the transepts and nave on Wells Cathedral in about 1230?

Question: Which Cathedral is considered the first thoroughly Gothic cathedral?

Question: What is another cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?