sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.

Question: What does ICRISTAT stand for?

Question: What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made?

Question: The local communities have accepted equinut because it is similar to what native recipe?

Question: ICRISTAT had success in teaching women how to make what product of nutritional value?

Question: What ingredients are in both the traditional and nutritional version of this dish?
Passage: Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply. Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization. An estimated 1.9 percent of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 85–91 percent of Mali's girls and women have had female genital mutilation (2006 and 2001 data).

Question: What are the two main prevalent infectious diseases of Mali?

Question: what arthropod born disease has plagued the nation?

Question: According to the data from 2001 to 2006 what percent of female genitalia are mutilated?

Question: What Sexually transmitted disease afflicts roughly 1.9 percent of the population?

Question: Malians suffer from malnutrition and low rates of what type of medical need?
Passage: Malian musical traditions are derived from the griots, who are known as "Keepers of Memories". Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are kora virtuoso musician Toumani Diabaté, the late roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Touré, the Tuareg band Tinariwen, and several Afro-pop artists such as Salif Keita, the duo Amadou et Mariam, Oumou Sangare, and Habib Koité. Dance also plays a large role in Malian culture. Dance parties are common events among friends, and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events.

Question: What is the translation or meaning of a griot?

Question: Aside from music what other activity plays a significant role in culture?

Question: What type of garment or accessory is traditionally worn at some of the dances held?

Question: What is the name of the musician that was a part of the roots and was also a blues guitarist?

Question: What is a well known Afro-pop artist?
Passage: A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is often dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit or dividends. This is known as the distribution constraint. The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.

Question: What is the purpose of an NPO?

Question: What does an NPO do with it's surplus income?

Question: What is the constraint's upon an NPO's financial distributions called?

Question: What is the definition of a non-profit organization?

Question: What is an NPO also known as?

Question: What is the purpose of an NPO?

Question: What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?

Question: What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?
Passage: The nonprofit landscape is highly varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do comprise an often high profile or visible aspect of the sector, there are many other types of nonprofits. Overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving organizations include mutual societies, cooperatives, trade unions, credit unions, industry associations, sports clubs, retired serviceman's clubs and peak bodies – organizations that benefit a particular group of people i.e. the members of the organization. Typically, community-serving organizations are focused on providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally: organizations delivering human services programs or projects, aid and development programs, medical research, education and health services, and so on. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members (by directly supporting them) and the broader community (through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens).

Question: What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?

Question: Who does an NPO usually serve?

Question: What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?

Question: What are member serving NPOs really focused on?

Question: What are community serving NPOs focused on?
Passage: Although NPOs are permitted to generate surplus revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors. Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal). In some countries, where there is a token fee, in general it is used to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization.

Question: How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?

Question: Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?

Question: How do NPOs handle staffing?

Question: What are token fees used for?
Passage: Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to administer, hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support. Their mole is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they administer to.

Question: How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?

Question: What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?

Question: What is a major function of a foundation?
Passage: The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as "members"; examples of such organizations are Fairvote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as Wikimedia, have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned. Beware of board-only organizations- review the board members annual income before donating, such as the Clinton Foundation. Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO, and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing.

Question: What are the two top types of NPOs?

Question: How is a membership organization run?

Question: How is a board only organization run?

Question: What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?

Question: What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?
Passage: Canada allows nonprofits to be incorporated or unincorporated. Nonprofits may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s, meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations; particularly with regards to corporate governance. Federal, and in some provinces (such as Ontario), incorporation is by way of Letters Patent, and any change to the Letters Patent (even a simple name change) requires formal approval by the appropriate government, as do by-law changes. Other provinces (such as Alberta) permit incorporation as of right, by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association.

Question: How are NPOs classified in Canada?

Question: How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?

Question: How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?

Question: How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?

Question: How is incorporation handled in Ontario?
Passage: During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II - the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011 and the act was current till 4 March 2013. It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits; establishes them as legal persons; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits. Ontario also overhauled its legislation, adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010; pending the outcome of an anticipated election during October 2011,[dated info] the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013.

Question: When was the Canada Corporations Act, Part II repealed?

Question: What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs?

Question: When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act?

Question: When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect?

Question: When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended?
Passage: Canada also permits a variety of charities (including public and private foundations). Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon application by a nonprofit; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors, must spend a certain percentage of their assets (including cash, investments and fixed assets) and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status. In determining whether an organization can become a charity, CRA applies a common law test to its stated objects and activities. These must be:

Question: Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada?

Question: What are donors to receive from a NPO?

Question: How does an NPO keep their charitable status?

Question: How does the Canada Revenue Agency decide who can have a charitable status?

Question: What kinds of assets must the NPO spend in order to keep it's charitable status?
Passage: In South Africa, charities issue a tax certificate when requested by donors which can be used as a tax deduction by the donor. Non Profit Organisations are registered under Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs) but may voluntarily register with The Nonprofit Companies Directorate. Trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court. Section 21 Companies are registered under the Company's Act. All are classified as Voluntary Organisations and all must be registered with the South Africa Revenue Services "SARS".[citation needed]

Question: What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors?

Question: What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for?

Question: Where are South Africian NPOs registered?

Question: Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs?

Question: Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization?
Passage: A charity is a nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances. For example, a charity is generally not allowed to pay its Trustees. In England and Wales, charities may be registered with the Charity Commission. In Scotland, the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator serves the same function. Other organizations which are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere, such as trade unions, are subject to separate regulations, and are not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense.

Question: What is the definition of a charity?

Question: Where are charity organizations registered in England and Wales?

Question: Where would an NPO or charity organization register in Scotland?

Question: What is one of the contraints of an NPO with regards to assets?

Question: Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator?
Passage: After a nonprofit organization has been formed at the state level, the organization may seek recognition of tax exempt status with respect to U.S. federal income tax. That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organizations. The IRS, after reviewing the application to ensure the organization meets the conditions to be recognized as a tax exempt organization (such as the purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity), may issue an authorization letter to the nonprofit granting it tax exempt status for income tax payment, filing, and deductibility purposes. The exemption does not apply to other Federal taxes such as employment taxes. Additionally, a tax-exempt organization must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose. Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in an organization losing its tax exempt status.

Question: How does a US NPO apply for tax exempt status?

Question: What are some things the IRS looks at in a charity applying for tax exempt status?

Question: Does this tax exempt status apply to other taxes?

Question: What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws?

Question: Who has the final say on whether or not an NPO is granted tax exempt status?
Passage: Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes, and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal level. A tax exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny. An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.

Question: What form must an NPO make available to the public?

Question: Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?

Question: What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?

Question: What is one example of an NPO in the United States?

Question: What can states or cities offer to NPOs?
Passage: The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these "board-only" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks "members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?".

Question: Who is in control of the organization?

Question: Who does the board hire to help with running the organization?

Question: How is the board of directors most often chosen?

Question: How is a board of directors less commonly chosen?

Question: Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?
Passage: Capacity building is an ongoing problem experienced by NPOs for a number of reasons. Most rely on external funding (government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations) to maintain their operations and changes in these sources of revenue may influence the reliability or predictability with which the organization can hire and retain staff, sustain facilities, create programs, or maintain tax-exempt status. For example, a university that sells research to for-profit companies may have tax exemption problems. In addition, unreliable funding, long hours and low pay can result in employee retention problems. During 2009, the US government acknowledged this critical need by the inclusion of the Nonprofit Capacity Building Program in the Serve America Act. Further efforts to quantify the scope of the sector and propose policy solutions for community benefit were included in the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act, proposed during 2010.

Question: What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it's cause?

Question: What type of funding do charitable organizations typically rely on?

Question: What are some problems that affect employee retention and volunteers?

Question: What legislation did the US introduce to try and help the NPOs?

Question: When was the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act adopted?
Passage: In Australia, nonprofit organisations include trade unions, charitable entities, co-operatives, universities and hospitals, mutual societies, grass-root and support groups, political parties, religious groups, incorporated associations, not-for-profit companies, trusts and more. Furthermore, they operate across a multitude of domains and industries, from health, employment, disability and other human services to local sporting clubs, credit unions and research institutes. A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation: co-operative, company limited by guarantee, unincorporated association, incorporated association (by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985) or incorporated association or council (by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976). From an academic perspective, social enterprise is for the most part considered a sub-set of the nonprofit sector as typically they too are concerned with a purpose relating to a public good, however these are not bound to adhere to a nonprofit legal structure and many incorporate and operate as for-profit entities.

Question: What is the biggest concern of non-profits in Australia?

Question: When was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act adopted?

Question: When was the Associations Incorporation Act adopted?

Question: What does the Associations Incorporation Act cover?

Question: Who covers incorporated associations or councils?
Passage: Many nonprofit organizations find it difficult to create consistent messaging that resonates with their various stakeholders as marketing budgets are minimal or nonexistent. Marketing is in many cases a taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations. There are strategic ways in which nonprofits can leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public, but it is imperative to have an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy, particularly if the organization has plans to rebrand or expand their initiaives.

Question: What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?

Question: Why is marketing harder for NPOs?

Question: What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding?

Question: What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth?
Passage: Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commentators have also argued that receiving significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.

Question: How is resource mismanagement allowed to happen so easily?

Question: How can an NPO help to prevent financial problems?

Question: What can a large influx of money from a for-profit company do to an organization?

Question: What can constitute accounting fraud when nothing is recorded?

Question: What is a major hurdle of the financial aspect of an NPO?
Passage: Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that Nonprofit organizations will inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers, and NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority, which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPO's are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competetitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the wage and benefits package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away.

Question: What problems with employment do Non Profits face?

Question: What are positions that employees really want, but there are never enough of?

Question: How important do NPOs consider hiring?

Question: What is a primary interest to prospective NPO employees?

Question: How do employees that are no longer with NPOs feel about the time that they worked there?