sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Some Western writers claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam. Thus, commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones", George Sale stated: "It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage. For according to a tradition of Mohammed, every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out, Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them. And for this reason they say, neither of them were guilty of any sin, like the rest of the children of Adam."

Question: What religion is credited by some authors from the west for initiating the story of the conceiving of Mary ?

Question: According to the teaching of this other religion what occurred to Mary during the birth of her first child ?

Question: What does this other religion also state happens to everyone besides Mary and her First born child ?

Question: What does the event cause to happen to everyone but Mary and her first born child ?

Question: What do these authors use in the form of proof for credit given to the other religion ?
Passage: Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam, the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate, her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam. Moreover, Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan (Shayṭān) was said after it had already been born, not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have. The Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus. should therefore not be taken in isolation from the Quran, and is to be interpreted within the specific context of exonerating Mary and her child from the charges that were made against them and is not a general statement. The specific mention of Mary and Jesus in this hadith may also be taken to represent a class of people, in keeping with the Arabic language and the Quranic verse [O Satan] surely thou shalt have no power over My servants, except such of the erring ones as choose to follow thee (15:42)

Question: Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary's inception ?

Question: What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ?

Question: Does this view contradict the belief that Mary was also born to a virgin mother ?

Question: What view did the Qua-ran take on the sinful ways in which Mary could have been conceived ?

Question: What is the name of the prayer that is listed in the Qua-ran is used to enact a safeguard on kids from the the devil ?
Passage: Further claims were made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching. In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1788, Edward Gibbon wrote: "The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother." That he was speaking of her immaculate conception by her mother, not of her own virginal conception of Jesus, is shown by his footnote: "In the xiith century the immaculate conception was condemned by St. Bernard as a presumptuous novelty." In the aftermath of the definition of the dogma in 1854, this charge was repeated: "Strange as it may appear, that the doctrine which the church of Rome has promulgated, with so much pomp and ceremony, 'for the destruction of all heresies, and the confirmation of the faith of her adherents', should have its origin in the Mohametan Bible; yet the testimony of such authorities as Gibbon, and Sale, and Forster, and Gagnier, and Maracci, leave no doubt as to the marvellous fact."

Question: What did the writer of a 1788 multi-volumed text say concerning plagiarism and the Roman Catholic Church ?

Question: Who is the author of the texts entailed in the fifth part of the the collection about the Roman Catholic Church ?

Question: What was the group of volumes titled ?

Question: Where does the author state that the Roman Catholic Church received her facts and confirmations ?
Passage: The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te" (You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. Your clothing is white as snow, and your face is like the sun. You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. You are the glory of Jerusalem, you are the joy of Israel, you give honour to our people. You are all beautiful, Mary.) On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music, polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner, Pablo Casals, Maurice Duruflé, Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki, no:Ola Gjeilo, José Maurício Nunes Garcia, and Nikolaus Schapfl,

Question: What color garment is used in traditional chants to represent the purity of Mary's conception ?

Question: The rituals for the correct way to enjoy Mass is listed in what text ?

Question: What type of melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic changes have been made by composers but are based on the works that are monophonic and unaccompanied sacred song?

Question: What official writings give specific prayers for each hours of the day for Catholics ?
Passage: The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe, and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God. The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head, possibly a reference to "a woman clothed with the sun" from Revelation 12:1-2. Additional imagery may include clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.

Question: What became very popular symbol among the who believed Mary had a Virgin for a mother ?

Question: What does Mary stand upon in this symbol?

Question: What does Mary where atop her hair that twinkles in the symbol ?

Question: What else can be found in the symbol with Mary that may vary in different versions ?
Passage: Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP being spent on education. Curriculum development, educational research, and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) in Okahandja.

Question: What is the cost of primary and secondary education in Namibia?

Question: How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school?

Question: How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in secondary schools?

Question: What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999?

Question: What develops the curriculum as well as other educational resources in Namibia?
Passage: Namibia (i/nəˈmɪbiə/, /næˈ-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German: Republik Namibia (help·info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.

Question: What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia?

Question: Where in Africa is Namibia?

Question: When did Namibia gain independence from South Africa?

Question: What ocean borders Namibia?

Question: How far away is Namibia to the Zambezi River?
Passage: The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy. The port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands had been annexed by the Cape Colony under the British crown by 1878 and had become an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910.

Question: When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia?

Question: When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate?

Question: When did Namibia stop being a German colony?

Question: What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa?

Question: When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia?
Passage: Uprisings and demands by African leaders led the UN to assume direct responsibility over the territory. It recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the official representative of the Namibian people in 1973. Namibia, however, remained under South African administration during this time as South-West Africa. Following internal violence, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990, with the exception of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, which remained under South African control until 1994.

Question: What does SWAPO stand for?

Question: When was SWAPO designated as the representative of Namibian people?

Question: When Namibia was under South African administration, what was it called?

Question: Why did South Africa install an interim administration in Namibia?

Question: When did Namibia obtain full independence?
Passage: The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, Nama and, since about the 14th century AD, by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion from central Africa. From the late 18th century onwards, Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia. Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries accompanying the Orlams were well received by them, the right to use waterholes and grazing was granted against an annual payment. On their way further northwards, however, the Orlams encountered clans of the Herero tribe at Windhoek, Gobabis, and Okahandja which were less accommodating. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only when Imperial Germany deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo between Nama, Orlams, and Herero.

Question: Orlam clans crossed which river to migrate to Namibia?

Question: What area of Namibia did Orlam clans settle in?

Question: When did Orlam clans settle in Namibia?

Question: When did the Nama-Herero war begin?

Question: Who deployed troops to start the Nama-Herero war?
Passage: The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey.

Question: What nationality were the first navigators to explore Namibia come from?

Question: When did Bartolomeu Dias explore Namibia?

Question: When did Diogo Cao explore Namibia?

Question: Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where?

Question: Along with Swedish settlers, what other country's settlers inhabited in Namibia first?
Passage: From 1904 to 1907, the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against the Germans and in calculated punitive action by the German occupiers, the 'first genocide of the Twentieth Century' was committed. In the Herero and Namaqua genocide, 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Hereros (about 80% of the population) were systematically murdered. The survivors, when finally released from detention, were subjected to a policy of dispossession, deportation, forced labour, racial segregation and discrimination in a system that in many ways anticipated apartheid.

Question: Herero and what other group took action against German occupiers?

Question: When did two clans take up action against the German occupiers?

Question: What was the war against the German occupiers considered?

Question: How many Herero's were killed in the war against German occupiers?

Question: How many Nama's were killed in the war against German occupiers?
Passage: South Africa occupied the colony in 1915 after defeating the German force during World War I and administered it from 1919 onward as a League of Nations mandate territory. Although the South African government desired to incorporate 'South-West Africa' into its territory, it never officially did so, although it was administered as the de facto 'fifth province', with the white minority having representation in the whites-only Parliament of South Africa, as well as electing their own local administration the SWA Legislative Assembly. The South African government also appointed the SWA administrator, who had extensive powers. Following the League's replacement by the United Nations in 1946, South Africa refused to surrender its earlier mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship agreement, requiring closer international monitoring of the territory's administration (along with a definite independence schedule). The Herero Chief's Council submitted a number of petitions to the UN calling for it to grant Namibia independence during the 1950s. During the 1960s, when European powers granted independence to their colonies and trust territories in Africa, pressure mounted on South Africa to do so in Namibia. In 1966 the International Court of Justice dismissed a complaint brought by Ethiopia and Liberia against South Africa's continued presence in the territory, but the U.N. General Assembly subsequently revoked South Africa's mandate, while in 1971 the International Court of Justice issued an "advisory opinion" declaring South Africa's continued administration to be illegal.

Question: When did South Africa refuse to surrender Namibia?

Question: When did South Africa occupy Namibia?

Question: Which council submitted petitions for Namibia's independence?

Question: When was the League replaced by the United Nations?

Question: When did European powers grant independence to their colonies in Africa?
Passage: In response to the 1966 ruling by the International Court of Justice, South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) military wing, People's Liberation Army of Namibia, a guerrilla group began their armed struggle for independence, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its occupation of Namibia, in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. During the South African occupation of Namibia, white commercial farmers, most of whom came as settlers from South Africa and represented 0.2% of the national population, owned 74% of the arable land. Outside the central-southern area of Namibia (known as the "Police Zone" since the German era and which contained the main towns, industries, mines and best arable land), the country was divided into "homelands", the version of South African bantustan applied to Namibia, although only a few were actually established because indigenous Namibians often did not cooperate.

Question: Which guerrilla group fought for Namibia's independence?

Question: When did a guerrilla group fight for Namibia's independence?

Question: When did South Africa end occupation of Namibia?

Question: Why did South Africa end occupation in Namibia?

Question: What is the central-southern area of Namibia known as?
Passage: South West Africa became known as Namibia by the UN when the General Assembly changed the territory's name by Resolution 2372 (XXII) of 12 June 1968. In 1978 the UN Security Council passed UN Resolution 435 which planned a transition toward independence for Namibia. Attempts to persuade South Africa to agree to the plan's implementation were not successful until 1988 when the transition to independence finally started under a diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola and Cuba, with the USSR and the USA as observers, under which South Africa agreed to withdraw and demobilise its forces in Namibia. As a result, Cuba agreed to pull back its troops in southern Angola sent to support the MPLA in its war for control of Angola with UNITA.

Question: What was Namibia previously called?

Question: What date did Namibia get it's official name?

Question: What was the resolution that granted Namibia it's name?

Question: How long did it take for South Africa to agree to the implantation of Namibia's new name?

Question: The diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola, and Cuba was observed by the USSR and what other country?
Passage: A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG (United Nations Transition Assistance Group) under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process, elections and supervise military withdrawals. As UNTAG began to deploy peacekeepers, military observers, police, and political workers, hostilities were briefly renewed on the day the transition process was supposed to begin. After a new round of negotiations, a second date was set and the elections process began in earnest. After the return of SWAPO exiles (over 46,000 exiles), Namibia's first one-person one-vote elections for the constitutional assembly took place in November 1989. The official election slogan was "Free and Fair Elections". This was won by SWAPO although it did not gain the two-thirds majority it had hoped for; the South African-backed Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) became the official opposition. The elections were peaceful and declared free and fair.

Question: What does UNTAG stand for?

Question: Who was the diplomat for UNTAG?

Question: When was the diplomat for UNTAG deployed to supervise withdrawals from Namibia?

Question: What nationality was the diplomat in UNTAG?

Question: What was the official election slogan in the first Namibia election?
Passage: The Namibian Constitution adopted in February 1990 incorporated protection for human rights, compensation for state expropriations of private property, an independent judiciary and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990. Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first President of Namibia watched by Nelson Mandela (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state. Walvis Bay was ceded to Namibia in 1994 upon the end of Apartheid in South Africa.[citation needed]

Question: When was the Namibian Constitution adopted?

Question: Who was the first President of Namibia?

Question: When did the country of Namibia officially become a country?

Question: Who swore in the first President of Namibia?

Question: What was ceded to Namibia in 1994?
Passage: Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the Swapo Party has won every election since independence. The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly.

Question: What did Namibia transition to after white minority apartheid rule?

Question: What type of independence was introduced in Namibia after independence?

Question: What party has won every election in Namibia?

Question: Who succeeded Sam Nujoma?

Question: How long did president Same Nujoma rule?
Passage: The Kalahari Desert, an arid region shared with South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. One of these, known as the Succulent Karoo, is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them endemic; Approximately 10 percent of the world's succulents are found in the Karoo. The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.

Question: What Desert is shared between South Africa and Botswana?

Question: How many plants species are found in Succulent Karoo?

Question: How many plants are endemic to the Succulent Karoo?

Question: How many of the worlds succulents are found in Karoo?

Question: What is probably the reason there are so many unique plants in Karoo?
Passage: Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid (mean rain above 500 mm) through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid from 150 to 300 mm (these three regions are inland from the western escarpment) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean. Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, Warmbad for instance, are mid-40 °C maxima recorded.

Question: What is the climate range for Namibia?

Question: What is the overall climate description for Namibia?

Question: What is the mean rain above in Namibia?

Question: What is the semi-arid measurements in Namibia?

Question: What is the arid measurement in Namibia?
Passage: Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year. It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the Tropic of Capricorn cuts the country about in half. The winter (June – August) is generally dry, both rainy seasons occur in summer, the small rainy season between September and November, the big one between February and April. Humidity is low, and average rainfall varies from almost zero in the coastal desert to more than 600 mm in the Caprivi Strip. Rainfall is however highly variable, and droughts are common. The last[update] bad rainy season with rainfall far below the annual average occurred in summer 2006/07.

Question: What is the typical amount of sunshine days in Tropical high pressure belt?

Question: What feature cuts Namibia in half?

Question: What is the winter in Namibia like?

Question: When is the rainiest season in Namibia?

Question: What is humidity like in Namibia?