sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: As of 2009, dial up, wireless and satellite services were available. Dial up internet services in Somalia were among the fastest growing on the continent, with an annual landline growth rate of over 12.5%. The increase in usage was largely due to innovative policy initiatives adopted by the various Somali telecom operators, including free local in-town calls, a flat rate of $10 per month for unlimited calls, a low charge of $0.005 per minute for Internet connections, and a one-time connection fee of $50. Global Internet Company, a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom, Telcom Somalia and Nationlink, was the country's largest ISP. It was at the time the only provider of dial up services in Somalia's south-central regions. In the northern Puntland and Somaliland regions, online networks offered internet dial up services to their own group of subscribers. Among these firms was Golis Telecom Somalia in the northeast and Telesom in the northwest.

Question: As of what year were dial up, wireless , and satellite services available?

Question: What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009?

Question: What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009?

Question: What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009?

Question: Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?
Passage: Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, such as Mogadishu, Bosaso, Hargeisa, Galkayo and Kismayo. Pricing ranged from $150 to $300 a month for unlimited internet access, with bandwidth rates of 64 kbit/s up and down. The main patrons of these wireless services were scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions. Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services, among which were Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel.

Question: Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia?

Question: What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers?

Question: Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services?

Question: What is another name for Dalcom?
Passage: As of 2009, Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10% to 15% per year. It was particularly in demand in remote areas that did not have either dialup or wireless online services. The local telecommunications company Dalkom Somalia provided internet over satellite, as well as premium routes for media operators and content providers, and international voice gateway services for global carriers. It also offered inexpensive bandwidth through its internet backbone, whereas bandwidth ordinarily cost customers from $2,500 to $3,000 per month through the major international bandwidth providers. The main clients of these local satellite services were internet cafes, money transfer firms and other companies, as well as international community representatives. In total, there were over 300 local satellite terminals available aross the nation, which were linked to teleports in Europe and Asia. Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose. However, it increased in rural areas, as the main client base for the satellite services extended their operations into more remote locales.

Question: What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?

Question: Dalkom Somalia provided internet over what?

Question: Who were one of the main clients of the local satellite service providers?

Question: As broadband access rose, what happened to the demand for satellite services?
Passage: In December 2012, Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients. The first of its kind in the country, this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection.

Question: Hormuud Telecom launched what service in 2012?

Question: Who was the 3G service for?

Question: what type of connection was the first of its kind in Somalia?

Question: What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers?

Question: what does 3G stand for?
Passage: In November 2013, Somalia received its first fiber optic connection. The country previously had to rely on expensive satellite links due to the civil conflict, which limited internet usage. However, residents now have access to broadband internet cable for the first time after an agreement reached between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom. The deal will see Liquid Telecom link Hormuud to its 17,000 km (10,500 mile) network of terrestrial cables, which will deliver faster internet capacity. The fiber optic connection will also make online access more affordable to the average user. This in turn is expected to further increase the number of internet users. Dalkom Somalia reached a similar agreement with the West Indian Ocean Cable Company (WIOCC) Ltd, which it holds shares in. Effective the first quarter of 2014, the deal will establish fiber optic connectivity to and from Somalia via the EASSy cable. The new services are expected to reduce the cost of international bandwidth and to better optimize performance, thereby further broadening internet access. Dalkom Somalia is concurrently constructing a 1,000 square mile state-of-the-art data center in Mogadishu. The site will facilitate direct connection into the international fiber optic network by hosting equipment for all of the capital's ISPs and telecommunication companies.

Question: What year did Somalia receive its first fiber optic connection?

Question: in 2013, an agreement between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom provided residents access to what type of cable provider?

Question: How many miles long is Liquid Telecoms Network?

Question: How will the fiber optic connection impact the price for online access for the average user?

Question: Where is Dalcom Somalia currently building a 1000 square mile data center?
Passage: Catalan (/ˈkætəlæn/; autonym: català [kətəˈla] or [kataˈla]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon (La Franja) and Murcia (Carche), and in the historic French region of Roussillon/Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales.

Question: What place is Catalan named for?

Question: What type of language is Catalan?

Question: What is Catalan called in Valencia?

Question: Where is Catalan the only official language?
Passage: According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish, as a native or self-defining language. The Generalitat of Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories.

Question: What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?

Question: What is the most used language in Catalonia?

Question: What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?

Question: What group spends money to promote the language?

Question: What language is promoted in Catalonia?
Passage: Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939–75) banned the language again.

Question: From what language did Catalan come?

Question: In what area did Catalan develop?

Question: When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?

Question: When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?

Question: What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?
Passage: Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. There is no parallel in Europe of such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community.

Question: What happened in 1975-1982?

Question: What has this official language state done for Catalan?

Question: Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?

Question: Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?
Passage: Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in Valencia.

Question: What is the division of Catalan dialects?

Question: What is the basic difference between the dialects?

Question: What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?

Question: What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?

Question: What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?
Passage: Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages. However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance (such as Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (Occitan, French, Gallo-Italic languages, etc.). These similarities are most notable with Occitan.

Question: What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?

Question: Where is Catalonia located?

Question: What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?

Question: Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?

Question: What are these similar Latin derived languages called?
Passage: Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural). Pronouns are also inflected for case, animacy[citation needed] and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and gender. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.

Question: How many genders does Catalan have?

Question: What numbers does Catalan have?

Question: What style of grammar does Catalan have?

Question: What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages?
Passage: The word Catalan derives from the territory of Catalonia, itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that Catalunya (Latin Gathia Launia) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia ("Land of the Goths"), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the March of Gothia, whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived.

Question: What is Catalan the derivitive of?

Question: What is the Latin for Calalunya?

Question: Where did the Catalan people originate?

Question: What is the root word from which Catalonia comes?
Passage: In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /ˈkætəlæn/, /kætəˈlæn/ or /ˈkætələn/.

Question: When did the reference Catelaner first appear?

Question: What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?

Question: What language is the source of the term Catellain?

Question: What is the language source of the term Catelaner?

Question: Since what year has this term been used?
Passage: The endonym is pronounced /kə.təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.taˈɫa/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valencià (/va.len.siˈa/) is frequently used instead. The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below.

Question: Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?

Question: What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?

Question: What affect does different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?
Passage: By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988.

Question: What language did Catalan descend from?

Question: When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?

Question: Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?

Question: Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?

Question: When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?
Passage: In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries.

Question: When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?

Question: When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?

Question: To what language did Catalan display similarities?

Question: What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from?
Passage: During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.

Question: When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?

Question: When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?

Question: When Catalan reach Sardinia?

Question: Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?

Question: When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?
Passage: In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".

Question: When was the golden age of Catalan?

Question: Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?

Question: What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?

Question: Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?

Question: Who called Catalan one of the great languages?
Passage: Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan.

Question: Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?

Question: What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?

Question: To what does Matorell's work show a transition?

Question: What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance?

Question: In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?
Passage: With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual.

Question: When were Castille and Aragon united?

Question: After 1479, what language became more valued?

Question: When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?

Question: What language began to supersede Catalan?

Question: At this time what classes became bilingual?
Passage: With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.

Question: When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?

Question: What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?

Question: Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?

Question: What language began to influence Catalan?

Question: When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?
Passage: Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.

Question: When did France outlaw Catalan?

Question: What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?

Question: Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?

Question: What are French non standard languages called?
Passage: Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.

Question: When did the French obtain Algeria?

Question: Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?

Question: What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?

Question: How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911?

Question: When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?
Passage: Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.

Question: What is the official language of France?

Question: Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?

Question: Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?

Question: What language does the General Council want to promote?
Passage: The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.

Question: What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?

Question: Where did Catalan experience defeat?

Question: When was the war of Spanish Succession?

Question: What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?

Question: Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?
Passage: In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

Question: What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?

Question: What is Renaixenca?

Question: When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?

Question: When did this revival period begin?

Question: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?
Passage: Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.

Question: Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?

Question: Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?

Question: Since the transition, what is the official language?

Question: Besides as an official and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?
Passage: In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

Question: Where has Catalan always been the only language?

Question: When was the Andorran constitution produced?

Question: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?

Question: What is an Andorran school policy?

Question: What is the only language of Andorra?
Passage: On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

Question: What kind of shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?

Question: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?

Question: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?

Question: What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?

Question: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?
Passage: In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

Question: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?

Question: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?

Question: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?

Question: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?

Question: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?