sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case. While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore, by the individualized nature of the organism, kill their prey, many only eat a small part of the plant. Grazing livestock may pull some grass out at the roots, but most is simply grazed upon, allowing the plant to regrow once again. Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests, but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure. Animals may also be 'grazed' upon; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring. Starfish may be grazed on, being capable of regenerating lost arms.

Question: Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be

Question: Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?

Question: Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species

Question: Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction?

Question: What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?

Question: What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?

Question: Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?

Question: How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?
Passage: Parasites can at times be difficult to distinguish from grazers. Their feeding behavior is similar in many ways, however they are noted for their close association with their host species. While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime. This close living arrangement may be described by the term symbiosis, "living together", but unlike mutualism the association significantly reduces the fitness of the host. Parasitic organisms range from the macroscopic mistletoe, a parasitic plant, to microscopic internal parasites such as cholera. Some species however have more loose associations with their hosts. Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae may feed parasitically on only a single plant, or they may graze on several nearby plants. It is therefore wise to treat this classification system as a continuum rather than four isolated forms.

Question: Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?

Question: Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship.

Question: Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day.

Question: What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic?

Question: How are parasites distiguished from grazers?

Question: How many hosts do parasites typically have?

Question: How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?

Question: What does the term symbiosis mean?
Passage: Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike parasites, they are very similar to true predators in that the fate of their prey is quite inevitably death. A well-known example of a parasitoids are the ichneumon wasps, solitary insects living a free life as an adult, then laying eggs on or in another species such as a caterpillar. Its larva(e) feed on the growing host causing it little harm at first, but soon devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system resulting in prey death. By this stage the young wasp(s) are developed sufficiently to move to the next stage in their life cycle. Though limited mainly to the insect order Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera parasitoids make up as much as 10% of all insect species.

Question: This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring.

Question: It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population?

Question: During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host?

Question: What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host?

Question: How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids?

Question: Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid?

Question: How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey?
Passage: Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Some predators specialize in certain classes of prey, not just single species. Some will switch to other prey (with varying degrees of success) when the preferred target is extremely scarce, and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible.[citation needed]

Question: Species that aren't considered specialized are called what?

Question: Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?

Question: When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?

Question: What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand?

Question: What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?

Question: What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?

Question: What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?

Question: If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?
Passage: Predators are often another organism's prey, and likewise prey are often predators. Though blue jays prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for cats and snakes, and snakes may be the prey of hawks. One way of classifying predators is by trophic level. Organisms that feed on autotrophs, the producers of the trophic pyramid, are known as herbivores or primary consumers; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers. Secondary consumers are a type of carnivore, but there are also tertiary consumers eating these carnivores, quartary consumers eating them, and so forth. Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level, this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere, and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels, and may go only as high as three trophic levels (for example, a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest, which in turn eat grasses). A predator at the top of any food chain (that is, one that is preyed upon by no organism) is called an apex predator; examples include the orca, sperm whale, anaconda, Komodo dragon, tiger, lion, tiger shark, Nile crocodile, and most eagles and owls—and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears. An apex predator in one environment may not retain this position as a top predator if introduced to another habitat, such as a dog among alligators, a skunk in the presence of the great horned owl immune to skunk spray, or a snapping turtle among jaguars; a predatory species introduced into an area where it faces no predators, such as a domestic cat or a dog in some insular environments, can become an apex predator by default.

Question: What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?

Question: What is the top predator in an environment called?

Question: When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes.

Question: What limits the size of a trophic pyramid?

Question: Which organisms are known as primary consumers?

Question: What makes an organism a secondary consumer?

Question: What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?

Question: How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?

Question: In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?
Passage: Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain and, thus, make this classification problematic. A carnivore may eat both secondary and tertiary consumers, and its prey may itself be difficult to classify for similar reasons. Organisms showing both carnivory and herbivory are known as omnivores. Even herbivores such as the giant panda may supplement their diet with meat. Scavenging of carrion provides a significant part of the diet of some of the most fearsome predators. Carnivorous plants would be very difficult to fit into this classification, producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap. Organisms that eat detritivores or parasites would also be difficult to classify by such a scheme.

Question: Dead animals that died as a result of natural causes or non-fatal injuries are called?

Question: Why are species can be difficult to classify because they?

Question: What are plants that eat both living species and consume sunlight for energy called?

Question: What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory?

Question: What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid?

Question: Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid?

Question: Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid?
Passage: An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition: the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body (or 'survival machine') of the prey organism. This is best understood in the context of the gene centered view of evolution. Another manner in which predation and competition are connected is throughout intraguild predation. Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level, and thus that are potential competitors.

Question: Intraguild species consumer other species within?

Question: Who proposes the concept of the "survival machine?"

Question: The argument of the "survival machines" proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes?

Question: Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?

Question: Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator?

Question: To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the "survival machine"?

Question: What are intraguild predators?

Question: Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition?

Question: What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition?
Passage: Predators may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant. Such predators are known as keystone species and may have a profound influence on the balance of organisms in a particular ecosystem. Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density, can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem. For example, grazers of a grassland may prevent a single dominant species from taking over.

Question: What is the title of a predator that maintains balance with an ecosystem?

Question: What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem?

Question: When a keystone species is lost another species might become?

Question: What is increased by keeping a single species from being dominant in an ecosystem?

Question: Predators that prevent others from becoming dominant are called what?

Question: What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem's equilibrium?
Passage: The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid. Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species, affecting the area's plant populations. In addition, wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon. The removal of wolves had a direct effect on beaver populations, as their habitat became territory for grazing. Furthermore, predation keeps hydrological features such as creeks and streams in normal working order. Increased browsing on willows and conifers along Blacktail Creek due to a lack of predation caused channel incision because they helped slow the water down and hold the soil in place.

Question: What animal's food sources were greatly affected with the loss of wolves in Yellowstone National Park?

Question: Broader ecological impacts can occur when an apex predator is removed, in the case of Yellowstone, this includes alteration to the?

Question: Loose soil from lack of trees along the river bed resulted in?

Question: The removal of what animal from Yellowstonw National Park affected beaver populations?

Question: How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone affect beaver habitats?

Question: Why were plant populations affected after wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone?

Question: How did wolves in Yellowstone help beavers eat well?
Passage: The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption. The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species. Sometimes, however, predation has indirect benefits to the prey species, though the individuals preyed upon themselves do not benefit. This means that, at each applicable stage, predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten. This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups.

Question: At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction?

Question: What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?

Question: How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction?

Question: Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction?

Question: How many stages can predation be divided into?

Question: What are the four stages of predation?

Question: What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?

Question: In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?
Passage: One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage, a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background. Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment (e.g., the praying mantis to the right resembling dead leaves) or other organisms (e.g., zebras' stripes blend in with each other in a herd, making it difficult for lions to focus on a single target). The more convincing camouflage is, the more likely it is that the organism will go unseen.

Question: Which adaptation helps both predators and prey?

Question: What term is used for an adaptation that enables species to blend into the background?

Question: Camoflauge consists of what else, in addition to color?

Question: Ogranisms use camoflauge to blend with their habitat and what else?
Passage: Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species. One such example is the drone fly, which looks a lot like a bee, yet is completely harmless as it cannot sting at all. Another example of batesian mimicry is the io moth, (Automeris io), which has markings on its wings that resemble an owl's eyes. When an insectivorous predator disturbs the moth, it reveals its hind wings, temporarily startling the predator and giving it time to escape. Predators may also use mimicry to lure their prey, however. Female fireflies of the genus Photuris, for example, copy the light signals of other species, thereby attracting male fireflies, which are then captured and eaten (see aggressive mimicry).

Question: What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called?

Question: Which organism looks like a bee but cannot sting?

Question: A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?

Question: What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?

Question: How can predators use mimicry?
Passage: While successful predation results in a gain of energy, hunting invariably involves energetic costs as well. When hunger is not an issue, in general most predators will not seek to attack prey since the costs outweigh the benefits. For instance, a large predatory fish like a shark that is well fed in an aquarium will typically ignore the smaller fish swimming around it (while the prey fish take advantage of the fact that the apex predator is apparently uninterested). Surplus killing represents a deviation from this type of behaviour. The treatment of consumption in terms of cost-benefit analysis is known as optimal foraging theory, and has been quite successful in the study of animal behavior. In general, costs and benefits are considered in energy gain per unit time, though other factors are also important, such as essential nutrients that have no caloric value but are necessary for survival and health.

Question: What makes predation successful?

Question: Treating the hunt as a cost-benefit scenario is referred to a what?

Question: In optimal foraging theory, how are costs and benefits measured?
Passage: Social predation offers the possibility of predators to kill creatures larger than those that members of the species could overpower singly. Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas can kill large herbivores that single animals of the same species usually don't dispatch. Social predation allows some animals to organize hunts of creatures that would easily escape a single predator; thus chimpanzees can prey upon colobus monkeys, and Harris's hawks can cut off all possible escapes for a doomed rabbit. Extreme specialization of roles is evident in some hunting that requires co-operation between predators of very different species: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants. Social predation is often very complex behavior, and not all social creatures (for example, domestic cats) perform it. Even without complex intelligence but instinct alone, some ant species can destroy much larger creatures.

Question: What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys?

Question: What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species?

Question: What is a species that does not perform social predation?

Question: What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?
Passage: It has been observed that well-fed predator animals in a lax captivity (for instance, pet or farm animals) will usually differentiate between putative prey animals who are familiar co-inhabitants in the same human area from wild ones outside the area. This interaction can range from peaceful coexistence to close companionship; motivation to ignore the predatory instinct may result from mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters who have made clear that harming co-inhabitants will not be tolerated. Pet cats and pet mice, for example, may live together in the same human residence without incident as companions. Pet cats and pet dogs under human mastership often depend on each other for warmth, companionship, and even protection, particularly in rural areas.

Question: Well-fed animals in captivity can become friends with prey animals due to what motivation?

Question: Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity?

Question: Captive animals can distinguish co-inhabitats from what other group?
Passage: Predatory animals often use their usual methods of attacking prey to inflict or to threaten grievous injury to their own predators. The electric eel uses the same electric current to kill prey and to defend itself against animals (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats) that ordinarily prey upon fish similar to an electric eel in size; the electric eel thus remains an apex predator in a predator-rich environment. A predator small enough to be prey for others, the domestic cat uses its formidable teeth and claws as weapons against animals that might confuse a cat with easier prey. Many non-predatory prey animals, such as a zebra, can give a strong kick that can maim or kill, while others charge with tusks or horns.

Question: What are some predators of the electric eel?

Question: What defense does a zebra have against predators?

Question: What defenses does a domestic cat have against predators?

Question: The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose?
Passage: Mobbing can be an interspecies activity: it is common for birds to respond to mobbing calls of a different species. Many birds will show up at the sight of mobbing and watch and call, but not participate. It should also be noted that some species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack. Crows are frequently mobbed by smaller songbirds as they prey on eggs and young from these birds' nests, but these same crows will cooperate with smaller birds to drive away hawks or larger mammalian predators. On occasion, birds will mob animals that pose no threat.

Question: Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack, or can it play roles on both sides?

Question: Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks?

Question: Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat?

Question: Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators?
Passage: Aposematism, where organisms are brightly colored as a warning to predators, is the antithesis of camouflage. Some organisms pose a threat to their predators—for example they may be poisonous, or able to harm them physically. Aposematic coloring involves bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns. For example, bright coloration in Variable Checkerspot butterflies leads to decreased predation attempts by avian predators. Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid. While that particular prey organism may be killed, the coloring benefits the prey species as a whole.

Question: What scientific term is used to describe organisms that are brightly colored as a warning to predators?

Question: Does aposematism benefit only the organism ddirectly, or the entire population as a whole?

Question: How does aposematism help a species population?

Question: What visual cues are characteristic of aposematism?
Passage: It is fairly clear that predators tend to lower the survival and fecundity of their prey, but on a higher level of organization, populations of predator and prey species also interact. It is obvious that predators depend on prey for survival, and this is reflected in predator populations being affected by changes in prey populations. It is not so obvious, however, that predators affect prey populations. Eating a prey organism may simply make room for another if the prey population is approaching its carrying capacity.

Question: What do predators depend on for survival?

Question: Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what?

Question: Predators lower what aspects of their prey?