sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: People of all ages and social statuses were depicted in the art of the Hellenistic age. Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. According to Pliny, "He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures" (Natural History, Book XXXV.112). Even barbarians, such as the Galatians, were depicted in heroic form, prefiguring the artistic theme of the noble savage. The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme, and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander's youthful look. A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to the Hellenistic period, including Laocoön and his Sons, Venus de Milo, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

Question: Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects?

Question: Which barbarians were depicted in heroic form?

Question: All of the diadochi painted themselves to look like what leader?

Question: Venus de Milo belongs to which period?
Passage: Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting. Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones, such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the temple of Artemis at Sardis, and the temple of Apollo at Didyma (rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BCE). The royal palace (basileion) also came into its own during the Hellenistic period, the first extant example being the massive fourth-century villa of Cassander at Vergina.

Question: Which Greek painter experimented in chiaroscuro?

Question: Were Greek temples built in the Hellenistic period larger or smaller than classical temples?

Question: Who rebuilt the Apollo at Didyma in 300 BCE?

Question: What is a Greek royal palace called?

Question: What is the first example of Hellenistic period royal palace?
Passage: There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following of the Golden Age of Classical Athens. Pliny the Elder, after having described the sculpture of the classical period says: Cessavit deinde ars ("then art disappeared"). The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied, to the art of this complex and individual period. The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of Vergina, allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness.

Question: Who said "then art dissapeared"?

Question: The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art?

Question: Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style period?

Question: What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from?
Passage: The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living. Many 19th century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece. Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless, it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again. This may be inextricably linked with the nature of government. It has been noted by Herodotus that after the establishment of the Athenian democracy:

Question: What century of scholars considered the Hellenistic period a decline in culture from classic Greece?

Question: How did 19th century scholars view the Hellenistic period?

Question: The viewpoint that the Hellenistic period represented a decline in culture was proven to be meaningless and what?
Passage: However, William Woodthorpe Tarn, between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations, focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule. Michael Rostovtzeff, who fled the Russian Revolution, concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule. Arnaldo Momigliano, an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s, while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period, focusing mainly on class relations. Recently, however, papyrologist C. Préaux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system, interactions between kings and cities and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period. Peter Green, on the other hand, writes from the point of view of late 20th century liberalism, his focus being on individualism, the breakdown of convention, experiments and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes.

Question: Who focused on the issue of racial and cultural confrontation?

Question: Which organization did Michael Rostovtzeff flee from?

Question: Who studied the problem mutual understanding between races in conquered areas?

Question: Frank William Walbank mainly focused on which relations in his depictions of Hellinistic culture?

Question: Whish Hellinistic historian focused primarely on the economic system?
Passage: Napoléon Bonaparte (/nəˈpoʊliən, -ˈpoʊljən/; French: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt], born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Often considered one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He also remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in Western history. In civil affairs, Napoleon had a major long-term impact by bringing liberal reforms to the territories that he conquered, especially the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe.[note 1] His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has been adopted in various forms by a quarter of the world's legal systems, from Japan to Quebec.

Question: Napoleon spent ten years as emperor of what people?

Question: When did Napoleon's empire collapse?

Question: Where are Napoleon's campaigns still studied today?

Question: What did Napoleon bring civilly to his territories?

Question: What is Napoleon's legal achievement, still reaching a quarter of the world's legal systems?

Question: When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?

Question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?

Question: What was Napoleon Bonaparte's nationality?

Question: During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?

Question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte's empire finally collapse?

Question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?

Question: During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?
Passage: Napoleon was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of noble Tuscan ancestry. Napoleon supported the French Revolution from the outset in 1789 while serving in the French army, and he tried to spread its ideals to Corsica but was banished from the island in 1793. Two years later, he saved the French government from collapse by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons. The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26, when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe. He followed the defeat of the Allies in Europe by commanding a military expedition to Egypt in 1798, invading and occupying the Ottoman province after defeating the Mamelukes and launching modern Egyptology through the discoveries made by his army.

Question: Of what ancestry was Napoleon?

Question: How did Napoleon save the French government in 1795?

Question: How old was Napoleon when he was given command of the Army of Italy?

Question: Where did Napoleon lead his troops in 1798?

Question: Against whom was Napoleon's first military campaign waged?

Question: Where was Napoleon born?

Question: When was Napoleon banished from Corsica?

Question: At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy?

Question: Who did Napoleon fight his first military campaign against?

Question: When did Napoleon command his military expedition to Egypt?
Passage: After returning from Egypt, Napoleon engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. Another victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo in 1800 secured his political power. With the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church while keeping the lands seized by the Revolution. The state continued to nominate the bishops and to control church finances. He extended his political control over France until the Senate declared him Emperor of the French in 1804, launching the French Empire. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the elimination of the Holy Roman Empire. In October 1805, however, a Franco-Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Trafalgar, allowing Britain to impose a naval blockade of the French coasts. In retaliation, Napoleon established the Continental System in 1806 to cut off continental trade with Britain. The Fourth Coalition took up arms against him the same year because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon knocked out Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then turned his attention towards the Russians and annihilated them in June 1807 at Friedland, which forced the Russians to accept the Treaties of Tilsit.

Question: When did Napoleon engineer a coup?

Question: What victory in 1800 secured Napoleon's political power?

Question: What document restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church?

Question: When was Napoleon named Emperor of the French?

Question: What did Napoleon eliminate in October 1805?

Question: Napoleon's political power was secured by his victory at which 1800 battle?

Question: At the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of what entity?

Question: When did the French Senate declare Napoleon Emperor?

Question: Napoleon's victory at which battle led to the end of the Holy Roman Empire?

Question: The results of which battle allowed the British to blockade French coasts?
Passage: Hoping to extend the Continental System, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, noted for its brutal guerrilla warfare, and culminated in an Allied victory. Fighting also erupted in Central Europe, as the Austrians launched another attack against the French in 1809. Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of Wagram, dissolving the Fifth Coalition formed against France. By 1811, Napoleon ruled over 70 million people across an empire that had domination in Europe, which had not witnessed this level of political consolidation since the days of the Roman Empire. He maintained his strategic status through a series of alliances and family appointments. He created a new aristocracy in France while allowing the return of nobles who had been forced into exile by the Revolution.

Question: What country did Napoleon invade to extend the Continental System?

Question: How long did the Peninsular War last?

Question: With what victory did Napoleon dissolve the Fifth Coalition against France?

Question: How many people did Napoleon rule by 1811?

Question: When, before Napoleon, had Europe last seen the same level of political consolidation?

Question: What region did Napoleon invade in an effort to extend the Continental System?

Question: Who did Napoleon declare King of Spain in 1808?

Question: How long did the Peninsular War last?

Question: Napoleon's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition?

Question: By 1811, what was the population of Napoleon's Empire?
Passage: Tensions over rising Polish nationalism and the economic effects of the Continental System led to renewed confrontation with Russia. To enforce his blockade, Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic collapse of the Grand Army, forcing the French to retreat, as well as leading to the widespread destruction of Russian lands and cities. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France. A chaotic military campaign in Central Europe eventually culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October. The next year, the Allies invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba. The Bourbons were restored to power and the French lost most of the territories that they had conquered since the Revolution. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of the government once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which ultimately defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The Royal Navy then thwarted his planned escape to the United States in July, so he surrendered to the British after running out of other options. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. His death in 1821 at the age of 51 was received with shock and grief throughout Europe. In 1840, a million people witnessed his remains returning to Paris, where they still reside at Les Invalides.

Question: What nation did Napoleon invade in 1812 to enforce his blockade?

Question: The 1812 invasion of Russia resulted in the collapse of which military unit?

Question: In what year was the Sixth Coalition formed?

Question: In addition to Russia, the Sixth Coalition consisted of forces from which two nations?

Question: In what year did the Allies capture Paris and force Napoleon's abdication?
Passage: Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 2]

Question: Who was Napoleon's father?

Question: Who was Napoleon's mother?

Question: On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?

Question: What was the name of Napoleon's family home?

Question: Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?
Passage: Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time. In January 1779, he was enrolled at a religious school in Autun. In May, he was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Château. His first language was Corsican, and he always spoke French with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell French properly. He was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography... This boy would make an excellent sailor."[note 3]

Question: When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun?

Question: Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located?

Question: What was Napoleon's first language?

Question: Why did other students often tease Napoleon?

Question: According to a school examiner, Napoleon was best at which academic subject?
Passage: Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.[note 4] He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, and took nearly two years' leave in Corsica and Paris during this period. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist, and wrote to Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789, "As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me."

Question: When did Napoleon graduate?

Question: What commission did Napoleon receive upon his graduation?

Question: What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation?

Question: What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments?

Question: When did the Revolution begin?
Passage: Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, but Napoleon's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs. According to Bourrienne, jealousy was responsible, between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy (with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time). Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defense in a letter to the commissar Salicetti, and he was subsequently acquitted of any wrongdoing.

Question: Where was Napoleon put under house arrest?

Question: What historical event brought about the fall of the Robespierres?

Question: When did the Thermidorian Reaction take place?

Question: At the time of his house arrest, Napoleon was serving with what military entity?

Question: After his house arrest, who was the commissar that Napoleon sent a letter to protesting innocence?
Passage: By 1795, Bonaparte had become engaged to Désirée Clary, daughter of François Clary. Désirée's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vendée—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée, a region in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general—for which the army already had a full quota—and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting.

Question: Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795?

Question: In April 1795, what military organization was Napoleon assigned to?

Question: At the time of Napoleon's assignment, what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in?

Question: Which older brother of Napoleon's did Désirée Clary's sister Julie marry?

Question: What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command?
Passage: He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eugénie, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with Désirée. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vendée campaign. He faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects.

Question: After his move to the Committee of Public Safety, where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to?

Question: Inspired by his own relationship, what romantic tale did Napoleon author?

Question: On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vendée?

Question: In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve?

Question: Napoleon's novella "Clisson et Eugénie" was based on his relationship with whom?
Passage: Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He immediately went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the forces of Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of rapid victories during the Montenotte Campaign, he knocked Piedmont out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua. The Austrians launched a series of offensives against the French to break the siege, but Napoleon defeated every relief effort, scoring notable victories at the battles of Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, and Rivoli. The decisive French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli, the Austrians lost up to 14,000 men while the French lost about 5,000.

Question: After his marriage, Napoleon left Paris to lead what army?

Question: In which series of battles did Napoleon eliminate the forces of Piedmont from the war?

Question: When did the French victory at Rivoli occur?

Question: Up to how many Austrian soldiers died at Rivoli?

Question: Around how many casualties did the French suffer at Rivoli?
Passage: The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first notable encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, about 100 km from Vienna, and finally decided to sue for peace. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence. He also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark.

Question: In what year were the French defeated in Southern Germany by the Archduke Charles?

Question: After Napoleon's attack, the Archduke pulled back his forces to defend which city?

Question: What was the first noteworthy confrontation between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles?

Question: When did the Battle of Tarvis take place?

Question: Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna?