sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.

Question: Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?

Question: What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?

Question: What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?

Question: What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?

Question: Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?

Question: What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?

Question: Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?
Passage: A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:

Question: What is the general materialistic view of an object?

Question: How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?

Question: What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?

Question: What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?

Question: What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?

Question: What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?

Question: What does Materialism see each object as?

Question: How is each object related to other things?
Passage: In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.

Question: How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists?

Question: How does he describe what makes something real?

Question: In Whitehead's thinking, what could be said about something that has no effect on any other person or object?

Question: What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of defining an entity?

Question: Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what?

Question: If an object made no difference to any other entity, what could be said about it?

Question: If relations are not secondary to what a thing is, what is it?

Question: What makes up the sum of relations to an entity?

Question: A real object forces the universe to do what?
Passage: Isabelle Stengers wrote that "Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education." Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as "Nature, Man and God"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles.

Question: In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?

Question: Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?

Question: What was the basis for "Nature, Man and God"?

Question: According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?

Question: What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?
Passage: Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr.

Question: Where were the first followers mainly found?

Question: Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?

Question: Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?

Question: What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?
Passage: But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's "constructive post-modern" philosophy in order to create an "ecological civilization." To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts.

Question: Where is interest in Whitehead's work growing the fastest today?

Question: What challenges are China using Whitehead's ideas to help manage?

Question: What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's "constructive post-modern" philosophy?

Question: What philosphers' writings are becoming required reading for graduate students in China?

Question: Why does John Cobb believe China has become interested in process philosophy?
Passage: Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as passé, or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose.

Question: what is an example of Whitehead's ideas being counter-intuitive?

Question: Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have restricted his influence?

Question: What is a common opinion of metaphysics?

Question: What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools?
Passage: One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism.

Question: What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?

Question: What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to "Process and Reality"?

Question: Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently?

Question: What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit?

Question: What important neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?
Passage: In physics, Whitehead's thought has had some influence. He articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity, see Whitehead's theory of gravitation. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka, who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, proposes that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves. They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.

Question: How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?

Question: What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?

Question: What affect did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?

Question: What are gravitational waves?

Question: How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?
Passage: This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."

Question: What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?

Question: What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?

Question: On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly?

Question: What other economics book did Cobb go on to author?

Question: What was the goal of Cobb's second book on economics?
Passage: Another model is the FEELS model developed by Xie Bangxiu and deployed successfully in China. "FEELS" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to "help a person become whole." This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China.

Question: Who established the FEELS model in China?

Question: What does "FEELS" stand for?

Question: What is the purpose of the FEELS model?

Question: What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model?
Passage: Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an “organization studies” discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls "applied process thought" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening." Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research (2008), and Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics.

Question: What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?

Question: What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?

Question: In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?

Question: What business fields has Whitehead influenced?

Question: According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?
Passage: Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy.

Question: During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?

Question: After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?

Question: As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?

Question: What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?

Question: What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?

Question: What did Whitehead first study?

Question: What was Whitehead's second area of study?

Question: What was Whitehead's final area of study?

Question: What type of system did he develop?

Question: What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?
Passage: Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.

Question: Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?

Question: In what year was Whitehead born?

Question: Who founded Chatham House Academy?

Question: What was Whitehead's father's profession?

Question: Who was Whitehead's mother?

Question: Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?

Question: What year was Whitehead born?

Question: What was Whitehead's father's profession?

Question: What was Whitehead's mother's name?

Question: What was Whitehead's wife's name?
Passage: In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.

Question: In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?

Question: What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?

Question: What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?

Question: In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?

Question: What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?

Question: When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?

Question: What was he elected at the University of London?

Question: Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?

Question: When did Whitehead go to America?
Passage: The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."

Question: Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?

Question: Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?

Question: What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead?

Question: How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead?

Question: Who wrote the biography of Whitehead?

Question: What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?

Question: What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?
Passage: In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.

Question: What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?

Question: With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?

Question: Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?

Question: What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?

Question: What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?

Question: What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?

Question: How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?

Question: Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?

Question: Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?

Question: When did Whitehead write his first book?
Passage: At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."

Question: What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?

Question: How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review?

Question: What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"?

Question: Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?

Question: What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed?

Question: Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?
Passage: Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.

Question: How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?

Question: How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica?

Question: Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica?

Question: Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?

Question: How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?

Question: How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?

Question: How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?

Question: How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?

Question: How many pages was Principia Mathematica?

Question: Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?