sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.

Question: What year did Gladstone resign?

Question: Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?

Question: Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?

Question: Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?

Question: How long did Lord Salisburys government last?

Question: What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?

Question: Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months?

Question: What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure?

Question: Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?

Question: Why did Gladstone resign in 1885?

Question: When did Gladstone resign?

Question: Why did Gladstone resign?

Question: How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?

Question: Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?

Question: Who replaced Gladstone?
Passage: According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.

Question: How many words a day did Victoria write?

Question: What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal?

Question: How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?

Question: Who was Victorias youngest daughter?

Question: What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?

Question: How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime?

Question: What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them?

Question: Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death?

Question: Who transcribed Queen Victoria's journals from 1832 to 1861?

Question: What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals?

Question: How avid of a writer was the Queen?

Question: How many volumes did her journal span?

Question: What did Beatrice do with her mother's journals?

Question: Who was Victoria's literary executer?

Question: What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother's diaries?
Passage: Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be in amity, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity.

Question: What concept determines relationships between Grand Lodges?

Question: What must two lodges be in, in order to inter-visit?

Question: What, besides Recognition, must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity?

Question: What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another?

Question: What are the members of a Grand Lodge called?

Question: Gran Lodges are in what when they are in Masonic Communication with each other?

Question: What concept is used to determine relations between Grand Lodges?

Question: What does each Grand Lodge maintain?

Question: What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are not in amity?

Question: What are the two most common reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold recognition from another?
Passage: Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.

Question: When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?

Question: How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?

Question: What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?

Question: What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?

Question: When was the Regius Poem written?

Question: When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?

Question: What are the old Masonic document referred as?

Question: The Old Charges are dated from when to when?

Question: The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?

Question: The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?
Passage: A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today.

Question: Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?

Question: What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?

Question: Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?

Question: What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?

Question: How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?

Question: What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?

Question: What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?

Question: What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?

Question: Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?
Passage: At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era, during the 1720s, James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States, but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry.

Question: When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?

Question: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?

Question: Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?

Question: What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?

Question: When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?

Question: When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?

Question: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?

Question: Who is excluded from Freemasonry?

Question: What were lodges called that included women?

Question: Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?
Passage: In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.

Question: What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?

Question: What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?

Question: Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?

Question: Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?

Question: What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?

Question: What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?

Question: What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational?

Question: Who was controversial among Freemasons?

Question: Who has spoke for all Freemasons?

Question: Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?
Passage: In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the French Revolution, the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation. The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament.

Question: What put English Freemasonry at risk?

Question: What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?

Question: When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?

Question: What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?

Question: Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?

Question: English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?

Question: Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?

Question: What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?

Question: Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?

Question: What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?
Passage: In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism. For example, In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations". Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes: "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order".

Question: What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with?

Question: What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony?

Question: Who wrote that it was not suprising that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?

Question: According to Professor Andrew Prescott, how long has antisemitism gone together with anti-masonry?

Question: In some countries, anti-Masonry is related to what?

Question: Who change the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1980?

Question: Who suggested the September 11 attacks on the United States were inspired by a masonic world order?
Passage: The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason. In all of these ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs and grips peculiar to his new rank. Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, with its own secrets to distinguish its members. In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.

Question: What do most masonic rituals consist of?

Question: What is the first degree of Masonry?

Question: What is the second degree of Masonry?

Question: What is the final degree of Masonry?

Question: What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry?

Question: The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what?

Question: What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice?

Question: What is the first of degree ceremonies?

Question: What is the final degree in the Freemasons?

Question: What annual ceremony do Freemasons have?
Passage: English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites, and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the Duke of Orléans, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the French Revolution, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century.

Question: When did English Freemasonry arrive in France?

Question: Who were the first English Freemasons in France?

Question: When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Europe?

Question: Who formed the Grand Loge de France?

Question: Who was the successor to the Duke of Clermont?

Question: When did English Freemasonry spread to France?

Question: When did Freemasonry spread to most of the Continental Europe?

Question: The Grand Loge de France formed under who?

Question: Who was the successor to the Grand Mastership of The Duke of Clermont?

Question: When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France reconstituted?
Passage: The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. For the Continental lodges, however, having a different approach to Freemasonry was not a reason for severing masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation, Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg (CLIPSAS) was set up, which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide. Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories, including mixed and women's organisations. The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions, and expects its allies to follow suit. This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry.

Question: Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg set up?

Question: When was CLIPSAS set up?

Question: What are two major sections of Freemasonry?

Question: What is the Continental Strand consideres to be by most of Freemasonry?

Question: What strand is considered to be irregular by the majority of Freemasons?

Question: The CLIPSAS Organization was formed in what year?

Question: How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are listed in the CLIPSAS list?

Question: Does the United Grand Lodge of England communicate with any of the 70 lodges on the CLIPSAS list?
Passage: The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry.

Question: Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?

Question: Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?

Question: Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?

Question: When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?

Question: What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?

Question: Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?

Question: What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?

Question: The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?

Question: What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?

Question: What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?
Passage: In 1933, the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the Eucharist. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."

Question: What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?

Question: What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?

Question: What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason?

Question: When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy?

Question: Which other major religions hold the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?

Question: In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?

Question: Freemasonry cannot be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church?

Question: Freemason cannot partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece?
Passage: In addition, most Grand Lodges require the candidate to declare a belief in a Supreme Being. In a few cases, the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion. The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia (known as the Swedish Rite), for example, accepts only Christians. At the other end of the spectrum, "Liberal" or Continental Freemasonry, exemplified by the Grand Orient de France, does not require a declaration of belief in any deity, and accepts atheists (a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry).

Question: What belief is required of a candidate by the Grand Lodge?

Question: Are candadites required to express belief in a specific religion?

Question: Which branch of Freemasonry does not require a belief in a supreme being?

Question: Which branch of Freemasonry accepts atheists?

Question: Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts Christians?

Question: Most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in what?

Question: Freemasons most common in Scandinavia only accept who as members?

Question: What Freemason group accept atheists?

Question: The Grand Orient de France is considered what type of Freemasonry?
Passage: Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both).

Question: What is Exclusive Jurisdiction?

Question: What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?

Question: What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction?

Question: If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction, who must the other Grand Lodges recognize?

Question: What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges cannot agree to share the territory?

Question: What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area?

Question: In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions?

Question: When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived?
Passage: There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges, but the earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known. The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge. It is reputed to be the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world.

Question: From what centuries are the earliest passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?

Question: What is the oldest Masonic lodge in the world?

Question: What were members who did not practice the physical craft known as?

Question: When compared, how similar are the rituals and passwords from the turn of the 17 - 18 centuries to the ones from the later 18th century?

Question: What is the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world?

Question: When was the Lodge of Edinburgh started?

Question: When did rituals become similar between different Masonic Lodges?