sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.

Question: Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?

Question: Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?

Question: In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?
Passage: Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.

Question: What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?

Question: What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?
Passage: The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).

Question: Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?

Question: How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?
Passage: There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.

Question: How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?

Question: What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?

Question: Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?
Passage: Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are

Question: What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?
Passage: In Greece, there are 2 "Polytechnics" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – Α.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - Ν. 3549/2007 - N. 3685/2008 - N. 4009/2011) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A).

Question: What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?
Passage: The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.

Question: What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?

Question: What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?

Question: In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?

Question: What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?

Question: When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?
Passage: The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.

Question: What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?

Question: What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?

Question: Who established the Berg-Schola?
Passage: There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions. In addition to these there are many other Universities which offer higher technical courses. The Authority over technical education in India is the AICTE.

Question: How many private institutes of technology are there in India?

Question: How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?

Question: What organization oversees India's technical education institutions?
Passage: In India there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education. In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering, Pharmacy, Designing, etc. These Institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class. These institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments. after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate.

Question: What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?
Passage: There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions.

Question: How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?
Passage: However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees being offered by an Institut Teknologi.

Question: Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?
Passage: Ireland has an "Institute of Technology" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms "IT" and "IT's" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.

Question: What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?
Passage: Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.

Question: What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?
Passage: In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:

Question: What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?

Question: Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?
Passage: In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees.

Question: What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?
Passage: In Japan, an institute of technology (工業大学, kōgyō daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty.

Question: What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?

Question: What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?
Passage: Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

Question: What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?

Question: What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?

Question: In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?
Passage: At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.

Question: How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?

Question: How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?

Question: How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?
Passage: The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country’s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.

Question: What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?

Question: What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?
Passage: New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.

Question: What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?

Question: What does UCOL stand for?

Question: In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?
Passage: Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)

Question: What school did Massey University combine with?

Question: In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?

Question: What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?

Question: What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?
Passage: The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.

Question: What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?
Passage: The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.

Question: In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?

Question: What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?

Question: How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?
Passage: After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences.

Question: What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering courses?
Passage: University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.

Question: What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?
Passage: Politechnika (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:

Question: What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?
Passage: The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.

Question: What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?

Question: What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?
Passage: Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.

Question: What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?
Passage: Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:

Question: How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?

Question: How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?
Passage: The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.

Question: What queen set up the Banská Akadémia?

Question: What year was the Banská Akadémia founded?

Question: The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?

Question: What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia?

Question: What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now?
Passage: South Africa has completed a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.

Question: What are polytechnics called in South Africa?

Question: What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?
Passage: Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).

Question: When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?
Passage: Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).

Question: Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?

Question: What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?

Question: What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?
Passage: There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).

Question: What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?

Question: What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?
Passage: Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.

Question: What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?

Question: What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?

Question: What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?

Question: What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?
Passage: In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.

Question: What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?

Question: When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?

Question: What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?