sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages which has become somewhat mechanized in recent years, although the slopes are so steep that usually scythes are necessary to cut the grass. Hay is normally brought in twice a year, often also on festival days. Alpine festivals vary from country to country and often include the display of local costumes such as dirndl and trachten, the playing of Alpenhorns, wrestling matches, some pagan traditions such as Walpurgis Night and, in many areas, Carnival is celebrated before Lent.

Question: What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?

Question: How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh?

Question: What is an important farming activity in mountain villages?

Question: How many times is Hay normally brought each year?

Question: When is Carnival celebrated?
Passage: In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Oberland. Chalets often face south or downhill, and are built of solid wood, with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily. Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside, and balconies are sometimes enclosed.

Question: What do people in high villages build their homes according to?

Question: What is the area of the home heated by a stove called?

Question: The typic Swiss chalet originated from where?

Question: Which direction do Chalets often face?

Question: What are Chalets built of?
Passage: Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborately carved and in many Alpine countries carpentry skills are passed from generation to generation.

Question: The food is passed from the kitchen to where?

Question: Where is the dining room table placed?

Question: Traditionally, what are meals served on?

Question: How is furniture traditionally carved?
Passage: Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. Commonly made of Norway spruce, they are called "tavaillon". The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse. Dialects are common, and vary from valley to valley and region to region. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.

Question: What are roofs traditionally constructed from?

Question: Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found??

Question: The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much?

Question: How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?

Question: What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland?
Passage: At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much it coming from winter sports although summer visitors are an important component of the tourism industry.

Question: What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world?

Question: Where is Saalbach located?

Question: How many people visit the Alps every year?

Question: What is an integral part of the Alpine economy?
Passage: The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, with the Jungfraubahn terminating at the Jungfraujoch, well above the eternal snow-line, after going through a tunnel in Eiger. During this period winter sports were slowly introduced: in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz, and downhill skiing became a popular sport with English visitors early in the 20th century, as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald.

Question: When did the tourism industry begin?

Question: When were large hotels built in the Alps?

Question: When were cog-railways built in the Alps?

Question: When was the first figure skating championship held?

Question: Where was the first figure skating championship held?
Passage: In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled but after that time the Winter Games have been held in St. Moritz (1948), Cortina d'Ampezzo (1956), Innsbruck, Austria (1964 and 1976), Grenoble, France, (1968), Albertville, France, (1992), and Torino (2006). In 1930 the Lauberhorn Rennen (Lauberhorn Race), was run for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen; the equally demanding Hahnenkamm was first run in the same year in Kitzbühl, Austria. Both races continue to be held each January on successive weekends. The Lauberhorn is the more strenuous downhill race at 4.5 km (2.8 mi) and poses danger to racers who reach 130 km/h (81 mph) within seconds of leaving the start gate.

Question: Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1924?

Question: Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1928?

Question: Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1936?

Question: When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen?

Question: When were the Winter Olympics held in Albertville, France?
Passage: During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing, such as Les Menuires. Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began to see increases in winter visitors. From 1980 to the present, ski-lifts have been modernized and snow-making machines installed at many resorts, leading to concerns regarding the loss of traditional Alpine culture and questions regarding sustainable development as the winter ski industry continues to develop quickly and the number of summer tourists decline.

Question: When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns?

Question: When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing?

Question: Where is Les Menuires located?
Passage: The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway to build a 57 km (35 mi)-long sub-alpine tunnel connecting the older Lötschberg and Gotthard tunnels built in the 19th century.

Question: How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region?

Question: How many vehicles use the roads?

Question: Where are most of Europe's highest railways located?

Question: How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be?
Passage: Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain.

Question: Where is the village of Avoriaz located?

Question: Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located?

Question: Why are villages considering becoming car free zones?
Passage: The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. A multitude of airports around the Alps (and some within), as well as long-distance rail links from all neighbouring countries, afford large numbers of travellers easy access from abroad.

Question: When are many passes in the Alps closed?

Question: The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by what?

Question: What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes?
Passage: A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.

Question: What is a gene?

Question: What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits?

Question: What influence are most biological traits under?

Question: What is one instantly visible genetic trait?

Question: What is one invisible genetic trait?
Passage: Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.

Question: What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to?

Question: What do alleles do?

Question: What do alleles cause?

Question: What does "having a gene" or a "good gene" typically refer to?

Question: What causes genes to evolve?
Passage: The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs. Therefore, a broad, modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression.

Question: What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from?

Question: What can coding regions be split into?

Question: What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA?

Question: What are some gene products?

Question: What is a broad, modern working definition of a gene?
Passage: The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term gene, he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured the distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the visible traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.

Question: Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units?

Question: If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination, what does n represent?

Question: What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?

Question: What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?

Question: What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of?
Passage: Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, which used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction. Although Mendel's work was largely unrecognized after its first publication in 1866, it was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by three European scientists, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who claimed to have reached similar conclusions in their own research.

Question: What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?

Question: Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?

Question: What does the term gemmule describe?

Question: What year was Mendel's work first published?

Question: Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?
Passage: The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905.

Question: What ancient Greek word is the word 'gene' derived from?

Question: What does the ancient Greek word 'génos' mean?

Question: What Danish botanist coined the word 'gene'?

Question: What was the word 'gene' used to describe in 1909?

Question: Who first used the word 'genetics' in 1905?
Passage: Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication. Collectively, this body of research established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses. The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics.

Question: What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s?

Question: Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography?

Question: What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule?

Question: What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology?

Question: What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as?
Passage: In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool. An automated version of the Sanger method was used in early phases of the Human Genome Project.

Question: When was the first sequence of a gene determined?

Question: What was the first gene to be sequenced?

Question: Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977?

Question: What did the devlopment of the chain termination DNA sequencing method do for the sequencing process?

Question: What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages?
Passage: The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition: "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.":24 In this view, the molecular gene transcribes as a unit, and the evolutionary gene inherits as a unit. Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.

Question: In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed?

Question: What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called?

Question: Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?

Question: What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?

Question: Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution?
Passage: The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1

Question: What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in?

Question: What does DNA consist of?

Question: What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule?

Question: What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits?

Question: Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of?
Passage: Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds. The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary, with their sequence of bases matching such that the adenines of one strand are paired with the thymines of the other strand, and so on.:4.1

Question: What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of?

Question: What base pairs with thymine?

Question: What base does guanine pair with?

Question: What causes the specificity of base pairing?

Question: Due to the cause of the specificity of base pairing, what must be true of the two strands in a double helix?
Passage: Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a double-helix run in opposite directions. Nucleic acid synthesis, including DNA replication and transcription occurs in the 5'→3' direction, because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile.:27.2

Question: What causes the directionality of DNA strands?

Question: What is known as the 3' end?

Question: What is known as the 5' end?

Question: What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'→3' direction?

Question: Why does DNA replication and transcription occur in the 5'→3' direction?
Passage: The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically single-stranded. Genes that encode proteins are composed of a series of three-nucleotide sequences called codons, which serve as the "words" in the genetic "language". The genetic code specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids. The genetic code is nearly the same for all known organisms.:4.1

Question: How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin?

Question: What is RNA?

Question: What base does RNA have in place of thymine?

Question: What are codons?

Question: What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation?
Passage: The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence.

Question: What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as?

Question: What does a chromosome consist of?

Question: What is encoded on a chromosome?

Question: What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called?

Question: What does each locus contain?