sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico. The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory. The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s, although the Tucson area had a higher ratio of anglophones (including Mexican Americans who were fluent in English); the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers.

Question: Has some states like Arizona embraced their Mexican history?

Question: What is the states history?

Question: Has New Mexico had a majority of Spanish speaking natives.

Question: Are Arizona and New Mexico residents speaking Spanish or English?
Passage: New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state; however, the state has no official language. New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English. Although English is the state government's paper working language, government business is often conducted in Spanish, particularly at the local level. Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.–Mexico border since the 16th century.[citation needed]

Question: Does New Mexico have an official language?

Question: What language is New Mexico's language written in?

Question: How long has New Mexico been speaking Spanish?

Question: Is New Mexico known for the Spanish language?
Passage: Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence, New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico. New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos), and borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings, particularly in the preterite, and partial merging of the second and third conjugations.

Question: Why is New Mexico always an after thought in American -Spanish speaking society?

Question: Is New Mexico's language different than from other Spanish dialect

Question: How does New Mexico's Spanish dialect differ?

Question: Does New Mexico's language also include other dialect?

Question: Does New Mexico also use language from the American language when spoken in Spanish?
Passage: In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language (though it lacks de jure status) and is used in government. However, the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas. Texas's counties bordering Mexico are mostly Hispanic, and consequently, Spanish is commonly spoken in the region. The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.

Question: What is Texas official language?

Question: Are there exceptions to Texas official language?

Question: How does Texas handle people who don't speak English, but live in Mexico?

Question: How does this mandate help Spanish speaking residents?
Passage: Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language in American secondary schools and of higher education. More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses in autumn of 2002 and Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled, followed by French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%) although the totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population.

Question: What language, other than English, is spoken in the U.S.?

Question: Are students taught Spanish in american schools?

Question: How popular are Spanish language classes in the U.S,?

Question: What other languages are popular among American students?

Question: Are these other languages learned in the U.S. as popular as Spanish?
Passage: The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish, following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov. Moreover, non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies. There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the United States; magazine and local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively.

Question: What political speaches are delivered in English and Spanish?

Question: Was this always the case in American political addresses?

Question: Does Washington (government) operate in both languages (bilingual-Spanish?)

Question: If someone is not bilingual and only speaks Spanish, how do they learn about current events?

Question: Is the Hispanic population relevant to the American media?
Passage: Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project, the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants. Mr Veltman's language shift studies document high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born. The complete set of these studies' demographic projections postulates the near-complete assimilation of a given Hispanophone immigrant cohort within two generations. Although his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated), data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population.

Question: Are there studies on Hispanic-American language?

Question: What is Calvin Veltman' study about?

Question: Is Calvin Veltman' relevant to today's Hispanic Americans?

Question: Are there other similar findings similar to Calvin Veltman' for the modern age?

Question: What was Calvin Veltman' findings?
Passage: Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, or, as is locally expressed, "where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean."

Question: What is the oldest city in South Carolina?

Question: What county is Charleston, South Carolina located in?

Question: Charleston is located on what harbor?

Question: Charleston Harbor is an inlet of what ocean?

Question: What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Harbor?

Question: What county is Charleston located in?

Question: Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean?

Question: What river merges with the Ashley River to from the Charleston Harbor?
Passage: Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, and it remained among the 10 largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census. With a 2010 census population of 120,083 (and a 2014 estimate of 130,113), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, was counted by the 2014 estimate at 727,689 – the third-largest in the state – and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States.

Question: What year was Charleston founded?

Question: What was Charleston's original name?

Question: Charles Town was named after which king?

Question: Where was the city originally located?

Question: What was Charleston's population in 2010?

Question: What year was Charleston originally founded?

Question: Who was Charles Town named after?

Question: What was the originally name of Charleston?

Question: How many people lived in Charleston in 2010?

Question: Where was Charleston's first location?
Passage: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.5 square miles (330.2 km2), of which 109.0 square miles (282.2 km2) is land and 18.5 square miles (47.9 km2) is covered by water. The old city is located on a peninsula at the point where, as Charlestonians say, "The Ashley and the Cooper Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean." The entire peninsula is very low, some is landfill material, and as such, frequently floods during heavy rains, storm surges, and unusually high tides. The city limits have expanded across the Ashley River from the peninsula, encompassing the majority of West Ashley as well as James Island and some of Johns Island. The city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River, encompassing Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area. North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River.

Question: How large is Charleston, South Carolina?

Question: Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula?

Question: How much of Charleston is covered by water?

Question: How of Charleston's total area is dry land?

Question: What town occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River?
Passage: Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through November. Winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) only occurs several times per decade at the most, with the last such event occurring December 26, 2010. However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.

Question: What season is the wettest in Charleston?

Question: In what form does half of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?

Question: What season is characterized as short in Charleston?

Question: What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall?

Question: What season is considered short in Charleston?

Question: What is the wettest season in Charleston?

Question: Half of Charleston's annual rainfall occurs in what form?

Question: How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1989?
Passage: The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C), on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944, and the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 14, 1899, although at the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999 down to 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 21, 1985. Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area – most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21, 1989 (a category 4 storm). Dewpoint in the summer ranges from 67.8 to 71.4 °F (20 to 22 °C).

Question: What is hottest temperature recorded with Charleston's city limits?

Question: What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989?

Question: What was the lowest temperature ever recorded Charleston's city limit?

Question: What type of storm is a major threat to Charleston in the summer and early fall?

Question: What day did Charleston's airport hit the coldest day on record?
Passage: The Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of three counties: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester. As of the 2013 U.S. Census, the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of 712,239 people. North Charleston is the second-largest city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area and ranks as the third-largest city in the state; Mount Pleasant and Summerville are the next-largest cities. These cities combined with other incorporated and unincorporated areas along with the city of Charleston form the Charleston-North Charleston Urban Area with a population of 548,404 as of 2010. The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County, Moncks Corner (with a 2000 population of 9,123).

Question: How many people lived in the Charleston=North Charleston Urban Area in 2010?

Question: What is the third largest city in South Carolina?

Question: How many people lived in Moncks Corner in 2000?

Question: Charleston and Berkeley is combined with what other county to form a metropolitan statistical area?

Question: In which county is Moncks Corner located?
Passage: The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era, when counties were imposed.[citation needed] Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael, now also includes parts of St. James' Parish, St. George's Parish, St. Andrew's Parish, and St. John's Parish, although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes.

Question: What era brought counties to South Carolina?

Question: Counties replaced what system in South Carolina?

Question: What is the main use of the parish system nowadays?

Question: The city of Charleston is defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Michael and what other parish?

Question: What other parish besides St. John's Parish is mostly an incorporated rural parish?
Passage: After Charles II of England (1630–1685) was restored to the English throne in 1660 following Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate, he granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. It took seven years before the group arranged for settlement expeditions. The first of these founded Charles Town, in 1670. Governance, settlement, and development were to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for the Lords Proprietors by John Locke.

Question: What year was Charles Town founded?

Question: How long did it take to establish settlement expeditions for the Province of Carolina?

Question: What was the plan to settle and develop the Province of Carolina?

Question: Who prepared the plan known as "the Grand Model"?

Question: When was Charles II of England restored to the throne?
Passage: The community was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda (which lies due east of South Carolina, although at 1,030 km or 640 mi, it is closest to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina), under the leadership of governor William Sayle, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center. It was soon predicted by the Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the Lords Proprietors, to become a "great port towne", a destiny the city quickly fulfilled. In 1680, the settlement was moved east of the Ashley River to the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. Not only was this location more defensible, but it also offered access to a fine natural harbor.

Question: Where did Charleston's original settlers come from?

Question: Bermuda is located near which North Carolina town?

Question: Who was the first governor of Charleston?

Question: Who predicted Charleston would become a 'great port towne'?

Question: The settlement was relocated east to what river?
Passage: The first settlers primarily came from England, its Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between Africans and Englanders, when color lines were looser among the working class in the early colonial years, and some wealthy whites took black consorts or concubines. Charles Town attracted a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. French, Scottish, Irish, and Germans migrated to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous Protestant denominations. Because of the battles between English "royalty" and the Roman Catholic Church, practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South Carolina until after the American Revolution. Jews were allowed, and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century, the city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America—a status it held until about 1830.

Question: What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina?

Question: About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?

Question: What European country did many of the first Charleston settlers come from?

Question: After what war did the state ban on Catholics end?

Question: Along with Bermuda, what other English colony did many settlers come from?
Passage: The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and France (both of whom contested England's claims to the region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European "settlers," who in turn wanted to expand the settlement. The heart of the city was fortified according to a 1704 plan by Governor Johnson. Except those fronting Cooper River, the walls were largely removed during the 1720s.

Question: Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region?

Question: Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers?

Question: The majority of the fort walls were removed in what decade?

Question: Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city?

Question: Beside European nations and Native Americans, who else attacked the Charleston settlement?
Passage: Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage, first as "servants", then as slaves. Ethnic groups transported here included especially Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other people of the Windward Coast. An estimated 40% of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan's Island, just off the port of Charles Town; it is described as a "hellish Ellis Island of sorts .... Today nothing commemorates that ugly fact but a simple bench, established by the author Toni Morrison using private funds."

Question: What author paid for the simple bench at Sullivan's Island?

Question: What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island?

Question: What stage of the slave trade provided slaves to Charles Town?

Question: What peoples were brought to Charles Town to be slaves?

Question: Which African coast did many slaves that were sold in Charles Town come from?
Passage: Colonial Lowcountry landowners experimented with cash crops ranging from tea to silkworms. African slaves brought knowledge of rice cultivation, which plantation owners cultivated and developed as a successful commodity crop by 1700. With the coerced help of African slaves from the Caribbean, Eliza Lucas, daughter of plantation owner George Lucas, learned how to raise and use indigo in the Lowcountry in 1747. Supported with subsidies from Britain, indigo was a leading export by 1750. Those and naval stores were exported in an extremely profitable shipping industry.

Question: African slaves had great knowledge of the cultivation of what product?

Question: By what year was indigo was a leading export for the Lowcountry?

Question: Which nation subsidized indigo crops from the Lowcountry?

Question: By what year was rice a successful commodity crop for the Lowcountry?

Question: What products were exported along with indigo from the Lowcountry?
Passage: By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000—slightly more than half of them slaves. By 1708, the majority of the colony's population was slaves, and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century.

Question: What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth?

Question: When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port?

Question: Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1708?

Question: People of African descent were the majority in Charleston until what mass movement?

Question: When did the Great Migration occur?
Passage: Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis of its early economy. Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the height of the deerskin trade era, an estimated 500,000 to 1,250,000 deer were slaughtered. During the same period, Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350 pounds of deer skins. Deer skins were used in the production of men's fashionable and practical buckskin pantaloons, gloves, and book bindings.

Question: What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?

Question: What is the estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761?

Question: Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?

Question: What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy?

Question: What was the average amount of deer skins that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715?
Passage: As Charles Town grew, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theatre building in America was built in 1736 on the site of today's Dock Street Theatre. Benevolent societies were formed by different ethnic groups, from French Huguenots to free people of color to Germans to Jews. The Charles Towne Library Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This group also helped establish the College of Charles Towne in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina. Until its transition to state ownership in 1970, this was the oldest municipally supported college in the United States.

Question: What is the oldest college in South Carolina?

Question: Charleston supported the College of Charles Towne until what year?

Question: What year was the Charles Towne Library Society established?

Question: When was the College of Charles Towe founded?

Question: What is located where the first theatre building in Charles Town once stood?