sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Several works from the Golden Age of Animation matched the action to classical music. Notable examples are Walt Disney's Fantasia, Tom and Jerry's Johann Mouse, and Warner Bros.' Rabbit of Seville and What's Opera, Doc?.

Question: Works from the Golden Age of music matches action to what?

Question: Who produced Fantasia?

Question: Who starred in Johann Mouse?

Question: Who produced Rabbit of Seville?

Question: Who produced What's Opera, Doc?
Passage: Similarly, movies and television often revert to standard, clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach´s Cello Suite No. 1, Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Vivaldi's Four Seasons, Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain (as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and Rossini's William Tell Overture.

Question: What does classical music convey in movies and television?

Question: What piece by Vivaldi is used as a cliche to convey opulence?

Question: What piece by Mozart is used as a cliche to convey refinement?

Question: Who wrote William Tell Overture?

Question: Who wrote Night on Bald Mountain?
Passage: The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.

Question: What does the written score not usually contain explicitly?

Question: Interpretations of written score is left to whom?

Question: Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?
Passage: Some critics express the opinion that it is only from the mid-19th century, and especially in the 20th century, that the score began to hold such a high significance. Previously, improvisation (in preludes, cadenzas and ornaments), rhythmic flexibility (e.g., tempo rubato), improvisatory deviation from the score and oral tradition of playing was integral to the style. Yet in the 20th century, this oral tradition and passing on of stylistic features within classical music disappeared. Instead, musicians tend to use just the score to play music. Yet, even with the score providing the key elements of the music, there is considerable controversy about how to perform the works. Some of this controversy relates to the fact that this score-centric approach has led to performances that emphasize metrically strict block-rhythms (just as the music is notated in the score).

Question: Improvisation is integral before what took a high significance?

Question: When did oral tradition disappear?

Question: There is still controversy about how to perform works, even though scores provide what?

Question: A score-centric approach strictly emphasizes what?
Passage: Improvisation once played an important role in classical music. A remnant of this improvisatory tradition in classical music can be heard in the cadenza, a passage found mostly in concertos and solo works, designed to allow skilled performers to exhibit their virtuoso skills on the instrument. Traditionally this was improvised by the performer; however, it is often written for (or occasionally by) the performer beforehand. Improvisation is also an important aspect in authentic performances of operas of Baroque era and of bel canto (especially operas of Vincenzo Bellini), and is best exemplified by the da capo aria, a form by which famous singers typically perform variations of the thematic matter of the aria in the recapitulation section ('B section' / the 'da capo' part). An example is Beverly Sills' complex, albeit pre-written, variation of Da tempeste il legno infranto from Händel's Giulio Cesare.

Question: What once played an important role in classical music?

Question: Where can a remnant of improvisation tradition be found?

Question: What can solo performers exhibit during a cadenza?

Question: What type of performances of Baroque ear Operas require improvisation?

Question: An example of improvisation in an opera is Beverly Sills variation of what movement of Handel's Giulio Cesare?
Passage: Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.

Question: How are staples of classical music often used?

Question: TV commercials using Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra have now become what?

Question: What piece is often used in the horror genre?

Question: Who wrote Ride of the Valkyries?

Question: Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King?
Passage: Composers of classical music have often made use of folk music (music created by musicians who are commonly not classically trained, often from a purely oral tradition). Some composers, like Dvořák and Smetana, have used folk themes to impart a nationalist flavor to their work, while others like Bartók have used specific themes lifted whole from their folk-music origins.

Question: Folk musicians are not commonly what?

Question: What music comes from those commonly trained by oral tradition?

Question: Dovrak has used what type of themes to impart a nationalist flavor?

Question: Who used specific themes lifted from folk-music?
Passage: Its written transmission, along with the veneration bestowed on certain classical works, has led to the expectation that performers will play a work in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer. During the 19th century the details that composers put in their scores generally increased. Yet the opposite trend—admiration of performers for new "interpretations" of the composer's work—can be seen, and it is not unknown for a composer to praise a performer for achieving a better realization of the original intent than the composer was able to imagine. Thus, classical performers often achieve high reputations for their musicianship, even if they do not compose themselves. Generally however, it is the composers who are remembered more than the performers.

Question: How are performers expected to play a work due to written transmission?

Question: When did details that composers put in their scores increase?

Question: Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what?

Question: What do classical performers often achieve?
Passage: The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras, yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries. During the classical era, Mozart and Beethoven often improvised the cadenzas to their piano concertos (and thereby encouraged others to do so), but they also provided written cadenzas for use by other soloists. In opera, the practice of singing strictly by the score, i.e. come scritto, was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas, who called this practice 'straitjacketing' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better, especially during studying the music for the first time.

Question: When was improvisation in classical music performance common?

Question: When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?

Question: What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?

Question: What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?

Question: Who strongly supposed ome scritto?
Passage: Classical music has often incorporated elements or material from popular music of the composer's time. Examples include occasional music such as Brahms' use of student drinking songs in his Academic Festival Overture, genres exemplified by Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera, and the influence of jazz on early- and mid-20th-century composers including Maurice Ravel, exemplified by the movement entitled "Blues" in his sonata for violin and piano. Certain postmodern, minimalist and postminimalist classical composers acknowledge a debt to popular music.

Question: Popular music from the composer's time was incorporation into what?

Question: What did Brahms sometimes use in his Academic Festival Overture?

Question: What type of music was Maurice Ravel influenced by?

Question: Who wrote The Threepenny Opera?

Question: What type of music do certain composers acknowledge a debt to?
Passage: Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.

Question: Pachelbel's Canon has influenced popular songs since what decade?

Question: What phenomenon sees classical musicians achieving success in popular music?

Question: Baroque or Classical era influence can be seen in what modern musical style?

Question: Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads play what instrument?
Passage: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages and share, to varying degrees, some cultural traits and historical backgrounds. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, whilst Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria. The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.[better source needed] Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities, but every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other continents.

Question: What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?

Question: What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?

Question: What was colonised by the East Slavs?

Question: What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?

Question: Slavic mercenaries settled where?
Passage: Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic (chiefly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavic (chiefly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and South Slavic (chiefly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins), though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs. For a more comprehensive list, see the ethnocultural subdivisions. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual ethnic groups themselves – are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility.

Question: West Slavic people consist of which nationalities?

Question: East Slavic people consist of which nationalities?

Question: South Slavic people consist of which nationalities?

Question: West and East Slavs are sometimes combined into a single group called what?
Passage: The Slavic autonym is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and dating from the 9th century attest Словѣне Slověne to describe the Slavs. Other early Slavic attestations include Old East Slavic Словѣнѣ Slověně for "an East Slavic group near Novgorod." However, the earliest written references to the Slavs under this name are in other languages. In the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, refers to the Σκλάβοι Sklaboi, Σκλαβηνοί Sklabēnoi, Σκλαυηνοί Sklauenoi, Σθλαβηνοί Sthlabenoi, or Σκλαβῖνοι Sklabinoi, while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin.

Question: *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?

Question: Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?

Question: Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?

Question: Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?
Passage: The Slavic autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered (e.g. by Roman Jakobson) a derivation from slovo "word", originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)," i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "foreign people" – němci, meaning "mumbling, murmuring people" (from Slavic *němъ – "mumbling, mute").

Question: What slavic word denotes "people who speak the same language?"

Question: What slavic word denotes "foreign people?"

Question: Who considered *Slověninъ do be a derivation from slovo?
Passage: The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous"), whence the name Pericles, and Latin clueo ("be called"), and English loud.

Question: Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?

Question: The Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous") helped create what famous name?

Question: What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame")?
Passage: The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave, which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus, itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba صقالبة (sing. Saqlabi صقلبي) by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.

Question: The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?

Question: The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?

Question: The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from what?

Question: The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?
Passage: Alternative proposals for the etymology of *Slověninъ propounded by some scholars have much less support. Lozinski argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper, in this context meaning "practicer of a common Slavic religion," and from that evolved into an ethnonym. S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos, cognate to Ancient Greek λαός laós "population, people," which itself has no commonly accepted etymology. Meanwhile, others have pointed out that the suffix -enin indicates a man from a certain place, which in this case should be a place called Slova or Slava, possibly a river name. The Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was argued by Henrich Bartek (1907–1986) to be derived from slova and also the origin of Slovene.

Question: Who argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper?

Question: Who speculates that *slava derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos?

Question: The suffix -enin indicates what?

Question: Who argued that the Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was derived from slova?
Passage: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.

Question: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?

Question: The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?

Question: No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?

Question: There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?
Passage: The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.

Question: The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?

Question: The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?

Question: According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?

Question: Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?

Question: Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?
Passage: Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times." He describes their social structure and beliefs:

Question: Who wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?

Question: When did Procopius write that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?

Question: Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?

Question: What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?

Question: Who did Procopius write about in 545?
Passage: Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.

Question: Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?

Question: Who had swamps and forests for their cities?

Question: A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?
Passage: Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".

Question: Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?

Question: Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?

Question: The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?

Question: Who said, "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us."?

Question: Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?
Passage: The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.

Question: An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?

Question: The Veneti tribe was located where?

Question: What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?

Question: When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?
Passage: According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.

Question: Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?

Question: What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?

Question: Who started the great migration of the Slavs?

Question: Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?

Question: Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?
Passage: Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[page needed] The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.

Question: When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?

Question: The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?

Question: Where else reported Slavic settlements?

Question: Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?

Question: When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?
Passage: When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. Moreover, it was the beginnings of class differentiation, and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors.

Question: What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?

Question: When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?

Question: Early state organizations where headed by what?

Question: Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom?
Passage: In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world.

Question: When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?

Question: What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?

Question: What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?

Question: When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?

Question: Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?