sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Saint Barthélemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 9,035 (Jan. 2011 estimate). Its capital is Gustavia[citation needed], which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, especially for the rich and famous during the Christmas and new year period.

Question: What kind of island is St. Barts?

Question: What is the population of St. Barts?

Question: What is the capital of St. Barts?

Question: What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time?

Question: When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts?
Passage: Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barthélemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivité. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barthélemy has retained its free port status.

Question: St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?

Question: When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?

Question: When did St. Barts finally received its independence?

Question: What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall?

Question: Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation?
Passage: Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve.

Question: What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts?

Question: Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats?

Question: The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what?

Question: Reefs are almost always in what type of water?

Question: Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what?
Passage: There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St Barthélémy are known as "Anse de..." etc. ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean.

Question: How many public beaches are there in St. Barts?

Question: How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in?

Question: What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself?

Question: What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds?

Question: The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity?
Passage: The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha). The eastern side is wetter than the western. Although the climate is essentially arid, the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain. Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from December to April is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season. Humidity, however, is not very high due to the winds. The average temperature is around 25 °C with day temperatures rising to 32 °C. The average high and low temperatures in January are 28 °C and 22 °C, respectively, while in July they are 30 °C and 24 °C. The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °C. The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °C.

Question: What type of climate does St. Barts typically have?

Question: How many hectares does the island have in total?

Question: How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year?

Question: When does summer end in St. Barts?

Question: What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts?
Passage: When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as "Carénage". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.

Question: When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts?

Question: What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?

Question: What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts?

Question: What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation?

Question: What war occurred in the 18th century?
Passage: Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s history relating to French, Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps and paintings. Also on display are the ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats. It also houses a library.

Question: What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts?

Question: What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts?

Question: What town is the Museum located in?

Question: Besides the French and Swedish, who else occupied the island?

Question: What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts?
Passage: In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.

Question: In what fields of science is the genome studied?

Question: What is the content of the human genome?

Question: What constitutes the viral genome?
Passage: The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.

Question: Who coined the word genome?

Question: In what year was the word genome first created?

Question: At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?

Question: Which two similar words share etymology with genome?
Passage: Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the "nuclear genome") but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the "mitochondrial genome" or the "chloroplast genome". Additionally, the genome can comprise non-chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements.

Question: A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?

Question: What process splits the chromosome between gametes?

Question: What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?
Passage: When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.

Question: What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?

Question: In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what?

Question: What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?
Passage: Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.

Question: What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?

Question: Which organism has the most genes?

Question: How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?

Question: Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?
Passage: In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.

Question: Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?

Question: Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?

Question: Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?

Question: What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?

Question: In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?
Passage: The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.

Question: Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?

Question: What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?

Question: What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?

Question: When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?

Question: How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?
Passage: New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.

Question: What is a recent development in sequencing methods?

Question: Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?

Question: Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?

Question: What is Watson famous for helping discover?
Passage: Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.

Question: What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?

Question: Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?

Question: Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?

Question: Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?
Passage: Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.

Question: What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?

Question: What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?
Passage: When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.

Question: What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?

Question: What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?

Question: In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?
Passage: Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.

Question: What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?

Question: What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?

Question: Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?
Passage: In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".

Question: What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?

Question: What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?

Question: What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?
Passage: Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.

Question: What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?

Question: What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?

Question: What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?
Passage: Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.

Question: What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?

Question: In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?
Passage: The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.

Question: What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?

Question: In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?

Question: What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?
Passage: It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.

Question: What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?

Question: What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?

Question: What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?
Passage: The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.

Question: What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?

Question: What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?
Passage: Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.

Question: Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?

Question: What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?

Question: What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?
Passage: Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).

Question: What is the main source of interspersed repeats?

Question: What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?

Question: What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?

Question: What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?
Passage: Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR).

Question: What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?
Passage: DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found.

Question: What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?

Question: DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?
Passage: Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).

Question: What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?

Question: Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists?
Passage: Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.

Question: What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?

Question: What is a possible product of duplications?