sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on "Negara", the Balinese state is an early, famous example.

Question: What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?

Question: From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?

Question: When did the new development of a stateless society come about?

Question: The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?

Question: Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?
Passage: Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.

Question: What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?

Question: When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?

Question: What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?

Question: Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?

Question: What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?
Passage: Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.

Question: Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?

Question: What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?

Question: What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?

Question: The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?

Question: Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with?
Passage: Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.

Question: How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?

Question: Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?

Question: What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?

Question: What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?

Question: Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?
Passage: Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of "specialists in 'other cultures'" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.

Question: What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?

Question: Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?

Question: What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists?

Question: How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?

Question: One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?
Passage: Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7]

Question: What is Anthrozoology also known as?

Question: What is the study of interaction between living things?

Question: What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?

Question: What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?

Question: What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?
Passage: Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.

Question: What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?

Question: What is evolutionary anthropology based in?

Question: Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?

Question: What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?

Question: What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?
Passage: Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as "racism" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields.

Question: What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?

Question: What is the proper term for circumcision?

Question: What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?

Question: Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?

Question: Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?
Passage: But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the "Axis" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.

Question: What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?

Question: What groups formed the Axis forces?

Question: What did many anthropologists serve in?

Question: The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?

Question: Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price?
Passage: Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that "in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given."

Question: What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?

Question: What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?

Question: What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?

Question: Who penned a "Statement of Professional Responsibility"?

Question: Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?
Passage: Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, "When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of "anthropology" within DoD."

Question: Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists?

Question: What are the anthropologists part of?

Question: What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?

Question: Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?

Question: What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?
Passage: Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists "into the field," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called "fieldwork." On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.

Question: What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?

Question: What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?

Question: Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?

Question: To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?

Question: Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?
Passage: Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.

Question: How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?

Question: How has human time on Earth been divided up?

Question: Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?

Question: Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?

Question: What is a central part of the science of anthropology?
Passage: Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the "Third World" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in "other cultures" looked for them far away and started to look "across the tracks" only in late 1960s.

Question: What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?

Question: A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?

Question: What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?

Question: Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, "Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology"?

Question: When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to "look across the tracks"?
Passage: Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.

Question: What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?

Question: Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?

Question: What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?

Question: What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?

Question: Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?
Passage: Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.

Question: What happened to Joseph I in 1758?

Question: Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?

Question: Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?

Question: In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?

Question: What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?
Passage: Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.

Question: In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?

Question: How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?

Question: What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?

Question: Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?

Question: What was Pombal's "enlightenment" an apparatus for?
Passage: With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Question: Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?

Question: In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?

Question: To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?

Question: What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?

Question: How long did Portugal's decline last?
Passage: As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.

Question: Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?

Question: Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?

Question: Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?

Question: By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?

Question: What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?
Passage: With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

Question: When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?

Question: When was the Conference of Berlin held?

Question: During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?

Question: Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?

Question: What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?
Passage: On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).

Question: On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?

Question: Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?

Question: Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?

Question: On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?

Question: During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?