sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans. In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall, along with fourteen other African-Americans, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a de facto "Grand Lodge" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state.

Question: Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?

Question: When was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?

Question: What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813?

Question: What did Africian Lodge, Number 459 become after they were removed from the UGLE?

Question: What was Africian Lodge, Number 1 considered after they changed from Africian Lodge, Number 459?

Question: What exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?

Question: In what year was Prince Hall admitted into the British military lodge?

Question: When was the African Lodge, number 459, formed?

Question: When was the UGLE formed?

Question: The African Lodge re-titled itself what?
Passage: Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882, then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that actually worked masonic ritual. Annie Besant spread the phenomenon to the English speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in 1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry.

Question: When was Maria Deraismes initiated into Freemasonry?

Question: Why did Deraismes resign from Freemasonry?

Question: What led to exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England?

Question: Who, along with Maria Dersaismes, started a mixed gender masonic lodge?

Question: Who brought the message of mixed gender, practicing masonic lodges to the English speaking?

Question: Who resigned from the Freemasons for their lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge?

Question: Maria Deraismes and who else started a mixed masonic lodge?

Question: What year was Maria Deraismes initiated into the Freemasons?

Question: What year was an all-female masonic lodge created?

Question: What year was the all-female masonic lodge cast aside?
Passage: Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both antisemitism and Anti-Zionism, though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah). Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque in order to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. In article 28 of its Covenant, Hamas states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and other similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ..."

Question: What do Islamic anti-masonics link Freemasonry to?

Question: Why do muslim anti-masonics believe that the Freemasons want to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque?

Question: What is another group that anti-masonic muslims link to zionism?

Question: What are most of the arguements by anti-masonic muslims centered on?

Question: Who's interests are the muslin anti-masonics afraid that the Freemasons are protecting?

Question: What do many Islamic and anti-Masonic argue about Freemasonry?

Question: Some Muslims argue that Freemasonry promotes what?

Question: What article states that Freemasonry work in the interest of Zionism?
Passage: The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office) show the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust. RSHA Amt VII (Written Records) was overseen by Professor Franz Six and was responsible for "ideological" tasks, by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda. While the number is not accurately known, it is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime. Masonic concentration camp inmates were graded as political prisoners and wore an inverted red triangle.

Question: How many Freemasons are believed to have been killed under Hitler's Nazi Regime?

Question: What kind of prisioner was a Freemason considered to be?

Question: What identifier did the Nazis make the Freemason prisioners wear?

Question: Who was responsible for creating antisemetic and anti-masonic propaganda?

Question: Where is most of the informaton about Freemasons persecuted in the Holocaust located?

Question: What is the Relch Security Main Office also called?

Question: Who was responsible for ideological tasks of the written records?

Question: How many Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime?

Question: What did Masonic concentration camp inmates have to wear?
Passage: Freemasonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry. Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are usually administered by different bodies than the craft degrees.

Question: Where are the origins of Freemasonry?

Question: What were the fraternaties of stonemasons origionally responsible for?

Question: Where did the degrees of Freemasonry derived from?

Question: What are the degrees of Freemasonry?

Question: Freemasons trace their origins to what?

Question: How many grades are there in medieval craft guilds?

Question: Craft Freemasonry is also known as what?

Question: Members of Craft Masonry are called what?
Passage: Candidates for Freemasonry will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining before they are initiated. The process varies between jurisdictions, but the candidate will typically have been introduced by a friend at a Lodge social function, or at some form of open evening in the Lodge. In modern times, interested people often track down a local Lodge through the Internet. The onus is on candidates to ask to join; while candidates may be encouraged to ask, they are never invited. Once the initial inquiry is made, an interview usually follows to determine the candidate's suitability. If the candidate decides to proceed from here, the Lodge ballots on the application before he (or she, depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction) can be accepted.

Question: How are Freemasons invited to join a lodge?

Question: How does one become a Freemason?

Question: Can women ask to be a member of the Masonic Lodge?

Question: How can you find a lodge to ask to be a member of?

Question: Candidates for Freemasonry must do what before being initiated?

Question: Candidates are normally introduced to the lodge by whom?

Question: Now days, many interested people find a Masonic Lodge using what?

Question: Candidates are never what to a Masonic lodge?

Question: What usually follows an initial inquiry of a candidate?
Passage: Freemasonry, as it exists in various forms all over the world, has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide. The fraternity is administratively organised into independent Grand Lodges (or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. The largest single jurisdiction, in terms of membership, is the United Grand Lodge of England (with a membership estimated at around a quarter million). The Grand Lodge of Scotland and Grand Lodge of Ireland (taken together) have approximately 150,000 members. In the United States total membership is just under two million.

Question: How large is the membership of Freemasonry?

Question: What is the largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?

Question: How many members does the UGLE have?

Question: What are the membership numbers of the United States?

Question: How many members does the Grand Lodge of Scotland and the Grand Lodge of Ireland have, together?

Question: How many members are in Freemasonry?

Question: What lodge has the single largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?

Question: How many members are in the Grand Lodge of England?

Question: The Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland have how many member?

Question: The United States has how many Freemason members?
Passage: The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a brother as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret, and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law. In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In Progressive continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges.

Question: Are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?

Question: How are oaths taken?

Question: In what branch can books, other than scripture, be used for the purpose of oath taking?

Question: What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Law?

Question: Masons swear to protect their brethren unless they what?

Question: Most lodges have the oath taken on what?

Question: Mason swear at each degree to do what?
Passage: The earliest known American lodges were in Pennsylvania. The Collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania. Other lodges in the colony obtained authorisations from the later Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army. Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival.

Question: Where were the earliest known American Logdes located?

Question: What is the earliest that lodges appeared in America?

Question: When was a Provincial Grand Master for North America appointed?

Question: Where did other American Lodges obtain their authoriisations from?

Question: When did the lodges without prior authorisations apply to be recognized?

Question: Where were the earliest lodges in America?

Question: Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715?

Question: A Provincial Grand Master for North America was first appointed when?

Question: The Provincial Grand Master for North America was base where?
Passage: Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein; the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations."

Question: How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq?

Question: How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s?

Question: What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?

Question: When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close?

Question: When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq?

Question: When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?

Question: Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?

Question: When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq?

Question: All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year?

Question: Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq?
Passage: The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813. However the two jurisdictions continued in amity (mutual recognition) until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish rite body admitted blacks, and the resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour, race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same.

Question: When was the United Grand Lodge of England Formed?

Question: The Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England continued in amity until when?

Question: What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana appear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana?
Passage: In 1983, the Church issued a new code of canon law. Unlike its predecessor, the 1983 Code of Canon Law did not explicitly name Masonic orders among the secret societies it condemns. It states: "A person who joins an association which plots against the Church is to be punished with a just penalty; one who promotes or takes office in such an association is to be punished with an interdict." This named omission of Masonic orders caused both Catholics and Freemasons to believe that the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons may have been lifted, especially after the perceived liberalisation of Vatican II. However, the matter was clarified when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), as the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, issued a Declaration on Masonic Associations, which states: "... the Church's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged since their principles have always been considered irreconcilable with the doctrine of the Church and therefore membership in them remains forbidden. The faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive Holy Communion." For its part, Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity. Those Grand Lodges in amity with UGLE deny the Church's claims. The UGLE now states that "Freemasonry does not seek to replace a Mason's religion or provide a substitute for it."

Question: In what year was a new code to the Canon Law issued by the church?

Question: Who clarified the new code of Canon law of 1983?

Question: Do Freemasons allow Catholics into their fraternity?
Passage: Even in modern democracies, Freemasonry is sometimes viewed with distrust. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were from 1999 to 2009 required to disclose their membership. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there has been no evidence of wrongdoing, it was felt that any potential loyalties Masons might have, based on their vows to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership of applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons.

Question: Judges and police officers had to disclose their Freemason membership in what years in England?

Question: Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2009?

Question: Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds?
Passage: The Masonic Lodge is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the usual formal business of any small organisation (pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members, etc.). In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song.

Question: What is the basic organizational unit of Freemasonry?

Question: Name examples of usual formal business that Freemasons have at their lodge.

Question: What usually happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting?
Passage: During the ceremony of initiation, the candidate is expected to swear (usually on a volume of sacred text appropriate to his personal religious faith) to fulfil certain obligations as a Mason. In the course of three degrees, new masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders, and to support a fellow Mason in distress (as far as practicality and the law permit). There is instruction as to the duties of a Freemason, but on the whole, Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying. Some will further explore the ritual and symbolism of the craft, others will focus their involvement on the social side of the Lodge, while still others will concentrate on the charitable functions of the lodge.

Question: When does a candidate swear to fullfil his obligations as a Mason?

Question: What does a candidate swear on?

Question: How many degrees must a Mason swear to keep the secrets from outsiders?

Question: Are Freemasons free to explore the craft?
Passage: Regularity is a concept based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft. Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are, and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular (and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges). Essentially, every Grand Lodge will hold that its landmarks (its requirements, tenets and rituals) are Regular, and judge other Grand Lodges based on those. If the differences are significant, one Grand Lodge may declare the other "Irregular" and withdraw or withhold recognition.

Question: What concept is based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?

Question: Is each definition of regularity the same throughout all Masonic Lodges?

Question: When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as irregular?
Passage: All Freemasons begin their journey in the "craft" by being progressively initiated, passed and raised into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the meanings of the Lodge symbols, and entrusted with grips, signs and words to signify to other Masons that he has been so initiated. The initiations are part allegory and part lecture, and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon, and the artistry and death of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff. The degrees are those of Entered apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason. While many different versions of these rituals exist, with at least two different lodge layouts and versions of the Hiram myth, each version is recognisable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction.

Question: All Freemasons are progressively initiated, passed, and raised in three degrees of what?

Question: The initiations are part allegory and part what?

Question: What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry?

Question: Who was the chief architect of the Temple of Solomon?

Question: How many versions of the Hiram myth are there?
Passage: The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later called the Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), was founded on 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Many English Lodges joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. However, many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual (they came to be known as the Moderns), and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751, which they called the "Antient Grand Lodge of England." These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).

Question: The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what?

Question: When was the Grand Lodge of England founded?

Question: The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?

Question: The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?

Question: Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what?
Passage: Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions – and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past, and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.

Question: When did North American Masonic lodges recognize members of the Prince Hall Lodge?

Question: Who is the Prince Hall Lodge open to?

Question: Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges?
Passage: In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite. The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry "in general". The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons.

Question: When did the French try to create co-masonic lodges?

Question: When did the United Grand Lodge of England recognize the two female Masonic lodges?

Question: What did the french lodges promote to try to get women accepted into the Freemasons?

Question: Do Anglo-American grand lodges accept women as members today?