sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77% of their Somali male samples. According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya. After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M70). It is observed in slightly more than 10% of Somali males. Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean.

Question: In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity?

Question: What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to?

Question: What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis?

Question: Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated?

Question: What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b?
Passage: According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family:

Question: When did Richards publish his mtDNA research?

Question: Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?

Question: On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?

Question: Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?

Question: What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?
Passage: According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub the "Ethio-Somali". This Ethio-Somali component is today most common among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa. It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry. The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago. On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the Sinai Peninsula. The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the Maghreb and the other moving south into the Horn.

Question: When did Hodgson publish his DNA study?

Question: According to Hodgson, what ancestral people spread the Afro-Asiatic languages?

Question: According to Hodgson, what people is mostly descended from Ethio-Somalis?

Question: According to Hodgson, how long ago did the Ethio-Somalis diverge from other non-African ancestries?

Question: According to Hodgson, where did the Ethio-Somalis originate?
Passage: The analysis of HLA antigens has also helped clarify the possible background of the Somali people, as the distribution of haplotype frequencies vary among population groups. According to Mohamoud et al. (2006):

Question: In what year did Mahamoud publish his research?
Passage: The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination.

Question: In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located?

Question: From whom were the early Muslims fleeing?

Question: Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong?

Question: What is the majority religion in Somalia?

Question: A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam?
Passage: Qur'anic schools (also known as dugsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qur'anic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is oftentimes the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. A study from 1993 found, among other things, that "unlike in primary schools where gender disparity is enormous, around 40 per cent of Qur'anic school pupils are girls; but the teaching staff have minimum or no qualification necessary to ensure intellectual development of children." To address these concerns, the Somali government on its own part subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated.

Question: What is another name for a Qur'anic school?

Question: What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female?

Question: What government body regulates Qur'anic education?
Passage: In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia, to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts, or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque, which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities.

Question: Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis?

Question: What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis?

Question: Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising?

Question: Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising?
Passage: In addition, the Somali community has produced numerous important Muslim figures over the centuries, many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Islamic learning and practice in the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and well beyond.

Question: Along with the Horn of Africa, what is a notable location where Somali Islamic figures have been influential?
Passage: The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abgaal sub-clan of the Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. Tradition holds this general area as an ancestral homeland of the Somali people.

Question: What is a basic social unit of Somali society?

Question: In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located?

Question: Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan?
Passage: Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1).

Question: What practice is often used to bind different clans together?

Question: According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?

Question: According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan?

Question: To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?

Question: What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden?
Passage: In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property.

Question: What law gave Somali husbands and wives equal rights over personal property?

Question: What was the official name of the country in which the 1975 Somali Family Law was passed?

Question: In addition to giving spouses equal rights over their personal property during marriage, what did the Somali Family Law give them?
Passage: Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Middle East, South Asia and Europe due to their seafaring tradition.

Question: What is the biggest ethnic group in Somalia?

Question: What percentage of Somalians are ethnic Somalis?

Question: During what century did the nomad lifestyle decline among Somalis?

Question: Why do many Somalis live in South Asia and Europe?

Question: Along with Djibouti and Ethiopia, in what African country outside Somalia can Somalis be found?
Passage: Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada.

Question: What led to an increase in the number of Somalis leaving the country?

Question: Along with the Middle East and North America, to what continent did the Somali diaspora go in the 1990s?

Question: Along with Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg, Hamilton and Vancouver, what Canadian city has a significant Somali population?

Question: As of 2006, where did Somalis rank in terms of population by ethnicity in Canada?
Passage: While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population. There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014).

Question: About how many Somalis live in the UK?

Question: What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?

Question: As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden?

Question: In 2014, how many Somalis resided in Norway?

Question: How many Somalis lived in Finland as of 2014?
Passage: In the United States, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Columbus, San Diego, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Houston, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Portland, Denver, Nashville, Green Bay, Lewiston, Portland, Maine and Cedar Rapids have the largest Somali populations.

Question: What country is Cedar Rapids located in?
Passage: An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and Saint Paul) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America. The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including leather shoes, jewelry and other fashion items, halal meat, and hawala or money transfer services. Community-based video rental stores likewise carry the latest Somali films and music. The number of Somalis has especially surged in the Cedar-Riverside area of Minneapolis.

Question: Along with Saint Paul, what city constitutes the Twin Cities?

Question: About how many Somalis moved to Minnesota ten years ago?

Question: What area of Minneapolis contains a notable number of Somalis?

Question: What is hawala?

Question: What sort of meat is sold in Somali businesses in Minneapolis?
Passage: There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large. Internet cafés, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' entrepreneurial spirit. Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned airlines which are based in Dubai.

Question: In what Middle Eastern country is there a notable Somali population?

Question: What is another name for the city center of Dubai?

Question: People of what nationality export more products from Dubai than Somalis?

Question: What is the name of an airline owned by Dubai-based Somalis?

Question: How many Dubai-based airlines are owned by Somalis?
Passage: Besides their traditional areas of inhabitation in Greater Somalia, a Somali community mainly consisting of entrepreneurs, academics, and students also exists in Egypt. In addition, there is an historical Somali community in the general Sudan area. Primarily concentrated in the north and Khartoum, the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople. More recently, Somali entrepreneurs have established themselves in Kenya, investing over $1.5 billion in the Somali enclave of Eastleigh alone. In South Africa, Somali businesspeople also provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the Western Cape province.

Question: Near what city in Sudan do many Somalis reside?

Question: In what geographical portion of Sudan do some Somalis live?

Question: Along with businesspeople, what sort of Somalis live in Sudan?

Question: In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion?

Question: In what province of South Africa do Somalis congregate?
Passage: The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.

Question: What language family does the Somali language belong to?

Question: What branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family does the Somali language belong to?

Question: Along with Saho, what language is closely related to Somali?

Question: Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented?

Question: Before what year did studies on the Somali language exist?
Passage: The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally. The Somali language is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora.

Question: About how many people in Somalia speak Somali?

Question: In millions, about how many global Somali speakers are there?

Question: Along with Greater Somalia ethnic Somalis, who speaks Somali?
Passage: Somali dialects are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benaadir and Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benaadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the Benadir coast from Adale to south of Merca, including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional phonemes which do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn) clans in the southern areas of Somalia.

Question: Along with Northern and Maay, what is the third main group of Somali dialects?

Question: What dialect is Standard Somali based on?

Question: What is another name for Benaadir?

Question: What dialect is spoken on Mogadishu?

Question: In what geographic part of Somalia do the Rahanweyn live?
Passage: A number of writing systems have been used over the years for transcribing the language. Of these, the Somali alphabet is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972. The script was developed by the Somali linguist Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p, v and z. Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing. Indigenous writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya, Borama and Kaddare scripts, which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid, Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare, respectively.

Question: What is the most frequently used writing script for the Somali language?

Question: Who introduced the Somali alphabet?

Question: In what month and year was the Somali alphabet introduced?

Question: Who created the Somali alphabet?

Question: Who invented the Osmanya script?
Passage: In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of the Arab League.

Question: Other than Somali, what is an official language of Somalia?

Question: To what language family does Arabic belong?

Question: In what neighboring country is Arabic also an official language?

Question: What organization do both Djibouti and Somalia belong to?

Question: For how long has Somalia had connections to the Arab world?
Passage: The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations, such as other parts of Northeast Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, India and Southeast Asia.

Question: Civilizations from what geographic part of Africa influenced Somali culture?

Question: Civilizations from what geographic part of Asia influenced Somali culture?

Question: What Asian country notable influenced Somali culture?

Question: Along with Northeast Africa, Southeast Asia and India, what locale had a significant influence on Somali culture?
Passage: The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southeast Asian influences. Due to the Somali people's passionate love for and facility with poetry, Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a "Nation of Poets" and a "Nation of Bards" including, among others, the Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence.

Question: Somali food contains influences from what region?

Question: Along with textiles, wood carving and pottery, what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today?

Question: Who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?

Question: Of what nationality is the person who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?

Question: What is the profession of the individual who referred to Somalia as a "Nation of Bards"?
Passage: All of these traditions, including festivals, martial arts, dress, literature, sport and games such as Shax, have immensely contributed to the enrichment of Somali heritage.

Question: What is a notable game that is played in Somalia?

Question: Along with sport, games, literature, dress and festivals, what is a notable Somali cultural tradition?
Passage: Somalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali folklore. Most Somali songs are pentatonic. That is, they only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale, such as the major scale. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, Sudan or Arabia, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists (midho), songwriters (lahan) and singers ('odka or "voice").

Question: What scale is used by most Somali songs?

Question: How many notes are in a hepatonic scale?

Question: What is an exaple of a hepatonic scale?

Question: Along with Arabia and Ethiopia, what land has songs that sound similar to those of Somalia?

Question: What does midho mean in English?
Passage: Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The Somali filmmaker Ali Said Hassan concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of video technology and national television networks. Said Salah Ahmed during this period directed his first feature film, The Somali Darwish (The Somalia Dervishes), devoted to the Dervish State. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as Somaliwood, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors Abdisalam Aato of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution.

Question: In what decade were the first Somali feature films made?

Question: In what year was the SFA founded?

Question: Who was the representative of the Somali Film Agency in Rome?

Question: What are riwaaydo?

Question: What was the name of Said Salah Ahmed's first feature?