sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as "dog dollars".

Question: What was the look of the dollar based on?

Question: In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?

Question: When was the United States Mint founded?

Question: Outside of Mexico, where else was the Spanish dollar minted?

Question: When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?
Passage: The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains (1.505 g) of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to 40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970. Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt. The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains (0.888 g), equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968.

Question: What was the name of the act introduced in the year 1900?

Question: How much gold in grams was one dollar equivalent to?

Question: How much was 1 troy ounce of gold worth?

Question: Which year brought the end to silver being in dimes and quarters?

Question: Which President confiscated gold coins?
Passage: Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to "heads", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying "upside down lettering error" coins. Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.

Question: Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?

Question: Where did error coins originate?

Question: How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?

Question: What were some amateur collectors duped into buying?

Question: What do vending machines commonly only accept?
Passage: The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are "obligations of the United States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank". Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note. The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s.

Question: What power was Congress given by the Constitution?

Question: What did Congress authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do?

Question: What are the notes issued by the Federal Reserve?

Question: Where, other than any Federal Reserve bank, can notes be redeemed?

Question: Since the 1970s, what is the only type of note that has remained in circulation?
Passage: Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) "Open mouth operations" (talking monetary policy with the market).

Question: What is the short term goal of open market operations?

Question: What does the Federal Reserve target?

Question: What is the federal funds rate?

Question: What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as?

Question: What does "open mouth operations" mean?
Passage: Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".

Question: When was the Bretton Woods system established?

Question: What was the fixed value of gold?

Question: What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?

Question: What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?

Question: In which year was gold convertability terminated?
Passage: The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar.

Question: What kind of money is the U.S. dollar?

Question: Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?

Question: Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it's sole currency?

Question: For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make?

Question: What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries?
Passage: Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The "large-sized notes" issued before 1928 measured 7.42 inches (188 mm) by 3.125 inches (79.4 mm); small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure 6.14 inches (156 mm) by 2.61 inches (66 mm) by 0.0043 inches (0.11 mm). When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency.

Question: What are dollar notes made from now adays?

Question: What is most common paper made of?

Question: Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes?

Question: How long do the current notes measure?

Question: What size currency are the new smaller notes similar to?
Passage: From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1 ratio).[citation needed]

Question: When was the Mint Act passed?

Question: How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?

Question: Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?

Question: What market value were gold coins traded in relation to?

Question: In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?
Passage: Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.

Question: What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?

Question: What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?

Question: What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?

Question: What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with?

Question: How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?
Passage: Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.

Question: When were silver dollars first minted?

Question: Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar?

Question: Which coin was introduced in 1979?

Question: What did the new $1 coin minted in 2000 feature?

Question: In which century were gold dollars minted?
Passage: The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013. The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy. Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy. If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation.

Question: What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up?

Question: What was the monetary base value in 1994?

Question: How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013?

Question: What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply?

Question: How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet?
Passage: The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.

Question: What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?

Question: The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?

Question: What does CPI stand for?

Question: Who publishes the Consumer Price Index?

Question: What does the CPI estimate?
Passage: The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany. As a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor.

Question: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?

Question: Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry?

Question: Who was the first professor of the Royal College of Chemistry?

Question: Why was the Royal College of Chemistry founded?

Question: Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry?

Question: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?

Question: What was not well taught that led to the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry?

Question: Which country was ahead of the United Kingdom in the teaching of chemistry?

Question: Which Prince supported the establishment of the college?

Question: Who was the first professor of the college?
Passage: City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site, the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, General Sir John Donnelly (who was also a Royal Engineer) to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre (350,000 m²) site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners (for GBP 342,500) for 'purposes of art and science' in perpetuity. The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907, but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910.

Question: When was the City and Guilds College founded?

Question: What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?

Question: What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?

Question: How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?

Question: What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?

Question: Which college was founded in 1876?

Question: How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college?

Question: What does CGLI stand for?

Question: Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI?

Question: How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on?
Passage: In December 2005, Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus, with extensive housing; however, this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and that the true scale of the scheme, which could have raised £110m for the College, was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public. One commentator observed that Imperial's scheme reflected "the state of democracy in Kent, the transformation of a renowned scientific college into a grasping, highly aggressive, neo-corporate institution, and the defence of the status of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty – throughout England, not just Wye – against rampant greed backed by the connivance of two important local authorities. Wye College campus was finally closed in September 2009.

Question: When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus?

Question: When did Imperial abandon their science park program?

Question: When was the Wye College campus closed?

Question: Where was Imperial planning on launching their science park program?

Question: Where was Imperial's science park programme located?

Question: When was the science park programme abandoned?

Question: How much money could the science park programme have raised for the college?

Question: Who did not know about the potential revenue that the programme could have raised initially?

Question: What was closed on September 2009?
Passage: The College's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios: (i) Unitised Scheme – a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property – a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission; and (iii) Strategic Asset Investments – containing College’s shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings. During the year 2014/15, the market value of the endowment increased by £78 million (18%) to £512.4 million on 31 July 2015.

Question: What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31, 2015?

Question: What is a "Unitised Scheme"?

Question: How much did the market value of the college's endowment increase between 2014 and 2015?

Question: How many percent did the college's endowment market value increase from 2014 to 2015?

Question: How many distinct portfolios is the College's endownment divided into?

Question: What is the term that represents a unit trust vehicle that allows endowments to be invested to produce returns for the lon term?

Question: The 120 operational and developmental properties within the college that are not core to the academic mission belong to which portfolio?

Question: The College's restricted equity holdings would be considered a part of which portion of the portfolio?

Question: How much did the market value of the endowment increase by during the year 2014/2015?
Passage: Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 46% of Imperial's submitted research was classified as 4*, 44% as 3*, 9% as 2* and 1% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.36. In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for "research power" (compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008).

Question: How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?

Question: In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?

Question: How many units of assessment did Imperial submit?

Question: How highly was Imperial ranked in "research power" in 2014?

Question: How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014?

Question: What does REF stand for?

Question: What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*?

Question: What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA?

Question: What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?
Passage: In September 2014, Professor Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money. The College made its first public announcement of his death on 4 December 2014. Grimm's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least £200,000 per year. His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted. The College has announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death. The inquest on his death has not yet reported.

Question: When was Professor Stefan Grimm found dead?

Question: When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm's death?

Question: How many times was Professor Stefan Grimm's email viewed in the first four days after it was posted online?

Question: What did Professor Grimm's last email accuse Imperial College of before his death?

Question: What did Imperial College announce it would do after Professor Grimm's death?

Question: Which Professor was found dead in September 2014?

Question: To which department did the professor who passed in September 2014 belong?

Question: What was the dead professor threatened with before his death?

Question: How much did the Grimm claim his employers said he should raise in grant money per year?

Question: How many views did Grimm's last email get in the first four days after it was posted?