sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Literacy rate in the Muslim world varies. Some members such as Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa. In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Question: What is the literacy rate in Kuwait?

Question: In 2015 it was reported that what percentage of the Muslim World was not literate?

Question: What organizations studied literacy in the Muslim World in 2015?

Question: Which regions have the lowest rate of literacy in the Muslim world?
Passage: Several Muslim countries like Turkey and Iran exhibit high scientific publication. Some countries have tried to encourage scientific research. In Pakistan, establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002, resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific research papers in 10 years with the total number of universities increasing from 115 in 2001 to over 400 in 2012.[citation needed] Saudi Arabia has established the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. United Arab Emirates has invested in Zayed University, United Arab Emirates University, and Masdar Institute of Science and Technology[clarification needed]

Question: Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002?

Question: How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?

Question: What science university did Saudi Arabia establish?

Question: Where is Zayed University?

Question: How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001?
Passage: Encompasses both secular and religious styles, the design and style made by Muslims and their construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture included the architectural types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly that of the mosque. Through Islamic architecture, effects of varying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. Generally, the use of Islamic geometric patterns and foliage based arabesques were striking. There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. Note that in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present.

Question: What is considered the most important work of Islamic architecture?

Question: What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures?

Question: What is the definition of haram?

Question: Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden?

Question: Where is one permitted to use representations of humans?
Passage: No Islamic visual images or depictions of God are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry. Moreover, Muslims believe that God is incorporeal, making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the names and attributes that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one sura of the Quran begins with the phrase "In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such aniconism and iconoclasm can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.

Question: Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world?

Question: What do Muslims believe of the form of God?

Question: How many sura's in the Quran begin with "In the name of God?"

Question: What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed?

Question: What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?
Passage: Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as arabesque. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in pre-Islamic pagan religions. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the miniature style made famous in Persia and under the Ottoman Empire which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque. Islamic calligraphy is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic kufic and naskh scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of minbars, and so on.

Question: What is the repetitive use of geometric floral designs known as in Islamic art?

Question: Islam forbade types of art found in what religions?

Question: Miniature paintings of the Ottoman empire featured what kind of subjects?

Question: What is one reason the art of Islam may be abstract?

Question: In mosques domes may have what kind of scripts decorating them?
Passage: Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture.

Question: What are the main distinctive features of Islamic architecture?

Question: What physical characteristics are common in Islamic architecture?

Question: When did domes first appear in the architecture of the Muslim World?

Question: Which mosque is believed to be the first with a dome?

Question: When was the Taj Mahal constructed?
Passage: The Solar Hijri calendar, also called the Shamsi Hijri calendar, and abbreviated as SH, is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. It begins on the vernal equinox. Each of the twelve months corresponds with a zodiac sign. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in usual years but 30 days in leap years. The year of Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina (622 CE) is fixed as the first year of the calendar, and the New Year's Day always falls on the March equinox.

Question: What is another name for the Shamsi Hijri calender?

Question: What is one way to abbreviate the Solar Hiljri calender?

Question: What is the customary calendar of Iran?

Question: How many months are in the Shamsi Hijri calendar?

Question: What is the first year of the Shamsi Hijri Calender based on?
Passage: In a small minority of Muslim countries, the law requires women to cover either just legs, shoulders and head or the whole body apart from the face. In strictest forms, the face as well must be covered leaving just a mesh to see through. These rules for dressing cause tensions, concerning particularly Muslims living in Western countries, where restrictions are considered both sexist and oppressive. Some Muslims oppose this charge, and instead declare that the media in these countries presses on women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive, and that this is itself sexist and oppressive.

Question: How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs, shoulders, or whole body?

Question: What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West?

Question: Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves?

Question: In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations?
Passage: Iran (/aɪˈræn/ or i/ɪˈrɑːn/; Persian: Irān – ایران‎‎ [ʔiːˈɾɒːn] ( listen)), also known as Persia (/ˈpɜːrʒə/ or /ˈpɜːrʃə/), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران – Jomhuri ye Eslāmi ye Irān [d͡ʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒːn]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by Kazakhstan and Russia across the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 78.4 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country that has both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. Iran has long been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz.

Question: Which country borders Iran to Iran's northwest?

Question: How many people live in Iran?

Question: What is Iran's land mass in square miles?

Question: What is the unofficial name for Iran?

Question: What is Iran's official country name?
Passage: Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the area into the first of many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. Iran reached the pinnacle of its power during the Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, which at its greatest extent comprised major portions of the ancient world, stretching from parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia) and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great. The Parthian Empire emerged from the ashes and was succeeded by the Sassanid Dynasty in 224 AD, under which Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world, along with the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than four centuries.

Question: What civilizations formed in Iran during 3200-2800 BC?

Question: When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area?

Question: Who found the Archaemenid Empire in 550 BC?

Question: When did the Archaemenid Empire collapse?

Question: Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC?
Passage: In 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD, largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam. Arabic replaced Persian as the official language, while Persian remained the language of both ordinary people and of literature. Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. Establishment of the Safavid Dynasty in 1501, converted the Iranian people from Sunni Islam to Twelver Shia Islam, and made Twelver Shia Islam the official religion of Iran. Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism marked one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history. Starting in 1736 under Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time. During the 19th century, Iran irrevocably lost swaths of its territories in the Caucasus which made part of the concept of Iran for centuries, to neighboring Imperial Russia. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a constitutional monarchy and the country's first Majles (parliament). Following a coup d'état instigated by the U.K. and the U.S. in 1953, Iran gradually became close allies with the United States and the rest of the West, remained secular, but grew increasingly autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the 1979 Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979.

Question: What year did the Rashidun Arabs invade Iran?

Question: What year did the Rashidun Arabs conquer Iran?

Question: What religion did the Rashidun Arabs convert the indigenous conquered peoples to?

Question: Which country took over Iran's territories in the Caucasus in the 19th Century?

Question: What movement led to Iran becoming an Islamic republic in 1979?
Passage: Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading cultural and economic center. Iran is a major regional and middle power, exerting considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy through its large reserves of fossil fuels, which include the largest natural gas supply in the world and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves. Iran's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 19 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the fourth-largest number in Asia and 12th-largest in the world.

Question: What resource does Iran have the largest supply of in the world?

Question: What city is Iran's capital?

Question: How does Iran effect the world economy and international energy markets?

Question: What resource does Iran have the fourth largest supply of in the world?

Question: How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites does Iran have?
Passage: The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian *arya- (meaning "Aryan," i.e., "of the Iranians"), argued to descend from Proto-Indo-European *ar-yo-, meaning "skillful assembler." In Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta,[a] and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names such as Alans (Ossetic: Ир – Ir) and Iron (Ossetic: Ирон – Iron).

Question: What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded?

Question: What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians?

Question: What Proto-Indo-European term means "skillful assembler?"

Question: What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?

Question: What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran?
Passage: Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis (Greek: Περσίς), meaning "land of the Persians." As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, the term persisted, even long after the Persian rule in Greece. However, Persis (Old Persian: Pārśa; Modern Persian: Pārse) was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the southern end of the Zagros Mountains, and is today defined as Fars Province.

Question: Which historians referred to Iran as Persis?

Question: What has the West historically referred Iran as?

Question: When did Persians settle on the west shore of Lake Urmia?

Question: After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?

Question: What is Persis known as today?
Passage: In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran. As the New York Times explained at the time, "At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country." Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, both Persia and Iran are used in cultural contexts; although, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.

Question: When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia?

Question: Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?

Question: Which name is officially used politically?

Question: Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change?
Passage: The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have been found mainly in the Zagros region, at sites such as Warwasi and Yafteh Cave.[page needed] Around 10th to 8th millennium BC, early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan and Chogha Bonut began to flourish in Iran, as well as Susa and Chogha Mish developing in and around the Zagros region.[page needed]

Question: How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran?

Question: When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?

Question: What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?

Question: What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran?
Passage: The emergence of Susa as a city, as determined by radiocarbon dating, dates back to early 4,395 BC. There are dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau, pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the 4th millennium BC. During the Bronze Age, Iran was home to several civilizations including Elam, Jiroft, and Zayande River. Elam, the most prominent of these civilizations, developed in the southwest of Iran, alongside those in Mesopotamia. The emergence of writing in Elam was paralleled to Sumer, and the Elamite cuneiform was developed since the 3rd millennium BC.

Question: What ancient city dates back as early as 4395 BC in Iran?

Question: How long ago did ancient cultures and settlements exist across the Iranian plateau?

Question: During what Age was Iran the site of several of these ancient civilizations?

Question: Which ancient civilization in Iran during the 4th Millenium was the most prominent?

Question: Elam's writing system had paralleled Sumer's cuneiform since what era?
Passage: From the late 10th to late 7th centuries BC, the Iranian peoples, together with the pre-Iranian kingdoms, fell under the domination of the Assyrian Empire, based in northern Mesopotamia. Under king Cyaxares, the Medes and Persians entered into an alliance with Nabopolassar of Babylon, as well as the Scythians and the Cimmerians, and together they attacked the Assyrian Empire. The civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 BC and 605 BC, thus freeing their respective peoples from three centuries of Assyrian rule. The unification of the Median tribes under a single ruler in 728 BC led to the foundation of the Median Empire which, by 612 BC, controlled the whole Iran and the eastern Anatolia. This marked the end of the Kingdom of Urartu as well, which was subsequently conquered and dissolved.

Question: Who dominated the area of Irea between the 10th Century BC to the late 7th Century BC?

Question: When did this Civil War take place to free the Iranian peoples from Assyrian rule?

Question: How long did the Assyrian Empire control and rule Iran?

Question: Who lead the Persians into a coalition with the Medes, Babylon, Scythians, and Cimmerians to fight against the Assyrians?

Question: When did the Median tribes unify under a single ruler to form the Median Empire?
Passage: In 550 BC, Cyrus the Great, son of Mandane and Cambyses I, took over the Median Empire, and founded the Achaemenid Empire by unifying other city states. The conquest of Media was a result of what is called the Persian Revolt. The brouhaha was initially triggered by the actions of the Median ruler Astyages, and was quickly spread to other provinces, as they allied with the Persians. Later conquests under Cyrus and his successors expanded the empire to include Lydia, Babylon, Egypt, parts of the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper, as well as the lands to the west of the Indus and Oxus rivers.

Question: Who founded the Achaemenid Empire when the city states in Iran came together in unification?

Question: When did Cyrus the Great found the Achaemenid Empire?

Question: Who triggered the Persian Revolt?

Question: What resulted from the Persian Revolt?
Passage: At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire included the modern territories of Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, much of the Black Sea coastal regions, northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria (Thrace), northern Greece and Macedonia (Paeonia and Ancient Macedon), Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, all significant ancient population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya, Kuwait, northern Saudi Arabia, parts of the UAE and Oman, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and much of Central Asia, making it the first world government and the largest empire the world had yet seen.

Question: What was the first world goverment the world had seen at the time it existed?

Question: What was the largest empire the world had seen at the time it existed?

Question: What sea did the Achaemenid Empire control the majority of the coastal regions of?

Question: The Achaemenid Empire expanded into what part of Asia?

Question: The Achaemenid Empire controlled all of the significant settlements of what ancient country during its greatest extent?
Passage: It is estimated that in 480 BC, 50 million people lived in the Achaemenid Empire. The empire at its peak ruled over 44% of the world's population, the highest such figure for any empire in history. In Greek history, the Achaemenid Empire is considered as the antagonist of the Greek city states, for the emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles in Babylon, building infrastructures such as road and postal systems, and the use of an official language, the Imperial Aramaic, throughout its territories. The empire had a centralized, bureaucratic administration under the emperor, a large professional army, and civil services, inspiring similar developments in later empires. Furthermore, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, was built in the empire between 353 and 350 BC.

Question: The Achaemenid Empire was the known enemy of what nation's histories during its existence?

Question: How many people lived in the Archaemenid Empire in 480BC?

Question: The Achaemenid Empire had what percentage of the word's population in 480BC?

Question: What was the Achaemenid Empire's official language?

Question: What Seven Wonder of the Ancient world was built by the Archaemenid Empire in the 4th Century BC?