sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law." Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. For instance, many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial trading estates.

Question: Municipalities have how many major policy responsibilities?

Question: What article grants the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law.

Question: Under Article 28(2) local governments can justify what?

Question: What is one way municipalities develop the economic infrastructure?
Passage: The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: 한국전쟁, Hanja: 韓國戰爭, Hanguk Jeonjaeng, "Korean War"; in North Korean Chosungul: 조국해방전쟁, Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng, "Fatherland Liberation War"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953)[a] was started when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with United States as the principal force, came to aid of South Korea. China, along with assistance from Soviet Union, came to aid of North Korea. The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of World War II and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed immediately afterwards.

Question: In what year did the Korean War begin?

Question: What caused the start of the Korean War?

Question: What country was divided at the end of World War II?

Question: Which country aided South Korea during the war?

Question: When did the Korean War end?
Passage: Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and—by agreement with the United States—occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently occupied the south and Japan surrendered. By 1948, two separate governments had been set up. Both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. On that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83: Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation and dispatch of the UN Forces in Korea. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel.

Question: What nation ruled Korea in 1910?

Question: What part of Korea did the Soviet Union occupy?

Question: Who occupied Korea south of the 38th parallel?

Question: What United Nation's committee considered the invasion of Korea to be an act of aggression?

Question: How many countries assisted in the defense of South Korea?
Passage: After the first two months of the conflict, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many of the North Korean attackers. Those that escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, or into the mountainous interior. At this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951. After these dramatic reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of conflict became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their Communist allies.

Question: At the beginning of the conflict, where were South Korean forces pushed back to?

Question: In 1950, what country got involved in the war?

Question: How many times did the control of Seoul change?

Question: On land, where was the last two years of the war fought?

Question: What type of combat was seen for the first time in the history of war?
Passage: In China, the war is officially called the "War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea" (simplified Chinese: 抗美援朝战争; traditional Chinese: 抗美援朝戰爭; pinyin: Kàngměiyuáncháo zhànzhēng), although the term "Chaoxian (Korean) War" (simplified Chinese: 朝鲜战争; traditional Chinese: 朝鮮戰爭; pinyin: Cháoxiǎn zhànzhēng) is also used in unofficial contexts, along with the term "Korean Conflict" (simplified Chinese: 韩战; traditional Chinese: 韓戰; pinyin: Hán Zhàn) more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau.

Question: In, China what is the war officially called?

Question: What did Macau and Hong Kong call the Korean War?

Question: When is the term 'Chaoxian War' used as a name for the Korean War?
Passage: Korea was considered to be part of the Empire of Japan as an industrialized colony along with Taiwan, and both were part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In 1937, the colonial Governor-General, General Jirō Minami, commanded the attempted cultural assimilation of Korea's 23.5 million people by banning the use and study of Korean language, literature, and culture, to be replaced with that of mandatory use and study of their Japanese counterparts. Starting in 1939, the populace was required to use Japanese names under the Sōshi-kaimei policy. Conscription of Koreans for labor in war industries began in 1939, with as many as 2 million Koreans conscripted into either the Japanese Army or into the Japanese labor force.

Question: Along with Taiwan, what empire was Korea considered to be apart of?

Question: Who was the colonial Governor-General that mandated cultural assimilation of Korea's people?

Question: What language were the Korean people forced to learn?

Question: What policy forced Koreans to change their names to Japanese names?

Question: In 1939, what caused nearly 2 million Koreans to be forced into the labor force or the army?
Passage: During World War II, Japan used Korea's food, livestock, and metals for their war effort. Japanese forces in Korea increased from 46,000 soldiers in 1941 to 300,000 in 1945. Japanese Korea conscripted 2.6 million forced laborers controlled with a collaborationist Korean police force; some 723,000 people were sent to work in the overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan. By 1942, Korean men were being conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army. By January 1945, Koreans made up 32% of Japan's labor force. At the end of the war, other world powers did not recognize Japanese rule in Korea and Taiwan.

Question: How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945?

Question: Where were 723,000 Koreans sent to work?

Question: Who did Japan collaborate with to help control the citizens of Korea?

Question: By 1945, what percentage of Koreans made up the Japanese labor force?

Question: What army were Korean men conscripted into?
Passage: On the night of 10 August in Washington, American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel. This was incorporated into America's General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, "even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement...we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops". He noted that he was "faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area". As Rusk's comments indicate, the Americans doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this. Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of co-operation, and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south.

Question: What job were Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III given?

Question: What order was the division of Korea included in?

Question: What two areas was Korea divided into?

Question: What was a factor in deciding where to divide the occupation zones?

Question: Who had to agree to the US's decision to divide Korea at the 38th parallel?
Passage: On 8 September 1945, U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel. Appointed as military governor, General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK 1945–48). He established control by restoring to power the key Japanese colonial administrators, but in the face of Korean protests he quickly reversed this decision. The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short-lived People's Republic of Korea (PRK) because it suspected it was communist.

Question: Who accepted Japan's surrender?

Question: What was General Hodge appointed the head of?

Question: What government was not recognized by the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea?

Question: Why was the People's Republic of Korea not recognized?

Question: Who did General Hodge restore power to, resulting in protests?
Passage: On 23 September 1946, an 8,000-strong railroad worker strike began in Pusan. Civil disorder spread throughout the country in what became known as the Autumn uprising. On 1 October 1946, Korean police killed three students in the Daegu Uprising; protesters counter-attacked, killing 38 policemen. On 3 October, some 10,000 people attacked the Yeongcheon police station, killing three policemen and injuring some 40 more; elsewhere, some 20 landlords and pro-Japanese South Korean officials were killed. The USAMGIK declared martial law.

Question: What is the civil disobedience caused by the railroad worker's strike called?

Question: When was the Daegu Uprising?

Question: How many people attacked the Yeongcheon police station?

Question: When did the Pusasn railroad strike begin?

Question: How did the USAMGIK respond to the uprisings?
Passage: Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress, the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea. The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair, and many South Korean politicians also boycotted it. A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948. It was marred by terrorism and sabotage resulting in 600 deaths. North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August.

Question: What did the Joint Commission's lack of progress cause the US government to do?

Question: Why did the Korean Communists and the Soviets refuse to cooperate in the elections and creation of independent Korea?

Question: When was the South Korean general election held?

Question: What problems did the elections face?

Question: Who held parliamentary elections on August 25, 1948?
Passage: The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948, and elected Syngman Rhee as President on 20 July 1948. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established on 15 August 1948. In the Russian Korean Zone of Occupation, the Soviet Union established a Communist North Korean government led by Kim Il-sung. President Rhee's régime excluded communists and leftists from southern politics. Disenfranchised, they headed for the hills, to prepare for guerrilla war against the US-sponsored ROK Government.

Question: When was South Korea's constitution created?

Question: Who was elected president of South Korea on July 20, 1948?

Question: What year was the Republic of Korea established?

Question: Who led the Russian Koran Zone of Occupation?

Question: What two groups were excluded from the South Korean political process?
Passage: With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of matériel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China.

Question: Who supported the Chinese Communists during the civil war in Manchuria?

Question: What two groups were fighting in the Chinese Civil War?

Question: What did the Chinese Communists want?

Question: What army did North Koreans serve in during the civil war?

Question: How much material did the North Koreans give to the Chinese communists?
Passage: The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim.

Question: What country helped North Korea invade South Korea?

Question: When was the People's Republic of China created?

Question: What caused a problem within the Korean Communist Party?

Question: Who led the faction that challenged Kim-Il-sung?

Question: Who did China pledge to support if a conflict should occur between North and South Korea?
Passage: After the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government named the Western nations, led by the United States, as the biggest threat to its national security. Basing this judgment on China's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century, American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War, and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries, the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States' crusade against Communism. As a countermeasure and to elevate China's standing among the worldwide Communist movements, the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China's periphery.

Question: What country did China see as a threat to the People's Republic of China?

Question: Where was it believed that that fight against Communism would take place?

Question: To show their strength in the international Communist movement, what did China do?

Question: Who did America support during the Chinese Civil War?
Passage: By spring 1950, Stalin believed the strategic situation had changed. The Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb in September 1949; American soldiers had fully withdrawn from Korea; the Americans had not intervened to stop the communist victory in China, and Stalin calculated that the Americans would be even less willing to fight in Korea—which had seemingly much less strategic significance. The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the US to communicate with the US embassy in Moscow, and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation. Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments, including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino–Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty.

Question: When did the Soviets first detonate a nuclear bomb?

Question: What treaty did Stalin and China enter into?

Question: What country did not prevent a Communist victory in China?

Question: Who was convinced that the US did was no longer interested in Korea?

Question: Where did Stalin engage in an aggressive political strategy?
Passage: In April 1950, Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if they became needed. Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the Americans. Kim met with Mao in May 1950. Mao was concerned that the Americans would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion. China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets. At that time, the Chinese were in the process of demobilizing half of the PLA's 5.6 million soldiers. However, Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border. Once Mao's commitment was secured, preparations for war accelerated.

Question: Who had to agree to send reinforcements for Stalin to give permission for the invasion of Korea?

Question: Who did the Soviets not want to engage in conflict?

Question: What concern did Mao have about the South Korean invasion?

Question: Who needed Soviet financial and military aid?

Question: What did Mao's assistance allow North Korea to accelerate?
Passage: Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group. These generals completed the plans for the attack by May. The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea. The North Koreans would then launch a "counterattack" that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army. The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants, capturing the rest of South Korea, including the ports.

Question: Who did the Soviets send to North Korea?

Question: Where did the conflict in South Korea begin?

Question: What were the generals sent to North Korea collectively called?

Question: When did the generals finalize their attack strategy?
Passage: On 7 June 1950, Kim Il-sung called for a Korea-wide election on 5–8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15–17 June 1950. On 11 June, the North sent three diplomats to the South, as a peace overture that Rhee rejected. On 21 June, Kim Il-Sung revised his war plan to involve general attack across the 38th parallel, rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula. Kim was concerned that South Korean agents had learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses. Stalin agreed to this change of plan.

Question: Who called for Korean elections in 1950?

Question: Who rejected the peace gesture?

Question: What did Kim Il-Sung do after the peace overture was rejected?

Question: Why did Kim's war plan need revising?

Question: When did Kim Il-Sung call for the Haeju conference?
Passage: While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of war, KMAG's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide "target practice". For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June.

Question: Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?

Question: What group trained the Republic of Korea army?

Question: What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea's army?

Question: Who wanted to take over North Korea?

Question: Who was the diplomat that visited Korea?
Passage: At dawn on Sunday, 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire. The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops had attacked first, and that they were aiming to arrest and execute the "bandit traitor Syngman Rhee". Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west. There were initial South Korean claims that they had captured the city of Haeju, and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans actually fired first.

Question: Who provoked a conflict by crossing the 38th parallel?

Question: Where did the fighting begin?

Question: Who claimed to have taken control of Haeju?

Question: Who questioned the claim that South Korean did not provoke the KPA?

Question: Who was the Korean People's Army trying to execute?
Passage: On 27 June, Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government. On 28 June, at 2 am, the South Korean Army blew up the highway bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army. The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing the bridge, and hundreds were killed. Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River. In spite of such desperate measures, Seoul fell that same day. A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell, and forty-eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North.

Question: Who, along with members of the South Korean government, fled South Korea?

Question: What bridge were refugees attempting to cross when it was blown up by the South Korean Army?

Question: How many South Korean National Assemblyman pledged their allegiance to Seoul?

Question: What did South Korea do to cause members of the South Korean military unit to become trapped near the Han River?

Question: What day was the city of Seoul captured?
Passage: One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan. Especially after the fall of China to the Communists, U.S. East Asian experts saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region. While there was no United States policy that dealt with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea. Said Kim: "The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene... The essential point... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan."

Question: What country was believed to provide a counterbalance to China's and the Soviet Union's involvement in Korea?

Question: Which President decided to intervene after realizing that Japan's security would be affected by the hostility in Korea?

Question: Why was South Korea important to the US?

Question: What affected America's response to the situation in South Korea?