sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: With the financial expansion, trading rights became more jealously guarded by the commercial elite. Towns saw the growing power of guilds, while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades, like the English wool Staple. The beneficiaries of these developments would accumulate immense wealth. Families like the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England, and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings, and achieve great political influence in the process.

Question: What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?

Question: Which families financed the wars of kings?

Question: Which economic associations gained power in the towns?

Question: Where was Jacques Couer from?
Passage: Though there is no doubt that the demographic crisis of the 14th century caused a dramatic fall in production and commerce in absolute terms, there has been a vigorous historical debate over whether the decline was greater than the fall in population. While the older orthodoxy held that the artistic output of the Renaissance was a result of greater opulence, more recent studies have suggested that there might have been a so-called 'depression of the Renaissance'. In spite of convincing arguments for the case, the statistical evidence is simply too incomplete for a definite conclusion to be made.

Question: What caused the decrease in commerce and production in the 14th century?

Question: What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence?

Question: What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?

Question: What is posited as the cause of increased artistic output during the Renaissance?
Passage: The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology. The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought. An alternative was presented by William of Ockham, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony – or Occam's razor – whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one, and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided.

Question: Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century?

Question: Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted?

Question: Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate?

Question: What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?

Question: On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?
Passage: This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science, and paved the way for new approaches. Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made, when such scholars as Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of Aristotle. Buridan developed the theory of impetus as the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was an important step towards the modern concept of inertia. The works of these scholars anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Nicolaus Copernicus.

Question: What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?

Question: What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?

Question: What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview?

Question: Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion?

Question: Buridan's theory of impetus led to what modern concept?
Passage: Certain technological inventions of the period – whether of Arab or Chinese origin, or unique European innovations – were to have great influence on political and social developments, in particular gunpowder, the printing press and the compass. The introduction of gunpowder to the field of battle affected not only military organisation, but helped advance the nation state. Gutenberg's movable type printing press made possible not only the Reformation, but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society. The compass, along with other innovations such as the cross-staff, the mariner's astrolabe, and advances in shipbuilding, enabled the navigation of the World Oceans, and the early phases of colonialism. Other inventions had a greater impact on everyday life, such as eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock.

Question: Who invented the movable printing press?

Question: What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press?

Question: Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life?

Question: Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state?

Question: Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation?
Passage: The period saw several important technical innovations, like the principle of linear perspective found in the work of Masaccio, and later described by Brunelleschi. Greater realism was also achieved through the scientific study of anatomy, championed by artists like Donatello. This can be seen particularly well in his sculptures, inspired by the study of classical models. As the centre of the movement shifted to Rome, the period culminated in the High Renaissance masters da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.

Question: Who championed the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?

Question: Which artistic principle was innovated by Brunelleschi?

Question: Along with da Vinci, who were two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance?

Question: What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?

Question: What did Donatello study that inspired sculptures?
Passage: The ideas of the Italian Renaissance were slow to cross the Alps into northern Europe, but important artistic innovations were made also in the Low Countries. Though not – as previously believed – the inventor of oil painting, Jan van Eyck was a champion of the new medium, and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail. The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other, but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy.

Question: What was the focus of paintings in Italy?

Question: Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?

Question: What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?

Question: Jan van Eyck's paintings are known for what characteristics?
Passage: Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.

Question: Who wrote the Divine Comedy?

Question: In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?

Question: Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?

Question: What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?

Question: Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?
Passage: Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture, and in the universities it made up part of the quadrivium of the liberal arts. From the early 13th century, the dominant sacred musical form had been the motet; a composition with text in several parts. From the 1330s and onwards, emerged the polyphonic style, which was a more complex fusion of independent voices. Polyphony had been common in the secular music of the Provençal troubadours. Many of these had fallen victim to the 13th-century Albigensian Crusade, but their influence reached the papal court at Avignon.

Question: What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1330s?

Question: Polyphony was common in the secular music of which French region?

Question: What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?

Question: What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?
Passage: The main representatives of the new style, often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua, were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. In Italy, where the Provençal troubadours had also found refuge, the corresponding period goes under the name of trecento, and the leading composers were Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini. Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries.

Question: Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?

Question: What was the name of the new musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?

Question: Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 14th century?

Question: Who were the leading composers of the trecento period?

Question: Kukuzelis reformed the music of which religion?
Passage: Morality plays emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished until 1550. The most interesting morality play is The Castle of Perseverance which depicts mankind's progress from birth to death. However, the most famous morality play and perhaps best known medieval drama is Everyman. Everyman receives Death's summons, struggles to escape and finally resigns himself to necessity. Along the way, he is deserted by Kindred, Goods, and Fellowship - only Good Deeds goes with him to the grave.

Question: What is the most famous morality play from the medieval period?

Question: Which dramatic form was created around 1400?

Question: What goes to the grave with Everyman in the morality play?

Question: Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to death?

Question: In the morality play, who summoned Everyman?
Passage: At the end of the Late Middle Ages, professional actors began to appear in England and Europe. Richard III and Henry VII both maintained small companies of professional actors. Their plays were performed in the Great Hall of a nobleman's residence, often with a raised platform at one end for the audience and a "screen" at the other for the actors. Also important were Mummers' plays, performed during the Christmas season, and court masques. These masques were especially popular during the reign of Henry VIII who had a House of Revels built and an Office of Revels established in 1545.

Question: Which Late Middle Age English kings kept their own troupes of professional actors?

Question: Who performed the seasonal Christmas plays?

Question: In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels?

Question: What did Henry VIII build in 1545 for the benefit of the theatrical arts?

Question: In what part of a nobleman's house were plays performed?
Passage: The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539, the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop its own form of drama. It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in Greek and Roman theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity.

Question: What was banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?

Question: In what year did Elizabeth I ban religious plays?

Question: In what year were religious plays banned in the Netherlands?

Question: What types of subjects did dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?

Question: Where were religious plays banned in 1548?
Passage: After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance would spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus’s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

Question: Along with the invention of printing, and the associated dissemination of the printed word, what other factor is believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation?

Question: Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?

Question: What effect did the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations?

Question: What historical era is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era?

Question: What was discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?
Passage: At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446–1453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope Pius II awarded him the title of Athleta Christi or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe.

Question: Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 15th century?

Question: In what year did the Battle of Varna take place?

Question: Which Hungarian ruler was killed at the Battle of Varna?

Question: Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1446?

Question: Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to John Hyundai?
Passage: Hunyadi succeeded during the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 against the Ottomans, the biggest victory against that empire in decades. This battle became a real Crusade against the Muslims, as the peasants were motivated by the Franciscan monk Saint John of Capistrano, who came from Italy predicating Holy War. The effect that it created in that time was one of the main factors that helped in achieving the victory. However the premature death of the Hungarian Lord left Pannonia defenseless and in chaos. In an extremely unusual event for the Middle Ages, Hunyadi's son, Matthias, was elected as King of Hungary by the nobility. For the first time, a member of an aristocratic family (and not from a royal family) was crowned.

Question: Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight against Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade?

Question: In what year was the Siege of Belgrade fought?

Question: Who did the Hungarian nobility elect as King of Hungary?

Question: Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?

Question: When John Hunyadi died, which province was left in chaos?
Passage: King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458–1490) was one of the most prominent figures of the period, directing campaigns to the West, conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope's call for help against the Hussite Protestants. Also, in resolving political hostilities with the German emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, he invaded his western domains. Matthew organized the Black Army of mercenary soldiers; it was considered as the biggest army of its time. Using this powerful tool, the Hungarian king led wars against the Turkish armies and stopped the Ottomans during his reign. After the death of Matthew, and with end of the Black Army, the Ottoman Empire grew in strength and Central Europe was defenseless. At the Battle of Mohács, the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and Louis II of Hungary drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape. The leader of the Hungarian army, Pál Tomori, also died in the battle. This is considered to be one of the final battles of Medieval times.

Question: How did Louis II of Hungary die?

Question: Who was the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?

Question: In what years did Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary?

Question: Who did Matthias defeat to conquer Bohemia?

Question: Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?
Passage: The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of modern history and early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. As a result there was developmental continuity between the ancient age (via classical antiquity) and the modern age. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.

Question: Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages?

Question: What provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?

Question: What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?

Question: What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the beginning of?
Passage: Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements.

Question: When was Ann Arbor founded?

Question: Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837?

Question: During the 1960's & 70's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?

Question: Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor's name?
Passage: Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On 25 May 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as "Annarbour;" this represents the earliest known use of the town's name. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's sawmill.

Question: Who founded Ann Arbor?

Question: What was the profession of the founders of Ann arbor?

Question: Which tribe named the settlement as kaw-goosh-kaw-nick?

Question: For how much money did the founders purchase the land from the federal government?

Question: What were the names of the founders wives?
Passage: Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north—south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and African-Americans. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants coming from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland. Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.

Question: Ann Arbor has been linked with which university?

Question: Which town became the regional transport hub in 1878?

Question: Who were the early settlers of Ann Arbor?

Question: In which year was Ann Arbor chartered as a city?

Question: In 1916, what was the name of the Synagogue that was establish?
Passage: During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War. During the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city. These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and a rent-control ordinance; many of these remain in effect in modified form. Alongside these liberal and left-wing efforts, a small group of conservative institutions were born in Ann Arbor. These include Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement; and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999), a religious-conservative advocacy group.

Question: When was the Thomas More Law center established?

Question: What was the Thomas More law group?

Question: During the early & mid 70's, which party won the city council seats?
Passage: In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside. On 4 November 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development. Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits. Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year. In 2008, it was ranked by CNNMoney.com 27th out of 100 "America's best small cities". And in the year 2010, Forbes listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the United States of America.

Question: Which magazine listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the USA?

Question: For the past few years, what effects has the city Ann Arbor grappled with?

Question: What plan did the city voters approve in 2003?