sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors. However, conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls (billiard ball computer); an often quoted example.[citation needed] More realistically, modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors.

Question: Vacuum tubes in early computers were replaced by what?

Question: Transistors are typically made up of what today?

Question: A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what?
Passage: There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring) very quickly.

Question: What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly?

Question: By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?
Passage: A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Question: Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field?
Passage: The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.

Question: Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what?
Passage: Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware".

Question: Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?

Question: Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?

Question: What type of "ware" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?
Passage: Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer. This chip (hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it.

Question: A BIOS chip is located where in a computer?

Question: What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip?
Passage: When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated. The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of hand-operated input devices are:

Question: Processing data from input and output devices is typically done by what?

Question: Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed?
Passage: Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined.

Question: Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word "black"?

Question: What is "black people" a term for?

Question: Do all regions perceive that term "black people" the same?

Question: Do some cultures not use the term "Black people"?

Question: Can the term "black people" have different meanings?
Passage: Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. For example, in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or majority ethnic ancestry, but it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. In South Africa and Latin America, for instance, mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black." In South Pacific regions such as Australia and Melanesia, European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.

Question: Do all societies use the term "black" the same?

Question: What factors can affect the classification of "blackness"?

Question: Are mixed race people classified as black?

Question: How is the term "black" defined in the United States?

Question: How did European Colonists use the term "Black"?
Passage: The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English.

Question: What made up Mauretania?

Question: Who conquered parts of Mauretania?

Question: During what period did Mauretania exist?

Question: Where were the people of the region noted?

Question: What is Mauri in English?
Passage: Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa.

Question: Where was the Arab Slave Trade?

Question: When were the Arab Invasions?

Question: Where were numerous dark-skinned communities?

Question: When did these communities begin?

Question: Who are they descendants of?
Passage: In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.

Question: When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live?

Question: How many black slaves did he own?

Question: What did he call his slave army?

Question: What did the Black Guard do?

Question: When did the Black Guard exist?
Passage: According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry.

Question: Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white?

Question: Where does Dr. Carlos Moore work?

Question: How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century?
Passage: Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".

Question: Who was the Egyptian President?

Question: What ethnicity was his mother?

Question: What ethnicity was his father?

Question: What color did he refer to himself as?
Passage: Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' social status at birth and were born free.

Question: Who was enslaved more often?

Question: What did the Qur'an permit?

Question: What were female slaves used for?

Question: What is the term for a pregnant slave?

Question: What does umm walad mean?
Passage: Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Morocco. The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd (Arabic: عبد‎,) (meaning "slave"); it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people.

Question: Who was the ruler in Morocco?

Question: When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?

Question: What ethnicity was his mother?

Question: What Arabic term is still used for black people?

Question: Who still had the term "slave" used in reference to them?
Passage: In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.

Question: When did the Arab apartheid intensify?

Question: Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?

Question: Where did these people live?

Question: Who controlled the government?

Question: What was the government being accused of?
Passage: American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.

Question: Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?

Question: Who executed the apartheid?

Question: Who was excluded?

Question: Where were they?

Question: What is George Ayittey's profession?
Passage: Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.

Question: Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?

Question: How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?

Question: Who argeed with Dershowitz?

Question: Where did Irwin Cotler live?
Passage: In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the Afrikaaner-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid.

Question: What did the colonization of South Africa result in?

Question: What was a result of these marriages?

Question: What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered?

Question: Who was included in the Coloured group?

Question: What does apartheid mean?
Passage: The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the "pencil test" was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families.

Question: What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?

Question: What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?

Question: How did the pencil test work?

Question: Who administered the "Pencil Test"?
Passage: Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards.

Question: Who was featured in the movie "Skin"?

Question: What year was the movie "Skin" made?

Question: At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?

Question: What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity?

Question: How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?
Passage: During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks.

Question: Who was oppressed and discriminated against?

Question: What era did this discrimination take place?

Question: Who were "Coloured" people above in the class system?

Question: Where were the "black" areas?
Passage: In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)".[citation needed]

Question: What laws did they introduce to support blacks?

Question: Who does the term "black" people include?

Question: What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?

Question: Who makes the "Coloured" people feel "Not black enough"?

Question: Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies?
Passage: In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits.

Question: Who declared Chinese South Africans as "Black People"?

Question: What year did this ruling happen?

Question: Why was this classification made?

Question: What Chinese people did not qualify for benefits?

Question: Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits?
Passage: Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.

Question: What is another way "Coloureds" can be distinguished from "Blacks"?

Question: What languages are most common?

Question: What are less common languages spoken?

Question: What types of names do "coloureds" have?

Question: What type of names do "blacks" have?
Passage: Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of Black African slaves from forced labor was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system. As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab black communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries.

Question: How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?

Question: In what time frame were these people enslaved?

Question: Who enslaved these people?

Question: Why were women slaves more popular?

Question: Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?
Passage: Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.

Question: How many people in Yemen have African lineage?

Question: How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?

Question: How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?

Question: Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?
Passage: Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of those of visible African descent are still classified and identify as Arab, not black.

Question: Who is seeking minority status from the government?

Question: Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?

Question: How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?

Question: What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?

Question: Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
Passage: About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

Question: How many East African and black people live in Israel?

Question: What percent of Israel's population is black?

Question: When did they migrate to Israel?

Question: Where did they migrate from?

Question: Where are most of the black converts from?
Passage: Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.

Question: How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?

Question: What have these immigrants sought?

Question: Where are most of them from?

Question: What languages do they speak?

Question: Where are the non jewish immigrants from?
Passage: Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work.

Question: When did the slave trade begin?

Question: Where were the slaves brought?

Question: Where did former slaves go for work once freed?

Question: What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?
Passage: The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is actually derived from "Sayyid", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.

Question: Who are the Siddi?

Question: Who did the Siddi descend from?

Question: What does the word "Siddi" derive from?

Question: Where does the term Sayyid come from?

Question: When was the "black power" movement in Sindh?
Passage: The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured, hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines. Despite this, Negritos are never referred to as black today, and doing so would cause offense. The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group. The common Thai word for Negritos literally means "frizzy hair".

Question: Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?

Question: Where do the Negritos reside currently?

Question: What does Negrito mean?

Question: What language does the term Negrito come from?

Question: What term is interchangable with Negrito?