sentence-transformers/squad huggingface dataset:
Passage: Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans/ Incidental Take Permits "a major force for wildlife conservation and a major headache to the development community", wrote Robert D.Thornton in the 1991 Environmental Law article, Searching for Consensus and Predictability: Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.

Question: What 1981 court decision added to the power of HCPs and ITPs for conservation?

Question: Who wrote the article "Searching for Consensus and Predictability: Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973."

Question: What did Thornton compare the scientific and legal advances to, from the viewpoint of the development community?
Passage: The "No Surprises" rule is meant to protect the landowner if "unforeseen circumstances" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The "No Surprises" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because once an Incidental Take Permit is granted, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient. The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money. The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures.

Question: What is the name of the rule that protects the landowner if their conservation efforts fall short?

Question: Why is this particular rule so controversial?

Question: If the landowner fails to adequately protect the species, what penalties do they face with the "No Surprises" rule?

Question: Who covers the cost of additional efforts if the ITP holder's efforts fall short?
Passage: The "Safe Harbor" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the "enhancement of survival" provision of Section §1539(a)(1)(A). A landowner can have either a "Safe Harbor" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both. The policy was developed by the Clinton Administration in 1999.

Question: What two groups are bound by a "Safe Harbor" agreement?

Question: In exchange for altering the property to a more beneficial state, what does the landowner gain from the Safe Harbor agreement?

Question: Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy?

Question: Are Safe Harbor agreements and ITPs mutually exclusive?
Passage: The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the "Safe Harbor" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore, enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered if critical habitat is not protected. The FWS will then assure that if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA.

Question: How do Candidate Conservation Agreements differ from Safe Harbor agreements?

Question: How does a CCA help protect a private landowner?

Question: How does a CCA impact unlisted species?
Passage: Two examples of animal species recently delisted are: the Virginia northern flying squirrel (subspecies) on August, 2008, which had been listed since 1985, and the gray wolf (Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). On April 15, 2011, President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Appropriations Act of 2011. A section of that Appropriations Act directed the Secretary of the Interior to reissue within 60 days of enactment the final rule published on April 2, 2009, that identified the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf (Canis lupus) as a distinct population segment (DPS) and to revise the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife by removing most of the gray wolves in the DPS.

Question: What animal species was delisted in August 2008?

Question: How long had the squirrel been listed as endangered?

Question: Which president signed an Act directing the delisting of the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf?
Passage: As of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one due to an error in the listing rule, and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting. Twenty-five others have been down listed from "endangered" to "threatened" status.

Question: As of September 2012, how many species had been delisted due to recovery?

Question: Of the ten species removed due to extinction, how many are believe to have already been extinct when listed?

Question: How many species have been downgraded from endangered to threatened status?

Question: How many species were delisted due to discoveries of new populations?
Passage: Opponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed, and only 28 delisted due to recovery, the success rate of 1% over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and plants. Others argue that the ESA may encourage preemptive habitat destruction by landowners who fear losing the use of their land because of the presence of an endangered species; known colloquially as "Shoot, Shovel and Shut-Up." One example of such perverse incentives is the case of a forest owner who, in response to ESA listing of the red-cockaded woodpecker, increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat. While no studies have shown that the Act's negative effects, in total, exceed the positive effects, many economists believe that finding a way to reduce such perverse incentives would lead to more effective protection of endangered species.

Question: How did a land owner impact the protected red-cockaded woodpecker species?

Question: What is the success rate of the list and the Endangered Species Act initiatives?

Question: What is the name given to the act of pre-emptive habitat destruction by landowners fearing a protected species?

Question: How many species are currently listed?
Passage: According to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-state commerce, allowing these animals to be sold to roadside zoos and private collectors. Additionally, the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold. According to Green and the CPI, this allows dealers to "donate" listed species through supposed "breeding loans" to anyone, and in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party. Furthermore, an interview with an endangered species specialist at the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations, which would catch these false "donations" and other mislabeled transactions.

Question: What is one particular industry that exploits Endangered Species Act loopholes?

Question: What is one particular loophole that aids roadside zoos and private collectors?

Question: What allows exploitation of interstate commerce regulations?

Question: How can fake breeding loans be used to sell wildlife?

Question: Why are there not more arrests from undercover investigations of interstate wildlife commerce?
Passage: Green and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard-affiliated New England Regional Primate Research Center into the exotic pet trade through the aforementioned loophole, but in October 1976, over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States in order to beat the official listing of the species under the ESA.

Question: The Center for Public Integrity found that 151 of what primate were moved from the New England Primate Research Center into exotic pet trade?

Question: What happened in 1976 that impacted this primate's classification as Endanger?

Question: What school is affiliated with the New England Primate Research Center?
Passage: Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states, and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species. Examples include Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California.

Question: Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose?

Question: What is one notable drawback with state wildlife agencies creating their own lists?

Question: What states are listing species that are endangered in their own state, but that are not endangered in all other states?
Passage: A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish, wildlife, and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal. If the balance ever exceeds $500,000 the Secretary of the Treasury is required to deposit an amount equal to the excess into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund.

Question: Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations?

Question: Given that a violator caused wildlife harm, who may provide financial assistance for the care of the harmed wildlife?

Question: Costs over what balance lead to the Secretary of the Treasury depositing money into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund?
Passage: Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call "vacuum" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. In engineering and applied physics on the other hand, vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum.

Question: The word Vacuum stems from what Latin adjective?

Question: What does the term used by Physicists, partial vacuum, refer to?

Question: What is a vacuum?

Question: What type of pressure is less than atmospheric pressure in a vacuum?

Question: What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum?
Passage: The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10−12) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm3. Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average. According to modern understanding, even if all matter could be removed from a volume, it would still not be "empty" due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, transiting gamma rays, cosmic rays, neutrinos, and other phenomena in quantum physics. In the electromagnetism in the 19th century, vacuum was thought to be filled with a medium called aether. In modern particle physics, the vacuum state is considered the ground state of matter.

Question: The Vacuum state is considered what?

Question: A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure?

Question: The quality of a partial vacuum refers to what?

Question: Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent?

Question: If all matter is removed from a vacuum, would it be empty space?
Passage: Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.

Question: What did Aristotle believe about a void?

Question: What was historically disputed about vacuums?

Question: What did something that was literally nothing at all,According to Plato, mean?

Question: Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void?
Passage: In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.

Question: In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?

Question: What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?

Question: Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?

Question: What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century?
Passage: Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.

Question: What does Rapid decompression do to the lungs?

Question: What causes barotrauma?

Question: What amount of pressure drop can kill you if it occurs suddenly?

Question: What does acceleration of oxygen consumption do?

Question: rapid decompression is more dangerous than what?
Passage: Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.

Question: What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature?

Question: Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space?

Question: What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century?
Passage: In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.

Question: An infinite sea of particles with negative energy was a model propesed by whom?

Question: What year was the Dirac sea modeled?

Question: When werer virtual particles confirmed?

Question: What year was the uncertainty principle formed?

Question: What theorized that time and energy can be measured?
Passage: In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.

Question: what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature?

Question: Who's equations helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor?

Question: what produces curvature in a vacuum?

Question: What has no electric charge?
Passage: But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.

Question: Where do most satellites operate?

Question: What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel?

Question: why do satellites need to fire engines every few day to keep orbit?

Question: above what line location in outer space to satellites orbit?
Passage: In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.

Question: Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?

Question: Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate what?

Question: who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?

Question: what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space

Question: What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?
Passage: Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.

Question: Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?

Question: When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?

Question: the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?

Question: What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?

Question: what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?
Passage: In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.

Question: What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump?

Question: What year was the Toepler Pump invented?

Question: What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ?

Question: Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment?

Question: What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa?