This point is driven home in a review of research in the mid 1990s which found that among attitudinal research published in 1989, approximately only 1 in 9 experimental paradigms utilized an indirect measure of attitude (necessary for determining contributions of implicit attitudes) while all of the reviewed studies employed direct measures such as self report of attitudes which were explicitly aware to participants.
这一点可以追溯到 20 世纪 90 年代中期的一份研究回顾，回顾发现在 1989 年发表的关于态度的研究中，大致九个实验范式中只有一个利用了态度的间接测量（需要内隐态度的贡献），而几乎全部的研究都使用了如自呈报告等的能为被试所清楚意识到的直接测量。