The authors of the Black Book of Communism, R.J. Rummel, Norman Davies and others have attempted to give estimates of the total number of deaths for which communist rule of a particular state in a particular period was responsible, or the total for all states under communist rule.
《共产主义黑皮书》的作者、鲁道夫·拉梅尔、Norman Davies和其他人试图负责任的估计一些国家在共产主义统治下的特定时期死亡的人口总数，或者在所有共产主义统治下的国家。