From 1942 to 1956, electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) was used on more than 500 children at Bellevue Hospital, including Bender's experiments; from 1956 to 1969, ECT was used at Creedmoor State Hospital Children's Service.
電痙攣療法在此醫院的1942年到1956年間治療過超過500名兒童，包括Bender的受試者，從1956年到1969年又在Creedmoor State Hospital Children's Service進行。