Similar problems occur when humans or machines have to make successive decisions whose outcomes are not entirely under one's control, such as in robot guidance or in marketing, financial, or military strategy planning.
当人类或机器必须作出连续的决定，其结果不完全在其控制之下时，例如在机器人指导或营销，财务或军事战略规划中，就会出现类似的问题。