Infertility and infant mortality, which were probably more significant influences on overall population levels than the adult mortality rate, increased from 1820 due to disease, malnutrition, and stress, all of which stemmed from state forced labor policies.
不孕症和婴儿死亡率对总体人口水平的影响可能比成人死亡率更为显著，它们从1820年开始增加，原因是疾病、营养不良和压力，所有这些都源于国家强制劳动政策。