By the mid-16th century, 80% of the world's Jews lived and flourished in Poland and in Lithuania; most of western and central Europe was by that time closed to Jews.
到16世纪中叶，全世界80%的犹太人在波兰和立陶宛生活并且取得繁荣；而此时中西欧仍然拒绝犹太人。