After two centuries of decline, the city was effectively re-founded in the 13th century as a fortified cross-Saharan caravan trading center connecting the Mediterranean with Sub-Saharan Africa.
經過兩個世紀的沒落，全城在13世紀被重新建立，作為強化跨撒哈拉貿易商隊的中心，連接地中海與撒哈拉以南的非洲地區。