Proto-sociological observations are to be found in the founding texts of Western philosophy (Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato, Polybius and so on), as well as in the non-European thought of figures such as Confucius.
Observasi proto-sosiologis dapat ditemukan dalam teks-teks pendiri filsafat Barat (Herodotus, Thukidides, Plato, Polibios dan sebagainya), dan juga pemikiran filsuf non-Eropa seperti Konfusius.