During the 1960s, various armed independence movements became active: the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, National Liberation Front of Angola, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola in Angola, African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde in Portuguese Guinea, and the Mozambique Liberation Front in Mozambique.
Selama tahun 1960-an, berbagai gerakan kemerdekaan bersenjata menjadi aktif: Gerakan rakyat untuk Pembebasan Angola, Front Pembebasan Nasional Angola, Uni Nasional untuk Kemerdekaan penuh dari Angola di Angola, Partai Afrika untuk Kemerdekaan Guinea dan Tanjung Verde dalam bahasa portugis Guinea, dan Front Pembebasan Mozambik.