Nonetheless, based on the reports of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service and, later, the South Manchurian Railway, modern historians Thomas Gottschang and Diana Lary estimate that, during the period 1891–1942, some 25.4 million migrants arrived to Manchuria from China south of the Great Wall, and 16.7 million went back.
Meskipun begitu, berdasarkan laporan Layanan Cukai Maritim Tionghoa dan Jalur Kereta Api Manchuria Selatan, sejarawan modern Thomas Gottschang dan Diana Lary memperkirakan bahwa pada periode 1891-1942 terdapat 25,4 juta orang yang datang dari sebelah selatan Tembok Besar ke Manchuria, sementara 16,7 juta kembali dari Manchuria.