Private universities were officially outlawed in Turkey before the Constitution of 1982, but there were already fifteen private "higher schools", which were effectively universities, in Istanbul by 1970.
Universitas-universitas swasta secara resmi dilarang di Turki sebelum Konstitusi 1982, tetapi pada tahun 1970 di Istanbul telah ada lima belas "sekolah tinggi" swasta, yang secara efektif adalah universitas.