These included Bulgaria, Serbia, and the Rus, as well as some non-Orthodox states like the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Sicily, which had close ties to the Byzantine Empire despite being in other respects part of western European culture.
Negara-negara tersebut meliputi Bulgaria, Serbia, dan Rus, serta beberapa negara non-Ortodoks seperti Republik Venesia dan Kerajaan Sisilia, yang memiliki hubungan dekat dengan Kekaisaran Bizantium di samping dengan budaya Eropa barat.