Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theory) and chemistry (organic chemistry).
Terobosan besar datang dalam biologi, khususnya dalam teori evolusi Darwin, serta fisika (elektromagnetisme), matematika (geometri non-Euclidean, teori grup) dan kimia (kimia organik).