Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialist, he was at the forefront of a grassroots anti-apartheid campaign known as the Black Consciousness Movement during the late 1960s and 1970s.
Berideologi nasionalisme Afrika dan sosialisme Afrika, ia berada di garis depan akar rumput kampanye anti-apartheid yang dikenal sebagai Gerakan Hati Nurani Kulit Hitam pada akhir 1960an dan 1970an.