During the 12th and 13th centuries a wide variety of religious dissidents appeared in Northwestern Italy and in Rome (like the patarini, the dulcinians, Arnaldo da Brescia); however, all were eliminated.
Selama abad ke-12 dan ke-13, berbagai macam penentang agama muncul di Italia Barat Laut dan juga di Roma (seperti patarini, dulcinian, Arnaldo da Brescia; yang akhirnya semuanya terbunuh.