Josiah Willard Gibbs developed an algebra of vectors in three-dimensional space, and Arthur Cayley developed an algebra of matrices (this is a noncommutative algebra).
Josiah Willard Gibbs mengembangkan aljabar dari vektor-vektor dalam ruang tiga-dimensi, dan Arthur Cayley mengembangkan aljabar matriks (ini adalah aljabar tak-komutatif).