The southern provinces of China were notably against the Beiyang government in the north, having resisted the restoration of monarchy by Yuan Shikai and the subsequent government in Peking after his death.
Provinsi-provinsi selatan terutama menentang pemerintah Beiyang di utara, karena menolak pemulihan monarki oleh Yuan Shikai dan pemerintahan berikutnya di Peking setelah kematiannya.