It was the nation's tragedy that political strategy, especially the one as precarious as the hope for foreign intervention, forced the troops to make exorbitant sacrifices in Shanghai and led almost to total annihilation.
Adalah tragedi bangsa bahwa strategi politik, khususnya seriskan menaruh harapan pada intervensi asing, memaksa pasukan untuk melakukan pengorbanan berlebihan di Shanghai dan membiarkan penghancuran hampir total.