Landes (2003) stresses the importance of new technologies, especially, the internal combustion engine and petroleum, new materials and substances, including alloys and chemicals, electricity and communication technologies (such as the telegraph, telephone and radio).
Landes (2003) menekankan pentingnya teknologi baru, terutama, mesin pembakaran internal dan minyak bumi, bahan-bahan dan substansi baru, termasuk paduan dan bahan kimia, listrik dan teknologi komunikasi (seperti telegraf, telepon dan radio).