The cartel concept for closer forms of inter-state cooperation was counteracted by just a range of actors: by Leninism, American anti-trust policy and European federalists (e.g., Jean Monnet).
Konsep kartel untuk kerja sama erat antarnegara dilawan oleh sejumlah pelaku seperti Leninisme, kebijakan anti-trust Amerika Serikat, dan federalis Eropa (e.g., Jean Monnet).