Among Muslim intellectuals, the early debate on secularism centered mainly on the relationship between religion and state, and how this relationship was related to European successes in science, technology and governance.
Di antara intelektual muslim, perdebatan awal terhadap sekularisme berpusat pada hubungan antara agama dan pemerintahan, dan bagaimana hubungan ini berkorelasi terhadap kesuksesan Eropa di bidang sains, teknologi dan pemerintahan.