After the industrial revolution, works such as Georg Simmel's The Metropolis and Mental Life (1903) focused on urbanization and the effect it had on alienation and anonymity.
Setelah revolusi industri, sosiolog seperti Max Weber dan Georg Simmel dalam karya The Metropolis and Mental life (1903), berfokus pada proses urbanisasi yang meningkat dan dampaknya terhadap perasaan pengasingan sosial dan anonimitas.