Many died from starvation, overwork, bombing (they were frequently denied access to bomb shelters), abuse and execution carried out by their German overseers.
Banyak yang meninggal akibat kelaparan, kerja terlalu keras, pemboman (mereka sering tidak diperbolehkan mengungsi ke bunker), serta kekerasan dan eksekusi yang dilakukan oleh pimpinan Jerman mereka.