However, this argument has been rejected by several historians who are specialists of the subject, among them US historian Robert Paxton, who is widely recognised, and historian of the French police Maurice Rajsfus.
Namun, argumen ini telah ditolak oleh beberapa sejarahwan yang merupakan spesialis subjek, di antaranya sejarahwan Amerika Serikat Robert Paxton, yang sangat terkenal, dan sejarahwan polisi Prancis Maurice Rajsfus.