After the Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor, the quality of banner troops gradually decreased, and by the 19th century the task of defending the empire had largely fallen upon regional armies such as the Xiang Army.
Setelah Sepuluh Kampanye Militer Besar Kaisar Qianlong, kualitas pasukan panji secara bertahap menurun, dan pada abad ke-19 tugas mempertahankan kekaisaran telah banyak jatuh kepada tentara regional seperti Tentara Xiang.