He notes that South America has been an exception to the general rise in inequality – since the late 1990s inequality has been falling there, which James K. Galbraith explains as likely due to the region's early "retreat from neoliberal orthodoxy".
Dia mencatat bahwa Amerika Selatan telah menjadi pengecualian terhadap kenaikan umum dalam ketimpangan - ketimpangan sejak akhir 1990-an yang telah jatuh di sana, di mana James Galbraith menjelaskan lebih mungkin karena awal "kemunduran dari ortodoksi neoliberal" di kawasan itu.