Kosovo, a partially recognised independent state formerly part of Serbia, was called a "mafia state" by Italian MEP Pino Arlacchi in 2011, and also by Moisés Naím in his 2012 essay "Mafia States" in the Foreign Affairs.
Sebuah negara merdeka yang pernah menjadi bagian Serbia, Kosovo pernah dijuluki "mafia state" oleh anggota parlemen Eropa asal Italia, Pino Arlacchi, dan Moisés Naím dalam esainya pada 2012 tentang "Mafia States".