In those insect species, activation of NF-κB is triggered by the Toll pathway (which evolved independently in insects and mammals) and by the Imd (immune deficiency) pathway.
Nestas especies de insectos, a activación do NF-κB está provocada pola vía Toll (que evolucionou de forma independente en insectos e mamíferos) e pola vía Imd (inmunodeficiencia).