By the 19th century, astronomy had developed into a formal science, with the introduction of instruments such as the spectroscope and photography, along with much-improved telescopes and the creation of professional observatories.
Contra o século XIX, a astronomía desenvólvese xa como unha ciencia formal, coa introdución de instrumentos como o espectroscopio e a fotografía, que permitiron a continua mellora de telescopios e a creación de observatorios profesionais.