The first experiments indicating that some plants do not use C3 carbon fixation but instead produce malate and aspartate in the first step of carbon fixation were done in the 1950s and early 1960s by Hugo P. Kortschak and Yuri Karpilov.
Os primeiros experimentos que indicaban que algunhas plantas non usaban a fixación do carbono C3 senón que producían malato e aspartato (a partir de oxalacetato) nos primeiros pasos da fixación do carbono fixéronos a inicios da década de 1950 Hugo P. Kortschak e Yuri Karpilov.