Logics such as Lamport's TLA+, and mathematical models such as traces and Actor event diagrams, have also been developed to describe the behavior of concurrent systems.
المنطق مثل Lamport's TLA+ والنماذج الرياضية مثل التعقب ومخططات الأحداث الفاعلة، طورت أيضا لوصف سلوك النظم المتنافسة.