django_factory 0.11
Generic factory for creating instances of Django models in tests.
License: Apache-2

django_factory
==============

django_factory is a generic implementation of `Creation Methods`_ for Django models.

.. _Creation Methods: http://xunitpatterns.com/Creation%20Method.html

Using django_factory in your tests means that each test can create instances of the
models, but only has to specify the model attributes that are germane to that
particular test.

Using creation methods usually leads to tests that are easier to read, and
makes it easier to avoid convoluted test setup methods that are shared, as
the pre-conditions for each test are easier to establish.

Lineage
-------

django_factory is inspired by `model_mommy`_ but has several important
improvements:

.. _model_mommy: https://github.com/vandersonmota/model_mommy

  * The creation methods are deterministic.

    - This ensures that your tests are repeatable, and you will have
      fewer eratic tests.

    - As the default values in the test are deterministic, if they
      suit a test they can be omitted. With random values you have
      to specify many more of the values, reducing the benefit you
      get from creation methods.

  * Model-specific creation logic can be specified on the model itself,
    encapsulating the logic there.

Use
---

The first thing to do is create an instance of the factory::

    from django_factory import Factory

    factory = Factory()

Often this will be done in the setUp method of a TestCase::

    class ModelTests(TestCase):

        def setUp(self):
            super(ModelTests, self).setUp()
            self.factory = Factory()

If you are using `testtools`_ then you can pass your test case
instance to the constructor in order to get better default
values::

    class ModelTests(DjangoTestCase, TesttoolsTestCase):

        def setUp(self):
            super(ModelTests, self).setUp()
            self.factory = Factory(test_case=self)

.. _testtools: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/testtools

However, you don't have to define this yourself, you can just subclass
the provided ``TestCase`` or ``TransactionTestCase`` classes
(corresponding to the Django classes of the same names) and
start using ``self.factory`` in your tests::

    from django_factory import TestCase

    class ModelTests(TestCase):
        pass

Once you have a factory instance you can create instances of
your models::

    def test_model(self):
       instance = self.factory.make_one(Model)

This will create an instance of Model with arbitrary values for
its attributes. If you need to fix particular attribute values
then pass them in to the make_one method::

    def test_model(self):
       instance = self.factory.make_one(Model, name="Mike")
       # Now instance.name == "Mike"

There are a few other methods that you might want to use::

    def test_model(self):
       instances = self.factory.make(5, Model, name="Mike")
       # instances will now be a list of 5 Model instances, each
       # with name == 'Mike'

       instance = self.factory.prepare_one(Model, name="Mike")
       # This time the instance won't be saved, you'll have to
       # do that if you want. Also note that ForeignKey and
       # ManyToManyFields will be empty, as they can't be filled
       # when not saving.

       instances = self.factory.prepare(5, Model, name="Mike")
       # The same as make(), but without saving the instances.


Customising the behaviour
-------------------------

Frequently the generated values won't be right for the particular
model that you have. In these cases you can override the way
that the values are created in order to suit your particular
requirements.

This overriding is done by creating a "Factory" nested class
on the model::

    class Person(models.Model):

        name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
        active = models.BooleanField()

If we create an instance of Person using the factory, it will
have ``active == False``::

    person = factory.make_one(Person)
    print person.active

It may be that you want most of your tests to use active people,
and just test with inactive people in a few cases. You could
do this by passing the value every time::

    person = factory.make_one(Person, active=True)

However this would be very repetitive. Instead you can override
the default value using a nested class::

    class Person(models.Model):

        name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
        active = models.BooleanField()

        class Factory:
            @staticmethod
            def get_active(field, factory):
                return True

Now if you don't specify ``active`` when calling the factory,
the person instance will have ``active == True``::

    person = factory.make_one(Person)
    print person.active

The value for each field can be controlled in this way, by
providing a method on the ``Factory`` nested class that is
named ``get_`` and the name of the field to control the
value of.

The values passed to the ``get_active`` method are as follows:

  * ``field``: the field instance the value is being generated
    for. This is useful if you have a function which is used for
    several fields, and want to include some information from
    the field in the value, such as the name::

        class Factory:
            @staticmethod
            def get_name(field, factory):
                return field.name

  * ``factory``: the factory instance that is being used to generate
    the value. This is passed so that you can access the methods
    on the factory if needed. The methods that may be useful are:

    * ``prepare``/``prepare_one``: if you need a model instance
      for a field then you can ask the factory to create one for
      you, passing in any important values.

    * ``getUniqueInteger``: it is a good idea to include some
      uniqueness in the values that you are generating, so that
      you are less likely to get tests passing by accident, and
      it's easier to track back from a value to where it was
      created. This is one of the methods the factory provides
      that will help with that. It will return an integer that
      will only be returned once by the factory in any particular
      test run.

    * ``getUniqueString``/``getUniqueUnicode``/``getUniqueDate``/
      ``getUniqueTime``/``getUniqueDateTime``: similar to ``getUniqueInteger``,
      but will return an object of type ``str``, ``unicode``,
      ``datetime.date``, ``datetime.time``, ``datetime.datetime``
      respectively.

You can return any value from the method (including None) and it will
be set on the resulting instance. However, the instance must then pass
validation, so errors will be caught early.

By default, when the factory finds a ManyToManyField, it will create
one instance of the referenced model for each instance of the model
that it creates. You can control this behaviour by providing an attribute
named ``number_of_`` and the name of the ManyToManyField::

    class Team(models.Model):

        people = models.ManyToManyField(Person)

        class Factory:
            number_of_people = 5

Lastly, if controlling individual fields is not sufficient, you can
provide a single method, ``make_instance`` that is expected to
create an instance of the model when called. This is necessary
when there are complex inter-dependencies between the fields::


    class Person(models.Model):

        name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
        active = models.BooleanField()

        class Factory:

            @staticmethod
            def make_instance(factory, name=None, active=None):
                if name is None:
                    name = factory.getUniqueUnicode(prefix="name")
                if active is None:
                    active = True
                return Person(name=name, active=active)

Again you are passed a ``factory`` instance in order to be able
to get unique values to use in the model.

Note that it is expected that your ``make_instance`` method doesn't
save the model, otherwise ``prepare`` won't work correctly with the
model.

Custom field types
------------------

If you write a custom field you will want the factory to be able to
generate values for that field.

In order to do that you need to write a function that returns a
suitable value for the field when passed an instance of the field
and an instance of the factory::

    def generate_value_for_custom_field(field, factory):
        # Use uniqueness provided by factory, and inspect
        # field for any constraints that are relevant. Return
        # a suitable value

Once you have your function you can pass it to the factory
constructor as part of the field_mapping::

   field_mapping = Factory.DEFAULT_FIELD_MAPPING.copy()
   field_mapping[CustomField] = generate_value_for_custom_field
   factory = Factory(field_mapping=field_mapping)

Now you can use the factory to get an instance of any model using
the custom field without having to override the generator at the
model level.

Generators for models you don't control
---------------------------------------

Sometimes you will want to customise the behaviour of models
you don't control. In those cases you can't define a Factory
nested class on the model, so instead you can control their
behaviour through model_generators::

    def create_user(factory, name=None, email=None):
        if name is None:
            name = factory.getUniqueUnicode(prefix="name")
        if email is None:
            email = factory.getUniqueString() + "@example.com"
        return User(name=name, email=email)

    model_generators = {User: create_user}
    factory = Factory(model_generators=model_generators)

Now when you call

::

    factory.make_one(User)

it will call your ``create_user`` method to create the instance.

The default factory provided with django_factory's ``TestCase`` includes
a default generator for the User model so users with passwords can
be created:

    def test_auth(self):
        password = 'password'
        user = self.factory.make_one(User, password=password)
        logged_in = self.client.login(username=user.username,
                                      password=password)
        self.assertTrue(loggend_in)

If a password is not provided, it will default to 'test'.

.. TODO: should there be a mapping from Model to Factory as well/instead?

Known Limitations
-----------------

  * Using ``ManyToManyField`` with ``through=<model>`` breaks down when
    ``<model>`` has multiple ForeignKeys pointing to one of the
    models invovled in the ManyToManyField relationship. Currently you
    have to use ``number_of_<field> = 0`` to avoid any instances being
    created, and then create them yourself.

  * ``ContentType``s (and the associated classes, e.g. ``GenericRelation``)
    will not be created with valid values without using ``model_generators``.

  * ``FilePathField`` is not currently supported in the default
    ``field_mapping``.

  * ``FileField`` and ``ImageField`` do not create files on the filesystem,
    and you cannot use the ``save`` etc. methods on the results. You
    can override this either by changing ``field_mapping``, or using
    a ``Factory`` nested class on your models to create the specific fields
    as needed.

Possible future enhancements
----------------------------

These are mostly rather vague currently, are in no particular order,
and may or may not be implemented it this or some other form.

  * Fix the `Known Limitations`_.

  * Add a ``RandomizingFactory`` that generates random values rather than
    deterministic ones. This can be used as a fuzzer, or everywhere if
    the developer prefers.

    - Yes I said above that ``model_mommy``'s random value generation is wrong,
      but it has its uses on occaision, and some people disagree with me,
      so they should be able to use ``django_factory`` with random data and
      take advantage of all the other features.

    - It may be better as a boolean on Factory itself, or controlled by
      an environment variable or something.

    - Some way of specifying and reporting seeds used for randomization
      is important to allow failures to be reproduced.

  * Add a notion of "states" or something to the factory so that you can do
    something like::

      user = factory.make_one_in_state(User, "active")
      admin = factory.make_one_in_state(User, "admin")

    which fully and fairly explicitly specifies a set of values (e.g. admin
    implies active) while still being terse.

    - Some models may want a default state, some may want every creation
      to specify a state.


Changelog
---------

0.11
````

  * Add a model_generator for User, so that a password can be set at creation.
    (Michael Nelson)


0.10
````

  * Passing `value=None` to `make_one` for a `ForeignKey` field no longer
    causes a crash. It prevents generation of any value for that field,
    which may cause an error if the field is required.


0.9
```

  * Fix `TestCase` compatibility with 2.6. Previously when running under 2.6
    `testtools.TestCase.__init__` wouldn't be called, leading to lots
    of problems.

0.8
```

  * TextFields that have `max_length=None` no longer crash the generator
    (regression due to the `max_length` change in 0.7)

0.7
```

  * Fields with choices are now handled correctly when the choices are split
    in to groups.
  * The max_length of a CharField is now automatically respected.
  * A model with required ForeignKeys and a 'self' ManyToMany fields now
    correctly creates all the required ForeignKeys, rather than failing
    due to broken loop detection as before.

0.6
```

  * validators aren't run when calling ``prepare_one``.

  * Chains of ``ForeignKey``s are now correctly handled, saving the models
    as needed to complete the chains.

  * ``URLField`` and ``EmailField`` now generate values that pass validation.

  * ``ManyToManyField``s with through are now supported on Django 1.1.

0.5
```

  * Generate values for any field that has null=True but blank=False. The
    semantics here aren't entirely clear, but the developer can add
    generators as needed to control the behaviour.

0.4
```

  * Cleanups for pypi: formatting of the README, and addition of classifiers
    to setup.py.

0.3
```

  * Add ``model_generators`` to allow functions to be provided to create
    instances of models where you can't add a nested ``Factory`` class, or
    don't want to use the default.