universal-ink-library 2.1.1
Library to parse and write Universal Ink Model data files.
License: Apache 2.0 License
Keywords: universal ink model;digital ink;wacom ink technologies

# Universal Ink Library
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Universal Ink Library is a pure Python package for working with Universal Ink Models ([UIM](https://developer.wacom.com/products/universal-ink-model)).
The UIM defines a language-neutral and platform-neutral data model for representing and manipulating digital ink data captured using an electronic pen or stylus, or using touch input.

The main aspects of the UIM are:

- Interoperability of ink-based data models by defining a standardized interface with other systems
- Biometric data storage mechanism
- Spline data storage mechanism
- Rendering configurations storage mechanism
- Ability to compose spline/raw-input based logical trees, which are contained within the ink model
- Portability, by enabling conversion to common industry standards
- Extensibility, by enabling the description of ink data related semantic meta-data
- Standardized serialization mechanism

This reference document defines a RIFF container and Protocol Buffers schema for serialization of ink models as well as 
a standard mechanism to describe relationships between different parts of the ink model, and/or between parts of the ink 
model and external entities.

The specified serialization schema is based on the following standards:

- **Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF)** - A generic file container format for storing data in tagged chunks
- **Protocol Buffers v3** - A language-neutral, platform-neutral extensible mechanism for serializing structured data
- **Resource Description Framework (RDF)** - A standard model for data interchange on the Web
- **OWL 2 Web Ontology Language (OWL2)** - An ontology language for the Semantic Web with formally defined meaning

## Data Model
The *Universal Ink Model* has five fundamental categories:

- **Input data**: A collection of data repositories, holding raw sensor input, input device/provider configurations, sensor channel configurations, etc. Each data repository keeps certain data-sets isolated and is responsible for specific type(s) of data
- **Ink data**: The visual appearance of the digital ink, presented as ink geometry with rendering configurations
- **Meta-data**: Related meta-data about the environment, input devices, etc.
- **Ink Trees / Views**: A collection of logical trees, representing structures of hierarchically organized paths or raw input data-frames
- **Semantic triple store**: An RDF compliant triple store, holding semantic information, such as text structure, handwriting recognition results, and semantic entities

The diagram below illustrates the different logical parts of the ink model.
![Logical Parts of Ink Model.](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/raw/main/assets/uim-v1.png)

This UML diagram illustrates the complete Ink Model in terms of logical models and class dependencies.
![UML Diagram](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/raw/main/assets/uim-uml-all-v9.png)

The *Universal Ink Model* provides the flexibility required for a variety of applications, since the display of pen data is only one aspect.
For example, the same data can be used for data mining or even signature comparison, while the ink display can be on a range of platforms potentially requiring different scaling and presentation.

## Input data

In reality, pen data is captured from a pen device as a set of positional points:

![Digital-ink-w](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/raw/main/assets/overview_ink_device_sensor_channels.png)

Depending on the type of hardware, in addition to the x/y positional coordinates, the points can contain further information such as pen tip force and angle.
Collectively, this information is referred to as sensor data and the *Universal Ink Model* provides a means of storing all the available data.
For example, with some types of hardware, pen hover coordinates can be captured while the pen is not in contact with the surface.
The information is saved in the *Universal Ink Model* and can be used when required.

## Ink data

Ink data is the result of the [ink geometry pipeline](https://developer-docs.wacom.com/sdk-for-ink/docs/pipeline) of the [WILL SDK for ink](https://developer.wacom.com/products/will-sdk-for-ink).
Pen strokes are identified as continuous sets of pen coordinates captured while the pen is in contact with the surface. 
For example, writing the letter ‘w', as illustrated below.
The process converts each pen stroke into a mathematical representation, which can then be used to render the shape on a display.
Steps in the so-called Ink Geometry pipeline are illustrated below where each step is configured by an application to generate the desired output:

![Digital-ink-rendering](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/raw/main/assets/pen-data-w-rendering.png)

As a result, the data points are smoothed and shaped to produce the desired representation. 
For example, simulating the appearance of a felt-tip ink pen.
Raster and vector rendering is supported with a selection of rendering brush types.

The results are saved as Ink data, containing ink geometry and rendering information.

## Meta-data

Meta-data is added as data about the pen data.
The *Universal Ink Model* allows for administrative information such as author name, location, pen data source, etc.
Further meta-data is computed by analysis of the pen data.
An example of digital ink is annotated below:

![Digital-ink-annotated](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/raw/main/assets/pen-data-annotated.png)

The labels identify pen strokes *s1, s2, s3*, etc.
In addition, groups of strokes are identified as *g1, g2, g3*, etc.
Pen strokes are passed to a handwriting recognition engine, and the results are stored as additional meta-data, generally referred to as semantic data.
The semantic data is stored with reference to the groups, categorized as single characters, individual words, lines of text, and so on.

## Semantic Data

The Ink Model Specification provides a standard mechanism to describe relationships between different parts of the ink model, and/or between parts of the ink model and external entities. 
The Ink Model keeps an instance of a RDF or WODL-compliant triple store, called Knowledge Graph in the scope of this document. 
This triple store holds a list of semantic triples to encode relationships between subject, predicate and object as defined in the RDF specification.

Using the knowledge graph nodes of the ink trees, contained within the ink model, could be annotated with additional metadata in order to describe different aspects of the ink model, for instance - text segmentation view, named entity recognition view, etc.

###  Wacom Ontology Definition Language (WODL)

At a fundamental level, digital ink can be used producing content, such as text, math, diagrams, sketches etc.

The Wacom Ontology Description Language (WODL) provides a standardized, JSON-based way of annotating ink with a specialized schema definition.

The specification of WODL language is available [here](https://developer-docs.wacom.com/docs/specifications/wodl/).
Some of the most common schema definitions are:
- (Segmentation Schema)[https://developer-docs.wacom.com/docs/specifications/schemas/segmentation/]
- (Math Structures Schema)[https://developer-docs.wacom.com/docs/specifications/schemas/math-structures/]
- (Named Entity Recognition Schema)[https://developer-docs.wacom.com/docs/specifications/schemas/ner/]



# Installation

Our Universal Ink Library can be installed using pip.

``
    $ pip install universal-ink-library
``


# Quick Start

## File handling

###  Loading UIM

The `UIMParser` is be used to load a serialized Universal Ink Model in version 3.0.0 or 3.1.0 and you receive the memory model `InkModel` which can be used for extracting the relevant data.

```python
from uim.codec.parser.uim import UIMParser
from uim.model.ink import InkModel

parser: UIMParser = UIMParser()
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Parse a UIM file version 3.0.0
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ink_model_1: InkModel = UIMParser().parse('../ink/uim_3.0.0/1) Value of Ink 1.uim')
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Parse a UIM file version 3.1.0
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ink_model_2: InkModel = UIMParser().parse('../ink/uim_3.1.0/1) Value of Ink 1.uim')

```

### Saving of UIM

Saving the `InkModel` as a Universal Ink Model file.

```python
from uim.codec.writer.encoder.encoder_3_1_0 import UIMEncoder310
from uim.model.ink import InkModel

ink_model: InkModel = InkModel()
... 

# Save the model, this will overwrite an existing file
with open('3_1_0.uim', 'wb') as uim:
    # unicode(data) auto-decodes data to unicode if str
    uim.write(UIMEncoder310().encode(ink_model))
```

Find the sample, [here](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/blob/main/samples/sample_file_handling.py)

## InkModel

### Iterate over semantics

If the `InkModel` is enriched with semantics from handwriting recognition and named entity recognition, or named entity linking.
The semantics an be access with a helper function `uim_extract_text_and_semantics_from` or by iterating the views, like shown in `uim_extract_text_and_semantics_from` function:

```python
from pathlib import Path

from uim.codec.parser.uim import UIMParser
from uim.model.helpers.text_extractor import uim_extract_text_and_semantics_from
from uim.model.ink import InkModel
from uim.model.semantics.schema import CommonViews

if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser: UIMParser = UIMParser()
    ink_model: InkModel = parser.parse(Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'ink' / 'uim_3.1.0' /
                                       '2) Digital Ink is processable 1 (3.1 delta).uim')
    if ink_model.has_knowledge_graph() and ink_model.has_tree(CommonViews.HWR_VIEW.value):
        # The sample
        words, entities, text = uim_extract_text_and_semantics_from(ink_model, hwr_view=CommonViews.HWR_VIEW.value)
        print('=' * 100)
        print(' Recognised text: ')
        print(text)
        print('=' * 100)
        print(' Words:')
        print('=' * 100)
        for word_idx, word in enumerate(words):
            print(f' Word #{word_idx + 1}:')
            print(f'  Text: {word["text"]}')
            print(f'  Alternatives: {word["alternatives"]}')
            print(f'  Bounding box: x:={word["bounding_box"]["x"]}, y:={word["bounding_box"]["y"]}, '
                  f'width:={word["bounding_box"]["width"]}, height:={word["bounding_box"]["height"]}')
            print('')
        print('=' * 100)
        print(' Entities:')
        print('=' * 100)
        entity_idx: int = 1
        for entity_uri, entity_mappings in entities.items():
            print(f' Entity #{entity_idx}: URI: {entity_uri}')
            print("-" * 100)
            print(f" Label: {entity_mappings[0]['label']}")
            print(' Ink Stroke IDs:')
            for word_idx, entity in enumerate(entity_mappings):
                print(f"  #{word_idx + 1}: Word match: {entity['path_id']}")
            print('=' * 100)
            entity_idx += 1
```

Find the sample, [here](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/blob/main/samples/sample_semantic_data.py)

A more generic approach to extract schema elements is the helper function `uim_schema_semantics_from`. 
This function extracts schema elements from the ink model, like math structures, text, tables, etc..

An example for extracting math structures is shown below:
```python
{
    'node_uri': UUID('16918b3f-b192-466e-83a3-54835ddfff11'),
    'parent_uri': UUID('16918b3f-b192-466e-83a3-54835ddfff11'),
    'path_id': [
        UUID('16918b3f-b192-466e-83a3-54835ddfff11')
    ],
    'bounding_box': {
        'x': 175.71, 'y': 150.65, 
        'width': 15.91, 'height': 27.018
    },
    'type': 'will:math-structures/0.1/Symbol',
    'attributes': [
        ('symbolType', 'Numerical'), ('representation', 'e')
    ]
}
```

With the extracted schema elements, you can build a tree structure, like shown in the following example:

```python
from pathlib import Path
from typing import List, Dict, Any, Tuple

from uim.codec.parser.uim import UIMParser
from uim.model.helpers.schema_content_extractor import uim_schema_semantics_from
from uim.model.ink import InkModel
from uim.model.semantics.schema import CommonViews


def build_tree(node_list: List[Dict[str, Any]]):
    """
    Build a tree structure from the node list.
    Parameters
    ----------
    node_list: `List[Dict[str, Any]]`
        List of nodes
    """
    # Step 1: Create dictionaries for nodes and parent-child relationships
    children_dict: Dict[str, Any] = {}

    for node in node_list:
        parent_uri: str = node['parent_uri']
        if parent_uri is not None:
            if parent_uri not in children_dict:
                children_dict[parent_uri] = []
            children_dict[parent_uri].append(node)

    # Step 2: Define a recursive function to print the tree
    def print_tree(node_display: Dict[str, Any], indent: int = 0):
        info: str = ""
        attributes: List[Tuple[str, Any]] = node_display.get('attributes', [])
        if "path_id" in node_display:
            info = f"(#strokes:={len(node_display['path_id'])})"
        elif "bounding_box" in node_display:
            info = (f"(x:={node_display['bounding_box']['x']}, y:={node_display['bounding_box']['y']}, "
                    f"width:={node_display['bounding_box']['width']}, "
                    f"height:={node_display['bounding_box']['height']})")
        print('|' + '-' * indent + f" [type:={node_display['type']}] - {info}")
        if len(attributes) > 0:
            print('|' + ' ' * (indent + 4) + "| -[Attributes:]")
            for key, value in attributes:
                print('|' + ' ' * (indent + 8) + f"\t|-- {key}:={value}")
        if node_display['node_uri'] in children_dict:
            for child in children_dict[node_display['node_uri']]:
                print_tree(child, indent + 4)

    # Step 3: Find the root node (where parent_uri is None) and start printing the tree
    for node in node_list:
        if node['parent_uri'] is None:
            print_tree(node)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser: UIMParser = UIMParser()
    # Parse UIM v3.0.0
    ink_model: InkModel = parser.parse(Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'ink' / 'schemas' / 'math-structures.uim')
    math_structures: List[Dict[str, Any]] = uim_schema_semantics_from(ink_model,
                                                                      semantic_view=CommonViews.HWR_VIEW.value)
    # Print the tree structure
    build_tree(math_structures)
```

Find the sample, [here](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/blob/main/samples/sample_extract_math.py)


### Accessing input and ink data
In order to access ink input configuration data, sensor data, or stroke data from `InkModel`, you can use the following functions:

```python
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Dict
from uuid import UUID

from uim.codec.parser.uim import UIMParser
from uim.model.ink import InkModel
from uim.model.inkinput.inputdata import InkInputType, InputContext, SensorContext, InputDevice
from uim.model.inkinput.sensordata import SensorData

if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser: UIMParser = UIMParser()
    # This file contains ink from different providers: PEN, TOUCH, MOUSE
    ink_model: InkModel = parser.parse(Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'ink' / 'uim_3.1.0' /
                                       '6) Different Input Providers.uim')
    mapping_type: Dict[UUID, InkInputType] = {}
    if ink_model.has_ink_structure():
        print('InkInputProviders:')
        print('-------------------')
        # Iterate Ink input providers
        for ink_input_provider in ink_model.input_configuration.ink_input_providers:
            print(f' InkInputProvider. ID: {ink_input_provider.id} | type: {ink_input_provider.type}')
            mapping_type[ink_input_provider.id] = ink_input_provider.type
        print()
        print('Strokes:')
        print('--------')
        # Iterate over strokes
        for stroke in ink_model.strokes:
            print(f'|- Stroke (id:={stroke.id} | points count: {stroke.points_count})')
            if stroke.style and stroke.style.path_point_properties:
                print(f'|   |- Style (render mode:={stroke.style.render_mode_uri} | color:=('
                      f'red: {stroke.style.path_point_properties.red}, '
                      f'green: {stroke.style.path_point_properties.green}, '
                      f'blue: {stroke.style.path_point_properties.green}, '
                      f'alpha: {stroke.style.path_point_properties.alpha}))')
            # Stroke is produced by sensor data being processed by the ink geometry pipeline
            sd: SensorData = ink_model.sensor_data.sensor_data_by_id(stroke.sensor_data_id)
            # Get InputContext for the sensor data
            input_context: InputContext = ink_model.input_configuration.get_input_context(sd.input_context_id)
            # Retrieve SensorContext
            sensor_context: SensorContext = ink_model.input_configuration\
                .get_sensor_context(input_context.sensor_context_id)
            for scc in sensor_context.sensor_channels_contexts:
                # Sensor channel context is referencing input device
                input_device: InputDevice = ink_model.input_configuration.get_input_device(scc.input_device_id)
                print(f'|   |- Input device (id:={input_device.id} | type:=({mapping_type[scc.input_provider_id]})')
                # Iterate over sensor channels
                for c in scc.channels:
                    print(f'|   |     |- Sensor channel (id:={c.id} | name: {c.type.name} '
                          f'| values: {sd.get_data_by_id(c.id).values}')
            print('|')
```

Find the sample, [here](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/blob/main/samples/sample_input_and_ink.py)

## Creating an Ink Model 
Creating an `InkModel` from the scratch.
The [csv file](ink/sensor_data/ink.csv) contains sensor data for strokes. 
The script loads the sensor data from the CSV file and creates strokes from the sensor data.

```csv
idx,SPLINE_X,SPLINE_Y,SENSOR_TIMESTAMP,SENSOR_PRESSURE,SENSOR_ALTITUDE,SENSOR_AZIMUTH
0,277.1012268066406,183.11183166503906,1722443386312.649,0.07,0.6,0.72
0,277.1012268066406,183.1713409423828,1722443386312.653,0.11000000000000001,0.6,0.72
...
```

```python
import csv
import uuid
from collections import defaultdict
from pathlib import Path
from typing import List, Dict

from uim.codec.parser.base import SupportedFormats
from uim.codec.writer.encoder.encoder_3_1_0 import UIMEncoder310
from uim.model.base import UUIDIdentifier
from uim.model.helpers.serialize import json_encode
from uim.model.ink import InkModel, InkTree, ViewTree
from uim.model.inkdata.brush import VectorBrush, BrushPolygon, BrushPolygonUri
from uim.model.inkdata.strokes import Spline, Style, Stroke, LayoutMask
from uim.model.inkinput.inputdata import Environment, InkInputProvider, InkInputType, InputDevice, SensorChannel, \
    InkSensorType, InkSensorMetricType, SensorChannelsContext, SensorContext, InputContext, unit2unit, Unit
from uim.model.inkinput.sensordata import SensorData, InkState
from uim.model.semantics import schema
from uim.model.semantics.node import StrokeGroupNode, StrokeNode, URIBuilder
from uim.utils.matrix import Matrix4x4


def create_sensor_data(data_collection: Dict[str, List[float]],
                       input_context_id: uuid.UUID, channels: List[SensorChannel]) -> SensorData:
    """
    Create sensor data from a data collection.
    Parameters
    ----------
    data_collection: Dict[str, List[float]]

    input_context_id
    channels

    Returns
    -------
    SensorData
        Instance of SensorData
    """
    sd: SensorData = SensorData(UUIDIdentifier.id_generator(), input_context_id=input_context_id, state=InkState.PLANE)
    sd.add_data(channels[0], [unit2unit(Unit.DIP, Unit.M, v) for v in data_collection['SPLINE_X']])
    sd.add_data(channels[1], [unit2unit(Unit.DIP, Unit.M, v) for v in data_collection['SPLINE_Y']])
    sd.add_timestamp_data(channels[2], data_collection['SENSOR_TIMESTAMP'])
    sd.add_data(channels[3], data_collection['SENSOR_PRESSURE'])
    sd.add_data(channels[4], data_collection['SENSOR_AZIMUTH'])
    sd.add_data(channels[5], data_collection['SENSOR_ALTITUDE'])
    return sd


def load_sensor_data(csv_path: Path, input_context_id: uuid.UUID, channels: List[SensorChannel]) -> List[SensorData]:
    """
    Load sensor data from a CSV file.

    Parameters
    ----------
    csv_path: Path
        Path to the CSV file
    input_context_id: uuid.UUID
        Input context ID
    channels: List[SensorChannel]
        List of sensor channels

    Returns
    -------
    List[SensorData]
        List of sensor data
    """
    sensor_data_values: List[SensorData] = []
    data_collection: Dict[str, List[float]] = defaultdict(list)

    with csv_path.open('r') as f:
        reader = csv.reader(f)
        header: List[str] = next(reader)
        if header != ['idx', 'SPLINE_X', 'SPLINE_Y',
                      'SENSOR_TIMESTAMP', 'SENSOR_PRESSURE', 'SENSOR_ALTITUDE', 'SENSOR_AZIMUTH']:
            raise ValueError("Invalid CSV file format")
        last_idx: int = 0
        for row in reader:
            row_idx: int = int(row[0])
            if row_idx != last_idx:
                sensor_data_values.append(create_sensor_data(data_collection, input_context_id, channels))
                data_collection.clear()
            for idx, value in enumerate(row[1:], start=1):
                data_collection[header[idx]].append(float(value))
            last_idx = row_idx
        if len(data_collection) > 0:
            sensor_data_values.append(create_sensor_data(data_collection, input_context_id, channels))
    return sensor_data_values


def create_strokes(sensor_data_items: List[SensorData], style_stroke: Style, x_id: uuid.UUID, y_id: uuid.UUID) \
        -> List[Stroke]:
    """
    Create strokes from sensor data.

    Parameters
    ----------
    sensor_data_items: List[SensorData]
        List of sensor data
    style_stroke: Style
        Style of the stroke
    x_id: uuid.UUID
        Reference id of x sensor channel
    y_id: uuid.UUID
        Reference id of y sensor channel

    Returns
    -------
    List[Stroke]
        List of strokes
    """
    stroke_items: List[Stroke] = []
    for sensor_data_i in sensor_data_items:
        path: List[float] = []
        # The spline path contains x, y values
        mask: int = LayoutMask.X.value | LayoutMask.Y.value
        for x, y in zip(sensor_data_i.get_data_by_id(x_id).values, sensor_data_i.get_data_by_id(y_id).values):
            path.append(unit2unit(Unit.M, Unit.DIP, x))
            path.append(unit2unit(Unit.M, Unit.DIP, y))

        spline: Spline = Spline(layout_mask=mask, data=path)
        # Create a stroke from spline
        s_i: Stroke = Stroke(sid=UUIDIdentifier.id_generator(), spline=spline, style=style_stroke)
        stroke_items.append(s_i)
    return stroke_items


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Creates an ink model from the scratch.
    ink_model: InkModel = InkModel(version=SupportedFormats.UIM_VERSION_3_1_0.value)
    # Setting a unit scale factor
    ink_model.unit_scale_factor = 1.5
    # Using a 4x4 matrix for scaling
    ink_model.transform = Matrix4x4.create_scale(1.5)

    # Properties are added as key-value pairs
    ink_model.properties.append(("Author", "Markus"))
    ink_model.properties.append(("Locale", "en_US"))

    # Create an environment
    env: Environment = Environment()
    # This should describe the environment in which the ink was captured
    env.properties.append(("wacom.ink.sdk.lang", "js"))
    env.properties.append(("wacom.ink.sdk.version", "2.0.0"))
    env.properties.append(("runtime.type", "WEB"))
    env.properties.append(("user.agent.brands", "Chromium 126, Google Chrome 126"))
    env.properties.append(("user.agent.platform", "macOS"))
    env.properties.append(("user.agent.mobile", "false"))
    env.properties.append(("app.id", "sample_create_model_vector"))
    env.properties.append(("app.version", "1.0.0"))
    ink_model.input_configuration.environments.append(env)

    # Ink input provider can be pen, mouse or touch.
    provider: InkInputProvider = InkInputProvider(input_type=InkInputType.PEN)
    ink_model.input_configuration.ink_input_providers.append(provider)

    # Input device is the sensor (pen tablet, screen, etc.)
    input_device: InputDevice = InputDevice()
    input_device.properties.append(("dev.manufacturer", "Wacom"))
    input_device.properties.append(("dev.model", "Wacom One"))
    input_device.properties.append(("dev.product.code", "DTC-133"))
    input_device.properties.append(("dev.graphics.resolution", "1920x1080"))
    ink_model.input_configuration.devices.append(input_device)
    # Create a group of sensor channels
    sensor_channels: list = [
        SensorChannel(channel_type=InkSensorType.X, metric=InkSensorMetricType.LENGTH, resolution=1.0,
                      ink_input_provider_id=provider.id, input_device_id=input_device.id),
        SensorChannel(channel_type=InkSensorType.Y, metric=InkSensorMetricType.LENGTH, resolution=1.0,
                      ink_input_provider_id=provider.id,  input_device_id=input_device.id),
        SensorChannel(channel_type=InkSensorType.TIMESTAMP, metric=InkSensorMetricType.TIME, resolution=1000.0,
                      precision=0,
                      ink_input_provider_id=provider.id, input_device_id=input_device.id),
        SensorChannel(channel_type=InkSensorType.PRESSURE, metric=InkSensorMetricType.NORMALIZED, resolution=1.0,
                      channel_min=0., channel_max=1.0,
                      ink_input_provider_id=provider.id, input_device_id=input_device.id),
        SensorChannel(channel_type=InkSensorType.ALTITUDE, metric=InkSensorMetricType.ANGLE, resolution=1.0,
                      channel_min=0., channel_max=1.5707963705062866,
                      ink_input_provider_id=provider.id, input_device_id=input_device.id),
        SensorChannel(channel_type=InkSensorType.AZIMUTH, metric=InkSensorMetricType.ANGLE, resolution=1.0,
                      channel_min=-3.1415927410125732, channel_max=3.1415927410125732,
                      ink_input_provider_id=provider.id, input_device_id=input_device.id)
    ]
    # Create a sensor channels context
    scc_wacom_one: SensorChannelsContext = SensorChannelsContext(channels=sensor_channels,
                                                                 ink_input_provider_id=provider.id,
                                                                 input_device_id=input_device.id,
                                                                 latency=0,
                                                                 sampling_rate_hint=240)

    # Add sensor channel contexts
    sensor_context: SensorContext = SensorContext()
    sensor_context.add_sensor_channels_context(scc_wacom_one)
    ink_model.input_configuration.sensor_contexts.append(sensor_context)

    # Create the input context using the Environment and the Sensor Context
    input_context: InputContext = InputContext(environment_id=env.id, sensor_context_id=sensor_context.id)
    ink_model.input_configuration.input_contexts.append(input_context)

    # Create sensor data
    # The CSV file contains sensor data for strokes
    # idx,SPLINE_X,SPLINE_Y,SENSOR_TIMESTAMP,SENSOR_PRESSURE,SENSOR_ALTITUDE,SENSOR_AZIMUTH
    sensor_data = load_sensor_data(Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'ink' / 'sensor_data' / 'ink.csv', input_context.id,
                                   sensor_channels)
    # Add sensor data to the model
    for sensor_data_i in sensor_data:
        ink_model.sensor_data.add(sensor_data_i)

    # We need to define a brush polygon
    points: list = [(10, 10), (0, 10), (0, 0), (10, 0)]
    brush_polygons: list = [BrushPolygon(min_scale=0., points=points)]

    # Create the brush object using polygons
    vector_brush_0: VectorBrush = VectorBrush(
        "app://qa-test-app/vector-brush/MyTriangleBrush",
        brush_polygons)

    # Add it to the model
    ink_model.brushes.add_vector_brush(vector_brush_0)

    # Add a brush specified with shape Uris
    poly_uris: list = [
        BrushPolygonUri("will://brush/3.0/shape/Circle?precision=20&radius=1", 0.),
        BrushPolygonUri("will://brush/3.0/shape/Ellipse?precision=20&radiusX=1&radiusY=0.5", 4.0)
    ]
    # Define a second brush
    vector_brush_1: VectorBrush = VectorBrush(
        "app://qa-test-app/vector-brush/MyEllipticBrush",
        poly_uris)
    # Add it to the model
    ink_model.brushes.add_vector_brush(vector_brush_1)

    # Specify the layout of the stroke data, in this case the stroke will have variable X, Y and Size properties.
    layout_mask: int = LayoutMask.X.value | LayoutMask.Y.value | LayoutMask.SIZE.value

    # Create some style
    style: Style = Style(brush_uri=vector_brush_1.name)
    # Set the color of the strokes
    style.path_point_properties.red = 0.1
    style.path_point_properties.green = 0.2
    style.path_point_properties.blue = 0.4
    style.path_point_properties.alpha = 1.0

    # Create the strokes
    strokes = create_strokes(sensor_data, style, sensor_channels[0].id, sensor_channels[1].id)
    # First you need a root group to contain the strokes
    root: StrokeGroupNode = StrokeGroupNode(UUIDIdentifier.id_generator())

    # Assign the group as the root of the main ink tree
    ink_model.ink_tree = InkTree()
    ink_model.ink_tree.root = root

    # Adding the strokes to the root group
    for stroke in strokes:
        root.add(StrokeNode(stroke))

    # Adding view for handwriting recognition results
    hwr_tree: ViewTree = ViewTree(schema.CommonViews.HWR_VIEW.value)
    # Add view right after creation, to avoid warnings that tree is not yet attached
    ink_model.add_view(hwr_tree)
    # Create a root node for the HWR view
    hwr_root: StrokeGroupNode = StrokeGroupNode(UUIDIdentifier.id_generator())
    hwr_tree.root = hwr_root
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(hwr_root.uri, schema.IS, schema.SegmentationSchema.ROOT))
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(hwr_root.uri, schema.SegmentationSchema.REPRESENTS_VIEW,
                                                           schema.CommonViews.HWR_VIEW.value))

    # Here you can add the same strokes as in the main tree, but you can organize them in a different way
    # (put them in different groups)
    # You are not supposed to add strokes that are not already in the main tree.
    text_region: StrokeGroupNode = StrokeGroupNode(UUIDIdentifier.id_generator())
    hwr_root.add(text_region)
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(text_region.uri, schema.IS,
                                                           schema.SegmentationSchema.TEXT_REGION))

    # The text_line root denotes the text line
    text_line: StrokeGroupNode = StrokeGroupNode(UUIDIdentifier.id_generator())
    text_region.add(text_line)
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(text_line.uri, schema.IS,
                                                           schema.SegmentationSchema.TEXT_LINE))

    # The word node denotes a word
    word: StrokeGroupNode = StrokeGroupNode(UUIDIdentifier.id_generator())
    text_line.add(word)
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(word.uri, schema.IS, schema.SegmentationSchema.WORD))
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(word.uri, schema.SegmentationSchema.HAS_CONTENT, "ink"))
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(word.uri, schema.SegmentationSchema.HAS_LANGUAGE, "en_US"))

    # Add the strokes to the word
    for stroke_i in strokes:
        word.add(StrokeNode(stroke_i))

    # We need a URI builder
    uri_builder: URIBuilder = URIBuilder()

    # Create a named entity
    named_entity_uri: str = uri_builder.build_named_entity_uri(UUIDIdentifier.id_generator())
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(word.uri,
                                                           schema.NamedEntityRecognitionSchema.PART_OF_NAMED_ENTITY,
                                                           named_entity_uri))

    # Add knowledge for the named entity
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(named_entity_uri, "hasPart-0", word.uri))
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(named_entity_uri,
                                                           schema.NamedEntityRecognitionSchema.HAS_LABEL, "Ink"))
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(named_entity_uri,
                                                           schema.NamedEntityRecognitionSchema.HAS_LANGUAGE, "en_US"))
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(named_entity_uri,
                                                           schema.NamedEntityRecognitionSchema.HAS_CONFIDENCE, "0.95"))
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(named_entity_uri,
                                                           schema.NamedEntityRecognitionSchema.HAS_ARTICLE_URL,
                                                       'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink'))
    ink_model.knowledge_graph.append(schema.SemanticTriple(named_entity_uri,
                                                           schema.NamedEntityRecognitionSchema.HAS_UNIQUE_ID, 'Q127418'))
    # Save the model, this will overwrite an existing file
    with open('3_1_0_vector.uim', 'wb') as uim:
        # unicode(data) auto-decodes data to unicode if str
        uim.write(UIMEncoder310().encode(ink_model))
    # Convert the model to JSON
    with open('ink.json', 'w') as f:
        # json_encode is a helper function to convert the model to JSON
        f.write(json_encode(ink_model))
```

Find the sample, [here](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/blob/main/samples/sample_create_model_vector.py)

## Converting Ink Model 

### To JSON
The `InkModel` can be converted to JSON format using the `json_encode` helper function.
This is useful for debugging purposes or for storing the model in a human-readable format.
Deserialization is not supported.

```python
from pathlib import Path

from uim.codec.parser.uim import UIMParser
from uim.model.helpers.serialize import json_encode
from uim.model.ink import InkModel

if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser: UIMParser = UIMParser()
    ink_model: InkModel = parser.parse(Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'ink' / 'special' / 'ink.uim')
    # Convert the model to JSON
    with open('ink.json', 'w') as f:
        # json_encode is a helper function to convert the model to JSON
        f.write(json_encode(ink_model))
```

Find the sample, [here](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/blob/main/samples/sample_extract_to_json.py)

### Sensor data to CSV

The sensor data can be exported to a CSV file.

```python
from pathlib import Path
from typing import List

from uim.codec.parser.uim import UIMParser
from uim.model.helpers.serialize import serialize_sensor_data_csv
from uim.model.ink import InkModel
from uim.model.inkdata.strokes import InkStrokeAttributeType

if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser: UIMParser = UIMParser()
    # This file contains ink from different providers: PEN, TOUCH, MOUSE
    ink_model: InkModel = parser.parse(Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'ink' / 'special' / 'ink.uim')
    # Decide which attributes to serialize
    layout: List[InkStrokeAttributeType] = [
        InkStrokeAttributeType.SPLINE_X, InkStrokeAttributeType.SPLINE_Y, InkStrokeAttributeType.SENSOR_TIMESTAMP,
        InkStrokeAttributeType.SENSOR_PRESSURE, InkStrokeAttributeType.SENSOR_ALTITUDE,
        InkStrokeAttributeType.SENSOR_AZIMUTH
    ]
    # Serialize the model to CSV
    serialize_sensor_data_csv(ink_model, Path('sensor_data.csv'), layout=layout)
```

Find the sample, [here](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/blob/main/samples/sample_extract_to_csv.py)

## Extracting statistics

The `StatisticsAnalyzer` can be used to extract statistics from the `InkModel`.
The statistics are extracted from the ink data, sensor data, and input configuration.

```python
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Dict, Any

from uim.codec.parser.uim import UIMParser
from uim.model.ink import InkModel
from uim.utils.statistics import StatisticsAnalyzer


def print_model_stats(key: str, value: Any, indent: str = ""):
    """
    Print the model statistics.
    Parameters
    ----------
    key: str
        Key string
    value: Any
        Value
    indent: str
        Indentation
    """
    if isinstance(value, float):
        print(f'{indent}{key}: {value:.2f}')
    elif isinstance(value, int):
        print(f'{indent}{key}: {value:d}')
    elif isinstance(value, str):
        print(f'{indent}{key}: {value}')
    elif isinstance(value, Dict):
        print(f'{indent}{key}:')
        for key_str_2, next_value in value.items():
            print_model_stats(key_str_2, next_value, indent + " ")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser: UIMParser = UIMParser()
    ink_model: InkModel = parser.parse(Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'ink' / 'uim_3.1.0'/
                                       '2) Digital Ink is processable 1 (3.1 delta).uim')
    model_analyser: StatisticsAnalyzer = StatisticsAnalyzer()
    stats: Dict[str, Any] = model_analyser.analyze(ink_model)
    for key_str, value_str in stats.items():
        print_model_stats(key_str, value_str)
```

Find the sample, [here](https://github.com/Wacom-Developer/universal-ink-library/blob/main/samples/sample_analyse.py)

## Convert InkML to UIM

In the following examples, we will demonstrate how to convert an InkML file from well-known datasets to UIM.

### IAM On-Line Handwriting Database

The implementation supports the [IAM On-Line Handwriting Database](https://fki.tic.heia-fr.ch/databases/iam-on-line-handwriting-database) as a sample dataset for testing the conversion of InkML to UIM.
Its annotations can be converted to Wacom Ontology Definition Language (WODL) segmentation schema, by configuring the InkMLParser as follows:

```python
from pathlib imp