neurogym 2.2.0
NeuroGym: Gymnasium-style Cognitive Neuroscience Tasks
License: Apache-2.0 License
Requires Python: >=3.10
Keywords: neuroscience, neural networks, supervised learning, reinforcement learning, synthetic data

# NeuroGym

|     Badges     |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
| :------------: | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|  **fairness**  | [![OpenSSF Best Practices](https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/9839/badge)](https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/9839) [![fair-software.eu](https://img.shields.io/badge/fair--software.eu-%E2%97%8F%20%20%E2%97%8F%20%20%E2%97%8F%20%20%E2%97%8F%20%20%E2%97%8F-green)](https://fair-software.eu)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
|  **package**   | [![PyPI version](https://badge.fury.io/py/neurogym.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/py/neurogym)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
|    **docs**    | [![Documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-mkdocs-259482)](https://neurogym.github.io/neurogym/latest/) [![RSD](https://img.shields.io/badge/RSD-neurogym-3dffff)](https://research-software-directory.org/software/neurogym) [![DOI](https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.14508986.svg)](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508986)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
|   **tests**    | [![build](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/build.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/build.yml) [![sonarcloud](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/sonarcloud.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/sonarcloud.yml) [![linkspector](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/linkspector.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/linkspector.yml) [![cffconvert](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/cffconvert.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/cffconvert.yml) [![linting](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/linting.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/linting.yml) [![static-typing](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/static-typing.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/actions/workflows/static-typing.yml) [![workflow scq badge](https://sonarcloud.io/api/project_badges/measure?project=neurogym_neurogym&metric=alert_status)](https://sonarcloud.io/dashboard?id=neurogym_neurogym) [![workflow scc badge](https://sonarcloud.io/api/project_badges/measure?project=neurogym_neurogym&metric=coverage)](https://sonarcloud.io/dashboard?id=neurogym_neurogym) |
| **running on** | [![ubuntu](https://img.shields.io/badge/ubuntu-latest-8A2BE2?style=plastic)](https://github.com/actions/runner-images?tab=readme-ov-file#available-images)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
|  **license**   | [![github license badge](https://img.shields.io/github/license/neurogym/neurogym)](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym?tab=Apache-2.0-1-ov-file)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |

NeuroGym is a curated collection of neuroscience tasks with a common interface. The goal is to facilitate the training of neural network models on neuroscience tasks.

Table of Contents

<!-- This table is automatically kept up to date using the "Markdown All in One" extension -->

- [Installation](#installation)
  - [1. Create a Virtual Environment](#1-create-a-virtual-environment)
  - [2. Install NeuroGym](#2-install-neurogym)
    - [2.1 Reinforcement Learning Support](#21-reinforcement-learning-support)
    - [2.2: Editable/Development Mode](#22-editabledevelopment-mode)
  - [3. Psychopy Installation (Optional)](#3-psychopy-installation-optional)
- [Tasks](#tasks)
- [Wrappers](#wrappers)
- [Configuration](#configuration)
  - [1. From a TOML File](#1-from-a-toml-file)
  - [2. With Python Class](#2-with-python-class)
  - [3. With a Dictionary](#3-with-a-dictionary)
- [Examples](#examples)
  - [Vanilla RNN Support in RecurrentPPO](#vanilla-rnn-support-in-recurrentppo)
- [Custom Tasks](#custom-tasks)
- [Acknowledgements](#acknowledgements)

NeuroGym inherits from the machine learning toolkit [Gymnasium](https://gymnasium.farama.org/), a maintained fork of [OpenAI’s Gym library](https://github.com/openai/gym). It allows a wide range of well established machine learning algorithms to be easily trained on behavioral paradigms relevant for the neuroscience community.
NeuroGym also incorporates several properties and functions (e.g. continuous-time and trial-based tasks) that are important for neuroscience applications. The toolkit also includes various modifier functions that allow easy configuration of new tasks.

Please see our extended project [documentation](https://neurogym.github.io/neurogym/latest/) for additional details.

![alt tag](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/blob/main/docs/pipeline.png)

### Installation

#### 1. Create a Virtual Environment

Create and activate a virtual environment to install the current package, e.g. using
[conda](https://docs.conda.io/projects/conda/en/latest/user-guide/tasks/manage-environments.html) (please refer to their
site for questions about creating the environment):

```bash
conda activate # ensures you are in the base environment
conda create -n neurogym python=3.11 -y
conda activate neurogym
```

#### 2. Install NeuroGym

Install the latest stable release of `neurogym` using pip:

```bash
pip install neurogym
```

##### 2.1 Reinforcement Learning Support

NeuroGym includes optional reinforcement learning (RL) features via Stable-Baselines3.
To install these, choose one of the two options below depending on your hardware setup:

```bash
pip install neurogym[rl]
```

**NOTE for Linux/WSL users:** If you do not have access to a CUDA-capable NVIDIA GPU (which is the case for most users),
above line will install up to 1.5GB of unnecessary GPU libraries. To avoid excessive overhead, we recommend first
isntalling the CPU-only version of [PyTorch](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/):

```bash
pip install torch --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu
pip install neurogym[rl]
```

##### 2.2: Editable/Development Mode

To contribute to NeuroGym or run it from source with live code updates:

```bash
git clone https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym.git
cd neurogym
pip install -e .
```

This installs the package in editable mode, so changes in source files are reflected without reinstalling.

To include both RL and development tools (e.g., for testing, linting, documentation):

```bash
pip install -e .[rl,dev]
```

#### 3. Psychopy Installation (Optional)

**NOTE**: psycohopy installation is currently not working

If you need psychopy for your project, additionally run

```bash
pip install psychopy
```

### Tasks

Currently implemented tasks can be found [here](https://neurogym.github.io/envs/index.html).

### Wrappers

Wrappers (see [their docs](https://neurogym.github.io/neurogym/latest/api/wrappers/))
are short scripts that allow introducing modifications the original tasks. For instance, the Random Dots Motion task can be transformed into a reaction time task by passing it through the _reaction_time_ wrapper. Alternatively, the _combine_ wrapper allows training an agent in two different tasks simultaneously.

### Configuration

🧪 **Beta Feature** — The configuration system is **optional** and currently **under development**. You can still instantiate environments, agents, and wrappers with direct parameters.
It is only used in a small portion of the codebase and is not required for typical usage.
See the [`demo.ipynb`](docs/examples/demo.ipynb) notebook for the only current example of this system in action.

NeuroGym includes a flexible configuration mechanism using [`Pydantic Settings`](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/pydantic_settings/), allowing configuration via TOML files, Python objects, or plain dictionaries.

Using a TOML file can be especially useful for sharing experiment configurations in a portable way (e.g., sending `config.toml` to a colleague), reliably saving and loading experiment setups, and easily switching between multiple configurations for the same environment by changing just one line of code. While the system isn't at that stage yet, these are intended future capabilities.

#### 1. From a TOML File

Create a `config.toml` file (see [template](docs/examples/config.toml)) and load it:

```python
from neurogym.config import Config
config = Config('path/to/config.toml')
```

You can then pass this config to any component that supports it:

```python
from neurogym import make
from neurogym.wrappers import Monitor
env = make('GoNogo-v0')
env = Monitor(env, config=config)
```

Or directly pass the path:

```python
env = Monitor(env, config='path/to/config.toml')
```

#### 2. With Python Class

```python
from neurogym.config import Config
config = Config(
    local_dir="logs/",
    env={"name": "GoNogo-v0"},
    monitor={"name": "MyMonitor"}
)
```

#### 3. With a Dictionary

```python
from neurogym.config import Config
config_dict = {
    "env": {"name": "GoNogo-v0"},
    "monitor": {
        "name": "MyMonitor",
        "plot": {"trigger": "step", "value": 500, "create": True}
    },
    "local_dir": "./outputs"
}
config = Config.model_validate(config_dict)
```

### Examples

NeuroGym is compatible with most packages that use gymnasium.
In this [example](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/blob/main/docs/examples/example_neurogym_rl.ipynb) jupyter notebook we show how to train a neural network with RL algorithms using the [Stable-Baselines3](https://stable-baselines3.readthedocs.io/en/master/) toolbox.

#### Vanilla RNN Support in RecurrentPPO

We extended the [`RecurrentPPO`](https://github.com/Stable-Baselines-Team/stable-baselines3-contrib) implementation from `stable-baselines3-contrib` to support **vanilla RNNs** (`torch.nn.RNN`) in addition to LSTMs. This is particularly useful for neuroscience applications, where simpler recurrent architectures can be more biologically interpretable.

You can enable vanilla RNNs by setting `recurrent_layer_type="rnn"` in the `policy_kwargs`:

```python
from sb3_contrib import RecurrentPPO

policy_kwargs = {"recurrent_layer_type": "rnn"}  # "lstm" is the default
model = RecurrentPPO("MlpLstmPolicy", env_vec, policy_kwargs=policy_kwargs, verbose=1)
model.learn(5000)
```

**Note**: This feature is part of an [open pull request](https://github.com/Stable-Baselines-Team/stable-baselines3-contrib/pull/296) to the upstream repository and is currently under review by the maintainers. Until the pull request is merged, you can use this functionality by installing NeuroGym organization's fork of the repository. To do so, uninstall the original package and install from the custom branch:

```bash
pip uninstall stable-baselines3-contrib -y
pip install git+https://github.com/neurogym/stable-baselines3-contrib.git@rnn_policy_addition
```

This will install the version with vanilla RNN support from the `rnn_policy_addition` branch in our fork.

### Custom Tasks

Creating custom new tasks should be easy. You can contribute tasks using the regular gymnasium format. If your task has a trial/period structure, this [template](https://github.com/neurogym/neurogym/blob/main/docs/examples/template.py) provides the basic structure that we recommend a task to have:

```python
from neurogym import spaces
import neurogym as ngym

class YourTask(ngym.PeriodEnv):
    metadata = {}

    def __init__(self, dt=100, timing=None, extra_input_param=None):
        super().__init__(dt=dt)


    def new_trial(self, **kwargs):
        """
        new_trial() is called when a trial ends to generate the next trial.
        Here you have to set:
        The trial periods: fixation, stimulus...
        Optionally, you can set:
        The ground truth: the correct answer for the created trial.
        """

    def _step(self, action):
        """
        _step receives an action and returns:
            a new observation, obs
            reward associated with the action, reward
            a boolean variable indicating whether the experiment has terminated, terminated
                See more at https://gymnasium.farama.org/tutorials/gymnasium_basics/handling_time_limits/#termination
            a boolean variable indicating whether the experiment has been truncated, truncated
                See more at https://gymnasium.farama.org/tutorials/gymnasium_basics/handling_time_limits/#truncation
            a dictionary with extra information:
                ground truth correct response, info['gt']
                boolean indicating the end of the trial, info['new_trial']
        """

        return obs, reward, terminated, truncated, {'new_trial': new_trial, 'gt': gt}

```

### Acknowledgements

For the authors of the package, please refer to the zenodo DOI at the top of the page.