scintiPulses 2.2
scintiPulses
Requires Python: >=3.11
Keywords: Python, scintillation, quantum illumination function, particle physics, signal, simulation

# scintiPulses

![scintiPulses logo](scintiPulses_logo.jpg)

**Simulate scintillation detector signals with photodetector effects, noise sources, and digitization modeling.**

`scintiPulses` is a Python package designed to generate realistic photodetector signals from scintillation detectors by modeling the entire signal chain—from energy deposition to digitized output. It incorporates key photochemical processes (scintillation light emission, photodetector response), electronic effects (amplification, noise, shaping), and digitization artifacts (sampling, quantization).

The package is compatible with Monte Carlo simulation frameworks (e.g., Geant4, MCNP, FLUKA), accepting deposited energy and timestamp data to produce high-fidelity pulse waveforms.

---

## ✨ Features

- 📈 Realistic pulse shapes from energy depositions in scintillators  
- ⏱️ Time-dependent fluorescence (prompt and delayed components)  
- 🔬 Quantum shot noise and after-pulse simulation  
- 🌡️ Thermionic (dark) noise and Johnson-Nyquist noise  
- ⚙️ Analog filtering stages (RC preamplifier and CR fast amplifier)  
- 🧮 Digitization with low-pass filtering, quantization, and saturation

Technical details are provided in:
🔗 https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202533810001

---

## 📦 Installation

Install via pip:

```bash
pip install scintiPulses
```

---

## 🚀 Usage Example

```python
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import scintipulses.scintiPulses as sp

# Sample energy deposition (in keV)
Y = 100 * np.ones(1000)

# Run simulation
t, v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, y0, y1 = sp.scintiPulses(
    Y,
    tN=20e-6,
    arrival_times=False,
    fS=1e8,
    tau1=250e-9,
    tau2=2000e-9,
    p_delayed=0,
    lambda_=1e6,
    L=1,
    C1=1,
    sigma_C1=0,
    I=-1,
    tauS=10e-9,
    electronicNoise=False,
    sigmaRMS=0.00,
    afterPulses=False,
    pA=0.5,
    tauA=10e-6,
    sigmaA=1e-7,
    digitization=False,
    fc=4e7,
)

# Plot the final output signal
plt.plot(t, v8)
plt.xlabel("Time (s)")
plt.ylabel("Voltage (V)")
plt.title("Simulated Scintillation Pulse")
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
```

---

## ⚙️ Parameters

| Parameter         | Type        | Default Value | Description                                                  |
|------------------|-------------|----------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| `Y`              | array-like  | None           | Samples of deposited energy (in keV)                         |
| `tN`             | float       | 20e-6          | Total duration of the simulated signal (in seconds)          |
| `arrival_times`  | bool  (or)  | False          | Flag to indicate if arrival times are provided               |
| `arrival_times`  | array-like  |                | List of arrival times (in seconds)                           |
| `lambda_`        | float       | 1e5            | Rate parameter for Poisson process (in s<sup>-1</sup>)       |
| `fS`             | float       | 1e8            | Sampling frequency (in Hz)                                   |
| `tau1`           | float       | 250e-9         | Decay time constant for prompt component (in seconds)        |
| `tau2`           | float       | 2000e-9        | Decay time constant for delayed component (in seconds)       |
| `p_delayed`      | float       | 0              | Probability of the delayed component                         |
| `rendQ`          | float       | 1              | Quantum efficiency of the photon-to-charge conversion        |
| `L`              | float       | 1              | Scintillation light yield (in keV<sup>-1</sup>)              |
| `C1`             | float       | 1              | Capacitance (in $1.6\times^{-19}$ Farad)                     |
| `sigma_C1`       | float       | 0              | Standard deviation of capacitance (in $1.6\times^{-19}$Farad)|
| `I`              | float       | -1             | Voltage invertor                                             |
| `tauS`           | float       | 10e-9          | Spreading time of charge bunch (in seconds)                  |
| `electronicNoise`| bool        | False          | Flag to indicate if electronic noise is included             |
| `sigmaRMS`       | float       | 0.00           | RMS value of electronic noise (in V)                         |
| `afterPulses`    | bool        | False          | Flag to indicate if after-pulses are included                |
| `pA`             | float       | 0.5            | Probability of after-pulse occurrence                        |
| `tauA`           | float       | 10e-6          | Mean delay time of after-pulses (in seconds)                 |
| `sigmaA`         | float       | 1e-7           | Standard deviation of the delay time (in seconds)            |
| `darkNoise`      | boolean     | False          | Flag to indicate if dark noise is included                   |
| `fD`             | float       | 1e4            | Rate of the thermoionic noise (in s<sup>-1</sup>)            |
| `pream`          | boolean     | False          | Flag to indicate if a preamplifier in included               |
| `G1`             | float       | 1              | Voltage gain of the preamplifier                             |
| `tauRC`          | float       | 10e-6          | Time period of the preamplifier (in s)                       | 
| `ampli`          | boolean     | False          | Flag to indicate if a fast amplifier in included             |
| `G2`             | float       | 1              | Voltage gain of the fast amplifier                           |
| `tauCR`          | float       | 2e-6           | Time period of the fast amplifier (in s)                     |
| `nCR`            | integer     | 1              | Order of the CR filter of the fast amplifier                 |
| `digitization`   | bool        | False          | Flag to indicate if digitization is included                 |
| `fc`             | float       | 4e7            | Cut-off frequency of the anti-aliasing filter (in Hz)        |
|  `R`             | integer     | 14             | Resoltion of the ADC (in bit)                                |
|  `Vs`            | float       | 2              | Voltage dynamic range (in V)                                 |

## ⚙️ Outputs:

- ⏱️ t - Time base vector (in s).
- 📈 v0 - Idealized scintillation signal (in e)
- 📈 v1 - Shot noise from quantized photons added (in e)
- 📈 v2 - After-pulses added (Optional) (in e)
- 📈 v3 - Thermoionic dark noise added (Optional) (in e)
- 📈 v4 - PMT voltage signal (in V)
- 📈 v5 - Thermal noise added (Optional) (in V)
- 📈 v6 - Post-RC filter added (preamp) (Optional) (in V)
- 📈 v7 - Post-CR<sup>n</sup> filter added (fast amplifier) (Optional) (in V)
- 📈 v8 - Digitization added (Optional) (in V)
- 🔬 y0 - Dirac brush of deposited energy (in keV).
- 🔬 y1 : Dirac brush of mean charges (in e).