scikit-rmt 1.2.0
Random Matrix Theory Python package
License: BSD
Keywords: RMT, Random Matrix Theory, Ensemble, Covariance matrices

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# scikit-rmt: Random Matrix Theory Python package

Random Matrix Theory, or RMT, is the field of Statistics that analyses
matrices that their entries are random variables.

This package offers classes, methods and functions to give support to RMT
in Python. Includes a wide range of utils to work with different random
matrix ensembles, random matrix spectral laws and estimation of covariance
matrices. See documentation or visit the <https://github.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt>
of the project for further information on the features included in the package.

-----------------
## Documentation

The documentation is available at  <https://scikit-rmt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>,
which includes detailed information of the different modules, classes and methods of
the package, along with several examples showing different funcionalities.

-----------------
## Installation

Using a virtual environment is recommended to minimize the chance of conflicts.
However, the global installation _should_ work properly as well.

### Local installation using `venv` (recommended)

Navigate to your project directory.
```bash
cd MyProject
```

Create a virtual environment (you can change the name "env").
```bash
python3 -m venv env
```

Activate the environment "env".
```bash
source env/bin/activate
```

Install using `pip`.
```bash
pip install scikit-rmt
```
You may need to use `pip3`.
```bash
pip3 install scikit-rmt
```

### Global installation
Just install it using `pip` or `pip3`.
```bash
pip install scikit-rmt
```

### Requirements
*scikit-rmt* depends on the following packages:
* [numpy](https://github.com/numpy/numpy) - The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python
* [matplotlib](https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib) - Plotting with Python
* [scipy](https://github.com/scipy/scipy) - Scientific computation in Python

Check the pinned versions in the [requirements.txt](requirements.txt) file.

----------------
## Main features
*scikit-rmt* provides support to analyze, study and simulate Random Matrix Theory properties and results:
* **Sampling** of the following random matrix ensembles:
   * Gaussian Ensemble (GOE, GUE and GSE; for beta=1, 2 and 4 respectively): class `GaussianEnsemble`.
   * Wishart Ensemble (WRE, WCE and WQE; for beta=1, 2 and 4 respectively): class `WishartEnsemble`.
   * Manova Ensemble (MRE, MCE and MQE; for beta=1, 2 and 4 respectively): class `ManovaEnsemble`.
   * Circular Ensemble (COE, CUE, CSE; for beta=1, 2 and 4 respectively): class `CircularEnsemble`.
* **Eigenvalue computation** for the previous ensembles using the class method `eigvals`.
* Computation of the **joint eigenvalue probability density function** given the random matrix eigenvalues, using the class method `joint_eigval_pdf`.
* Computation of the **empirical spectral histogram** by executing the class method `eigval_hist`.
* **Plotting of the empirical spectral histogram** using the class method `plot_eigval_hist`.
* Computation and plotting of the following **spectral laws** (`spectral_law` sub-module), including the calculation and plotting of the corresponding probability density functions (PDFs) and cumulative distribution functions (CDFs):
   * **Wigner Semicircle law**: describes the limiting distribution of the eigenvalues of Wigner matrices (in particular, random matrices from the Gaussian Ensemble). Implemented by class `WignerSemicircleDistribution`.
   * **Tracy-Widom law**: describes the limiting distribution of the largest eigenvalue of Wigner matrices (in particular, random matrices from the Gaussian Ensemble). Implemented by class `TracyWidomDistribution`.
   * **Marchenko-Pastur law**: describes the limiting distribution of the eigenvalues of Wishart matrices (random matrices from the Wishart Ensemble). Implemented by class `MarchenkoPasturDistribution`.
   * **Manova Spectrum law**: introduced and proved by K. W. Wachter (1980), it describes the limiting distribution of the eigenvalues of Manova matrices (random matrices from the Manova Ensemble). Implemented by class `ManovaSpectrumDistribution`.


-----------------
## A brief tutorial

First of all, several random matrix ensembles can be sampled: **Gaussian Ensembles**, **Wishart Ensembles**,
**Manova Ensembles** and **Circular Ensembles**. As an example, the following code shows how to sample
a **Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (GOE)** random matrix.

```python
from skrmt.ensemble.gaussian_ensemble import GaussianEnsemble
# sampling a GOE (beta=1) matrix of size 3x3
goe = GaussianEnsemble(beta=1, n=3)
print(goe.matrix)
```
```bash
[[ 0.34574696 -0.10802385  0.38245343]
 [-0.10802385 -0.60113963  0.28624612]
 [ 0.38245343  0.28624612 -0.96503739]]
```
Its spectral density can be easily plotted:
```python
# sampling a GOE matrix of size 1000x1000
goe = GaussianEnsemble(beta=1, n=1000)
# plotting its spectral distribution in the interval (-2,2)
goe.plot_eigval_hist(bins=80, interval=(-2,2), density=True)
```
![GOE density plot](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/hist_goe.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/hist_goe.png" width=450 height=320 alt="GOE density plot">
-->

If we sample a **non-symmetric/non-hermitian** random matrix, its eigenvalues do not need to be real,
so a **2D complex histogram** has been implemented in order to study spectral density of these type
of random matrices. It would be the case, for example, of **Circular Symplectic Ensemble (CSE)**.

```python
from skrmt.ensemble.circular_ensemble import CircularEnsemble

# sampling a CSE (beta=4) matrix of size 2000x2000
cse = CircularEnsemble(beta=4, n=1000)
cse.plot_eigval_hist(bins=80)
```
![CSE density plot](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/hist_cse_smooth.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/hist_cse_smooth.png" width=650 height=320 alt="CSE density plot">
-->

We can **boost histogram representation** using the results described by A. Edelman and I. Dumitriu
in *Matrix Models for Beta Ensembles* and by J. Albrecht, C. Chan, and A. Edelman in
*Sturm Sequences and Random Eigenvalue Distributions* (check references). Sampling certain
random matrices (**Gaussian Ensemble** and **Wishart Ensemble** matrices) in its **tridiagonal form**
we can speed up histogramming procedure. The following graphical simulation using GOE matrices
tries to illustrate it.
![Speed up by tridigonal forms](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/gauss_tridiag_sim.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/gauss_tridiag_sim.png" width=820 height=370 alt="Speed up by tridigonal forms">
-->

On the other hand, for all the supported ensembles, the **joint eigenvalue probability density function** can be computed by using the class method `joint_eigval_pdf(eigvals=None)`. By default, the method computes the joint eigenvalue PDF of the eigenvalues of the sampled random matrix. However, the method can be called using a pre-computed array of eigenvalues, and the joint eigenvalue PDF of these eigenvalues is returned. AS an example, we can simulate sampling and histogramming many eigenvalues of GOE random matrices of size 2x2, as well as illustrating the joint eigenvalue PDF for GOE matrices 2x2. This simulation is shown in the figure below.
![Joint Eigenvalue PDF for GOE](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/goe_joint_eigval_pdf.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/goe_joint_eigval_pdf.png" width=820 height=370 alt="Joint Eigenvalue PDF for GOE">
-->

In addition, several spectral laws can be analyzed using this library, such as Wigner's Semicircle Law,
Marchenko-Pastur Law and Tracy-Widom Law. The analytical probability density function can also be plotted
by using the `plot_law_pdf=True` argument.

Plot of **Wigner's Semicircle Law**, sampling 100000 *independent* eigenvalues of a GOE matrix:
```python
from skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law import WignerSemicircleDistribution

wsd = WignerSemicircleDistribution(beta=1)
wsd.plot_empirical_pdf(sample_size=100000, bins=80, density=True)
```
![Wigner Semicircle Law](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/scl_goe.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/scl_goe.png" width=450 height=320 alt="Wigner Semicircle Law">
-->

```python
from skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law import WignerSemicircleDistribution

wsd = WignerSemicircleDistribution(beta=1)
wsd.plot_empirical_pdf(sample_size=100000, bins=80, density=True, plot_law_pdf=True)
```
![Wigner Semicircle Law PDF](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/scl_goe_pdf.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/scl_goe_pdf.png" width=450 height=320 alt="Wigner Semicircle Law PDF">
-->

Plot of **Marchenko-Pastur Law**, sampling 100000 *independent* eigenvalues of a WRE matrix:
```python
from skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law import MarchenkoPasturDistribution

mpd = MarchenkoPasturDistribution(beta=1, ratio=1/3)
mpd.plot_empirical_pdf(sample_size=100000, bins=80, density=True)
```
![Marchenko-Pastur Law](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/mpl_wre.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/mpl_wre.png" width=450 height=320 alt="Marchenko-Pastur Law">
-->

```python
from skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law import MarchenkoPasturDistribution

mpd = MarchenkoPasturDistribution(beta=1, ratio=1/3)
mpd.plot_empirical_pdf(sample_size=100000, bins=80, density=True, plot_law_pdf=True)
```
![Marchenko-Pastur Law PDF](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/mpl_wre_pdf.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/mpl_wre_pdf.png" width=450 height=320 alt="Marchenko-Pastur Law PDF">
-->

Plot of **Tracy-Widom Law**, sampling 30000 maximum eigenvalues of GOE matrices:
```python
from skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law import TracyWidomDistribution

twd = TracyWidomDistribution(beta=1)
twd.plot_empirical_pdf(sample_size=30000, bins=80, density=True)
```
![Tracy-Widom Law](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/twl_goe.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/twl_goe.png" width=450 height=320 alt="Tracy-Widom Law">
-->

```python
from skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law import TracyWidomDistribution

twd = TracyWidomDistribution(beta=1)
twd.plot_empirical_pdf(sample_size=30000, bins=80, density=True, plot_law_pdf=True)
```
![Tracy-Widom Law PDF](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/twl_goe_pdf.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/twl_goe_pdf.png" width=450 height=320 alt="Tracy-Widom Law PDF">
-->

The proposed package **scikit-rmt** also provides support for **computing and analyzing** the **probability density function (PDF)** and **cumulative distribution function (CDF)** of the main random matrix ensembles. In particular, the following classes are implemented in the `ensemble.spectral_law` module:
- `WignerSemicircleDistribution` in `skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law`.
- `MarchenkoPasturDistribution` in `skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law`.
- `TracyWidomDistribution` in `skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law`.
- `ManovaSpectrumDistribution` in `skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law`.

For example, `WignerSemicircleDistribution` can be used to plot the **Wigner's Semicircle Law PDF**:
```python
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law import WignerSemicircleDistribution

x1 = np.linspace(-5, 5, num=1000)
x2 = np.linspace(-10, 10, num=2000)

fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12,4))

for sigma in [0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0]:
    wsd = WignerSemicircleDistribution(beta=1, center=0.0, sigma=sigma)

    y1 = wsd.pdf(x1)
    y2 = wsd.pdf(x2)

    ax1.plot(x1, y1, label=f"$\sigma$ = {sigma} (R = ${wsd.radius}$)")
    ax2.plot(x2, y2, label=f"$\sigma$ = {sigma} (R = ${wsd.radius}$)")

ax1.legend()
ax1.set_xlabel("x", fontweight="bold")
ax1.set_xticks([-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
ax1.set_ylabel("density", fontweight="bold")

ax2.legend()
ax2.set_xlabel("x", fontweight="bold")
ax2.set_xticks([-10, -8, -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10])
ax2.set_ylabel("density", fontweight="bold")

fig.suptitle("Wigner Semicircle probability density function (PDF)", fontweight="bold")
plt.show()
```
![Wigner Semicircle Law PDF (Analytical)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/wigner_scl_pdf.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/wigner_scl_pdf.png" width=450 height=320 alt="Wigner Semicircle Law PDF (Analytical)">
-->

Similarly, `MarchenkoPasturDistribution` can be used to plot the **Marchenko-Pastur Law PDF**:
```python
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law import MarchenkoPasturDistribution

x1 = np.linspace(0, 4, num=1000)
x2 = np.linspace(0, 5, num=2000)

fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12,4))

for ratio in [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4]:
    mpl = MarchenkoPasturDistribution(beta=1, ratio=ratio, sigma=1.0)

    y1 = mpl.pdf(x1)
    y2 = mpl.pdf(x2)

    ax1.plot(x1, y1, label=f"$\\lambda$ = {ratio} ")
    ax2.plot(x2, y2, label=f"$\\lambda$ = {ratio} ")

ax1.legend()
ax1.set_ylim(0, 1.4)
ax1.set_xlabel("x", fontweight="bold")
ax1.set_ylabel("density", fontweight="bold")

ax2.legend()
ax2.set_ylim(0, 1.4)
ax2.set_xlim(0, 1)
ax2.set_xlabel("x", fontweight="bold")
ax2.set_ylabel("density", fontweight="bold")

fig.suptitle("Marchenko-Pastur probability density function (PDF)", fontweight="bold")
plt.show()
```
![Marchenko-Pastur Law PDF (Analytical)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/mpl_pdf.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/mpl_pdf.png" width=450 height=320 alt="Marchenko-Pastur Law PDF (Analytical)">
-->

In the following example, we show how we can plot the **PDF and CDF of the Tracy-Widom distribution** using the class `TracyWidomDistribution`:
```python
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from skrmt.ensemble.spectral_law import TracyWidomDistribution

x = np.linspace(-5, 2, num=1000)

fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12,4))

for beta in [1,2,4]:
    twd = TracyWidomDistribution(beta=beta)

    y_pdf = twd.pdf(x)
    y_cdf = twd.cdf(x)

    ax1.plot(x, y_pdf, label=f"$\\beta$ = {beta}")
    ax2.plot(x, y_cdf, label=f"$\\beta$ = {beta}")

ax1.legend()
ax1.set_xlabel("x", fontweight="bold")
ax1.set_ylabel("density", fontweight="bold")
ax1.set_title("Probability density function")

ax2.legend()
ax2.set_xlabel("x", fontweight="bold")
ax2.set_ylabel("distribution", fontweight="bold")
ax2.set_title("Cumulative distribution function")

fig.suptitle("Tracy Widom Law", fontweight="bold")
plt.show()
```
![Tracy-Widom Law PDF and CDF(Analytical)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt/main/imgs/twl_pdf_cdf.png)
<!---
<img src="imgs/twl_pdf_cdf.png" width=450 height=320 alt="Tracy-Widom Law PDF and CDF(Analytical)">
-->

For more information or insight about the usage of the library, you can visit the official **documentation** 
<https://scikit-rmt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/> or the directory [notebooks](notebooks), that contains several
*Python notebooks* with **tutorials** and plenty of **examples**.

-----------------
## License
The package is licensed under the BSD 3-Clause License. A copy of the [license](LICENSE) can be found along with the code.

-----------------
## Main references

- James Albrecht, Cy Chan, and Alan Edelman,
    "Sturm Sequences and Random Eigenvalue Distributions",
    *Foundations of Computational Mathematics*,
    vol. 9 iss. 4 (2009), pp 461-483.
    [[pdf]](http://www-math.mit.edu/~edelman/homepage/papers/sturm.pdf)
    [[doi]](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10208-008-9037-x)

- Ioana Dumitriu and Alan Edelman,
    "Matrix Models for Beta Ensembles",
    *Journal of Mathematical Physics*,
    vol. 43 no. 11 (2002), pp. 5830-5547
    [arXiv:math-ph/0206043](http://arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/0206043)

- Rowan Killip and Rostyslav Kozhan,
    "Matrix Models and Eigenvalue Statistics for Truncations of Classical Ensembles of Random Unitary Matrices",
    *Communications in Mathematical Physics*, vol. 349 (2017) pp. 991-1027.
    [arxiv.org/pdf/1501.05160.pdf](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1501.05160.pdf)

- Olivier Ledoit and Michael Wolf,
    "Analytical Nonlinear Shrinkage of Large-dimensional Covariance Matrices",
    *Annals of Statistics*, vol. 48, no. 5 (2020) pp. 3043–3065.
    [[pdf]](http://www.econ.uzh.ch/static/wp/econwp264.pdf)

- Olivier Ledoit and Michael Wolf,
    "A Well-conditioned Estimator for Large-dimensional Covariance Matrices",
    *Journal of Multivariate Analysis*, vol. 88 (2004) pp. 365–411.
    [[pdf]](http://www.ledoit.net/ole1a.pdf)

-----------------
## Attribution
This project has been developed by Alejandro Santorum Varela (2021) as part of the final degree project
in Computer Science (Autonomous University of Madrid), supervised by Alberto Suárez González.
It has been revised and improved in 2025 to support Python versions from 3.8 to 3.12.

If you happen to use `scikit-rmt` in your work or research, please cite its GitHub repository:

A. Santorum, "scikit-rmt", https://github.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt, 2021. GitHub repository.

The corresponding BibTex entry is
```
@misc{Santorum2021,
  author = {A. Santorum},
  title = {scikit-rmt},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/AlejandroSantorum/scikit-rmt}},
  note = {GitHub repository}
}
```