undatum 1.1.1
A powerful command-line tool for data processing and analysis
Requires Python: >=3.9
Keywords: json, jsonl, csv, bson, cli, dataset, data-processing

# undatum

> A powerful command-line tool for data processing and analysis

**undatum** (pronounced *un-da-tum*) is a modern CLI tool designed to make working with large datasets as simple and efficient as possible. It provides a unified interface for converting, analyzing, validating, and transforming data across multiple formats.

## Features

- **Multi-format support**: CSV, JSON Lines, BSON, XML, XLS, XLSX, Parquet, AVRO, ORC
- **Compression support**: ZIP, XZ, GZ, BZ2, ZSTD
- **Low memory footprint**: Streams data for efficient processing of large files
- **Automatic detection**: Encoding, delimiters, and file types
- **Data validation**: Built-in rules for emails, URLs, and custom validators
- **Advanced statistics**: Field analysis, frequency calculations, and date detection
- **Flexible filtering**: Query and filter data using expressions
- **Schema generation**: Automatic schema detection and generation
- **Database ingestion**: Ingest data to MongoDB, PostgreSQL, DuckDB, MySQL, SQLite, and Elasticsearch with retry logic and error handling
- **AI-powered documentation**: Automatic field and dataset descriptions using multiple LLM providers (OpenAI, OpenRouter, Ollama, LM Studio, Perplexity) with structured JSON output

## Documentation

- `WORKFLOW_GUIDE.md` for contributor workflow and OpenSpec usage
- `openspec/` for change proposals, specs, and implementation summaries
- `examples/doc/` for dataset documentation output samples

## Installation

### Using pip (Recommended)

```bash
pip install --upgrade pip setuptools
pip install undatum
```

Dependencies are declared in `pyproject.toml` and will be installed automatically by modern versions of `pip` (23+). If you see missing-module errors after installation, upgrade `pip` and retry.

### Requirements

- Python 3.9 or greater

### Install from source

```bash
python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
python -m pip install .
# or build distributables
python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
```

## Quick Start

```bash
# Get file headers
undatum headers data.jsonl

# Analyze file structure
undatum analyze data.jsonl

# Generate dataset documentation
undatum doc data.jsonl --format markdown --output docs/dataset.md

# Get statistics
undatum stats data.csv

# Convert XML to JSON Lines
undatum convert --tagname item data.xml data.jsonl

# Get unique values
undatum uniq --fields category data.jsonl

# Calculate frequency
undatum frequency --fields status data.csv

# Count rows
undatum count data.csv

# View first 10 rows
undatum head data.jsonl

# View last 10 rows
undatum tail data.csv

# Display formatted table
undatum table data.csv --limit 20
```

## Commands

### `analyze`

Analyzes data files and provides human-readable insights about structure, encoding, fields, and data types. With `--autodoc`, automatically generates field descriptions and dataset summaries using AI.

```bash
# Basic analysis
undatum analyze data.jsonl

# With AI-powered documentation
undatum analyze data.jsonl --autodoc

# Using specific AI provider
undatum analyze data.jsonl --autodoc --ai-provider openai --ai-model gpt-4o-mini

# Output to file
undatum analyze data.jsonl --output report.yaml --autodoc
```

**Output includes:**
- File type, encoding, compression
- Number of records and fields
- Field types and structure
- Table detection for nested data (JSON/XML)
- AI-generated field descriptions (with `--autodoc`)
- AI-generated dataset summary (with `--autodoc`)

**AI Provider Options:**
- `--ai-provider`: Choose provider (openai, openrouter, ollama, lmstudio, perplexity)
- `--ai-model`: Specify model name (provider-specific)
- `--ai-base-url`: Custom API endpoint URL

**Supported AI Providers:**

1. **OpenAI** (default if `OPENAI_API_KEY` is set)
   ```bash
   export OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-...
   undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider openai --ai-model gpt-4o-mini
   ```

2. **OpenRouter** (supports multiple models via unified API)
   ```bash
   export OPENROUTER_API_KEY=sk-or-...
   undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider openrouter --ai-model openai/gpt-4o-mini
   ```

3. **Ollama** (local models, no API key required)
   ```bash
   # Start Ollama and pull a model first: ollama pull llama3.2
   undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider ollama --ai-model llama3.2
   # Or set custom URL: export OLLAMA_BASE_URL=http://localhost:11434
   ```

4. **LM Studio** (local models, OpenAI-compatible API)
   ```bash
   # Start LM Studio and load a model
   undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider lmstudio --ai-model local-model
   # Or set custom URL: export LMSTUDIO_BASE_URL=http://localhost:1234/v1
   ```

5. **Perplexity** (backward compatible, uses `PERPLEXITY_API_KEY`)
   ```bash
   export PERPLEXITY_API_KEY=pplx-...
   undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider perplexity
   ```

**Configuration Methods:**

AI provider can be configured via:
1. **Environment variables** (lowest precedence):
   ```bash
   export UNDATUM_AI_PROVIDER=openai
   export OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-...
   ```

2. **Config file** (medium precedence):
   Create `undatum.yaml` in your project root or `~/.undatum/config.yaml`:
   ```yaml
   ai:
     provider: openai
     api_key: ${OPENAI_API_KEY}  # Can reference env vars
     model: gpt-4o-mini
     timeout: 30
   ```

3. **CLI arguments** (highest precedence):
   ```bash
   undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider openai --ai-model gpt-4o-mini
   ```

### `doc`

Generates dataset documentation with schema, statistics, and samples in Markdown (default), JSON, YAML, or text. Supports AI-powered descriptions with `--autodoc`.

```bash
# Markdown documentation (default)
undatum doc data.jsonl

# JSON documentation with samples
undatum doc data.jsonl --format json --sample-size 5 --output report.json

# With AI-powered descriptions
undatum doc data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider openai --ai-model gpt-4o-mini
```

**Output includes:**
- Dataset metadata and summary counts
- Schema fields with types and descriptions
- Field-level uniqueness statistics (when available)
- Sample records (configurable via `--sample-size`)

**Extended metadata and PII options:**
- `--semantic-types`: annotate fields with semantic types (requires `metacrafter` CLI)
- `--pii-detect`: detect PII fields and include a PII summary (requires `metacrafter` CLI)
- `--pii-mask-samples`: redact detected PII values in samples (use with `--pii-detect`)

```bash
# Semantic typing and PII summary
undatum doc data.csv --semantic-types --pii-detect --format json

# Mask PII values in samples
undatum doc data.csv --pii-detect --pii-mask-samples --format json
```

**Optional dependencies:**
- `metacrafter` (for semantic types and PII detection)
- `langdetect` (for language detection in metadata)

### `convert`

Converts data between different formats. Supports CSV, JSON Lines, BSON, XML, XLS, XLSX, Parquet, AVRO, and ORC.

```bash
# XML to JSON Lines
undatum convert --tagname item data.xml data.jsonl

# CSV to Parquet
undatum convert data.csv data.parquet

# JSON Lines to CSV
undatum convert data.jsonl data.csv
```

**Supported conversions:**

| From / To | CSV | JSONL | BSON | JSON | XLS | XLSX | XML | Parquet | ORC | AVRO |
|-----------|-----|-------|------|------|-----|------|-----|---------|-----|------|
| CSV       | -   | ✓     | ✓    | -    | -   | -    | -   | ✓       | ✓   | ✓    |
| JSONL    | ✓   | -     | -    | -    | -   | -    | -   | ✓       | ✓   | -    |
| BSON     | -   | ✓     | -    | -    | -   | -    | -   | -       | -   | -    |
| JSON     | -   | ✓     | -    | -    | -   | -    | -   | -       | -   | -    |
| XLS      | -   | ✓     | ✓    | -    | -   | -    | -   | -       | -   | -    |
| XLSX     | -   | ✓     | ✓    | -    | -   | -    | -   | -       | -   | -    |
| XML      | -   | ✓     | -    | -    | -   | -    | -   | -       | -   | -    |

### `count`

Counts the number of rows in a data file. With DuckDB engine, counting is instant for supported formats.

```bash
# Count rows in CSV file
undatum count data.csv

# Count rows in JSONL file
undatum count data.jsonl

# Use DuckDB engine for faster counting
undatum count data.parquet --engine duckdb
```

### `head`

Extracts the first N rows from a data file. Useful for quick data inspection.

```bash
# Extract first 10 rows (default)
undatum head data.csv

# Extract first 20 rows
undatum head data.jsonl --n 20

# Save to file
undatum head data.csv --n 5 output.csv
```

### `tail`

Extracts the last N rows from a data file. Uses efficient buffering for large files.

```bash
# Extract last 10 rows (default)
undatum tail data.csv

# Extract last 50 rows
undatum tail data.jsonl --n 50

# Save to file
undatum tail data.csv --n 20 output.csv
```

### `enum`

Adds row numbers, UUIDs, or constant values to records. Useful for adding unique identifiers or sequential numbers.

```bash
# Add row numbers (default field: row_id, starts at 1)
undatum enum data.csv output.csv

# Add UUIDs
undatum enum data.jsonl --field id --type uuid output.jsonl

# Add constant value
undatum enum data.csv --field status --type constant --value "active" output.csv

# Custom starting number
undatum enum data.jsonl --field sequence --start 100 output.jsonl
```

### `reverse`

Reverses the order of rows in a data file.

```bash
# Reverse rows
undatum reverse data.csv output.csv

# Reverse JSONL file
undatum reverse data.jsonl output.jsonl
```

### `table`

Displays data in a formatted, aligned table for inspection. Uses the rich library for beautiful terminal output.

```bash
# Display first 20 rows (default)
undatum table data.csv

# Display with custom limit
undatum table data.jsonl --limit 50

# Display only specific fields
undatum table data.csv --fields name,email,status
```

### `fixlengths`

Ensures all rows have the same number of fields by padding shorter rows or truncating longer rows. Useful for data cleaning workflows.

```bash
# Pad rows with empty string (default)
undatum fixlengths data.csv --strategy pad output.csv

# Pad with custom value
undatum fixlengths data.jsonl --strategy pad --value "N/A" output.jsonl

# Truncate longer rows
undatum fixlengths data.csv --strategy truncate output.csv
```

### `headers`

Extracts field names from data files. Works with CSV, JSON Lines, BSON, and XML files.

```bash
undatum headers data.jsonl
undatum headers data.csv --limit 50000
```

### `stats`

Generates detailed statistics about your dataset including field types, uniqueness, lengths, and more. With DuckDB engine, statistics generation is 10-100x faster for supported formats (CSV, JSONL, JSON, Parquet).

```bash
undatum stats data.jsonl
undatum stats data.csv --checkdates
undatum stats data.parquet --engine duckdb
```

**Statistics include:**
- Field types and array flags
- Unique value counts and percentages
- Min/max/average lengths
- Date field detection

**Performance:** DuckDB engine automatically selected for supported formats, providing columnar processing and SQL-based aggregations for faster statistics.

### `frequency`

Calculates frequency distribution for specified fields.

```bash
undatum frequency --fields category data.jsonl
undatum frequency --fields status,region data.csv
```

### `uniq`

Extracts all unique values from specified field(s).

```bash
# Single field
undatum uniq --fields category data.jsonl

# Multiple fields (unique combinations)
undatum uniq --fields status,region data.jsonl
```

### `sort`

Sorts rows by one or more columns. Supports multiple sort keys, ascending/descending order, and numeric sorting.

```bash
# Sort by single column ascending
undatum sort data.csv --by name output.csv

# Sort by multiple columns
undatum sort data.jsonl --by name,age output.jsonl

# Sort descending
undatum sort data.csv --by date --desc output.csv

# Numeric sort
undatum sort data.csv --by price --numeric output.csv
```

### `sample`

Randomly selects rows from a data file using reservoir sampling algorithm.

```bash
# Sample fixed number of rows
undatum sample data.csv --n 1000 output.csv

# Sample by percentage
undatum sample data.jsonl --percent 10 output.jsonl
```

### `search`

Filters rows using regex patterns. Searches across specified fields or all fields.

```bash
# Search across all fields
undatum search data.csv --pattern "error|warning"

# Search in specific fields
undatum search data.jsonl --pattern "^[0-9]+$" --fields id,code

# Case-insensitive search
undatum search data.csv --pattern "ERROR" --ignore-case
```

### `dedup`

Removes duplicate rows. Can deduplicate by all fields or specified key fields.

```bash
# Deduplicate by all fields
undatum dedup data.csv output.csv

# Deduplicate by key fields
undatum dedup data.jsonl --key-fields email output.jsonl

# Keep last duplicate
undatum dedup data.csv --key-fields id --keep last output.csv
```

### `fill`

Fills empty or null values with specified values or strategies (forward-fill, backward-fill).

```bash
# Fill with constant value
undatum fill data.csv --fields name,email --value "N/A" output.csv

# Forward fill (use previous value)
undatum fill data.jsonl --fields status --strategy forward output.jsonl

# Backward fill (use next value)
undatum fill data.csv --fields category --strategy backward output.csv
```

### `rename`

Renames fields by exact mapping or regex patterns.

```bash
# Rename by exact mapping
undatum rename data.csv --map "old_name:new_name,old2:new2" output.csv

# Rename using regex
undatum rename data.jsonl --pattern "^prefix_" --replacement "" output.jsonl
```

### `explode`

Splits a column by separator into multiple rows. Creates one row per value, duplicating other fields.

```bash
# Explode comma-separated values
undatum explode data.csv --field tags --separator "," output.csv

# Explode pipe-separated values
undatum explode data.jsonl --field categories --separator "|" output.jsonl
```

### `replace`

Performs string replacement in specified fields. Supports simple string replacement and regex-based replacement.

```bash
# Simple string replacement
undatum replace data.csv --field name --pattern "Mr\." --replacement "Mr" output.csv

# Regex replacement
undatum replace data.jsonl --field email --pattern "@old.com" --replacement "@new.com" --regex output.jsonl

# Global replacement (all occurrences)
undatum replace data.csv --field text --pattern "old" --replacement "new" --global output.csv
```

### `cat`

Concatenates files by rows or columns.

```bash
# Concatenate files by rows (vertical)
undatum cat file1.csv file2.csv --mode rows output.csv

# Concatenate files by columns (horizontal)
undatum cat file1.csv file2.csv --mode columns output.csv
```

### `join`

Performs relational joins between two files. Supports inner, left, right, and full outer joins.

```bash
# Inner join by key field
undatum join data1.csv data2.csv --on email --type inner output.csv

# Left join (keep all rows from first file)
undatum join data1.jsonl data2.jsonl --on id --type left output.jsonl

# Right join (keep all rows from second file)
undatum join data1.csv data2.csv --on id --type right output.csv

# Full outer join (keep all rows from both files)
undatum join data1.jsonl data2.jsonl --on id --type full output.jsonl
```

### `diff`

Compares two files and shows differences (added, removed, and changed rows).

```bash
# Compare files by key
undatum diff file1.csv file2.csv --key id

# Output differences to file
undatum diff file1.jsonl file2.jsonl --key email --output changes.jsonl

# Show unified diff format
undatum diff file1.csv file2.csv --key id --format unified
```

### `exclude`

Removes rows from input file where keys match exclusion file. Uses hash-based lookup for performance.

```bash
# Exclude rows by key
undatum exclude data.csv blacklist.csv --on email output.csv

# Exclude with multiple key fields
undatum exclude data.jsonl exclude.jsonl --on id,email output.jsonl
```

### `transpose`

Swaps rows and columns, handling headers appropriately.

```bash
# Transpose CSV file
undatum transpose data.csv output.csv

# Transpose JSONL file
undatum transpose data.jsonl output.jsonl
```

### `sniff`

Detects file properties including delimiter, encoding, field types, and record count.

```bash
# Detect file properties (text output)
undatum sniff data.csv

# Output sniff results as JSON
undatum sniff data.jsonl --format json

# Output as YAML
undatum sniff data.csv --format yaml
```

### `slice`

Extracts specific rows by range or index list. Supports efficient DuckDB-based slicing for supported formats.

```bash
# Slice by range
undatum slice data.csv --start 100 --end 200 output.csv

# Slice by specific indices
undatum slice data.jsonl --indices 1,5,10,20 output.jsonl
```

### `fmt`

Reformats CSV data with specific formatting options (delimiter, quote style, escape character, line endings).

```bash
# Change delimiter
undatum fmt data.csv --delimiter ";" output.csv

# Change quote style
undatum fmt data.csv --quote always output.csv

# Change escape character
undatum fmt data.csv --escape backslash output.csv

# Change line endings
undatum fmt data.csv --line-ending crlf output.csv
```

### `select`

Selects and reorders columns from files. Supports filtering and engine selection.

```bash
undatum select --fields name,email,status data.jsonl
undatum select --fields name,email --filter "`status` == 'active'" data.jsonl
undatum select --fields name,email --engine duckdb data.jsonl
```

### `split`

Splits datasets into multiple files based on chunk size or field values.

```bash
# Split by chunk size
undatum split --chunksize 10000 data.jsonl

# Split by field value
undatum split --fields category data.jsonl
```

### `validate`

Validates data against built-in or custom validation rules.

```bash
# Validate email addresses
undatum validate --rule common.email --fields email data.jsonl

# Validate Russian INN
undatum validate --rule ru.org.inn --fields VendorINN data.jsonl --mode stats

# Output invalid records
undatum validate --rule ru.org.inn --fields VendorINN data.jsonl --mode invalid
```

**Available validation rules:**
- `common.email` - Email address validation
- `common.url` - URL validation
- `ru.org.inn` - Russian organization INN identifier
- `ru.org.ogrn` - Russian organization OGRN identifier

### `schema`

Generates data schemas from files. Supports multiple output formats including YAML, JSON, Cerberus, JSON Schema, Avro, and Parquet.

```bash
# Generate schema in default YAML format
undatum schema data.jsonl

# Generate schema in JSON Schema format
undatum schema data.jsonl --format jsonschema

# Generate schema in Avro format
undatum schema data.jsonl --format avro

# Generate schema in Parquet format
undatum schema data.jsonl --format parquet

# Generate Cerberus schema (for backward compatibility with deprecated `scheme` command)
undatum schema data.jsonl --format cerberus

# Save to file
undatum schema data.jsonl --output schema.yaml

# Generate schema with AI-powered field documentation
undatum schema data.jsonl --autodoc --output schema.yaml
```

**Supported schema formats:**
- `yaml` (default) - YAML format with full schema details
- `json` - JSON format with full schema details
- `cerberus` - Cerberus validation schema format (for backward compatibility with deprecated `scheme` command)
- `jsonschema` - JSON Schema (W3C/IETF standard) - Use for API validation, OpenAPI specs, and tool integration
- `avro` - Apache Avro schema format - Use for Kafka message schemas and Hadoop data pipelines
- `parquet` - Parquet schema format - Use for data lake schemas and Parquet file metadata

**Use cases:**
- **JSON Schema**: API documentation, data validation in web applications, OpenAPI specifications
- **Avro**: Kafka message schemas, Hadoop ecosystem integration, schema registry compatibility
- **Parquet**: Data lake schemas, Parquet file metadata, analytics pipeline definitions
- **Cerberus**: Python data validation (legacy, use `scheme` command or `schema --format cerberus`)

**Examples:**

```bash
# Generate JSON Schema for API documentation
undatum schema api_data.jsonl --format jsonschema --output api_schema.json

# Generate Avro schema for Kafka
undatum schema events.jsonl --format avro --output events.avsc

# Generate Parquet schema for data lake
undatum schema data.csv --format parquet --output schema.json

# Generate Cerberus schema (deprecated, use schema command instead)
undatum schema data.jsonl --format cerberus --output validation_schema.json
```

**Note:** The `scheme` command is deprecated. Use `undatum schema --format cerberus` instead. The `scheme` command will show a deprecation warning but continues to work for backward compatibility.

### `query`

Query data using MistQL query language (experimental).

```bash
undatum query data.jsonl "SELECT * WHERE status = 'active'"
```

### `flatten`

Flattens nested data structures into key-value pairs.

```bash
undatum flatten data.jsonl
```

### `apply`

Applies a transformation script to each record in the file.

```bash
undatum apply --script transform.py data.jsonl output.jsonl
```

### `ingest`

Ingests data from files into databases. Supports MongoDB, PostgreSQL, and Elasticsearch with robust error handling, retry logic, and progress tracking.

```bash
# Ingest to MongoDB
undatum ingest data.jsonl mongodb://localhost:27017 mydb mycollection

# Ingest to PostgreSQL (append mode)
undatum ingest data.csv postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/mydb mytable --dbtype postgresql

# Ingest to PostgreSQL with auto-create table
undatum ingest data.jsonl postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/mydb mytable \
  --dbtype postgresql \
  --create-table

# Ingest to PostgreSQL with upsert (update on conflict)
undatum ingest data.jsonl postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/mydb mytable \
  --dbtype postgresql \
  --mode upsert \
  --upsert-key id

# Ingest to PostgreSQL (replace mode - truncates table first)
undatum ingest data.csv postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/mydb mytable \
  --dbtype postgresql \
  --mode replace

# Ingest to DuckDB (file database)
undatum ingest data.csv duckdb:///path/to/database.db mytable --dbtype duckdb

# Ingest to DuckDB (in-memory database)
undatum ingest data.jsonl duckdb:///:memory: mytable --dbtype duckdb

# Ingest to DuckDB with auto-create table
undatum ingest data.jsonl duckdb:///path/to/database.db mytable \
  --dbtype duckdb \
  --create-table

# Ingest to DuckDB with upsert
undatum ingest data.jsonl duckdb:///path/to/database.db mytable \
  --dbtype duckdb \
  --mode upsert \
  --upsert-key id

# Ingest to DuckDB with Appender API (streaming)
undatum ingest data.jsonl duckdb:///path/to/database.db mytable \
  --dbtype duckdb \
  --use-appender

# Ingest to MySQL
undatum ingest data.csv mysql://user:pass@localhost:3306/mydb mytable --dbtype mysql

# Ingest to MySQL with auto-create table
undatum ingest data.jsonl mysql://user:pass@localhost:3306/mydb mytable \
  --dbtype mysql \
  --create-table

# Ingest to MySQL with upsert
undatum ingest data.jsonl mysql://user:pass@localhost:3306/mydb mytable \
  --dbtype mysql \
  --mode upsert \
  --upsert-key id

# Ingest to SQLite (file database)
undatum ingest data.csv sqlite:///path/to/database.db mytable --dbtype sqlite

# Ingest to SQLite (in-memory database)
undatum ingest data.jsonl sqlite:///:memory: mytable --dbtype sqlite

# Ingest to SQLite with auto-create table
undatum ingest data.jsonl sqlite:///path/to/database.db mytable \
  --dbtype sqlite \
  --create-table

# Ingest to SQLite with upsert
undatum ingest data.jsonl sqlite:///path/to/database.db mytable \
  --dbtype sqlite \
  --mode upsert \
  --upsert-key id

# Ingest to Elasticsearch
undatum ingest data.jsonl https://elasticsearch:9200 myindex myindex --dbtype elasticsearch --api-key YOUR_API_KEY --doc-id id

# Ingest with options
undatum ingest data.csv mongodb://localhost:27017 mydb mycollection \
  --batch 5000 \
  --drop \
  --totals \
  --timeout 30 \
  --skip 100

# Ingest multiple files
undatum ingest "data/*.jsonl" mongodb://localhost:27017 mydb mycollection
```

**Key Features:**
- **Automatic retry**: Retries failed operations with exponential backoff (3 attempts)
- **Connection pooling**: Efficient connection management for all databases
- **Progress tracking**: Real-time progress bar with throughput (rows/second)
- **Error handling**: Continues processing after batch failures, logs detailed errors
- **Summary statistics**: Displays total rows, successful rows, failed rows, and throughput at completion
- **Connection validation**: Tests database connection before starting ingestion
- **PostgreSQL optimizations**: Uses COPY FROM for maximum performance (10-100x faster than INSERT)
- **Schema management**: Auto-create tables from data schema or validate existing schemas

**Options:**
- `--batch`: Batch size for ingestion (default: 1000, PostgreSQL recommended: 10000, DuckDB recommended: 50000, MySQL recommended: 10000, SQLite recommended: 5000)
- `--dbtype`: Database type: `mongodb` (default), `postgresql`, `postgres`, `duckdb`, `mysql`, `sqlite`, `elasticsearch`, or `elastic`
- `--drop`: Drop existing collection/table before ingestion (MongoDB, Elasticsearch)
- `--mode`: Ingestion mode for PostgreSQL/DuckDB/MySQL/SQLite: `append` (default), `replace`, or `upsert`
- `--create-table`: Auto-create table from data schema (PostgreSQL/DuckDB/MySQL/SQLite)
- `--upsert-key`: Field name(s) for conflict resolution in upsert mode (PostgreSQL/DuckDB/MySQL/SQLite, comma-separated for multiple keys)
- `--use-appender`: Use Appender API for DuckDB (streaming insertion, default: False)
- `--totals`: Show total record counts during ingestion (uses DuckDB for counting)
- `--timeout`: Connection timeout in seconds (positive values, default uses database defaults)
- `--skip`: Number of records to skip at the beginning
- `--api-key`: API key for database authentication (Elasticsearch)
- `--doc-id`: Field name to use as document ID (Elasticsearch, default: `id`)
- `--verbose`: Enable verbose logging output

**PostgreSQL-Specific Features:**
- **COPY FROM**: Fastest bulk loading method (100,000+ rows/second)
- **Upsert support**: `INSERT ... ON CONFLICT` for idempotent ingestion
- **Schema auto-creation**: Automatically creates tables with inferred types
- **Connection pooling**: Efficient connection reuse
- **Transaction management**: Atomic batch operations

**DuckDB-Specific Features:**
- **Fast batch inserts**: Optimized executemany for high throughput (200,000+ rows/second)
- **Appender API**: Streaming insertion for real-time data ingestion
- **Upsert support**: `INSERT ... ON CONFLICT` for idempotent ingestion
- **Schema auto-creation**: Automatically creates tables with inferred types
- **File and in-memory**: Supports both file-based and in-memory databases
- **No server required**: Embedded database, no separate server needed
- **Analytical database**: Optimized for analytical workloads and OLAP queries

**MySQL-Specific Features:**
- **Multi-row INSERT**: Efficient batch operations (10,000+ rows/second)
- **Upsert support**: `INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE` for idempotent ingestion
- **Schema auto-creation**: Automatically creates tables with inferred types
- **Connection management**: Efficient connection handling
- **Transaction support**: Atomic batch operations

**SQLite-Specific Features:**
- **PRAGMA optimizations**: Automatic performance tuning (synchronous=OFF, journal_mode=WAL)
- **Fast batch inserts**: Optimized executemany (10,000+ rows/second)
- **Upsert support**: `INSERT ... ON CONFLICT` for idempotent ingestion (SQLite 3.24+)
- **Schema auto-creation**: Automatically creates tables with inferred types
- **File and in-memory**: Supports both file-based and in-memory databases
- **No server required**: Embedded database, no separate server needed
- **Built-in**: Uses Python's built-in sqlite3 module, no dependencies required

**Error Handling:**
- Transient failures (connection timeouts, network errors) are automatically retried
- Partial batch failures are logged but don't stop ingestion
- Failed records are tracked and reported in the summary
- Detailed error messages help identify problematic data

**Performance:**
- Batch processing for efficient ingestion
- Connection pooling reduces overhead
- Progress tracking shows real-time throughput
- Optimized for large files with streaming support

**Example Output:**
```
Ingesting data.jsonl to mongodb://localhost:27017 with db mydb table mycollection
Ingesting to mongodb: 100%|████████████| 10000/10000 [00:05<00:00, 2000 rows/s]

Ingestion Summary:
  Total rows processed: 10000
  Successful rows: 10000
  Failed rows: 0
  Batches processed: 10
  Time elapsed: 5.00 seconds
  Average throughput: 2000 rows/second
```

## Advanced Usage

### Working with Compressed Files

undatum can process files inside compressed containers (ZIP, GZ, BZ2, XZ, ZSTD) with minimal memory usage.

```bash
# Process file inside ZIP archive
undatum headers --format-in jsonl data.zip

# Process XZ compressed file
undatum uniq --fields country --format-in jsonl data.jsonl.xz
```

### Filtering Data

Most commands support filtering using expressions:

```bash
# Filter by field value
undatum select --fields name,email --filter "`status` == 'active'" data.jsonl

# Complex filters
undatum frequency --fields category --filter "`price` > 100" data.jsonl
```

**Filter syntax:**
- Field names: `` `fieldname` ``
- String values: `'value'`
- Operators: `==`, `!=`, `>`, `<`, `>=`, `<=`, `and`, `or`

### Date Detection

Automatic date/datetime field detection:

```bash
undatum stats --checkdates data.jsonl
```

This uses the `qddate` library to automatically identify and parse date fields.

### Custom Encoding and Delimiters

Override automatic detection:

```bash
undatum headers --encoding cp1251 --delimiter ";" data.csv
undatum convert --encoding utf-8 --delimiter "," data.csv data.jsonl
```

## Data Formats

### JSON Lines (JSONL)

JSON Lines is a text format where each line is a valid JSON object. It combines JSON flexibility with line-by-line processing capabilities, making it ideal for large datasets.

```jsonl
{"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
{"name": "Bob", "age": 25}
{"name": "Charlie", "age": 35}
```

### CSV

Standard comma-separated values format. undatum automatically detects delimiters (comma, semicolon, tab) and encoding.

### BSON

Binary JSON format used by MongoDB. Efficient for binary data storage.

### XML

XML files can be converted to JSON Lines by specifying the tag name containing records.

## AI Provider Troubleshooting

### Common Issues

**Provider not found:**
```bash
# Error: No AI provider specified
# Solution: Set environment variable or use --ai-provider
export UNDATUM_AI_PROVIDER=openai
# or
undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider openai
```

**API key not found:**
```bash
# Error: API key is required
# Solution: Set provider-specific API key
export OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-...
export OPENROUTER_API_KEY=sk-or-...
export PERPLEXITY_API_KEY=pplx-...
```

**Ollama connection failed:**
```bash
# Error: Connection refused
# Solution: Ensure Ollama is running and model is pulled
ollama serve
ollama pull llama3.2
# Or specify custom URL
export OLLAMA_BASE_URL=http://localhost:11434
```

**LM Studio connection failed:**
```bash
# Error: Connection refused
# Solution: Start LM Studio server and load a model
# In LM Studio: Start Server, then:
export LMSTUDIO_BASE_URL=http://localhost:1234/v1
```

**Structured output errors:**
- All providers now use JSON Schema for reliable parsing
- If a provider doesn't support structured output, it will fall back gracefully
- Check provider documentation for model compatibility

### Provider-Specific Notes

- **OpenAI**: Requires API key, supports `gpt-4o-mini`, `gpt-4o`, `gpt-3.5-turbo`, etc.
- **OpenRouter**: Unified API for multiple providers, supports models from OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, etc.
- **Ollama**: Local models, no API key needed, but requires Ollama to be installed and running
- **LM Studio**: Local models, OpenAI-compatible API, requires LM Studio to be running
- **Perplexity**: Requires API key, uses `sonar` model by default

## Performance Tips

1. **Use appropriate formats**: Parquet/ORC for analytics, JSONL for streaming
2. **Compression**: Use ZSTD or GZIP for better compression ratios
3. **Chunking**: Split large files for parallel processing
4. **Filtering**: Apply filters early to reduce data volume
5. **Streaming**: undatum streams data by default for low memory usage
6. **AI Documentation**: Use local providers (Ollama/LM Studio) for faster, free documentation generation
7. **Batch Processing**: AI descriptions are generated per-table, consider splitting large datasets

## AI-Powered Documentation

The `analyze` command can automatically generate field descriptions and dataset summaries using AI when `--autodoc` is enabled. This feature supports multiple LLM providers and uses structured JSON output for reliable parsing.

### Quick Examples

```bash
# Basic AI documentation (auto-detects provider from environment)
undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc

# Use OpenAI with specific model
undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider openai --ai-model gpt-4o-mini

# Use local Ollama model
undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider ollama --ai-model llama3.2

# Use OpenRouter to access various models
undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider openrouter --ai-model anthropic/claude-3-haiku

# Output to YAML with AI descriptions
undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --output schema.yaml --outtype yaml
```

### Configuration File Example

Create `undatum.yaml` in your project:

```yaml
ai:
  provider: openai
  model: gpt-4o-mini
  timeout: 30
```

Or use `~/.undatum/config.yaml` for global settings:

```yaml
ai:
  provider: ollama
  model: llama3.2
  ollama_base_url: http://localhost:11434
```

### Language Support

Generate descriptions in different languages:

```bash
# English (default)
undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --lang English

# Russian
undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --lang Russian

# Spanish
undatum analyze data.csv --autodoc --lang Spanish
```

### What Gets Generated

With `--autodoc` enabled, the analyzer will:

1. **Field Descriptions**: Generate clear, concise descriptions for each field explaining what it represents
2. **Dataset Summary**: Provide an overall description of the dataset based on sample data

Example output:

```yaml
tables:
  - id: data.csv
    fields:
      - name: customer_id
        ftype: VARCHAR
        description: "Unique identifier for each customer"
      - name: purchase_date
        ftype: DATE
        description: "Date when the purchase was made"
    description: "Customer purchase records containing transaction details"
```

## Examples

### Data Pipeline Example

```bash
# 1. Analyze source data
undatum analyze source.xml

# 2. Convert to JSON Lines
undatum convert --tagname item source.xml data.jsonl

# 3. Validate data
undatum validate --rule common.email --fields email data.jsonl --mode invalid > invalid.jsonl

# 4. Get statistics
undatum stats data.jsonl > stats.json

# 5. Extract unique categories
undatum uniq --fields category data.jsonl > categories.txt

# 6. Convert to Parquet for analytics
undatum convert data.jsonl data.parquet
```

### Data Quality Check

```bash
# Check for duplicate emails
undatum frequency --fields email data.jsonl | grep -v "1$"

# Validate all required fields
undatum validate --rule common.email --fields email data.jsonl
undatum validate --rule common.url --fields website data.jsonl

# Generate schema with AI documentation
undatum schema data.jsonl --output schema.yaml --autodoc
```

### AI Documentation Workflow

```bash
# 1. Analyze dataset with AI-generated descriptions
undatum analyze sales_data.csv --autodoc --ai-provider openai --output analysis.yaml

# 2. Review generated field descriptions
cat analysis.yaml

# 3. Use descriptions in schema generation
undatum schema sales_data.csv --autodoc --output documented_schema.yaml

# 4. Bulk schema extraction with AI documentation
undatum schema_bulk ./data_dir --autodoc --output ./schemas --mode distinct
```

## Contributing

Contributions are welcome! Please feel free to submit a Pull Request.

## License

MIT License - see LICENSE file for details.

## Links

- [GitHub Repository](https://github.com/datacoon/undatum)
- [Issue Tracker](https://github.com/datacoon/undatum/issues)

## Support

For questions, issues, or feature requests, please open an issue on GitHub.