paradigma 1.1.0
ParaDigMa - A toolbox for deriving Parkinson's disease Digital Markers from real-life wrist sensor data
License: Apache-2.0
Requires Python: <4.0,>=3.11

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</p>

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## Overview

ParaDigMa (Parkinson's disease Digital Markers) is a Python toolbox for extracting validated digital biomarkers from wrist sensor data in Parkinson's disease. It processes accelerometer, gyroscope, and PPG signals collected during passive monitoring in daily life.

**Key Features:**
- Arm swing during gait analysis
- Tremor analysis
- Pulse rate analysis
- Scientifically validated in peer-reviewed publications
- Modular, extensible architecture for custom analyses

## Quick Start

### Installation

**For regular use:**

```bash
pip install paradigma
```

Requires Python 3.11+.

**For development or running tutorials:**

Example data requires git-lfs. See the [installation guide](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/guides/installation.html) for setup instructions.

### Basic Usage

```python
from paradigma.orchestrator import run_paradigma

# Example 1: Single DataFrame with default output directory
results = run_paradigma(
    dfs=df,
    pipelines=['gait', 'tremor'],
    watch_side='left',  # Required for gait pipeline
    save_intermediate=['quantification', 'aggregation']  # Saves to ./output by default
)

# Example 2: Multiple DataFrames as list (assigned to 'df_1', 'df_2', etc.)
results = run_paradigma(
    dfs=[df1, df2, df3],
    pipelines=['gait', 'tremor'],
    output_dir="./results",  # Custom output directory
    watch_side='left',
    save_intermediate=['quantification', 'aggregation']
)

# Example 3: Dictionary of DataFrames (custom segment/file names)
results = run_paradigma(
    dfs={'morning_session': df1, 'evening_session': df2},
    pipelines=['gait', 'tremor'],
    watch_side='right',
    save_intermediate=[]  # No files saved - results only in memory
)

# Example 4: Load from data directory
results = run_paradigma(
    data_path='./my_data',
    pipelines=['gait', 'tremor'],
    watch_side='left',
    file_pattern='*.parquet',
    save_intermediate=['quantification', 'aggregation']
)

# Access results (nested by pipeline)
gait_measures = results['quantifications']['gait']
tremor_measures = results['quantifications']['tremor']
gait_aggregates = results['aggregations']['gait']
tremor_aggregates = results['aggregations']['tremor']

# Check for errors
if results['errors']:
    print(f"Warning: {len(results['errors'])} error(s) occurred")
```

**See our [tutorials](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/tutorials/index.html) for complete examples.**

## Pipelines

<p align="center">
  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/biomarkersParkinson/paradigma/main/docs/source/_static/img/pipeline-architecture.png" alt="Pipeline architeecture"/>
</p>

### Validated Processing Pipelines

| Pipeline | Input sensors | Output week-level aggregation | Publications | Tutorial |
| ---- | ---- | ------- | ---- | ---- |
| **Arm swing during gait** | Accelerometer + Gyroscope | Typical, maximum & variability of arm swing range of motion | [Post 2025](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01578-z), [Post 2026*](https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.06.26343500) | [Guide](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/tutorials/gait_analysis) |
| **Tremor** | Gyroscope | % tremor time, typical & maximum tremor power | [Timmermans 2025a](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01056-2), [Timmermans 2025b*](https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.25342892v1) | [Guide](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/tutorials/tremor_analysis) |
| **Pulse rate** | PPG (+ Accelerometer) | Resting & maximum pulse rate | [Veldkamp 2025*](https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.15.25333751) | [Guide](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/tutorials/pulse_rate_analysis) |

*\* Indicates pre-print*

### Pipeline Architecture

ParaDigMa can best be understood by categorizing the sequential processes:
| Process | Description |
| ---- | ---- |
| **Preprocessing** | Preparing raw sensor signals for further processing |
| **Feature extraction** | Extracting features based on windowed sensor signals |
| **Classification** | Detecting segments of interest using validated classifiers (e.g., gait segments) |
| **Quantification** | Extracting specific measures from the detected segments (e.g., arm swing measures) |
| **Aggregation** | Aggregating the measures over a specific time period (e.g., week-level aggregates)

## Usage
### Documentation

- **[Tutorials](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/tutorials/index.html)** - Step-by-step usage examples
- **[Installation Guide](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/guides/installation.html)** - Setup and troubleshooting
- **[Sensor Requirements](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/guides/sensor_requirements.html)** - Data specifications and compliance
- **[Supported Devices](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/guides/supported_devices.html)** - Validated hardware
- **[Input Formats Guide](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/guides/input_formats.html)** - Input format options and data loading
- **[Configuration Guide](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/guides/config.html)** - Pipeline configuration
- **[Scientific Validation](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/guides/validation.html)** - Validation studies and publications
- **[API Reference](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/autoapi/paradigma/index.html)** - Complete API documentation

### Sensor Requirements & Supported Devices

ParaDigMa is designed for wrist sensor data collected during passive monitoring in persons with Parkinson's disease. While designed to work with any compliant device, it has been empirically validated on:

- **Verily Study Watch** (gait, tremor, pulse rate)
- **Axivity AX6** (gait, tremor)
- **Gait-up Physilog 4** (gait, tremor)
- **Empatica EmbracePlus** (data loading)

Please check before running the pipelines whether your sensor data complies with the requirements for the sensor configuration and context of use. See the [sensor requirements guide](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/guides/sensor_requirements.html) for data specifications and the [supported devices guide](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/guides/supported_devices.html) for device-specific setup instructions.

### Data Formats

ParaDigMa supports the following data formats:

- In-memory (recommended): **Pandas DataFrames** (see examples above)
- Data loading file extensions: **TSDF, Parquet, CSV, Pickle** and **several device-specific formats** (AVRO (Empatica), CWA (Axivity))

### Troubleshooting

For installation issues, see the [installation guide troubleshooting section](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/guides/installation.html#troubleshooting).

For other issues, check our [issue tracker](https://github.com/biomarkersParkinson/paradigma/issues) or contact paradigma@radboudumc.nl.

## Scientific Validation

ParaDigMa pipelines are validated in peer-reviewed publications:

| Pipeline | Publication |
|----------|-------------|
| **Arm swing during gait** | Post et al. (2025, 2026) |
| **Tremor** | Timmermans et al. (2025a, 2025b) |
| **Pulse rate** | Veldkamp et al. (2025) |

See the [validation guide](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/guides/validation.html) for full publication details.

## Contributing

We welcome contributions! Please see:

- [Contributing Guidelines](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/contributing.html)
- [Code of Conduct](https://biomarkersparkinson.github.io/paradigma/conduct.html)

## Citation

If you use ParaDigMa in your research, please cite:

```bibtex
@software{paradigma2024,
  author = {Post, Erik and Veldkamp, Kars and Timmermans, Nienke and
            Soriano, Diogo Coutinho and Kasalica, Vedran and
            Kok, Peter and Evers, Luc},
  title = {ParaDigMa: Parkinson's disease Digital Markers},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.13838392},
  url = {https://github.com/biomarkersParkinson/paradigma}
}
```

## License

Licensed under the Apache License 2.0. See [LICENSE](LICENSE) for details.

## Acknowledgements

**Core Team**: Erik Post, Kars Veldkamp, Nienke Timmermans, Diogo Coutinho Soriano, Vedran Kasalica, Peter Kok, Twan van Laarhoven, Luc Evers

**Advisors**: Max Little, Jordan Raykov, Hayriye Cagnan, Bas Bloem

**Funding**: the initial release was funded by the Michael J Fox Foundation (grant #020425) and the Dutch Research Council (grants #ASDI.2020.060, #2023.010)

## Contact

- Email: paradigma@radboudumc.nl
- [Issue Tracker](https://github.com/biomarkersParkinson/paradigma/issues)