optuna 4.7.0
A hyperparameter optimization framework
Requires Python: >=3.9

<div align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/optuna/optuna/master/docs/image/optuna-logo.png" width="800"/></div>

# Optuna: A hyperparameter optimization framework

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:link: [**Website**](https://optuna.org/)
| :page_with_curl: [**Docs**](https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/)
| :gear: [**Install Guide**](https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installation.html)
| :pencil: [**Tutorial**](https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tutorial/index.html)
| :bulb: [**Examples**](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples)
| [**Twitter**](https://twitter.com/OptunaAutoML)
| [**LinkedIn**](https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/optuna/)
| [**Medium**](https://medium.com/optuna)

*Optuna* is an automatic hyperparameter optimization software framework, particularly designed
for machine learning. It features an imperative, *define-by-run* style user API. Thanks to our
*define-by-run* API, the code written with Optuna enjoys high modularity, and the user of
Optuna can dynamically construct the search spaces for the hyperparameters.

## :loudspeaker: News
Help us create the next version of Optuna!

Optuna 5.0 Roadmap published for review. Please take a look at [the planned improvements to Optuna](https://medium.com/optuna/optuna-v5-roadmap-ac7d6935a878), and share your feedback in [the github issues](https://github.com/optuna/optuna/labels/v5). PR contributions also welcome!

Please take a few minutes to fill in [this survey](https://forms.gle/wVwLCQ9g6st6AXuq9), and let us know how you use Optuna now and what improvements you'd like.🤔
All questions are optional. 🙇‍♂️

<!-- TODO: when you add a new line, please delete the oldest line -->
* **Nov 10, 2025**: A new article [Announcing Optuna 4.6](https://medium.com/optuna/announcing-optuna-4-6-a9e82183ab07) has been published.
* **Oct 28, 2025**: A new article [AutoSampler: Full Support for Multi-Objective & Constrained Optimization](https://medium.com/optuna/autosampler-full-support-for-multi-objective-constrained-optimization-c1c4fc957ba2) has been published.
* **Sep 22, 2025**: A new article [[Optuna v4.5] Gaussian Process-Based Sampler (GPSampler) Can Now Perform Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization](https://medium.com/optuna/optuna-v4-5-81e78d8e077a) has been published.
* **Jun 16, 2025**: Optuna 4.4.0 has been released! Check out [the release blog](https://medium.com/optuna/announcing-optuna-4-4-ece661493126).
* **May 26, 2025**: Optuna 5.0 roadmap has been published! See [the blog](https://medium.com/optuna/optuna-v5-roadmap-ac7d6935a878) for more details.
* **Apr 14, 2025**: Optuna 4.3.0 is out! Check out [the release note](https://github.com/optuna/optuna/releases/tag/v4.3.0) for details.

## :fire: Key Features

Optuna has modern functionalities as follows:

- [Lightweight, versatile, and platform agnostic architecture](https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tutorial/10_key_features/001_first.html)
  - Handle a wide variety of tasks with a simple installation that has few requirements.
- [Pythonic search spaces](https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tutorial/10_key_features/002_configurations.html)
  - Define search spaces using familiar Python syntax including conditionals and loops.
- [Efficient optimization algorithms](https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tutorial/10_key_features/003_efficient_optimization_algorithms.html)
  - Adopt state-of-the-art algorithms for sampling hyperparameters and efficiently pruning unpromising trials.
- [Easy parallelization](https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tutorial/10_key_features/004_distributed.html)
  - Scale studies to tens or hundreds of workers with little or no changes to the code.
- [Quick visualization](https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tutorial/10_key_features/005_visualization.html)
  - Inspect optimization histories from a variety of plotting functions.


## Basic Concepts

We use the terms *study* and *trial* as follows:

- Study: optimization based on an objective function
- Trial: a single execution of the objective function

Please refer to the sample code below. The goal of a *study* is to find out the optimal set of
hyperparameter values (e.g., `regressor` and `svr_c`) through multiple *trials* (e.g.,
`n_trials=100`). Optuna is a framework designed for automation and acceleration of
optimization *studies*.

<details open>
<summary>Sample code with scikit-learn</summary>

[![Open in Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](http://colab.research.google.com/github/optuna/optuna-examples/blob/main/quickstart.ipynb)

```python
import optuna
import sklearn


# Define an objective function to be minimized.
def objective(trial):

    # Invoke suggest methods of a Trial object to generate hyperparameters.
    regressor_name = trial.suggest_categorical("regressor", ["SVR", "RandomForest"])
    if regressor_name == "SVR":
        svr_c = trial.suggest_float("svr_c", 1e-10, 1e10, log=True)
        regressor_obj = sklearn.svm.SVR(C=svr_c)
    else:
        rf_max_depth = trial.suggest_int("rf_max_depth", 2, 32)
        regressor_obj = sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestRegressor(max_depth=rf_max_depth)

    X, y = sklearn.datasets.fetch_california_housing(return_X_y=True)
    X_train, X_val, y_train, y_val = sklearn.model_selection.train_test_split(X, y, random_state=0)

    regressor_obj.fit(X_train, y_train)
    y_pred = regressor_obj.predict(X_val)

    error = sklearn.metrics.mean_squared_error(y_val, y_pred)

    return error  # An objective value linked with the Trial object.


study = optuna.create_study()  # Create a new study.
study.optimize(objective, n_trials=100)  # Invoke optimization of the objective function.
```
</details>

> [!NOTE]
> More examples can be found in [optuna/optuna-examples](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples).
>
> The examples cover diverse problem setups such as multi-objective optimization, constrained optimization, pruning, and distributed optimization.

## Installation

Optuna is available at [the Python Package Index](https://pypi.org/project/optuna/) and on [Anaconda Cloud](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/optuna).

```bash
# PyPI
$ pip install optuna
```

```bash
# Anaconda Cloud
$ conda install -c conda-forge optuna
```

> [!IMPORTANT]
> Optuna supports Python 3.9 or newer.
>
> Also, we provide Optuna docker images on [DockerHub](https://hub.docker.com/r/optuna/optuna).

## Integrations

Optuna has integration features with various third-party libraries. Integrations can be found in [optuna/optuna-integration](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-integration) and the document is available [here](https://optuna-integration.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html).

<details>
<summary>Supported integration libraries</summary>

* [Catboost](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/catboost/catboost_pruning.py)
* [Dask](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/dask/dask_simple.py)
* [fastai](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/fastai/fastai_simple.py)
* [Keras](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/keras/keras_integration.py)
* [LightGBM](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/lightgbm/lightgbm_integration.py)
* [MLflow](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/mlflow/keras_mlflow.py)
* [PyTorch](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/pytorch/pytorch_simple.py)
* [PyTorch Ignite](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/pytorch/pytorch_ignite_simple.py)
* [PyTorch Lightning](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/pytorch/pytorch_lightning_simple.py)
* [TensorBoard](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/tensorboard/tensorboard_simple.py)
* [TensorFlow](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/tensorflow/tensorflow_estimator_integration.py)
* [tf.keras](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/tfkeras/tfkeras_integration.py)
* [Weights & Biases](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/wandb/wandb_integration.py)
* [XGBoost](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-examples/tree/main/xgboost/xgboost_integration.py)
</details>

## Web Dashboard

[Optuna Dashboard](https://github.com/optuna/optuna-dashboard) is a real-time web dashboard for Optuna.
You can check the optimization history, hyperparameter importance, etc. in graphs and tables.
You don't need to create a Python script to call [Optuna's visualization](https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/visualization/index.html) functions.
Feature requests and bug reports are welcome!

![optuna-dashboard](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/5564044/204975098-95c2cb8c-0fb5-4388-abc4-da32f56cb4e5.gif)

`optuna-dashboard` can be installed via pip:

```shell
$ pip install optuna-dashboard
```

> [!TIP]
> Please check out the convenience of Optuna Dashboard using the sample code below.

<details>
<summary>Sample code to launch Optuna Dashboard</summary>

Save the following code as `optimize_toy.py`.

```python
import optuna


def objective(trial):
    x1 = trial.suggest_float("x1", -100, 100)
    x2 = trial.suggest_float("x2", -100, 100)
    return x1**2 + 0.01 * x2**2


study = optuna.create_study(storage="sqlite:///db.sqlite3")  # Create a new study with database.
study.optimize(objective, n_trials=100)
```

Then try the commands below:

```shell
# Run the study specified above
$ python optimize_toy.py

# Launch the dashboard based on the storage `sqlite:///db.sqlite3`
$ optuna-dashboard sqlite:///db.sqlite3
...
Listening on http://localhost:8080/
Hit Ctrl-C to quit.
```

</details>


## OptunaHub

[OptunaHub](https://hub.optuna.org/) is a feature-sharing platform for Optuna.
You can use the registered features and publish your packages.

### Use registered features

`optunahub` can be installed via pip:

```shell
$ pip install optunahub
# Install AutoSampler dependencies (CPU only is sufficient for PyTorch)
$ pip install cmaes scipy torch --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu
```

You can load registered module with `optunahub.load_module`.

```python
import optuna
import optunahub


def objective(trial: optuna.Trial) -> float:
    x = trial.suggest_float("x", -5, 5)
    y = trial.suggest_float("y", -5, 5)
    return x**2 + y**2


module = optunahub.load_module(package="samplers/auto_sampler")
study = optuna.create_study(sampler=module.AutoSampler())
study.optimize(objective, n_trials=10)

print(study.best_trial.value, study.best_trial.params)
```

For more details, please refer to [the optunahub documentation](https://optuna.github.io/optunahub/).

### Publish your packages

You can publish your package via [optunahub-registry](https://github.com/optuna/optunahub-registry).
See the [Tutorials for Contributors](https://optuna.github.io/optunahub/tutorials_for_contributors.html) in OptunaHub.


## Communication

- [GitHub Discussions] for questions.
- [GitHub Issues] for bug reports and feature requests.

[GitHub Discussions]: https://github.com/optuna/optuna/discussions
[GitHub issues]: https://github.com/optuna/optuna/issues


## Contribution

Any contributions to Optuna are more than welcome!

If you are new to Optuna, please check the [good first issues](https://github.com/optuna/optuna/labels/good%20first%20issue). They are relatively simple, well-defined, and often good starting points for you to get familiar with the contribution workflow and other developers.

If you already have contributed to Optuna, we recommend the other [contribution-welcome issues](https://github.com/optuna/optuna/labels/contribution-welcome).

For general guidelines on how to contribute to the project, take a look at [CONTRIBUTING.md](./CONTRIBUTING.md).


## Reference

If you use Optuna in one of your research projects, please cite [our KDD paper](https://doi.org/10.1145/3292500.3330701) "Optuna: A Next-generation Hyperparameter Optimization Framework":

<details open>
<summary>BibTeX</summary>

```bibtex
@inproceedings{akiba2019optuna,
  title={{O}ptuna: A Next-Generation Hyperparameter Optimization Framework},
  author={Akiba, Takuya and Sano, Shotaro and Yanase, Toshihiko and Ohta, Takeru and Koyama, Masanori},
  booktitle={The 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery \& Data Mining},
  pages={2623--2631},
  year={2019}
}
```
</details>


## License

MIT License (see [LICENSE](./LICENSE)).

Optuna uses the codes from SciPy and fdlibm projects (see [LICENSE_THIRD_PARTY](./LICENSE_THIRD_PARTY)).