python-grid5000 1.2.5
A client for the Grid5000 REST API
Keywords: REST, evaluation, reproducible research, Grid5000

===============
python-grid5000
===============


``python-grid5000`` is a python package wrapping the Grid’5000 REST API. You can
use it as a library in your python project or you can explore the Grid’5000
resources interactively using the embedded shell.

.. warning::

    The code is currently being developed heavily. Jump to the contributing section
    if you want to be involved.

1 API compatibility
-------------------

.. table::

    +----------------+--------------+
    | Client version | API version  |
    +================+==============+
    |            1.x | 3.x (stable) |
    +----------------+--------------+

2 Thanks
--------

The core code is borrowed from `python-gitlab <https://github.com/python-gitlab/python-gitlab>`_ with small adaptations to
conform with the Grid5000 API models (with an ’s’!)

3 Contributing
--------------

- To contribute, you can drop me an email or open an issue for a bug report, or feature request.

- There are many areas where this can be improved some of them are listed here:

  - The complete coverage of the API isn’t finished (yet) but this should be fairly easy to reach.
    Most of the logic go in ```grid5000.objects`` <https://gitlab.inria.fr/msimonin/python-grid5000/blob/master/grid5000/objects.py>`_. And to be honnest I only
    implemented the feature that I needed the most.

  - Returned `status code <https://www.grid5000.fr/mediawiki/index.php/API#Status_Codes>`_ aren’t yet well treated.

4 Comparison with ...
---------------------

- `RESTfully <https://api.grid5000.fr/doc/4.0/tools/restfully.html>`_:
  It consumes REST API following the `HATEOAS <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HATEOAS>`_ principles. This allows the client
  to fully discover the resources and actions available. Most of the G5K API
  follow theses principles but, for instance the `Storage API <https://www.grid5000.fr/mediawiki/index.php/Storage_Manager>`_ don’t. Thus
  RESTfully isn’t compatible with all the features offered by the Grid’5000 API.
  It’s a ruby library. Python-grid5000 borrows the friendly syntax for resource
  browsing, but in python.

- `Execo <http://execo.gforge.inria.fr>`_:
  Written in Python. The api module gathers a lot of utils functions leveraging
  the Grid’5000 API. Resources aren’t exposed in a syntax friendly manner,
  instead functions for some classical operations are exposed (mainly getters).
  It has a convenient way of caching the reference API. Python-grid5000 is a
  wrapper around the Grid’5000 that seeks 100% coverage. Python-grid5000 is
  resource oriented.

- `Raw requests <http://docs.python-requests.org>`_:
  **The** reference for HTTP library in python. Good for prototyping but low-level.
  python-grid5000 encapsulates this library.

5 Installation and examples
---------------------------

- Please refer to `https://api.grid5000.fr/doc/4.0/reference/spec.html <https://api.grid5000.fr/doc/4.0/reference/spec.html>`_ for
  the complete specification.

- All the examples are exported in the examples subdirectory so you can
  easily test and adapt them.

- The configuration is read from a configuration file located in the home
  directory (should be compatible with the restfully one). It can be created
  with the following:

- When accessing the API from outside of Grid’5000 (e.g your local workstation),
  you need to specify the following configuration file:

::

    echo '
    username: MYLOGIN
    password: MYPASSWORD
    ' > ~/.python-grid5000.yaml

- When accessing the API from a Grid’5000 frontend, providing the username
  and password is optionnal. Authentication should work out-of-the-box; if
  it fails, try updating python-grid5000, or specify the path to the
  certificate to use:

::

    echo '
    verify_ssl: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
    ' > ~/.python-grid5000.yaml

- Using a virtualenv is recommended (python 3.5+ is required)

::

    virtualenv -p python3 venv
    source venv/bin/activate
    pip install python-grid5000

5.1 Grid’5000 shell
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If you call ``grid5000`` on the command line you should land in a ipython shell.
Before starting, the file ``$HOME/.python-grid5000.yaml`` will be loaded.

::

    $) grid5000

    Python 3.6.5 (default, Jun 17 2018, 21:32:15)
    Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
    IPython 7.3.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

    In [1]: gk.sites.list()
    Out[1]:
    [<Site uid:grenoble>,
     <Site uid:lille>,
     <Site uid:luxembourg>,
     <Site uid:lyon>,
     <Site uid:nancy>,
     <Site uid:nantes>,
     <Site uid:rennes>,
     <Site uid:sophia>]

    In [2]: # gk is your entry point

5.2 Reference API
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5.2.1 Get node information
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import os

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    node_info = gk.sites["nancy"].clusters["grisou"].nodes["grisou-1"]
    print("grisou-1 has {threads} threads and has {ram} bytes of RAM".format(
        threads=node_info.architecture["nb_threads"],
        ram=node_info.main_memory["ram_size"]))

5.2.2 Get Versions of resources
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import os

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    root_versions = gk.root.get().versions.list()
    print(root_versions)

    rennes = gk.sites["rennes"]
    site_versions = rennes.versions.list()
    print(site_versions)

    cluster = rennes.clusters["paravance"]
    cluster_versions = cluster.versions.list()
    print(cluster_versions)

    node_versions = cluster.nodes["paravance-1"]
    print(node_versions)

5.2.3 Browse the reference API offline
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Note that only GET like requests are accepted on the ref API.

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import json
    from pathlib import Path
    import os

    from grid5000 import Grid5000, Grid5000Offline


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)


    # First get a copy of the reference api
    # This is a one time and out-of-band process, 
    # here we get it by issuing a regular HTTP request
    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)
    data = gk.dump_ref_api()

    Path("ref.yaml").write_text(json.dumps(data))

    # you can dump the data to a file
    # and reuse it offline using the dedicated client
    # here we reuse directly the data we got (no more HTTP requests will be issued)

    ref = Grid5000Offline(json.loads(Path("ref.yaml").read_text()))
    print(ref.sites["rennes"].clusters["paravance"].nodes["paravance-1"])

5.3 Monitoring API
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5.3.1 Get Statuses of resources
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import os

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    rennes = gk.sites["rennes"]
    site_statuses = rennes.status.list()
    print(site_statuses)

    cluster = rennes.clusters["paravance"]
    cluster_statuses = cluster.status.list()

5.4 Job API
~~~~~~~~~~~

5.4.1 Job filtering
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import os

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    # state=running will be placed in the query params
    running_jobs = gk.sites["rennes"].jobs.list(state="running")
    print(running_jobs)

    # get a specific job by its uid
    job = gk.sites["rennes"].jobs.get("424242")
    print(job)
    # or using the bracket notation
    job = gk.sites["rennes"].jobs["424242"]
    print(job)

5.4.2 Submit a job
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import os
    import time

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    # This is equivalent to gk.sites.get("rennes")
    site = gk.sites["rennes"]

    job = site.jobs.create({"name": "pyg5k",
                            "command": "sleep 3600"})

    while job.state != "running":
        job.refresh()
        print("Waiting for the job [%s] to be running" % job.uid)
        time.sleep(10)

    print(job)
    print("Assigned nodes : %s" % job.assigned_nodes)

5.4.3 Extend job duration (walltime)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import os
    import time

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    # This is equivalent to gk.sites.get("rennes")
    site = gk.sites["rennes"]

    job = site.jobs.create({"name": "pyg5k",
                            "command": "sleep 3600"})

    while job.state != "running":
        job.refresh()
        print("Waiting for the job [%s] to be running" % job.uid)
        time.sleep(10)

    # Get the walltime of job
    walltime = job.walltime_change.get().walltime
    print("Job walltime : %s" % walltime)

    # Set the walltime of job
    job.walltime_change.create({"walltime":"2:00:00"})
    walltime = job.walltime_change.get().walltime
    print("Job walltime modified : %s" % walltime)

    # Add time to total walltime of job
    job.walltime_change.create({"walltime":"+01:00:00"})
    walltime = job.walltime_change.get().walltime
    print("Job walltime modified : %s" % walltime)

5.5 Deployment API
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5.5.1 Deploy an environment
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import os
    import time

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    # This is equivalent to gk.sites.get("rennes")
    site = gk.sites["rennes"]

    job = site.jobs.create({"name": "pyg5k",
                            "command": "sleep 3600",
                            "types": ["deploy"]})

    while job.state != "running":
        job.refresh()
        print("Waiting the job [%s] to be running" % job.uid)
        time.sleep(10)

    print("Assigned nodes : %s" % job.assigned_nodes)

    deployment = site.deployments.create({"nodes": job.assigned_nodes,
                                          "environment": "debian9-x64-min"})
    # To get SSH access to your nodes you can pass your public key
    #
    # from pathlib import Path
    #
    # key_path = Path.home().joinpath(".ssh", "id_rsa.pub")
    #
    #
    # deployment = site.deployments.create({"nodes": job.assigned_nodes,
    #                                       "environment": "debian9-x64-min"
    #                                       "key": key_path.read_text()})

    while deployment.status != "terminated":
        deployment.refresh()
        print("Waiting for the deployment [%s] to be finished" % deployment.uid)
        time.sleep(10)

    print(deployment.result)

5.6 Storage API
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5.6.1 Get Storage accesses
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import os

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    print(gk.sites["rennes"].storage["home"].access["msimonin"].rules.list())

5.6.2 Set storage accesses (e.g for vms)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python

    from netaddr import IPNetwork
    import logging
    import os
    import time

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)
    site = gk.sites["rennes"]

    job = site.jobs.create({"name": "pyg5k",
                            "command": "sleep 3600",
                            "resources": "slash_22=1+nodes=1"})

    while job.state != "running":
        job.refresh()
        print("Waiting the job [%s] to be running" % job.uid)
        time.sleep(5)

    subnet = job.resources_by_type['subnets'][0]
    ip_network = [str(ip) for ip in IPNetwork(subnet)]

    # create acces for all ips in the subnet
    access = site.storage["home"].access["msimonin"].rules.create({"ipv4": ip_network,
                                                                   "termination": {
                                                                      "job": job.uid,
                                                                      "site": site.uid}})

    # listing the accesses
    print(gk.sites["rennes"].storage["home"].access["msimonin"].rules.list())

5.7 Vlan API
~~~~~~~~~~~~

5.7.1 Get vlan(s)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import os

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    site = gk.sites["rennes"]

    # Get all vlans
    vlans = site.vlans.list()
    print(vlans)

    # Get on specific
    vlan = site.vlans.get("4")
    print(vlan)

    vlan = site.vlans["4"]
    print(vlan)

    # Get vlan of some nodes
    print(site.vlansnodes.submit(["paravance-1.rennes.grid5000.fr", "paravance-2.rennes.grid5000.fr"]))


    # Get nodes in vlan
    print(site.vlans["4"].nodes.list())

5.7.2 Set nodes in vlan
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Putting primary interface in a vlan

  .. code:: python

      import logging
      import os
      import time

      from grid5000 import Grid5000


      logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

      conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
      gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)
      site = gk.sites["rennes"]

      job = site.jobs.create({"name": "pyg5k",
                              "command": "sleep 3600",
                              "resources": "{type='kavlan'}/vlan=1+nodes=1",
                              "types": ["deploy"]})

      while job.state != "running":
          job.refresh()
          print("Waiting the job [%s] to be runnning" % job.uid)
          time.sleep(5)

      deployment = site.deployments.create({"nodes": job.assigned_nodes,
                                            "environment": "debian9-x64-min",
                                            "vlan": job.resources_by_type["vlans"][0]})

      while deployment.status != "terminated":
          deployment.refresh()
          print("Waiting for the deployment [%s] to be finished" % deployment.uid)
          time.sleep(10)

      print(deployment.result)

- Putting the secondary interface in a vlan

  .. code:: python

      import logging
      import os
      import time

      from grid5000 import Grid5000


      logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)


      def _to_network_address(host, interface):
          """Translate a host to a network address
          e.g:
          paranoia-20.rennes.grid5000.fr -> paranoia-20-eth2.rennes.grid5000.fr
          """
          splitted = host.split('.')
          splitted[0] = splitted[0] + "-" + interface

          return ".".join(splitted)


      conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
      gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

      site = gk.sites["rennes"]

      job = site.jobs.create({"name": "pyg5k",
                              "command": "sleep 3600",
                              "resources": "{type='kavlan'}/vlan=1+{cluster='paranoia'}nodes=1",
                              "types": ["deploy"]
      })

      while job.state != "running":
          job.refresh()
          print("Waiting the job [%s] to be runnning" % job.uid)
          time.sleep(5)

      vlanid = job.resources_by_type["vlans"][0]

      # we hard code the interface but this can be discovered in the node info
      # TODO: write the code here to discover
      nodes = [_to_network_address(n, "eth2") for n in job.assigned_nodes]
      print(nodes)

      # set in vlan
      site.vlans[vlanid].nodes.submit(nodes)

5.7.3 Finding vlans of a user, users of a vlan
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The Vlan API allows to check which vlans are being used by a user using the
vlanusers manager. Additionally for each individual vlan it is possible to
check whether a user is authorized or not.

.. code:: python

    import os

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)
    site = gk.sites["rennes"]

    #Get list of users using vlans
    users = site.vlansusers.list()

    #Get list of vlans a user is using.
    user = site.vlansusers['msimonin']
    print(user.vlans)

    #Get list of users using a specific vlan
    users = site.vlans['4'].users.list()

    #Check if a user has access to a specific vlan.
    user = site.vlans['4'].users['msimonin']
    print(user.status)

5.7.4 Vlan Stiching
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The stitching API allows users to connect a Grid’5000 global vlan to external vlans
connected to other testbeds for experiments involving wide area layer2 networks.

.. code:: python


    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    # List current stitchings
    gk.stitcher.list()

    # Sitching global vlan 16 to external vlan 1290
    gk.stitcher.create({"id":"16", "sdx_vlan_id":"1290"})

    # Get a a stitchings information by Grid'5000 global vlan id.
    stitching = gk.stitcher.get('16')
    # Or
    stitching = gk.stitcher['16']

    # End stitching
    stitching = gk.stitcher.get('16')
    stitching.delete()
    # Or
    gk.stitcher.delete('16')

5.8 Metrics API
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5.8.1 Get some timeseries (and plot them)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

For this example you’ll need ``matplotlib``, ``seaborn`` and ``pandas``.

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import os

    from grid5000 import Grid5000

    import pandas as pd
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import seaborn as sns
    import time

    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    metrics = gk.sites["lyon"].clusters["nova"].metrics
    print("--- available metrics")
    print(metrics)

    print("----- a timeserie")
    now = time.time()
    # NOTE that you can pass a job_id here
    kwargs = {
        "nodes": "nova-1,nova-2,nova-3",
        "metrics": "wattmetre_power_watt",
        "start_time": int(now - 600),
    }
    metrics = gk.sites["lyon"].metrics.list(**kwargs)

    # let's visualize this
    df = pd.DataFrame()
    for metric in metrics:
        timestamp = metric.timestamp
        value = metric.value
        device_id = metric.device_id
        df = pd.concat([df, pd.DataFrame({
            "timestamp": [timestamp],
            "value": [value],
            "device_id": [device_id]
        })])
    sns.relplot(data=df,
                x="timestamp",
                y="value",
                hue="device_id",
                kind="line")
    plt.show()

5.9 More snippets
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5.9.1 Site of a cluster
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python

    import logging
    import os

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    clusters = ["dahu", "parasilo", "chetemi"]

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    sites = gk.sites.list()
    matches = []
    for site in sites:
        candidates = site.clusters.list()
        matching = [c.uid for c in candidates if c.uid in clusters]
        if len(matching) == 1:
            matches.append((site, matching[0]))
            clusters.remove(matching[0])
    print("We found the following matches %s" % matches)

5.9.2 Get all job with a given name on all the sites
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. code:: python


    import logging
    import os

    from grid5000 import Grid5000


    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    NAME = "pyg5k"

    conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"), ".python-grid5000.yaml")
    gk = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

    sites = gk.sites.list()
    site = gk.sites["rennes"]
    sites = [gk.sites["rennes"], gk.sites["nancy"], gk.sites["grenoble"]]

    # creates some jobs
    jobs = []
    for site in sites:
        job = site.jobs.create({"name": "pyg5k",
                                "command": "sleep 3600"})
        jobs.append(job)

    _jobs = []
    for site in sites:
        _jobs.append((site.uid, site.jobs.list(name=NAME,
                                               state="waiting,launching,running")))

    print("We found %s" % _jobs)

    # deleting the jobs
    for job in jobs:
        job.delete()

5.9.3 Caching API responses
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The Grid’5000 reference API is static. In this situation to speed up the
requests, one could leverage heavily on caching. Currently
``python-grid5000`` doesn’t do caching out-of the box but defers that to the
consuming application. There are many solutions to implement a cache.
Amongst them LRU cache
(`https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html#functools.lru_cache <https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html#functools.lru_cache>`_)
provides an in-memory caching facilities but doesn’t give you control on the
cache. The ring library (`https://ring-cache.readthedocs.io/en/stable/ <https://ring-cache.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>`_) is
great as it implements different backends for your cache (esp.
cross-processes cache) and give you control on the cached object. Enough talking:


.. code:: python

    import logging
    import threading
    import os

    import diskcache
    from grid5000 import Grid5000
    import ring


    _api_lock = threading.Lock()
    # Keep track of the api client
    _api_client = None

    storage = diskcache.Cache('cachedir')

    def get_api_client():
        """Gets the reference to the API cient (singleton)."""
        with _api_lock:
            global _api_client
            if not _api_client:
                conf_file = os.path.join(os.environ.get("HOME"),
                                        ".python-grid5000.yaml")
                _api_client = Grid5000.from_yaml(conf_file)

            return _api_client


    @ring.disk(storage)
    def get_sites_obj():
        """Get all the sites."""
        gk = get_api_client()
        return gk.sites.list()


    @ring.disk(storage)
    def get_all_clusters_obj():
        """Get all the clusters."""
        sites = get_sites_obj()
        clusters = []
        for site in sites:
            # should we cache the list aswell ?
            clusters.extend(site.clusters.list())
        return clusters


    if __name__ == "__main__":
        logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
        clusters = get_all_clusters_obj()
        print(clusters)
        print("Known key in the cache")
        print(get_all_clusters_obj.get())
        print("Calling again the function is now faster")
        clusters = get_all_clusters_obj()
        print(clusters)

5.9.4 Using Grid’5000 client certificates
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

``python-grid5000`` can also be used as a trusted client with Grid’5000
internal certificate. In this mode users can pass the ``g5k_user`` argument
to most calls to specify which user the API call should be made as. In
cases where ``g5k_user`` is not specified API calls will be made as the
``anonymous`` user whose access is limited to the Grid’5000 reference API.
In this mode ``python-grid5000`` does not store any login information, so
``g5k_user`` must be provided explicitly provided on every call that requires
one.

.. code:: python

    import logging

    from grid5000 import Grid5000

    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

    gk = Grid5000(
       uri="https://api-ext.grid5000.fr/stable/",
       sslcert="/path/to/ssl/certfile.cert",
       sslkey="/path/to/ssl/keyfile.key"
       )

    gk.sites.list()

    job = site.jobs.create({"name": "pyg5k",
                            "command": "sleep 3600"},
                            g5k_user = "auser1")


    # Since the 'anonymous' user can not inspect jobs the following call will raise exception
    # python-grid5000.exceptions.Grid5000AuthenticationError: 401 Unauthorized
    job.refresh()

    # Both following call work since any user can request info on any jobs.
    job.refresh(g5k_user='auser1')
    job.refresh(g5k_user='auser2')

    # Some operations can only be performed by the jobs creator.
    # The following call will raise exception
    # pyg5k.exceptions.Grid5000DeleteError: 403 Unauthorized
    job.delete(g5k_user='auser2')

    # This call works as expected
    job.delete(g5k_user='auser1')