kecam 1.4.3
Tensorflow keras computer vision attention models. Alias kecam. https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models
License: Apache 2.0
Requires Python: >=3.6
Keywords: tensorflow keras cv attention pretrained models kecam

# ___Keras_cv_attention_models___
***
- **WARNING: currently NOT compatible with `keras 3.x`, if using `tensorflow>=2.16.0`, needs to install `pip install tf-keras~=$(pip show tensorflow | awk -F ': ' '/Version/{print $2}')` manually. While importing, import this package ahead of Tensorflow, or set `export TF_USE_LEGACY_KERAS=1`.**
- **It's not recommended downloading and loading model from h5 file directly, better building model and loading weights like `import kecam; mm = kecam.models.LCNet050()`.**
- **coco_train_script.py for TF is still under testing...**
<!-- TOC depthFrom:1 depthTo:6 withLinks:1 updateOnSave:1 orderedList:0 -->

- [___>>>> Roadmap and todo list <<<<___](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/wiki/Roadmap)
- [General Usage](#general-usage)
  - [Basic](#basic)
  - [T4 Inference](#t4-inference)
  - [Layers](#layers)
  - [Model surgery](#model-surgery)
  - [ImageNet training and evaluating](#imagenet-training-and-evaluating)
  - [COCO training and evaluating](#coco-training-and-evaluating)
  - [CLIP training and evaluating](#clip-training-and-evaluating)
  - [Text training](#text-training)
  - [DDPM training](#ddpm-training)
  - [Visualizing](#visualizing)
  - [TFLite Conversion](#tflite-conversion)
  - [Using PyTorch as backend](#using-pytorch-as-backend)
  - [Using keras core as backend](#using-keras-core-as-backend)
- [Recognition Models](#recognition-models)
  - [AotNet](#aotnet)
  - [BEiT](#beit)
  - [BEiTV2](#beitv2)
  - [BotNet](#botnet)
  - [CAFormer](#caformer)
  - [CMT](#cmt)
  - [CoaT](#coat)
  - [CoAtNet](#coatnet)
  - [ConvNeXt](#convnext)
  - [ConvNeXtV2](#convnextv2)
  - [CoTNet](#cotnet)
  - [CSPNeXt](#cspnext)
  - [DaViT](#davit)
  - [DiNAT](#dinat)
  - [DINOv2](#dinov2)
  - [EdgeNeXt](#edgenext)
  - [EfficientFormer](#efficientformer)
  - [EfficientFormerV2](#efficientformerv2)
  - [EfficientNet](#efficientnet)
  - [EfficientNetEdgeTPU](#efficientnetedgetpu)
  - [EfficientNetV2](#efficientnetv2)
  - [EfficientViT_B](#efficientvit_b)
  - [EfficientViT_M](#efficientvit_m)
  - [EVA](#eva)
  - [EVA02](#eva02)
  - [FasterNet](#fasternet)
  - [FasterViT](#fastervit)
  - [FastViT](#fastvit)
  - [FBNetV3](#fbnetv3)
  - [FlexiViT](#flexivit)
  - [GCViT](#gcvit)
  - [GhostNet](#ghostnet)
  - [GhostNetV2](#ghostnetv2)
  - [GMLP](#gmlp)
  - [GPViT](#gpvit)
  - [HaloNet](#halonet)
  - [Hiera](#hiera)
  - [HorNet](#hornet)
  - [IFormer](#iformer)
  - [InceptionNeXt](#inceptionnext)
  - [LCNet](#lcnet)
  - [LeViT](#levit)
  - [MaxViT](#maxvit)
  - [MetaTransFormer](#metatransformer)
  - [MLP mixer](#mlp-mixer)
  - [MobileNetV3](#mobilenetv3)
  - [MobileViT](#mobilevit)
  - [MobileViT_V2](#mobilevit_v2)
  - [MogaNet](#moganet)
  - [NAT](#nat)
  - [NFNets](#nfnets)
  - [PVT_V2](#pvt_v2)
  - [RegNetY](#regnety)
  - [RegNetZ](#regnetz)
  - [RepViT](#repvit)
  - [ResMLP](#resmlp)
  - [ResNeSt](#resnest)
  - [ResNetD](#resnetd)
  - [ResNetQ](#resnetq)
  - [ResNeXt](#resnext)
  - [SwinTransformerV2](#swintransformerv2)
  - [TinyNet](#tinynet)
  - [TinyViT](#tinyvit)
  - [UniFormer](#uniformer)
  - [VanillaNet](#vanillanet)
  - [ViT-5](#vit-5)
  - [VOLO](#volo)
  - [WaveMLP](#wavemlp)
- [Detection Models](#detection-models)
  - [EfficientDet](#efficientdet)
  - [YOLO_NAS](#yolo_nas)
  - [YOLOR](#yolor)
  - [YOLOV7](#yolov7)
  - [YOLOV8](#yolov8)
  - [YOLOX](#yolox)
- [Language Models](#language-models)
  - [GPT2](#gpt2)
  - [LLaMA2](#llama2)
- [Stable Diffusion](#stable-diffusion)
- [Segmentation Models](#segmentation-models)
  - [YOLOV8 Segmentation](#yolov8-segmentation)
  - [Segment Anything](#segment-anything)
- [Licenses](#licenses)
- [Citing](#citing)

<!-- /TOC -->
***

# General Usage
## Basic
  - **Default import** will not specific these while using them in READMEs.
    ```py
    import os
    import sys
    import tensorflow as tf
    import numpy as np
    import pandas as pd
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from tensorflow import keras
    ```
  - Install as pip package. `kecam` is a short alias name of this package. **Note**: the pip package `kecam` doesn't set any backend requirement, make sure either Tensorflow or PyTorch installed before hand. For PyTorch backend usage, refer [Keras PyTorch Backend](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/tree/main/keras_cv_attention_models/pytorch_backend).
    ```sh
    pip install -U kecam
    # Or
    pip install -U keras-cv-attention-models
    # Or
    pip install -U git+https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models
    ```
    Refer to each sub directory for detail usage.
  - **Basic model prediction**
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import volo
    mm = volo.VOLO_d1(pretrained="imagenet")

    """ Run predict """
    import tensorflow as tf
    from tensorflow import keras
    from keras_cv_attention_models.test_images import cat
    img = cat()
    imm = keras.applications.imagenet_utils.preprocess_input(img, mode='torch')
    pred = mm(tf.expand_dims(tf.image.resize(imm, mm.input_shape[1:3]), 0)).numpy()
    pred = tf.nn.softmax(pred).numpy()  # If classifier activation is not softmax
    print(keras.applications.imagenet_utils.decode_predictions(pred)[0])
    # [('n02124075', 'Egyptian_cat', 0.99664897),
    #  ('n02123045', 'tabby', 0.0007249644),
    #  ('n02123159', 'tiger_cat', 0.00020345),
    #  ('n02127052', 'lynx', 5.4973923e-05),
    #  ('n02123597', 'Siamese_cat', 2.675306e-05)]
    ```
    Or just use model preset `preprocess_input` and `decode_predictions`
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import coatnet
    mm = coatnet.CoAtNet0()

    from keras_cv_attention_models.test_images import cat
    preds = mm(mm.preprocess_input(cat()))
    print(mm.decode_predictions(preds))
    # [[('n02124075', 'Egyptian_cat', 0.9999875), ('n02123045', 'tabby', 5.194884e-06), ...]]
    ```
    The preset `preprocess_input` and `decode_predictions` also compatible with PyTorch backend.
    ```py
    os.environ['KECAM_BACKEND'] = 'torch'

    from keras_cv_attention_models import caformer
    mm = caformer.CAFormerS18()
    # >>>> Using PyTorch backend
    # >>>> Aligned input_shape: [3, 224, 224]
    # >>>> Load pretrained from: ~/.keras/models/caformer_s18_224_imagenet.h5

    from keras_cv_attention_models.test_images import cat
    preds = mm(mm.preprocess_input(cat()))
    print(preds.shape)
    # torch.Size([1, 1000])
    print(mm.decode_predictions(preds))
    # [[('n02124075', 'Egyptian_cat', 0.8817097), ('n02123045', 'tabby', 0.009335292), ...]]
    ```
  - **`num_classes=0`** set for excluding model top `GlobalAveragePooling2D + Dense` layers.
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import resnest
    mm = resnest.ResNest50(num_classes=0)
    print(mm.output_shape)
    # (None, 7, 7, 2048)
    ```
  - **`num_classes={custom output classes}`** others than `1000` or `0` will just skip loading the header Dense layer weights. As `model.load_weights(weight_file, by_name=True, skip_mismatch=True)` is used for loading weights.
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import swin_transformer_v2

    mm = swin_transformer_v2.SwinTransformerV2Tiny_window8(num_classes=64)
    # >>>> Load pretrained from: ~/.keras/models/swin_transformer_v2_tiny_window8_256_imagenet.h5
    # WARNING:tensorflow:Skipping loading weights for layer #601 (named predictions) due to mismatch in shape for weight predictions/kernel:0. Weight expects shape (768, 64). Received saved weight with shape (768, 1000)
    # WARNING:tensorflow:Skipping loading weights for layer #601 (named predictions) due to mismatch in shape for weight predictions/bias:0. Weight expects shape (64,). Received saved weight with shape (1000,)
    ```
  - **Reload own model weights by set `pretrained="xxx.h5"`**. Better than calling `model.load_weights` directly, if reloading model with different `input_shape` and with weights shape not matching.
    ```py
    import os
    from keras_cv_attention_models import coatnet
    pretrained = os.path.expanduser('~/.keras/models/coatnet0_224_imagenet.h5')
    mm = coatnet.CoAtNet1(input_shape=(384, 384, 3), pretrained=pretrained)  # No sense, just showing usage
    ```
  - **Alias name `kecam`** can be used instead of `keras_cv_attention_models`. It's `__init__.py` only with `from keras_cv_attention_models import *`.
    ```py
    import kecam
    mm = kecam.yolor.YOLOR_CSP()
    imm = kecam.test_images.dog_cat()
    preds = mm(mm.preprocess_input(imm))
    bboxs, lables, confidences = mm.decode_predictions(preds)[0]
    kecam.coco.show_image_with_bboxes(imm, bboxs, lables, confidences)
    ```
  - **Calculate flops** method from [TF 2.0 Feature: Flops calculation #32809](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/32809#issuecomment-849439287). For PyTorch backend, needs `thop` `pip install thop`.
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import coatnet, resnest, model_surgery

    model_surgery.get_flops(coatnet.CoAtNet0())
    # >>>> FLOPs: 4,221,908,559, GFLOPs: 4.2219G
    model_surgery.get_flops(resnest.ResNest50())
    # >>>> FLOPs: 5,378,399,992, GFLOPs: 5.3784G
    ```
  - **[Deprecated] `tensorflow_addons`** is not imported by default. While reloading model depending on `GroupNormalization` like `MobileViTV2` from `h5` directly, needs to import `tensorflow_addons` manually first.
    ```py
    import tensorflow_addons as tfa

    model_path = os.path.expanduser('~/.keras/models/mobilevit_v2_050_256_imagenet.h5')
    mm = keras.models.load_model(model_path)
    ```
  - **Export TF model to onnx**. Needs `tf2onnx` for TF, `pip install onnx tf2onnx onnxsim onnxruntime`. For using PyTorch backend, exporting onnx is supported by PyTorch.
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import volo, nat, model_surgery
    mm = nat.DiNAT_Small(pretrained=True)
    model_surgery.export_onnx(mm, fuse_conv_bn=True, batch_size=1, simplify=True)
    # Exported simplified onnx: dinat_small.onnx

    # Run test
    from keras_cv_attention_models.imagenet import eval_func
    aa = eval_func.ONNXModelInterf(mm.name + '.onnx')
    inputs = np.random.uniform(size=[1, *mm.input_shape[1:]]).astype('float32')
    print(f"{np.allclose(aa(inputs), mm(inputs), atol=1e-5) = }")
    # np.allclose(aa(inputs), mm(inputs), atol=1e-5) = True
    ```
  - **Model summary** `model_summary.csv` contains gathered model info.
    - `params` for model params count in `M`
    - `flops` for FLOPs in `G`
    - `input` for model input shape
    - `acc_metrics` means `Imagenet Top1 Accuracy` for recognition models, `COCO val AP` for detection models
    - `inference_qps` for `T4 inference query per second` with `batch_size=1 + trtexec`
    - `extra` means if any extra training info.
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import plot_func
    plot_series = [
        "efficientnetv2", 'tinynet', 'lcnet', 'mobilenetv3', 'fasternet', 'fastervit', 'ghostnet',
        'inceptionnext', 'efficientvit_b', 'mobilevit', 'convnextv2', 'efficientvit_m', 'hiera',
    ]
    plot_func.plot_model_summary(
        plot_series, model_table="model_summary.csv", log_scale_x=True, allow_extras=['mae_in1k_ft1k']
    )
    ```
    ![model_summary](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/assets/5744524/0677c0a1-afa7-4b36-ab7b-dd160f0c2550)
  - **Code format** is using `line-length=160`:
    ```sh
    find ./* -name "*.py" | grep -v __init__ | xargs -I {} black -l 160 {}
    ```
## T4 Inference
  - **T4 Inference** in the model tables are tested using `trtexec` on `Tesla T4` with `CUDA=12.0.1-1, Driver=525.60.13`. All models are exported as ONNX using PyTorch backend, using `batch_szie=1` only. **Note: this data is for reference only, and vary in different batch sizes or benchmark tools or platforms or implementations**.
  - All results are tested using colab [trtexec.ipynb](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1xLwfvbZNqadkdAZu9b0UzOrETLo657oc?usp=drive_link). Thus reproducible by any others.
  ```py
  os.environ["KECAM_BACKEND"] = "torch"

  from keras_cv_attention_models import convnext, test_images, imagenet
  # >>>> Using PyTorch backend
  mm = convnext.ConvNeXtTiny()
  mm.export_onnx(simplify=True)
  # Exported onnx: convnext_tiny.onnx
  # Running onnxsim.simplify...
  # Exported simplified onnx: convnext_tiny.onnx

  # Onnx run test
  tt = imagenet.eval_func.ONNXModelInterf('convnext_tiny.onnx')
  print(mm.decode_predictions(tt(mm.preprocess_input(test_images.cat()))))
  # [[('n02124075', 'Egyptian_cat', 0.880507), ('n02123045', 'tabby', 0.0047998047), ...]]

  """ Run trtexec benchmark """
  !trtexec --onnx=convnext_tiny.onnx --fp16 --allowGPUFallback --useSpinWait --useCudaGraph
  ```
## Layers
  - [attention_layers](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/tree/main/keras_cv_attention_models/attention_layers) is `__init__.py` only, which imports core layers defined in model architectures. Like `RelativePositionalEmbedding` from `botnet`, `outlook_attention` from `volo`, and many other `Positional Embedding Layers` / `Attention Blocks`.
  ```py
  from keras_cv_attention_models import attention_layers
  aa = attention_layers.RelativePositionalEmbedding()
  print(f"{aa(tf.ones([1, 4, 14, 16, 256])).shape = }")
  # aa(tf.ones([1, 4, 14, 16, 256])).shape = TensorShape([1, 4, 14, 16, 14, 16])
  ```
## Model surgery
  - [model_surgery](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/tree/main/keras_cv_attention_models/model_surgery) including functions used to change model parameters after built.
  ```py
  from keras_cv_attention_models import model_surgery
  mm = keras.applications.ResNet50()  # Trainable params: 25,583,592

  # Replace all ReLU with PReLU. Trainable params: 25,606,312
  mm = model_surgery.replace_ReLU(mm, target_activation='PReLU')

  # Fuse conv and batch_norm layers. Trainable params: 25,553,192
  mm = model_surgery.convert_to_fused_conv_bn_model(mm)
  ```
## ImageNet training and evaluating
  - [ImageNet](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/tree/main/keras_cv_attention_models/imagenet) contains more detail usage and some comparing results.
  - [Init Imagenet dataset using tensorflow_datasets #9](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/9).
  - For custom dataset, `custom_dataset_script.py` can be used creating a `json` format file, which can be used as `--data_name xxx.json` for training, detail usage can be found in [Custom recognition dataset](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/52#discussion-3971513).
  - Another method creating custom dataset is using `tfds.load`, refer [Writing custom datasets](https://www.tensorflow.org/datasets/add_dataset) and [Creating private tensorflow_datasets from tfds #48](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/48) by @Medicmind.
  - Running an AWS Sagemaker estimator job using `keras_cv_attention_models` can be found in [AWS Sagemaker script example](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/107) by @Medicmind.
  - `aotnet.AotNet50` default parameters set is a typical `ResNet50` architecture with `Conv2D use_bias=False` and `padding` like `PyTorch`.
  - Default parameters for `train_script.py` is like `A3` configuration from [ResNet strikes back: An improved training procedure in timm](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.00476.pdf) with `batch_size=256, input_shape=(160, 160)`.
    ```sh
    # `antialias` is default enabled for resize, can be turned off be set `--disable_antialias`.
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' TF_XLA_FLAGS="--tf_xla_auto_jit=2" python3 train_script.py --seed 0 -s aotnet50
    ```
    ```sh
    # Evaluation using input_shape (224, 224).
    # `antialias` usage should be same with training.
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='1' python3 eval_script.py -m aotnet50_epoch_103_val_acc_0.7674.h5 -i 224 --central_crop 0.95
    # >>>> Accuracy top1: 0.78466 top5: 0.94088
    ```
    ![aotnet50_imagenet](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/5744524/163795114-b2441e5d-94d5-4310-826a-958426f1343e.png)
  - **Restore from break point** by setting `--restore_path` and `--initial_epoch`, and keep other parameters same. `restore_path` is higher priority than `model` and `additional_model_kwargs`, also restore `optimizer` and `loss`. `initial_epoch` is mainly for learning rate scheduler. If not sure where it stopped, check `checkpoints/{save_name}_hist.json`.
    ```py
    import json
    with open("checkpoints/aotnet50_hist.json", "r") as ff:
        aa = json.load(ff)
    len(aa['lr'])
    # 41 ==> 41 epochs are finished, initial_epoch is 41 then, restart from epoch 42
    ```
    ```sh
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' TF_XLA_FLAGS="--tf_xla_auto_jit=2" python3 train_script.py --seed 0 -r checkpoints/aotnet50_latest.h5 -I 41
    # >>>> Restore model from: checkpoints/aotnet50_latest.h5
    # Epoch 42/105
    ```
  - **`eval_script.py`** is used for evaluating model accuracy. [EfficientNetV2 self tested imagenet accuracy #19](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/19) just showing how different parameters affecting model accuracy.
    ```sh
    # evaluating pretrained builtin model
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='1' python3 eval_script.py -m regnet.RegNetZD8
    # evaluating pretrained timm model
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='1' python3 eval_script.py -m timm.models.resmlp_12_224 --input_shape 224

    # evaluating specific h5 model
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='1' python3 eval_script.py -m checkpoints/xxx.h5
    # evaluating specific tflite model
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='1' python3 eval_script.py -m xxx.tflite
    ```
  - **Progressive training** refer to [PDF 2104.00298 EfficientNetV2: Smaller Models and Faster Training](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.00298.pdf). AotNet50 A3 progressive input shapes `96 128 160`:
    ```sh
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='1' TF_XLA_FLAGS="--tf_xla_auto_jit=2" python3 progressive_train_script.py \
    --progressive_epochs 33 66 -1 \
    --progressive_input_shapes 96 128 160 \
    --progressive_magnitudes 2 4 6 \
    -s aotnet50_progressive_3_lr_steps_100 --seed 0
    ```
    ![aotnet50_progressive_160](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/5744524/151286851-221ff8eb-9fe9-4685-aa60-4a3ba98c654e.png)
  - Transfer learning with `freeze_backbone` or `freeze_norm_layers`: [EfficientNetV2B0 transfer learning on cifar10 testing freezing backbone #55](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/55).
  - [Token label train test on CIFAR10 #57](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/57). **Currently not working as well as expected**. `Token label` is implementation of [Github zihangJiang/TokenLabeling](https://github.com/zihangJiang/TokenLabeling), paper [PDF 2104.10858 All Tokens Matter: Token Labeling for Training Better Vision Transformers](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.10858.pdf).
## COCO training and evaluating
  - **Currently still under testing**.
  - [COCO](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/tree/main/keras_cv_attention_models/coco) contains more detail usage.
  - `custom_dataset_script.py` can be used creating a `json` format file, which can be used as `--data_name xxx.json` for training, detail usage can be found in [Custom detection dataset](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/52#discussioncomment-2460664).
  - Default parameters for `coco_train_script.py` is `EfficientDetD0` with `input_shape=(256, 256, 3), batch_size=64, mosaic_mix_prob=0.5, freeze_backbone_epochs=32, total_epochs=105`. Technically, it's any `pyramid structure backbone` + `EfficientDet / YOLOX header / YOLOR header` + `anchor_free / yolor / efficientdet anchors` combination supported.
  - Currently 4 types anchors supported, parameter **`anchors_mode`** controls which anchor to use, value in `["efficientdet", "anchor_free", "yolor", "yolov8"]`. Default `None` for `det_header` presets.
  - **NOTE: `YOLOV8` has a default `regression_len=64` for bbox output length. Typically it's `4` for other detection models, for yolov8 it's `reg_max=16 -> regression_len = 16 * 4 == 64`.**

    | anchors_mode | use_object_scores | num_anchors | anchor_scale | aspect_ratios | num_scales | grid_zero_start |
    | ------------ | ----------------- | ----------- | ------------ | ------------- | ---------- | --------------- |
    | efficientdet | False             | 9           | 4            | [1, 2, 0.5]   | 3          | False           |
    | anchor_free  | True              | 1           | 1            | [1]           | 1          | True            |
    | yolor        | True              | 3           | None         | presets       | None       | offset=0.5      |
    | yolov8       | False             | 1           | 1            | [1]           | 1          | False           |

    ```sh
    # Default EfficientDetD0
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' python3 coco_train_script.py
    # Default EfficientDetD0 using input_shape 512, optimizer adamw, freezing backbone 16 epochs, total 50 + 5 epochs
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' python3 coco_train_script.py -i 512 -p adamw --freeze_backbone_epochs 16 --lr_decay_steps 50

    # EfficientNetV2B0 backbone + EfficientDetD0 detection header
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' python3 coco_train_script.py --backbone efficientnet.EfficientNetV2B0 --det_header efficientdet.EfficientDetD0
    # ResNest50 backbone + EfficientDetD0 header using yolox like anchor_free anchors
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' python3 coco_train_script.py --backbone resnest.ResNest50 --anchors_mode anchor_free
    # UniformerSmall32 backbone + EfficientDetD0 header using yolor anchors
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' python3 coco_train_script.py --backbone uniformer.UniformerSmall32 --anchors_mode yolor

    # Typical YOLOXS with anchor_free anchors
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' python3 coco_train_script.py --det_header yolox.YOLOXS --freeze_backbone_epochs 0
    # YOLOXS with efficientdet anchors
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' python3 coco_train_script.py --det_header yolox.YOLOXS --anchors_mode efficientdet --freeze_backbone_epochs 0
    # CoAtNet0 backbone + YOLOX header with yolor anchors
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' python3 coco_train_script.py --backbone coatnet.CoAtNet0 --det_header yolox.YOLOX --anchors_mode yolor

    # Typical YOLOR_P6 with yolor anchors
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' python3 coco_train_script.py --det_header yolor.YOLOR_P6 --freeze_backbone_epochs 0
    # YOLOR_P6 with anchor_free anchors
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' python3 coco_train_script.py --det_header yolor.YOLOR_P6 --anchors_mode anchor_free  --freeze_backbone_epochs 0
    # ConvNeXtTiny backbone + YOLOR header with efficientdet anchors
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='0' python3 coco_train_script.py --backbone convnext.ConvNeXtTiny --det_header yolor.YOLOR --anchors_mode yolor
    ```
    **Note: COCO training still under testing, may change parameters and default behaviors. Take the risk if would like help developing.**
  - **`coco_eval_script.py`** is used for evaluating model AP / AR on COCO validation set. It has a dependency `pip install pycocotools` which is not in package requirements. More usage can be found in [COCO Evaluation](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/tree/main/keras_cv_attention_models/coco#evaluation).
    ```sh
    # EfficientDetD0 using resize method bilinear w/o antialias
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='1' python3 coco_eval_script.py -m efficientdet.EfficientDetD0 --resize_method bilinear --disable_antialias
    # >>>> [COCOEvalCallback] input_shape: (512, 512), pyramid_levels: [3, 7], anchors_mode: efficientdet

    # YOLOX using BGR input format
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='1' python3 coco_eval_script.py -m yolox.YOLOXTiny --use_bgr_input --nms_method hard --nms_iou_or_sigma 0.65
    # >>>> [COCOEvalCallback] input_shape: (416, 416), pyramid_levels: [3, 5], anchors_mode: anchor_free

    # YOLOR / YOLOV7 using letterbox_pad and other tricks.
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='1' python3 coco_eval_script.py -m yolor.YOLOR_CSP --nms_method hard --nms_iou_or_sigma 0.65 \
    --nms_max_output_size 300 --nms_topk -1 --letterbox_pad 64 --input_shape 704
    # >>>> [COCOEvalCallback] input_shape: (704, 704), pyramid_levels: [3, 5], anchors_mode: yolor

    # Specify h5 model
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES='1' python3 coco_eval_script.py -m checkpoints/yoloxtiny_yolor_anchor.h5
    # >>>> [COCOEvalCallback] input_shape: (416, 416), pyramid_levels: [3, 5], anchors_mode: yolor
    ```
  - **[Experimental] Training using PyTorch backend**
    ```py
    import os, sys, torch
    os.environ["KECAM_BACKEND"] = "torch"

    from keras_cv_attention_models.yolov8 import train, yolov8
    from keras_cv_attention_models import efficientnet

    global_device = torch.device("cuda:0") if torch.cuda.is_available() and int(os.environ.get("CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES", "0")) >= 0 else torch.device("cpu")
    # model Trainable params: 7,023,904, GFLOPs: 8.1815G
    bb = efficientnet.EfficientNetV2B0(input_shape=(3, 640, 640), num_classes=0)
    model = yolov8.YOLOV8_N(backbone=bb, classifier_activation=None, pretrained=None).to(global_device)  # Note: classifier_activation=None
    # model = yolov8.YOLOV8_N(input_shape=(3, None, None), classifier_activation=None, pretrained=None).to(global_device)
    ema = train.train(model, dataset_path="coco.json", initial_epoch=0)
    ```
    ![yolov8_training](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/5744524/235142289-cb6a4da0-1ea7-4261-afdd-03a3c36278b8.png)
## CLIP training and evaluating
  - [CLIP](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/tree/main/keras_cv_attention_models/clip) contains more detail usage.
  - `custom_dataset_script.py` can be used creating a `tsv` / `json` format file, which can be used as `--data_name xxx.tsv` for training, detail usage can be found in [Custom caption dataset](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/52#discussioncomment-6516154).
  - **Train using `clip_train_script.py on COCO captions`** Default `--data_path` is a testing one `datasets/coco_dog_cat/captions.tsv`.
    ```sh
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=1 TF_XLA_FLAGS="--tf_xla_auto_jit=2" python clip_train_script.py -i 160 -b 128 \
    --text_model_pretrained None --data_path coco_captions.tsv
    ```
    **Train Using PyTorch backend by setting `KECAM_BACKEND='torch'`**
    ```sh
    KECAM_BACKEND='torch' CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=1 python clip_train_script.py -i 160 -b 128 \
    --text_model_pretrained None --data_path coco_captions.tsv
    ```
    ![clip_torch_tf](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/assets/5744524/4cbc22e4-907d-4735-81a0-41e0fc17ebc5)
## Text training
  - Currently it's only a simple one modified from [Github karpathy/nanoGPT](https://github.com/karpathy/nanoGPT).
  - **Train using `text_train_script.py`** As dataset is randomly sampled, needs to specify `steps_per_epoch`
    ```sh
    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=1 TF_XLA_FLAGS="--tf_xla_auto_jit=2" python text_train_script.py -m LLaMA2_15M \
    --steps_per_epoch 8000 --batch_size 8 --tokenizer SentencePieceTokenizer
    ```
    **Train Using PyTorch backend by setting `KECAM_BACKEND='torch'`**
    ```sh
    KECAM_BACKEND='torch' CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=1 python text_train_script.py -m LLaMA2_15M \
    --steps_per_epoch 8000 --batch_size 8 --tokenizer SentencePieceTokenizer
    ```
    **Plotting**
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import plot_func
    hists = ['checkpoints/text_llama2_15m_tensorflow_hist.json', 'checkpoints/text_llama2_15m_torch_hist.json']
    plot_func.plot_hists(hists, addition_plots=['val_loss', 'lr'], skip_first=3)
    ```
    ![text_tf_torch](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/assets/5744524/0fc3dd08-bb20-47be-9267-d9cc35fba4c0)
## DDPM training
  - [Stable Diffusion](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/tree/main/keras_cv_attention_models/stable_diffusion) contains more detail usage.
  - **Note: Works better with PyTorch backend, Tensorflow one seems overfitted if training logger like `--epochs 200`, and evaluation runs ~5 times slower. [???]**
  - **Dataset** can be a directory containing images for basic DDPM training using images only, or a recognition json file created following [Custom recognition dataset](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/52#discussion-3971513), which will train using labels as instruction.
    ```sh
    python custom_dataset_script.py --train_images cifar10/train/ --test_images cifar10/test/
    # >>>> total_train_samples: 50000, total_test_samples: 10000, num_classes: 10
    # >>>> Saved to: cifar10.json
    ```
  - **Train using `ddpm_train_script.py on cifar10 with labels`** Default `--data_path` is builtin `cifar10`.
    ```py
    # Set --eval_interval 50 as TF evaluation is rather slow [???]
    TF_XLA_FLAGS="--tf_xla_auto_jit=2" CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=1 python ddpm_train_script.py --eval_interval 50
    ```
    **Train Using PyTorch backend by setting `KECAM_BACKEND='torch'`**
    ```py
    KECAM_BACKEND='torch' CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=1 python ddpm_train_script.py
    ```
    ![ddpm_unet_test_E100](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/assets/5744524/861f4004-4496-4aff-ae9c-706f4c04fef2)
## Visualizing
  - [Visualizing](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/tree/main/keras_cv_attention_models/visualizing) is for visualizing convnet filters or attention map scores.
  - **make_and_apply_gradcam_heatmap** is for Grad-CAM class activation visualization.
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import visualizing, test_images, resnest
    mm = resnest.ResNest50()
    img = test_images.dog()
    superimposed_img, heatmap, preds = visualizing.make_and_apply_gradcam_heatmap(mm, img, layer_name="auto")
    ```
    ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/5744524/148199374-4944800e-a1fb-4df2-b9ba-43ce3dde88f2.png)
  - **plot_attention_score_maps** is model attention score maps visualization.
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import visualizing, test_images, botnet
    img = test_images.dog()
    _ = visualizing.plot_attention_score_maps(botnet.BotNetSE33T(), img)
    ```
    ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/5744524/147209511-f5194d73-9e4c-457e-a763-45a4025f452b.png)
## TFLite Conversion
  - Currently `TFLite` not supporting `tf.image.extract_patches` / `tf.transpose with len(perm) > 4`. Some operations could be supported in latest or `tf-nightly` version, like previously not supported `gelu` / `Conv2D with groups>1` are working now. May try if encountering issue.
  - More discussion can be found [Converting a trained keras CV attention model to TFLite #17](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/17). Some speed testing results can be found [How to speed up inference on a quantized model #44](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/discussions/44#discussioncomment-2348910).
  - Functions like `model_surgery.convert_groups_conv2d_2_split_conv2d` and `model_surgery.convert_gelu_to_approximate` are not needed using up-to-date TF version.
  - Not supporting `VOLO` / `HaloNet` models converting, cause they need a longer `tf.transpose` `perm`.
  - **model_surgery.convert_dense_to_conv** converts all `Dense` layer with 3D / 4D inputs to `Conv1D` / `Conv2D`, as currently TFLite xnnpack not supporting it.
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import beit, model_surgery, efficientformer, mobilevit

    mm = efficientformer.EfficientFormerL1()
    mm = model_surgery.convert_dense_to_conv(mm)  # Convert all Dense layers
    converter = tf.lite.TFLiteConverter.from_keras_model(mm)
    open(mm.name + ".tflite", "wb").write(converter.convert())
    ```
    | Model             | Dense, use_xnnpack=false  | Conv, use_xnnpack=false   | Conv, use_xnnpack=true    |
    | ----------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------- |
    | MobileViT_S       | Inference (avg) 215371 us | Inference (avg) 163836 us | Inference (avg) 163817 us |
    | EfficientFormerL1 | Inference (avg) 126829 us | Inference (avg) 107053 us | Inference (avg) 107132 us |
  - **model_surgery.convert_extract_patches_to_conv** converts `tf.image.extract_patches` to a `Conv2D` version:
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import cotnet, model_surgery
    from keras_cv_attention_models.imagenet import eval_func

    mm = cotnet.CotNetSE50D()
    mm = model_surgery.convert_groups_conv2d_2_split_conv2d(mm)
    # mm = model_surgery.convert_gelu_to_approximate(mm)  # Not required if using up-to-date TFLite
    mm = model_surgery.convert_extract_patches_to_conv(mm)
    converter = tf.lite.TFLiteConverter.from_keras_model(mm)
    open(mm.name + ".tflite", "wb").write(converter.convert())
    test_inputs = np.random.uniform(size=[1, *mm.input_shape[1:]])
    print(np.allclose(mm(test_inputs), eval_func.TFLiteModelInterf(mm.name + '.tflite')(test_inputs), atol=1e-7))
    # True
    ```
  - **model_surgery.prepare_for_tflite** is just a combination of above functions:
    ```py
    from keras_cv_attention_models import beit, model_surgery

    mm = beit.BeitBasePatch16()
    mm = model_surgery.prepare_for_tflite(mm)
    converter = tf.lite.TFLiteConverter.from_keras_model(mm)
    open(mm.name + ".tflite", "wb").write(converter.convert())
    ```
  - **Detection models** including `efficinetdet` / `yolox` / `yolor`, model can be converted a TFLite format directly. If need [DecodePredictions](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/blob/main/keras_cv_attention_models/coco/eval_func.py#L8) also included in TFLite model, need to set `use_static_output=True` for `DecodePredictions`, as TFLite requires a more static output shape. Model output shape will be fixed as `[batch, max_output_size, 6]`. The last dimension `6` means `[bbox_top, bbox_left, bbox_bottom, bbox_right, label_index, confidence]`, and those valid ones are where `confidence > 0`.
    ```py
    """ Init model """
    from keras_cv_attention_models import efficientdet
    model = efficientdet.EfficientDetD0(pretrained="coco")

    """ Create a model with DecodePredictions using `use_static_output=True` """
    model.decode_predictions.use_static_output = True
    # parameters like score_threshold / iou_or_sigma can be set another value if needed.
    nn = model.decode_predictions(model.outputs[0], score_threshold=0.5)
    bb = keras.models.Model(model.inputs[0], nn)

    """ Convert TFLite """
    converter = tf.lite.TFLiteConverter.from_keras_model(bb)
    open(bb.name + ".tflite", "wb").write(converter.convert())

    """ Inference test """
    from keras_cv_attention_models.imagenet import eval_func
    from keras_cv_attention_models import test_images

    dd = eval_func.TFLiteModelInterf(bb.name + ".tflite")
    imm = test_images.cat()
    inputs = tf.expand_dims(tf.image.resize(imm, dd.input_shape[1:-1]), 0)
    inputs = keras.applications.imagenet_utils.preprocess_input(inputs, mode='torch')
    preds = dd(inputs)[0]
    print(f"{preds.shape = }")
    # preds.shape = (100, 6)

    pred = preds[preds[:, -1] > 0]
    bboxes, labels, confidences = pred[:, :4], pred[:, 4], pred[:, -1]
    print(f"{bboxes = }, {labels = }, {confidences = }")
    # bboxes = array([[0.22825494, 0.47238672, 0.816262  , 0.8700745 ]], dtype=float32),
    # labels = array([16.], dtype=float32),
    # confidences = array([0.8309707], dtype=float32)

    """ Show result """
    from keras_cv_attention_models.coco import data
    data.show_image_with_bboxes(imm, bboxes, labels, confidences, num_classes=90)
    ```
## Using PyTorch as backend
  - **Experimental** [Keras PyTorch Backend](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/tree/main/keras_cv_attention_models/pytorch_backend).
  - **Set os environment `export KECAM_BACKEND='torch'` to enable this PyTorch backend.**
  - Currently supports most recognition and detection models except hornet*gf / nfnets / volo. For detection models, using `torchvision.ops.nms` while running prediction.
  - **Basic model build and prediction**.
    - Will load same `h5` weights as TF one if available.
    - Note: `input_shape` will auto fit image data format. Given `input_shape=(224, 224, 3)` or `input_shape=(3, 224, 224)`, will both set to `(3, 224, 224)` if `channels_first`.
    - Note: model is default set to `eval` mode.
    ```py
    os.environ['KECAM_BACKEND'] = 'torch'
    from keras_cv_attention_models import res_mlp
    mm = res_mlp.ResMLP12()
    # >>>> Load pretrained from: ~/.keras/models/resmlp12_imagenet.h5
    print(f"{mm.input_shape = }")
    # mm.input_shape = [None, 3, 224, 224]

    import torch
    print(f"{isinstance(mm, torch.nn.Module) = }")
    # isinstance(mm, torch.nn.Module) = True

    # Run prediction
    from keras_cv_attention_models.test_images import cat
    print(mm.decode_predictions(mm(mm.preprocess_input(cat())))[0])
    # [('n02124075', 'Egyptian_cat', 0.9597896), ('n02123045', 'tabby', 0.012809471), ...]
    ```
  - **Export typical PyTorch onnx / pth**.
    ```py
    import torch
    torch.onnx.export(mm, torch.randn(1, 3, *mm.input_shape[2:]), mm.name + ".onnx")

    # Or by export_onnx
    mm.export_onnx()
    # Exported onnx: resmlp12.onnx

    mm.export_pth()
    # Exported pth: resmlp12.pth
    ```
  - **Save weights as h5**. This `h5` can also be loaded in typical TF backend model. Currently it's only weights without model structure supported.
    ```py
    mm.save_weights("foo.h5")
    ```
  - **Training with compile and fit** Note: loss function arguments should be `y_true, y_pred`, while typical torch loss functions using `y_pred, y_true`.
    ```py
    import torch
    from keras_cv_attention_models.backend import models, layers
    mm = models.Sequential([layers.Input([3, 32, 32]), layers.Conv2D(32, 3), layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D(), layers.Dense(10)])
    if torch.cuda.is_available():
        _ = mm.to("cuda")
    xx = torch.rand([64, *mm.input_shape[1:]])
    yy = torch.functional.F.one_hot(torch.randint(0, mm.output_shape[-1], size=[64]), mm.output_shape[-1]).float()
    loss = lambda y_true, y_pred: (y_true - y_pred.float()).abs().mean()
    # Will check kwargs for calling `self.train_compile` or `torch.nn.Module.compile`
    mm.compile(optimizer="AdamW", loss=loss, metrics='acc', grad_accumulate=4)
    mm.fit(xx, yy, epochs=2, batch_size=4)
    ```
## Using keras core as backend
  - **[Experimental] Set os environment `export KECAM_BACKEND='keras_core'` to enable this `keras_core` backend. Not using `keras>3.0`, as still not compiling with TensorFlow==2.15.0**
  - `keras-core` has its own backends, supporting tensorflow / torch / jax, by editting `~/.keras/keras.json` `"backend"` value.
  - Currently most recognition models except `HaloNet` / `BotNet` supported, also `GPT2` / `LLaMA2` supported.
  - **Basic model build and prediction**.
    ```py
    !pip install sentencepiece  # required for llama2 tokenizer
    os.environ['KECAM_BACKEND'] = 'keras_core'
    os.environ['KERAS_BACKEND'] = 'jax'
    import kecam
    print(f"{kecam.backend.backend() = }")
    # kecam.backend.backend() = 'jax'
    mm = kecam.llama2.LLaMA2_42M()
    # >>>> Load pretrained from: ~/.keras/models/llama2_42m_tiny_stories.h5
    mm.run_prediction('As evening fell, a maiden stood at the edge of a wood. In her hands,')
    # >>>> Load tokenizer from file: ~/.keras/datasets/llama_tokenizer.model
    # 

    # As evening fell, a maiden stood at the edge of a wood. In her hands, she held a beautiful diamond. Everyone was surprised to see it.
    # "What is it?" one of the kids asked.
    # "It's a diamond," the maiden said.
    # ...
    ```
***

# Recognition Models
## AotNet
  - [Keras AotNet](https://github.com/leondgarse/keras_cv_attention_models/tree/main/keras_cv_attention_models/aotnet) is just a `ResNet` / `ResNetV2` like framework, that set parameters like `attn_types` and `se_ratio` and others, which is used to apply different types attention layer. Works