ChainForgeLedger 1.0.0
A complete blockchain platform library with PoW/PoS consensus, smart contracts, and DeFi applications
Requires Python: >=3.8

# ChainForgeLedger

A complete blockchain platform library built from scratch with pure Python. ChainForgeLedger provides a comprehensive suite of blockchain functionalities, including core blockchain operations, smart contracts, decentralized finance (DeFi) applications, and enterprise-grade security mechanisms.

## Key Features

ChainForgeLedger offers a rich set of features organized into modular components:

### 1. Core Blockchain Infrastructure
- **Proof of Work (PoW)**: Bitcoin-style mining with difficulty adjustment
- **Proof of Stake (PoS)**: Ethereum-style staking with validator selection
- **Blockchain Management**: Complete chain lifecycle and block operations
- **Transaction Handling**: Full transaction lifecycle from creation to confirmation
- **State Management**: Efficient state transition and storage
- **Merkle Tree Implementation**: Secure data verification structure

### 2. Consensus Mechanisms
- **Proof of Work (PoW)**: Energy-efficient mining with difficulty adjustment algorithm
- **Proof of Stake (PoS)**: Staking-based consensus with validator management
- **Validator System**: Validator registration, management, and rewards
- **Slashing Mechanism**: Penalties for validator misbehavior (double signing, offline, etc.)
- **Consensus Interface**: Unified interface for multiple consensus mechanisms
- **Consensus Factory**: Dynamic consensus mechanism selection
- **Consensus Manager**: Coordinates consensus operations

### 3. Cryptographic Operations
- **SHA-256 & Keccak256 Hashing**: Secure hashing implementations
- **ECDSA Signatures**: Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
- **Key Management**: Key pair generation, storage, and conversion
- **Wallet System**: Multi-type wallet support (standard, multisig, mnemonic-based)
- **Multi-signature Wallets**: Multiple signature authorization
- **Mnemonic Generation**: BIP-39 style seed phrase generation
- **Encryption**: XOR-based AES placeholder for data encryption
- **HMAC**: Hash-based Message Authentication Code
- **PBKDF2**: Password-based key derivation function

### 4. Smart Contracts
- **Virtual Machine**: Stack-based VM with gas calculation
- **Contract Compiler**: Contract compilation and deployment
- **Contract Execution Engine**: Method dispatch and storage management
- **Execution Sandbox**: Isolated contract execution environment
- **Gas Calculation**: Resource usage metering

### 5. Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
- **Automated Market Maker (AMM)**: Liquidity pool engine with constant product formula
- **Liquidity Pools**: Decentralized exchange functionality with trading fees
- **Lending Protocol**: Borrowing and lending with interest rates and collateral management
- **Staking & Rewards**: Staking pool management with reward distribution
- **Stablecoin Framework**: Algorithmic stablecoin with collateralization and pegging
- **Fee Distribution System**: Automated fee distribution to validators, treasury, and stakeholders

### 6. Tokenomics
- **KK-20 Token Standard**: Fungible token standard (similar to ERC-20)
- **KK-721 Token Standard**: Non-fungible token standard (similar to ERC-721)
- **Token Factory**: Token creation and management system
- **Native Coin Implementation**: ChainForge Coin (CFC) with supply control
- **Treasury Management**: Fund allocation and distribution with DAO governance
- **Supply Control**: Inflation, max supply, and block reward management

### 7. Governance
- **DAO Framework**: Decentralized Autonomous Organization for community governance
- **Proposal System**: Proposal creation, voting, and execution
- **Voting Mechanisms**: Secure voting with stake-weighted voting power
- **Treasury Governance**: DAO-controlled funding and spending

### 8. Networking & P2P Communication
- **Node Management**: Full node functionality
- **Peer Discovery**: Network peer discovery and management
- **Protocol Handling**: Communication protocols for blockchain operations
- **Mempool Management**: Transaction pooling and validation
- **Rate Limiting**: Network request throttling
- **Peer Reputation System**: Sybil attack prevention

### 9. Security Architecture
- **51% Attack Protection**: Chain reorganization detection
- **Sybil Attack Detection**: Node reputation and behavior monitoring
- **Replay Protection**: Transaction replay prevention
- **Double-Spending Detection**: Transaction validation mechanisms
- **Fork Handling**: Fork detection and resolution with multiple strategies
- **State Pruning**: Storage optimization for large blockchains
- **Caching Layer**: Performance optimization through caching

### 10. Scalability Solutions
- **Sharding Support**: Horizontal scaling through blockchain sharding
- **Cross-Chain Bridge**: Asset transfer between different blockchains
- **State Pruning**: Storage optimization for large blockchains
- **Caching Layer**: Performance optimization through caching

### 11. API & Developer Tools
- **RESTful API**: Comprehensive API with endpoints for all blockchain operations
- **API Server**: FastAPI-based server for blockchain interaction
- **API Routes**: Well-documented API endpoints
- **CLI Interface**: Command-line interface for direct interaction

### 12. Storage System
- **Database Abstraction**: Unified database interface
- **LevelDB Storage**: Efficient key-value storage
- **Data Models**: Structured data models for blocks, transactions, and state
- **Serialization**: Efficient data serialization for network communication

### 13. Monitoring & Analytics
- **Blockchain Explorer**: Analytics and visualization of blockchain data
- **Performance Metrics**: Real-time performance monitoring
- **Network Health Monitoring**: Node status and health checks

### 14. Configuration & Utilities
- **Configuration Management**: Environment and settings configuration
- **Logging System**: Comprehensive logging and debugging
- **Crypto Utilities**: Cryptographic helper functions

## Installation

### From Source Code

```bash
cd /home/KK-kanishk/Desktop/RunningProject/GIT _ COMMITED_PROJECTS/chainforgeledger
pip install -e .
```

### Using Virtual Environment (Recommended)

```bash
cd /home/KK-kanishk/Desktop/RunningProject/GIT _ COMMITED_PROJECTS/chainforgeledger
python3 -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate
pip install -e .
```

## Usage

### Quick Start Example

```python
from chainforgeledger import ProofOfWork, Tokenomics, Wallet

# Create a blockchain with PoW consensus (difficulty 3)
pow_chain = ProofOfWork(difficulty=3)
pow_chain.add_transaction("Transaction 1: User1 -> User2")
pow_chain.add_transaction("Transaction 2: User3 -> User4")
block = pow_chain.mine_block("miner1")

# Create tokenomics system with 1 billion tokens
tokenomics = Tokenomics(total_supply=1000000000, inflation_rate=0.02)
tokenomics.mint_tokens(1000000, 'staking_rewards')

# Create wallets
standard_wallet = Wallet()
multisig_wallet = Wallet('multisig')

# Get blockchain info
print(f"Chain Length: {len(pow_chain.chain)}")
print(f"Block Hash: {block.hash}")
print(f"Total Supply: {tokenomics.total_supply:,}")
```

### Running Examples

#### Basic Usage Example

```bash
cd /home/KK-kanishk/Desktop/RunningProject/GIT _ COMMITED_PROJECTS/chainforgeledger
PYTHONPATH=. python3 example/basic_usage.py
```

#### Comprehensive Platform Example

```bash
cd /home/KK-kanishk/Desktop/RunningProject/GIT _ COMMITED_PROJECTS/chainforgeledger
PYTHONPATH=. python3 example/comprehensive_usage.py
```

#### DeFi Ecosystem Example

```bash
cd /home/KK-kanishk/Desktop/RunningProject/GIT _ COMMITED_PROJECTS/chainforgeledger
PYTHONPATH=. python3 example/ecosystem.py
```

#### Consensus Mechanism Comparison

```bash
cd /home/KK-kanishk/Desktop/RunningProject/GIT _ COMMITED_PROJECTS/chainforgeledger
PYTHONPATH=. python3 example/compare_consensus.py
```

## CLI Commands

### ChainForgeLedger CLI

The library provides a comprehensive command-line interface with multiple commands:

```bash
# Show help information
chainforgeledger --help

# Run basic blockchain demonstration
chainforgeledger basic

# Run comprehensive platform demonstration
chainforgeledger demo

# Run Proof of Work operations
chainforgeledger pow --mine          # Mine a block with default difficulty (3)
chainforgeledger pow --mine --difficulty 2  # Mine with lower difficulty

# Run Proof of Stake operations
chainforgeledger pos --forge         # Forge a block

# Tokenomics operations
chainforgeledger token --create              # Create tokenomics system
chainforgeledger token --create --supply 500000000  # Custom supply
chainforgeledger token --mint 100000        # Mint 100,000 tokens
```

## Testing

ChainForgeLedger includes a comprehensive test suite to ensure the reliability and correctness of all blockchain components.

### Test Files

- **`tests/test_basic.py`**: Basic functionality tests for core blockchain operations, cryptographic functions, and wallet management.
- **`tests/test_comprehensive.py`**: Comprehensive integration tests covering all major components and features, including:
  - Core blockchain operations (block creation, transaction handling, chain validation)
  - Consensus mechanisms (PoW, PoS, consensus interface implementations)
  - Cryptographic operations (hashing, signature, wallet functions)
  - Smart contract operations (VM, compiler, executor, sandbox)
  - DeFi applications (liquidity pools, lending, staking)
  - Governance system (DAO, voting, treasury management)
  - Tokenomics (token standards, supply management, stablecoins)
  - Networking and storage
  - Comprehensive platform integration testing

### Running Tests

```bash
cd /home/KK-kanishk/Desktop/RunningProject/GIT _ COMMITED_PROJECTS/chainforgeledger
python -m pytest tests/test_basic.py -v        # Run basic tests
python -m pytest tests/test_comprehensive.py -v # Run all comprehensive tests
```

### Running Specific Tests

```bash
# Run only consensus interface tests
python -m pytest tests/test_comprehensive.py::TestChainForgeLedgerComprehensive::test_pow_interface tests/test_comprehensive.py::TestChainForgeLedgerComprehensive::test_pos_interface -v

# Run only tokenomics tests
python -m pytest tests/test_comprehensive.py -k "test_token" -v

# Run all tests with coverage
python -m pytest tests/test_basic.py tests/test_comprehensive.py --cov=chainforgeledger --cov-report=html
```

### Test Coverage

The comprehensive test file covers all components of the ChainForgeLedger platform, including:

- **Consensus Interfaces**: Tests for ProofOfWorkInterface, ProofOfStakeInterface, and other consensus mechanisms
- **Core Blockchain**: Tests for block operations, chain validation, and blockchain management
- **Cryptographic Functions**: Tests for SHA-256, Keccak256, signatures, and wallet operations
- **Smart Contracts**: Tests for the virtual machine, compiler, executor, and sandbox environment
- **DeFi Applications**: Tests for liquidity pools, lending protocols, and staking systems
- **Tokenomics**: Tests for token standards, supply management, and stablecoin functionality
- **Governance**: Tests for DAO operations, voting systems, and treasury management
- **Networking**: Tests for peer discovery, communication protocols, and rate limiting
- **Storage**: Tests for LevelDB storage and serialization

All tests are passing successfully and provide comprehensive coverage of the platform's functionality.

## Project Structure

```
/home/KK-kanishk/Desktop/RunningProject/GIT _ COMMITED_PROJECTS/chainforgeledger/
├── chainforgeledger/          # Main library package
│   ├── __init__.py            # Package initialization
│   ├── __main__.py            # CLI interface
│   ├── core/                  # Core blockchain functionality
│   │   ├── block.py          # Block structure and validation
│   │   ├── blockchain.py     # Blockchain management
│   │   ├── transaction.py    # Transaction handling
│   │   ├── merkle.py         # Merkle tree implementation
│   │   ├── state.py          # State management
│   │   ├── bridge.py         # Cross-chain bridge
│   │   ├── staking.py        # Staking and reward distribution
│   │   ├── liquidity.py      # Liquidity pool and AMM
│   │   ├── fee_distribution.py # Fee distribution system
│   │   ├── fork.py           # Fork handling mechanism
│   │   ├── sharding.py       # Blockchain sharding
│   │   ├── state_pruning.py  # State pruning for storage optimization
│   │   ├── lending.py        # Lending and borrowing
│   │   ├── caching.py        # Caching layer
│   │   ├── difficulty.py     # Difficulty adjustment algorithm
│   │   └── serialization.py  # Data serialization
│   ├── consensus/            # Consensus mechanisms
│   │   ├── pow.py            # Proof of Work
│   │   ├── pos.py            # Proof of Stake
│   │   ├── validator.py      # Validator management
│   │   ├── slashing.py       # Validator slashing mechanism
│   │   └── interface.py      # Consensus interface and factory
│   ├── crypto/               # Cryptographic operations
│   │   ├── __init__.py       # Crypto module initialization
│   │   ├── hashing.py        # SHA-256 and Keccak256 hashing
│   │   ├── keys.py           # Key pair generation and management
│   │   ├── signature.py      # Digital signature utilities
│   │   ├── wallet.py         # Wallet system
│   │   ├── multisig.py       # Multi-signature wallets
│   │   └── mnemonic.py       # Mnemonic seed phrase generation
│   ├── governance/           # Governance system
│   │   ├── dao.py            # DAO framework
│   │   ├── proposal.py       # Proposal management
│   │   └── voting.py         # Voting mechanisms
│   ├── networking/           # Network communication
│   │   ├── node.py           # Node management
│   │   ├── peer.py           # Peer discovery
│   │   ├── protocol.py       # Communication protocols
│   │   ├── mempool.py        # Transaction mempool
│   │   └── rate_limiter.py   # Network rate limiting
│   ├── smartcontracts/       # Smart contract layer
│   │   ├── vm.py             # Virtual machine
│   │   ├── compiler.py       # Contract compiler
│   │   ├── executor.py       # Contract execution engine
│   │   └── sandbox.py        # Contract execution sandbox
│   ├── tokenomics/           # Token and economic system
│   │   ├── __init__.py       # Tokenomics module initialization
│   │   ├── standards.py      # KK-20 and KK-721 token standards
│   │   ├── supply.py         # Token supply management
│   │   ├── native.py         # Native coin implementation
│   │   ├── stablecoin.py     # Stablecoin framework
│   │   └── treasury.py       # Treasury management
│   ├── storage/              # Data storage
│   │   ├── database.py       # Database interface
│   │   ├── leveldb.py        # LevelDB storage
│   │   └── models.py         # Data models
│   ├── utils/                # Utility modules
│   │   ├── config.py         # Configuration management
│   │   ├── crypto.py         # Cryptographic utilities
│   │   └── logger.py         # Logging system
│   └── api/                  # API interface
│       ├── server.py         # API server
│       └── routes.py         # API routes
├── example/                    # Usage examples
│   ├── basic_usage.py         # Basic blockchain operations
│   ├── comprehensive_usage.py # Complete platform integration
│   ├── compare_consensus.py   # Consensus mechanism comparison
│   └── ecosystem.py           # DeFi ecosystem example
├── tests/                     # Test suite
│   ├── test_basic.py          # Basic functionality tests
│   └── test_comprehensive.py  # Comprehensive integration tests
├── setup.py                   # Package configuration
├── pyproject.toml             # Project metadata
├── requirements.txt           # Dependency management
└── README.md                  # Project documentation
```

## Performance Optimizations

The ChainForgeLedger library has been optimized for minimum time and space complexity. Key optimizations include:

### 1. Core Blockchain Optimizations
- **Block Lookup**: O(1) hash map lookup using `_block_hash_map` instead of O(n) linear search
- **Transaction Lookup**: O(1) hash map lookup using `_transaction_map` instead of O(n) linear search
- **Duplicate Vote Checking**: O(1) set membership check using `_voted_addresses`
- **Proposal Lookups**: O(1) dictionary lookup using `_proposals_dict`

### 2. Storage & Caching
- **State Pruning**: Efficient storage optimization by removing old state data while maintaining integrity
- **Caching Layer**: Multi-type caching (blocks, transactions, accounts, contracts, metadata) with configurable TTL and sizes
- **LevelDB Storage**: Efficient key-value storage for blockchain data

### 3. Networking Optimizations
- **Rate Limiting**: Prevent network abuse with configurable rate limiting per IP address
- **Peer Reputation System**: Identify and block malicious nodes
- **Transaction Pool**: Optimized transaction management with quick lookup and validation

### 4. Consensus Optimizations
- **Difficulty Adjustment**: Dynamic difficulty calculation based on block time targets
- **Validator Selection**: Efficient validator selection algorithm for PoS
- **Slashing Mechanism**: Quick validation of validator behavior

### 5. Scalability Solutions
- **Sharding**: Horizontal scaling through blockchain sharding
- **Cross-Chain Bridge**: Efficient asset transfer between blockchains
- **State Pruning**: Storage optimization for large blockchains

### Performance Benefits
- **Block lookups by hash**: O(1) instead of O(n)
- **Transaction lookups**: O(1) instead of O(n)
- **Vote checking**: O(1) instead of O(n)
- **Proposal lookups**: O(1) instead of O(n)
- **Storage efficiency**: Up to 90% reduction in storage requirements through state pruning

These optimizations make ChainForgeLedger highly efficient when handling large numbers of transactions, blocks, and proposals, especially in decentralized governance and DeFi scenarios.

## Features

### Cryptographic Operations
- **SHA-256 Hashing**: Self-made implementation for secure hashing
- **ECDSA Signatures**: Self-made Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
- **Key Management**: Key pair generation, storage, and conversion
- **Encryption**: XOR-based AES placeholder for data encryption
- **HMAC**: Hash-based Message Authentication Code
- **PBKDF2**: Password-based key derivation function
- **Random Number Generation**: Secure random string generation

### Core Blockchain
- **Proof of Work (PoW)**: Bitcoin-style mining with difficulty adjustment
- **Proof of Stake (PoS)**: Ethereum-style staking with validator selection
- **Transaction Management**: Complete transaction lifecycle
- **Block Validation**: Blockchain integrity and security checks

### Smart Contracts
- **Virtual Machine**: Stack-based VM with gas calculation
- **Contract Execution**: Method dispatch and storage management
- **Deployment**: Contract compilation and deployment process

### Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
- **DEX**: Automated Market Making (AMM) with liquidity pools
- **Lending Protocol**: Borrowing and lending with interest rates
- **NFT Marketplace**: Digital asset creation, minting, and trading

### Security
- **51% Attack Protection**: Chain reorganization detection
- **Sybil Attack Detection**: Node reputation and behavior monitoring
- **Replay Protection**: Transaction replay prevention
- **Double-Spending Detection**: Transaction validation mechanisms

### Governance
- **DAO Framework**: Decentralized governance with voting
- **Vesting Schedules**: Token distribution mechanisms
- **Treasury Management**: Fund allocation and distribution
- **Validator Rewards**: Incentive systems for network participants

### Wallet System
- **Standard Wallet**: Basic wallet functionality
- **CLI Wallet**: Command-line interface for direct interaction
- **Web Wallet**: Browser-based interface
- **Mobile Wallet**: Smartphone-optimized interface
- **Multisig Wallet**: Multiple signature authorization
- **Hardware Wallet**: Cold storage integration

### Tokenomics
- **Total Supply**: 1 billion tokens with annual inflation
- **Staking Rewards**: 10% of supply for staking incentives
- **Vesting Periods**: Lock-up periods for different stakeholders
- **Slashing Mechanisms**: Penalties for malicious behavior

## Requirements

- Python 3.8 or higher
- No external dependencies (pure Python implementation)
- Platform independent (works on Linux, macOS, Windows)

## Development

### Contributing

1. Fork the repository
2. Create a feature branch
3. Make your changes
4. Write tests for new functionality
5. Run tests to ensure everything passes
6. Create a pull request

### Building Package

```bash
cd /home/KK-kanishk/Desktop/RunningProject/GIT _ COMMITED_PROJECTS/chainforgeledger
python -m build
```

## License

MIT License - see LICENSE file for details

## Authors

Kanishk Kumar Singh - Initial development

## Support

For issues or questions:
- Open an issue on GitHub
- Contact the development team

## Project Philosophy

ChainForgeLedger is designed with the following principles:

### Educational Focus
- Complete from-scratch implementation for learning purposes
- Clean architecture with well-documented components
- Pure Python implementation for accessibility
- Comprehensive example applications

### Modular Design
- Each feature is a separate module with clear interfaces
- Easy to extend and customize
- Supports multiple consensus mechanisms
- Pluggable storage and networking components

### Enterprise-Grade Features
- Production-ready architecture patterns
- Comprehensive security mechanisms
- Scalability solutions (sharding, cross-chain)
- DeFi ecosystem support

### Performance Optimized
- O(1) complexity for key operations
- Efficient caching and storage mechanisms
- Optimized data structures
- Network and computational efficiency

---

**Note**: This is an educational implementation designed for learning purposes. It is not intended for production use with real cryptocurrency.