EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 896493
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 896493_10-K_2025_0001214659-25-005868.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Company Overview
Hyperscale Data, Inc., a Delaware corporation formerly known as Ault Alliance, Inc., was incorporated in September 2017. Through our wholly and majority owned subsidiaries and strategic investments, we own and/or operate data centers at which we mine Bitcoin and offer colocation and hosting services for the emerging artificial intelligence (“AI”) ecosystems and other industries as well as provide mission-critical products that support a diverse range of industries, including an artificial intelligence software platform, a social gaming platform, equipment rental services, defense/aerospace, industrial, automotive, medical/biopharma and hotel operations. Our direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries include (i) Sentinum, Inc. (“Sentinum”), (ii) Alliance Cloud Services, LLC (“ACS”) and (iii) BNI Montana, LLC (“BNI Montana”).
We own Ault Capital Group, Inc. (“Ault Capital”), which either wholly owns or has a direct controlling interest in, among other entities, (i) Ault Lending, LLC (“Ault Lending”), (ii) RiskOn International, Inc., formerly known as BitNile Metaverse, Inc. (“ROI”), which wholly owns BitNile.com, Inc. (“BNC”), (iii) askROI, Inc. (“askROI”), (iv) Ault Global Real Estate Equities, Inc. (“AGREE”), (v) Eco Pack Technologies, Inc. (“Eco Pack”), (vi) Ault Aviation, LLC (“Ault Aviation”), (vii) Circle 8 Holdco LLC (“Circle 8 Holdco”), which wholly owns Circle 8 Crane Services, LLC (“Circle 8”) and (viii) TurnOnGreen, Inc. (“TurnOnGreen”), which wholly owns TOG Technologies, Inc. (“TOG Technologies”) and Digital Power Corporation (“Digital Power”).
We were founded by Milton C. (Todd) Ault, III, our Executive Chairman, and are led by Mr. Ault, William B. Horne, our Chief Executive Officer and Vice Chairman, and Henry Nisser, our President and General Counsel. Together, they constitute the Executive Committee, which manages the day-to-day operations of the holding company. Our long-term objective is to maximize per share intrinsic value. All major investment and capital allocation decisions are made for us by Mr. Ault and the Executive Committee.
We currently have the following reportable segments, though it should be noted that we are in the process of transitioning our data centers away from Bitcoin mining to operations dedicated to high-performance computing (“HPC”) and AI purposes:
· Technology and Finance (“Fintech”): commercial lending and trading through Ault Lending;
· Sentinum: Bitcoin mining operation and data center operations through ACS;
· AGREE - hotel operations and other commercial real estate holdings;
· Energy and Infrastructure (“Energy”): crane rental and lifting solutions provider for oilfield, construction, commercial and infrastructure markets through Circle 8;
· ROI: includes askROI, which operates a unique, generative AI-driven platform engineered to provide pertinent and unique data insights through integration with business specific data that pushes beyond the conventional uses of existing large language models as well as RiskOn, which owns 100% of BNC, which operates a social gaming platform; and
· TurnOnGreen: commercial electronics solutions with operations conducted by Digital Power, and electric vehicle (“EV”) charging solutions through TOG Technologies.
We operate as a holding company with operations conducted primarily through our subsidiaries, which are described below.
Recent Events and Developments
On June 4, 2024, we entered into a Loan Agreement (the “2024 Credit Agreement”) with OREE Lending Company, LLC and Helios Funds LLC, as lenders (“Lenders”). Each Lender is a 50% member of (and thus affiliate of) Orion Equity Partners, LLC (“Orion”). The 2024 Credit Agreement provided for an unsecured, non-revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $20.0 million, provided, however, that at no point shall we be allowed to have outstanding loans under the 2024 Credit Agreement in a principal amount received of more than $2.0 million (unless otherwise allowed by Lenders in their sole discretion). All loans under the 2024 Credit Agreement were due December 4, 2024. The Lenders are not obligated to make any further loans under the 2024 Credit Agreement after the maturity date described above. Loans under the 2024 Credit Agreement are evidenced by promissory notes (the “Promissory Notes”) and have an original issuance discount of 20% to the amount of each loan and all Promissory Notes, originally bore interest at the rate of 15.0% per annum and may be repaid at any time without penalty or premium.
Under the 2024 Credit Agreement, the Lenders loaned to us $1.5 million on June 4, 2024, $0.5 million on June 20, 2024 and $1.5 million on or about July 2, 2024. As of the date of this Annual Report, we have repaid $2.0 million to the Lenders. On January 9, 2025, we and each Lender amended (a) the 2024 Credit Agreement whereby, among other things, upon the effectiveness of a registration statement, the 2024 Credit Agreement shall terminate and be of no further force and effect, (b) the notes whereby no additional interest (other than the 20% OID) shall accrue on such notes. As a result of these amendments, the aggregate amount payable to the Lenders by us, above the principal amount of $3.5 million under the 2024 Credit Agreement, is $0.7 million.
On June 20, 2024, we entered into the ELOC Purchase Agreement, as amended (as amended, the “Purchase Agreement”) with Orion, pursuant to which Orion has committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $37.5 million of shares of 13.00% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Series D Preferred Stock”), subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement. The shares of our Series D Preferred Stock that may be issued under the Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to Orion at our discretion from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement.
On July 18, 2024, we entered into a note purchase agreement with an institutional investor pursuant to which the institutional investor agreed to acquire, and we agreed to issue and sell in a registered direct offering to the institutional investor, a $5.4 million 10% OID Convertible Promissory Note (the “OID Note”). The OID Note was sold to the institutional investor for a purchase price of $4.9 million, an original issue discount of $0.5 million. The OID Note will accrue interest at the rate of 15% per annum, unless an event of default occurs, at which time the OID Note would accrue interest at 18% per annum. The OID Note matured on October 19, 2024. In addition, the OID Note is convertible into shares of our Class A common stock at a conversion price of $5.867 per share (the “OID Conversion Price”), subject to adjustment. On December 10, 2024, we entered into a forbearance agreement with the investor pursuant to which the investor agreed to forebear through the close of business on December 31, 2024, from exercising the rights and remedies it is entitled to under the OID Note, and we issued the investor a convertible promissory note in the amount of $0.9 million (the “Forbearance Note”). The Forbearance Note was convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price equal to $5.47, subject to adjustment. The Forbearance Note accrued interest at the rate of 18% per annum and matured on February 15, 2025. On February 25, 2025, pursuant to an amended and restated forbearance agreement we entered into with the institutional investor, we issued to the investor an amended and restated convertible promissory note in the amount of $3.5 million (the “A&R Forbearance Note”), consisting of (i) the amount then due under the forbearance note of $0.9 million, (ii) a forbearance extension fee of $0.3 million and (iii) a true-up amount of $2.3 million. The A&R Forbearance Note shall be convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price equal to $2.00. The A&R Forbearance Note will accrue interest at the rate of 18% per annum and mature on May 15, 2025. In exchange, the investor agreed to forbear through the close of business on May 15, 2025, from exercising any rights and remedies under the $5.4 million 10% OID Convertible Promissory Note we previously issued to the investor on July 19, 2024 and any related transaction documents.
In October 2024, pursuant to the securities purchase agreement we entered into with Ault & Company, dated as of November 6, 2023 (the “November 2023 SPA”), we sold an aggregate of 1,400 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 11,825 shares of Class A common stock to Ault & Company, for an aggregate purchase price of $1.4 million.
In November 2024, pursuant to the November 2023 SPA we entered into with Ault & Company, we sold an aggregate of 1,280 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 10,811 shares of Class A common stock to Ault & Company, for an aggregate purchase price of $1.3 million.
On December 9, 2024, we completed the distribution of 650,000 shares of our 10% Series E Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock (the “Series E Preferred Stock”), a $16.25 million stated value, to holders of Class A common stock and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis. Dividends will accrue on the stated amount of $25.00 per share of the Series E Preferred Stock at a rate per annum equal to 10.00%.
On December 16, 2024, we completed the distribution of approximately 5.0 million shares of our Class B common stock (the “Class B Common Stock”) to all holders of our Class A common stock and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis. There is currently no public trading market for the Class B Common Stock. While we presently intend to seek to have the Class B Common Stock listed for trading on the NYSE American within the foreseeable future, there can be no assurance when, or if, such a listing will occur. The Class B Common Stock is identical to the currently outstanding Class A common stock, with the exception that each share thereof carries 10 times the voting power of a share of Class A common stock. The Class B Common Stock is convertible at any time into Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis.
On November 20, 2024, pursuant to the approval provided by our stockholders at the annual meeting of stockholders held on June 28, 2024, we filed an Amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation with the State of Delaware to effectuate a reverse stock split of our Class A common stock affecting the issued and outstanding number of such shares by a ratio of one-for-thirty-five. The reverse stock split became effective on November 22, 2024. All share amounts in this Annual Report have been updated to reflect the reverse stock split.
On December 23, 2024, we completed the distribution of 1.0 million shares of our Series F Exchangeable Preferred Stock (“Series F Preferred Stock”) to holders of Class A common stock and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis. The Series F Preferred Stock has a $1.00 liquidation preference and does not pay a dividend. Each share of Series F Preferred Stock will be exchangeable, at the option of its holder, for (i) 10 shares of Class A Common Stock of Ault Capital and (ii) five shares of Class B Common Stock of Ault Capital, at any time beginning on the later of (i) one year after issuance of the Series F Preferred Stock and (ii) the date of the registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, of all of the foregoing shares of Ault Capital Class A Common Stock and Ault Capital Class B Common Stock. Once the Series F Preferred Stock has been exchanged into shares of Ault Capital Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, our sole business will be our ownership of Sentinum, Inc., through which we operate our Bitcoin mining business as well as its HPC and AI operations.
In December 2024, pursuant to the November 2023 SPA we entered into with Ault & Company, we sold an aggregate of 3,020 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 25,509 shares of Class A common stock to Ault & Company, for an aggregate purchase price of $3.0 million. As of the date of this Annual Report, Ault & Company has purchased an aggregate of 50,000 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 422,337 shares of Class A common stock, for an aggregate purchase price of $50.0 million.
On December 13, 2024 (the “Closing Date”), Third Avenue Apartments LLC (“Third Avenue”), which was a subsidiary of AGREE, completed the sale of its real property located at the southeast corner of 5th Street North and 3rd Avenue North in St. Petersburg, Florida (the “Property”). The Property was sold on the Closing Date to Cats Mirror Lake, LLC (the “Buyer”) pursuant to a contract of sale, as amended, entered into by Third Avenue and the Buyer. The sale price for the property was $13.0 million. In February 2025, Third Avenue filed a certificate of cancellation with the Delaware Secretary of State.
On December 21, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “December 2024 SPA”) with Ault & Company, pursuant to which we agreed to sell, in one or more closings, to Ault & Company up to 25,000 shares of Series G convertible preferred stock (“Series G Preferred Stock”) and warrants to purchase up to 4.2 million shares of Class A common stock (the “Series G Warrants”) for a total purchase price of up to $25.0 million. The December 2024 SPA provides that the financing may be conducted through one or more closings. Through April 14, 2025, pursuant to the December 2024 SPA, we have sold to Ault & Company 960 shares of Series G Preferred Stock and Series G Warrants to purchase 162,217 shares of Class A common stock, for a purchase price of $1.0 million.
Each share of Series G Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000.00 and is convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price equal to the greater of (i) $0.10 per share, and (ii) the lesser of (A) $6.74 or (B) 105% of the volume weighted average price of the Class A common stock during the ten trading days immediately prior to the date of conversion. The holders of Series G Preferred Stock are entitled to cumulative cash dividends at an annual rate of 9.5%, or $95.00 per share, based on the stated value per share. Dividends shall accrue for 10 years from the date of issuance of such shares of Series G Preferred Stock and are payable monthly in arrears. For the first two years, we may elect to pay the dividend amount in shares of Class A common stock rather than cash. The holders of the Series G Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with the Class A common stock as a single class on an as-converted basis.
On February 5, 2025, we entered into an exchange agreement with an institutional investor, pursuant to which we issued to the investor a convertible promissory note in the principal face amount of $1.9 million (the “February 2025 Convertible Note”), in exchange for the cancellation of an outstanding term note we issued to the investor in April 2024. That note had an outstanding principal amount and accrued but unpaid interest of $1.9 million. The February 2025 Convertible Note accrued interest at the rate of 15% per annum, unless an event of default (as defined in the February 2025 Convertible Note) occurs, at which time the February 2025 Convertible Note would accrue interest at 18% per annum. The February 2025 Convertible Note was to mature on May 5, 2025. The February 2025 Convertible Note was convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a fixed conversion price of $4.00 per share.
On March 14, 2025, we entered into an exchange agreement with an institutional investor pursuant to which we issued to the investor a convertible promissory note in the principal face amount of $4.2 million in exchange for the cancellation of (i) a term note issued by us on May 16, 2024, with outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest of $0.7 million, (ii) a term note issued by us on May 20, 2024, with outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest of $1.5 million, and (iii) the February 2025 Convertible Note issued by us on February 5, 2025, with outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest of $2.0 million. The note accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, unless an event of default (as defined in the note) occurs, at which time the note would accrue interest at 18% per annum. The note will mature on June 30, 2025. The note is convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price equal to the greater of (i) $0.40 per share (the “Floor Price”) and (ii) the lesser of 75% of the VWAP (as defined in the note) of the class A common stock during the five trading days immediately prior to (A) the date of issuance of the note or (B) the date of conversion into shares of class A common stock.
On March 21, 2025, we entered into an exchange agreement with an institutional investor, pursuant to which we issued to the investor a convertible promissory note in the principal face amount of $4.9 million (the “Exchange Note”) in exchange for the cancellation of (i) a term note issued by us on January 14, 2025, with outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest of $2.6 million, (ii) a promissory note issued by us on March 7, 2025, with outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest of $0.5 million, (iii) a promissory note issued by us on March 12, 2025, with outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest of $1.5 million, and (iv) a promissory note issued by us on March 13, 2025, with outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest of $0.3 million. The Exchange Note accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, unless an event of default (as defined in the Exchange Note) occurs, at which time the note would accrue interest at 18% per annum. The Exchange Note will mature on December 31, 2025. The note is convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price equal to the greater of (i) the Floor Price and (ii) the lesser of 75% of the VWAP (as defined in the Exchange Note) of the Class A common stock during the five trading days immediately prior to (A) the date of issuance of the Exchange Note or (B) the date of conversion into shares of Class A common stock, but not greater than $10.00 per share.
On March 28, 2025, our majority owned subsidiary, Avalanche International Corp. (“AVLP”), filed a petition for liquidation under Chapter 7 of the bankruptcy laws. The filing placed AVLP under the control of the bankruptcy court, which will oversee its liquidation. As a result, we no longer consider AVLP a subsidiary of ours.
On March 30, 2025, we entered into an amendment to the November 2023 SPA to provide for an extension of the date on which the final closing may occur from December 31, 2024 to March 31, 2025, subject to Ault & Company’s ability to further extend such date for ninety (90) days.
On March 31, 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with an institutional investor pursuant to which we agreed to sell up to 50,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”) for a total purchase price of up to $50.0 million. The securities purchase agreement provides that the transaction shall be conducted through 49 separate tranche closings, provided, however, that the investor has the ability, exercisable in its sole discretion, to purchase any number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock prior to the dates of the tranche closings provided for in the securities purchase agreement. The initial tranche closing, which will close promptly after the investor has converted out of the Exchange Note, will consist of the sale and issuance to the investor of 2,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for an aggregate of $2.0 million. Pursuant to the securities purchase agreement, provided certain closing conditions have been met, the investor shall purchase up to 4,800 shares of Series B Preferred Stock on a monthly basis, with the investor being required to purchase 1,000 shares per month.
Each share of Series B Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000.00 and is convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price equal the lesser of a 25% discount to our volume weighted average price during the five trading days immediately prior to (A) the date of execution of the securities purchase agreement or (B) the date of conversion into shares of Class A common stock, but not greater than $10.00 per share. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event shall the Series B Preferred Stock be convertible at less than the Floor Price. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to cumulative cash dividends at an annual rate of 15%, or $150.00 per share, based on the stated value per share. Dividends shall accrue for as long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock remain issued and outstanding and are payable monthly in arrears. For the first two years, we may elect to pay the dividend amount in additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock rather than cash. The holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with the Class A common stock as a single class on an as-converted basis.
On April 1, 2025, we issued to an accredited investor a convertible promissory note in the principal face amount of $1.65 million in consideration for an advance we received of $1.5 million. The note accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, unless an event of default (as defined in the note) occurs, at which time the note would accrue interest at 18% per annum. The note will mature on September 30, 2025. The note is convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price equal to the greater of (i) the Floor Price and (ii) the lesser of 75% of the VWAP (as defined in the note) of the Class A common stock during the five trading days immediately prior to (A) the date of issuance of the note or (B) the date of conversion into shares of Class A common stock.
On April 8, 2025, we issued to an accredited investor a convertible promissory note in the principal face amount of $110,000 in consideration for $100,000. The note accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, unless an event of default (as defined in the note) occurs, at which time the note would accrue interest at 18% per annum. The note will mature on September 30, 2025. The note is convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price equal to the greater of (i) $0.45 and (ii) the lesser of (A) 75% of the VWAP (as defined in the note) of the Class A common stock during the five trading days immediately prior to the date of issuance of the note or (B) 75% of the lowest daily VWAP of the Class A common stock during the five trading days immediately prior to the date of conversion into shares of Class A common stock.
Corporate Information
We are a Delaware corporation, initially formed in California in 1969 and reincorporated in Delaware in 2017. We are located at 11411 Southern Highlands Parkway, Suite 190, Las Vegas, NV 89141. Our phone number is (949) 444-5464 and our website address is https://hyperscaledata.com/.
Our Corporate Structure
On September 10, 2024, we changed our name from Ault Alliance, Inc. to Hyperscale Data, Inc. (the “Name Change”). The Name Change did not affect the rights of our security holders. Our Class A common stock is traded on the NYSE American under the symbol “GPUS.” Existing stock certificates that reflect a prior corporate name continue to be valid. Certificates reflecting the new corporate name are issued as old stock certificates are tendered for exchange or transfer to our transfer agent.
In March and August of 2024, we reorganized our corporate structure pursuant to a series of transactions by and among the Company and its directly and indirectly owned subsidiaries as well as third parties. The purpose of the reorganization was to simplify our organizational and reporting structure to more accurately reflect our business operations. As a result of the foregoing transactions, our corporate structure is currently as follows:
Our Business Strategy
As principally a holding company, our business strategy is designed to increase stockholder value. Under this strategy, we are focused on managing and financially supporting our existing subsidiaries and partner companies, with the goal of pursuing monetization opportunities and maximizing the value returned to stockholders. We have, are and will consider initiatives including, among others: public offerings, the sale of individual partner companies, the sale of certain or all partner company interests in secondary market transactions, or a combination thereof, as well as other opportunities to maximize stockholder value, such as activist trading. We anticipate returning value to stockholders after satisfying our debt obligations and working capital needs.
On October 7, 2019, we created an Executive Committee which is comprised of our Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President. The Executive Committee meets on a daily basis to address the Company’s critical needs and provides a forum to approve transactions which are communicated to our Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President of Finance on a bi-weekly basis by our Chief Executive Officer.
Our Executive Committee approves and manages our investment and trading strategy. The Executive Committee has decades of experience in financial, investing and securities transactions. Led by our Founder and Executive Chairman, Milton C. (Todd) Ault, III, we seek to find undervalued companies and disruptive technologies with a global impact. We use a traditional methodology for valuing securities that primarily looks for deeply depressed prices. Upon making an investment, we often become actively involved in the companies we seek to acquire. That activity may involve a broad range of approaches, from influencing the management of a target to take steps to improve stockholder value, to acquiring a controlling or sizable but non-controlling interest or outright ownership of the target company in order to implement changes that we believe are required to improve its business, and then operating and expanding that business. Mr. Ault relies heavily on William B. Horne, our Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Henry Nisser, our President and General Counsel, to provide analysis and guidance on all acquisition targets and throughout the acquisition process.
From time to time, we engage in discussions with other companies interested in our subsidiaries or partner companies, either in response to inquiries or as part of a process we initiate. To the extent we believe that a subsidiary partner company’s further growth and development can best be supported by a different ownership structure or if we otherwise believe it is in our stockholders’ best interests, we will seek to sell some or all of our position in the subsidiary or partner company. These sales may take the form of privately negotiated sales of stock or assets, mergers and acquisitions, public offerings of the subsidiary or partner company’s securities and, in the case of publicly traded partner companies, transactions in their securities in the open market. Our plans may include taking subsidiaries or partner companies public through rights offerings, mergers or spin-offs and directed share subscription programs. We will continue to consider these and functionally equivalent programs and the sale of certain subsidiary or partner company interests in secondary market transactions to maximize value for our stockholders.
Over the recent past, we have provided capital and relevant expertise to fuel the growth of businesses in Bitcoin mining, generative AI and metaverse platform development, crane services, defense/aerospace, industrial, automotive, medical/biopharma, consumer electronics and textiles. We have provided capital to subsidiaries as well as partner companies in which we have an equity interest or may be actively involved, influencing development through board representation and management support.
Our Principal Subsidiaries and their Businesses
The following is a brief summary of the businesses in which we own a controlling interest, or whose financial statements we consolidated in this Annual Report:
Sentinum
Sentinum conducts data center operations and Bitcoin mining through ACS.
Overview
Sentinum’s revenue is currently generated primarily from mining Bitcoin for our own account. However, during 2024 we began the process of transitioning our primary operations from Bitcoin mining to developing our Michigan data center, which constitutes a 617,000 square foot energy-efficient facility located on a 34.5 acre site in southern Michigan (the “Michigan Facility”) to support the growing demand of enterprise, HPC and AI cloud providers with high-density workloads.
Through its wholly owned and operated data centers, Sentinum’s mission is to support internal computing requirements and to empower AI-focused businesses and other businesses requiring high-density power with reliable, scalable, and secure hosting solutions. We currently have data centers in Michigan and Montana. The Michigan Facility’s design and available power provides Sentinum the ability to create bespoke solutions enabling it to seize growth opportunities within the broader data center services market. The Michigan Facility’s design continues to evolve to address prospective customer requirements, including cooling techniques such as direct to chip heat exchange and backup power systems such as uninterruptible power supplies with batteries to store energy. Sentinum can provide a range of service options tailored to a customer’s needs, including HPC and AI. HPC and AI are synonymous with applications requiring immense computational power to process complex models and perform real-time inferences. These use cases are being adopted by a wide range of industries, such as healthcare, energy, automotive, robotics and other autonomous systems. We are exploring the potential of working directly with end user companies as well as companies with which we could collaborate to provide comprehensive solutions.
Sentinum’s attentiveness to disruptive technologies such as HPC, AI and blockchain combined with the foundational elements of data centers, power infrastructure, telecommunications and security enable it to support the internal operations for Bitcoin mining alongside non-mining solutions for third party customers. The economies of scale created by Bitcoin mining operations provide a competitive advantage to Sentinum as it seeks to add non-mining applications to its services portfolio. If successful in adding non-mining applications, it is highly likely that the Bitcoin mining operations will be gradually phased out. Sentinum continues to evaluate opportunities to add HPC and AI applications. Sentinum conducts preliminary engineering design sessions with prospects and provides site tours at its Michigan Facility for prospective customers that we believe represent qualified opportunities. Sentinum continually monitors critical equipment supply chains and lead times in support of preferred installation timelines requested by prospective customers. During April 2025, Sentinum completed the installation requirements for deployment of a 250 kilowatts HPC customer.
Sentinum currently mines Bitcoin using purpose-built computers (or “miners”) to solve complex cryptographic algorithms (or “verify” or “solve” blocks) in the blockchain in exchange for rewards and fees denominated in the native token of that blockchain network, which is Bitcoin. Sentinum’s miners provide computing power to a Bitcoin mining pool operator, in which all the participants’ machines mine Bitcoin as a collective group, and Sentinum gets paid the expected value of both the block reward and transaction fees for doing so. The mining pool operator receives block rewards and transaction fees paid in Bitcoin by the blockchain when the mining pool finds new blocks. The reward and transaction fees are then shared by the pool participants based on their hash rate contributions to the pool, less a small amount of fees.
We have determined that Bitcoin, the only crypto asset that Sentinum mines, would likely not be considered a security under U.S. federal securities laws, in consultation with outside counsel. We base our analysis on relevant case law, applying the frameworks established by the U.S. Supreme Court and taking into consideration relevant guidance by the SEC and its staff. A particular crypto asset’s status as a “security” in any relevant jurisdiction is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and if a regulator disagrees with our characterization of Bitcoin, we may be subject to regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines and penalties, which may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. A determination that Bitcoin that we own or mine is a “security” may adversely affect the value of Bitcoin and our business.
We do not, however, currently acquire crypto assets for investment purposes. As of December 31, 2024, we held approximately two Bitcoin valued at $183,000, based on cost less impairment as of such date. Our mining operations generated a net loss of $12.6 million and revenue of $31.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a net loss of $2.6 million and revenue of $33.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, the $183,000 carrying value of our Bitcoin represented less than 0.1% of our total assets of $219.7 million as of such date.
Sentinum Breakeven Analysis
Since commencement of Sentinum’s mining operations in 2021, we have received approximately 3,017 Bitcoin for providing computing power to a Bitcoin mining pool operator and from hosted mining operations, pursuant to the terms of a Master Services Agreement (“MSA”) with Core Scientific, Inc. (“Core Scientific”), through December 31, 2024. The MSA terminated on August 31, 2024. The Bitcoin received is available for sale in the ordinary course of business, and while we believe that holding Bitcoin represents an attractive option to increase our liquid assets, due to our continued operating losses we currently sell Bitcoin as it is mined to fund our operating expenses. We believe that our integrated model with close control over our power sources and owning our Bitcoin mining data center helps us to produce Bitcoin with attractive cost efficiency, since we are not burdened with additional costs that are typical in a third party hosting relationship such as per miner operational fees and revenue sharing. This helps us to produce Bitcoin, excluding depreciation of our miners which is a non-cash expense, at a cost that we believe is attractive versus the price of Bitcoin.
Our net cost of power was between approximately $42 to $62 per megawatt-hour in the second half of 2023 to the present. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had on average approximately 16,000 miners in operations. In aggregate, these miners generated approximately 677 and 1,607 Bitcoin during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, for providing computing power to a Bitcoin mining pool operator and from hosted mining operations with Core Scientific. Alternatively, during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we generated an average of 1.85 and 4.40 Bitcoin per day, respectively, from our mining operations. Due to the termination of our hosting agreement with Core Scientific and the block reward halving that occurred during April 2024, the average Bitcoin mined from our operations has decreased to approximately 0.72 Bitcoin per day during the three months ended December 31, 2024. The following table reflects the actual costs that we incurred to mine one Bitcoin.
Year Ended December 31,
Depreciation $ 21,354 $ 11,256
Utilities and other costs 29,377 11,426
Hosting fees 17,938 8,586
$ 68,669 $ 31,268
Additionally, Sentinum’s daily general and operating costs, excluding an impairment charge of $10.5 million that was recognized and decreased the net carrying value of the Company’s crypto assets mining equipment to their estimated fair value, were approximately ($1,101) and $410, respectively, per Bitcoin mined during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Conversely, the price of Bitcoin ranged from approximately $17,000 to approximately $44,000 during 2023 and from approximately $38,000 to approximately $108,000 during 2024, and was approximately $79,000 as of April 7, 2025, according to Coin Market Cap.
On February 24, 2023, BNI Montana entered into an asset purchase agreement with TypeX, LLC to acquire two land lease agreements and two corresponding power purchase agreements in Montana. The lease and power agreements run for a period of 10 years, with a 10-year renewal option. Sentinum is building out and developing fully operational data centers dedicated to Bitcoin mining operations on the properties (the “Montana Facilities”). If we complete the initial phase of development of the Montana Facilities, which is currently on hold, then we would expect the Montana Facilities to provide up to a combined 20 megawatts (“MWs”) of power, enabling up to 6,500 S19j Pro Antminers to operate. Inclusive of costs previously incurred to acquire two land lease agreements and two corresponding power purchase agreements, the Montana Facilities would cost approximately $7 million. Further, given the favorable cost differential for power between Montana and Michigan, the increase in operating costs and depreciation from capitalized expenditures is expected to approximate the power cost savings. However, while completion of the development of the Montana Facilities would not be expected to have a negative impact on our operating results, we have currently placed this project on hold to focus on the development of our Michigan Facility to support HPC and AI applications. During 2025, we anticipate large expenditures in our Michigan Facility to facilitate the transition of the facility to support HPC and AI applications. Initially, these expenditures will likely increase Sentinum’s losses unless we are able to pass these costs on to our future customers. These uncertainties make it impossible to predict when, if ever, Sentinum will achieve profitable operations.
Thus, if the price of Bitcoin, level of difficulty to mine, the amount of the block reward or the amount of Bitcoin earned by miners for mining one block on the Bitcoin blockchain remain constant, then Sentinum will not be profitable in 2025. While we do not expect that Sentinum will achieve profitability during 2025, the expected cash generated from our Bitcoin mining operations is still expected to exceed that of our operating costs given the significance of depreciation charges, which is expected to account for nearly 20% of Sentinum’s total costs of operations during 2025.
During 2024, Sentinum reported a loss from operations of approximately $12.6 million inclusive of depreciation and amortization of approximately $14.8 million and an impairment charge on our miners of $10.5 million. During 2023, Sentinum reported a loss from operations of approximately $2.6 million inclusive of depreciation and amortization of approximately $18.3 million. As such, excluding capital expenditures, Sentinum generated approximately $12.7 million and $15.7 million in cash for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The cash generated from operations was used to pay for a portion of the costs we incurred.
Bitcoin and Bitcoin Mining Overview
Blockchain and Bitcoin Overview
Many forms of crypto assets, including Bitcoin, are a type of digital asset that function as a medium of exchange, a unit of account and/or a store of value (i.e. a new form of digital money). Crypto assets operate by means of blockchain technology, which generally uses open-source, peer-to-peer software to create a decentralized digital ledger that enables the secure use and transfer of crypto assets. We believe that Bitcoin and the associated blockchain technology has potential advantages over traditional payment systems, including: the tamper-resistant nature of blockchain networks; rapid-to-immediate settlement of transactions; lower fees; elimination of counterparty risk; protection from identify theft; broad accessibility; and a decentralized nature that enhances network security by reducing the likelihood of a “single point of failure.” However, since centralized exchanges, which operate intermediate processes for executing trades, storing coins and initiating transactions, account for the majority of Bitcoin trading volume there remains the risk that a malicious actor may be able to alter blockchains on which transactions of crypto asset reside and rely by constructing fraudulent blocks or preventing certain transactions from completing in a timely manner, or at all. Additionally, cybersecurity risks from unauthorized third parties employing illicit operations such as hacking, phishing and social engineering, could introduce a level of counterparty risk, in other words a risk that a party is unable to fulfill its contractual obligations. Recently, crypto assets, and Bitcoin in particular, have gained widespread mainstream attention and have begun to experience greater adoption by both retail and institutional holders and the broader financial markets. For example, Bitcoin’s aggregate market value had appreciated to $1.64 trillion in March 2025 compared to $828 billion in December 2023. All figures are derived from Coin Market Cap. As Bitcoin, and blockchain technologies more generally, have entered the mainstream, prices of Bitcoin have reached all-time highs, albeit with periodic price decreases, and the broader ecosystem has continued to develop. While we expect the value of Bitcoin to remain volatile, we believe this increase in its aggregate market value signals institutionalization of Bitcoin and wider adoption of crypto asset. For example, in January 2024, the SEC approved the listing and trading of Bitcoin exchange-traded funds, of which, as of April 8, 2025, approximately 34 are trading with over $167 billion of Bitcoin assets held (https://etfdb.com/themes/bitcoin-etfs/#complete-list&sort_name=assets_under_management&sort_order=desc&page=1).
Bitcoin is a decentralized asset that enables near instantaneous transfers. Transactions occur via an open-source, cryptographic protocol platform which uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority. The online network hosts the public transaction ledger, known as the blockchain, and each crypto asset is associated with a source code that comprises the basis for the cryptographic and algorithmic protocols governing the blockchain. In a crypto asset network, every peer has its own copy of the blockchain, which contains records of every historical transaction - effectively containing records of all account balances. Each account is identified solely by its unique public key (making it effectively anonymous) and is secured with its associated private key (kept secret, like a password). The combination of private and public cryptographic keys constitutes a secure digital identity in the form of a digital signature, providing strong control of ownership.
No single entity owns or operates the network. The infrastructure is collectively maintained by a decentralized public user base. As the network is decentralized, it does not rely on either governmental authorities or financial institutions to create, transmit or determine the value of the currency units. Rather, the value is determined by market factors, supply and demand for the units, the prices being set in transfers by mutual agreement or barter among transacting parties, as well as the number of merchants that may accept the crypto asset. Since transfers do not require involvement of intermediaries or third parties, there are only nominal transaction costs in direct peer-to-peer transactions. For example:
· In terms of conventional peer-to-peer transactions, there either are no fees or they are de minimis (Source: https://www.kraken.com/en-us);
· For purposes of traditional networks, there are nominal fees associated with any transaction (Source: https://bitinfocharts.com/bitcoin); and
· As of April 8, 2025, the 90-day simple average Bitcoin network transaction fee is $1.71 per transaction, which is still low compared to conventional transaction fees charged by banks and other more traditional financial institutions (https://bitinfocharts.com/bitcoin).
The network fee is separate and distinct from the pool fee we pay Luxor Technology (“Luxor”) for its services in acting as a pool operator, discussed below. The network fee is applicable to anyone who transacts on the blockchain.
Given that block space is limited, mining fees can and often do fluctuate significantly from transaction to transaction as a result of “congestion.” However, this congestion does not negate any of the statements made immediately above.
Units of Bitcoin can be converted to fiat currencies, such as the U.S. dollar, at rates determined on various exchanges, such as Binance, Coinbase, Bybit, Kraken, Gemini and others. Bitcoin prices are quoted on various exchanges and fluctuate with extreme volatility.
We believe that Bitcoin, the only crypto asset we provide computing power to a mining pool operator for mining purposes, offers many advantages over traditional, fiat currencies, though many of these factors also present potential disadvantages and may introduce additional risks, including:
· Acting as a fraud deterrent, as crypto assets are digital and cannot be counterfeited or reversed arbitrarily by a sender;
· Immediate settlement;
· Elimination of counterparty risk;
· No trusted intermediary required;
· Lower fees;
· Identity theft prevention;
· Widespread accessibility;
· Transactions are verified and protected through a confirmation process, which prevents the problem of double spending;
· Decentralized - no central authority (government or financial institution); and
· Not recognized universally and not bound by government imposed or market exchange rates.
However, crypto assets may not provide all of the benefits they purport to offer.
Limitations on Bitcoin Mining
In addition to competition, there are two principal factors that may affect Bitcoin mining companies: (i) limitations on the supply of Bitcoin; and (ii) the market price of Bitcoin.
The blockchain’s method for creating new Bitcoins is mathematically determined in a manner such that the supply of Bitcoins grows at a limited rate pursuant to a pre-set schedule. Specifically, the number of Bitcoins awarded for solving a new block is automatically halved for every 210,000 blocks that are solved. The current fixed reward for solving a new block is 3.125 Bitcoins per block, which was reduced from 6.25 Bitcoins in April 2024 and will be reduced further to 1.5625 Bitcoins per block in approximately March 2028. This deliberately controlled rate of Bitcoin creation means that the number of Bitcoins in existence will never exceed 21 million and that Bitcoin cannot be devalued through excessive production unless the Bitcoin network’s source code and the underlying protocol for Bitcoin issuance is altered. This also means, however, that our revenue prospects will decline unless the price of a Bitcoin increases commensurately or we acquire more miners, which we do not intend to do.
We only participate in mining pools that mine Bitcoin. Our ability to generate revenue from these mining operations will be dependent on the price of Bitcoin. The price of Bitcoin has experienced substantial volatility, including fluctuation patterns which may reflect “bubble” type volatility, meaning that high or low prices at a given time may not be indicative of the current or future value of Bitcoin. The price of a Bitcoin may be subject to rapidly changing investor and market sentiment, and may be influenced by factors such as technology, regulatory developments and media coverage. Further, Bitcoin’s value may be based on various factors, including their acceptance as a means of exchange or purchasing power by consumers and vendors, volume, liquidity and transferability and market demand. Bitcoin’s current price reflects, in part, the belief by some that Bitcoin could become a widely accepted form of currency; however, if this prediction turns out to be incorrect its price could decrease dramatically, as would our prospects for future revenue and profits. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Operations” for more information on the risks we face due to our mining of Bitcoin and its speculative and volatile nature.
Bitcoin Mining and Mining Pools
As a participant in a Bitcoin mining pool, we use specialized miners to solve cryptographic math problems necessary to record and “publish” crypto asset transactions to blockchain ledgers. Generally, each crypto asset has its own blockchain, which consists of software code (also known as a protocol), which is run by all the computers on the network for such blockchain. Within this code, transactions are collated into blocks, and these blocks must meet certain requirements to be verified by the blockchain software, added to the blockchain or ledger of all transactions and published to all participants on the network that are running the blockchain software. After a transaction is verified, it is combined with other transactions to create a new block of data for the blockchain. For proof-of-work blockchains, the process of verifying valid blocks requires computational effort to solve a cryptographic equation, and this computational effort protects the integrity of the blockchain ledger. This process is referred to as “mining.” As a reward for verifying a new block, miners receive payment in the form of the native crypto asset of the network, in our case Bitcoin. This payment is comprised of a block reward (i.e., the automatic issuance of new Bitcoin) and the aggregated transaction fees for the transactions included in the block (paid in existing crypto asset tokens by the participants to the transactions). The block reward payments and the aggregated transaction fees provide the incentive for miners to contribute hash rate to the network.
A “hash” is the actual cryptographic function run by the miners, and is a unique set of numbers and letters derived from the content of the block. The protocol governing the relevant blockchain sets certain requirements for the hash. Miners compete to be the first to generate a valid hash meeting these requirements and, thereby, secure payment for solving the block. Hash rate is the speed at which miners can complete the calculation, and therefore is a critical measure of performance and computational power. A high rate means a miner may complete more calculations over a given period and has a greater chance to solve a block. An individual miner has a hash rate total of its miners seeking to mine a specific crypto asset, and the blockchain-wide hash rate for a specific crypto asset, in our case Bitcoin, can be understood as the aggregate of the hash rates of all of the miners actively trying to solve a block on that blockchain at a given time.
The protocols governing Bitcoin are coded to regulate the frequency at which new blocks are verified by automatically adjusting what is known as the “mining difficulty,” which is the level of computational activity required before a new block is solved and verified. For example, on the Bitcoin blockchain the protocol is coded such that a new block is solved and verified approximately every ten minutes. As such, to the extent the hash power on the network is increased or decreased due to, for example, fluctuations in the number of active miners online, mining difficulty is correspondingly increased or decreased to maintain the preset interval for the verification of new blocks.
On Bitcoin networks, the rewards for solving a block are also subject to periodic incremental halving. Halving is a process designed to control the overall supply and reduce the risk of inflation in Bitcoin using a proof-of-work consensus algorithm. After a predetermined number of blocks are added to the blockchain, the mining reward is cut in half, hence the term “halving.” The last halving for Bitcoin occurred on April 20, 2024. Transaction fees are variable and depend on the level of activity on the network. Generally, transaction fees increase during times of network congestion, as miners will prefer transactions with higher fees, and therefore a higher fee can reduce the time to process a transaction, and decrease when there are fewer transactions on the network.
As the total amount of available hash rate has increased on the Bitcoin network, it has become increasingly difficult for any individual miner to independently solve a block and as a result “mining pools” have emerged as an efficient way for miners to pool resources. Mining pools aggregate the hash rate of various miners participating in the mining pool. In this way the mining pool operator, rather than an individual miner, validates the block and receives the block reward and related transaction fees. The mining pool is organized by a third party, in our case, Luxor. All of the approximately 9,500 miners currently in operation at our Michigan facility provide hash rate to the Luxor mining pool. In consideration for receiving a percentage of the earned block rewards and transaction fees, Luxor administers the pool and ensures that the participants in the pool receive their share of the block reward and related transaction fees, generally pro-rata to their contributed hash rate. Mining pools offer miners more predictable and consistent revenue compared to mining individually. We participate in mining pools by providing what the industry refers to as “hashrate” to the pool. Hashrate is defined as the computing power that our mining equipment produces when helping to validate a block that the mining pool is trying to solve. We use the FPPS, or Full Pay-Per-Share, method when mining with Luxor. Pursuant to the “Full Pay-Per-Share” model, both the block reward and the mining service charge are settled according to the theoretical profit. It includes the calculation of a standard transaction fee within a certain period and distributes it to mining pool participants according to their hash power contributions in the pool. It increases the mining pool participants’ earnings by sharing transaction fees. Standard transaction fees are calculated using a certain period which are then distributed to miners according to their hash power contributions in the pool. Luxor currently charges us a 0.68% mining fee.
We provide computing power to the mining pool, which is run by the mining pool operator with which we contract, which in turn provides transaction verification services. Based on the terms of the agreement, in our judgment, the mining pool operator is considered the principal in providing mining pool services. We recognize revenue, net of certain transaction fees from the mining pool operator, which are not considered material. Our current mining pool agreement is cancelable at any time by either party without penalty. Revenue received for providing computing power would be directly impacted positively or negatively should we start and stop providing computing power to the mining pool operator within a given reporting period.
Our Strategy
Own and Operate Our Mining Facilities
We have in the past invested heavily in purchasing, building and operating our mining facilities, though we have no intention of acquiring more miners. By owning and operating our miners at facilities that offer competitive advantages, including access to reliable, low-cost, renewable power, we expect to have greater control over the timing of the deployment of our miners. We also may enhance our ability to intelligently and quickly adapt our operating model and reap savings compared to paying for outsourced operations and infrastructure.
Reliable, Low-Cost, Renewable Power
Power represents our highest variable direct cost for our mining operations, with electrical power required to operate the miners. We believe the combination of increased mining difficulty, driven by greater hash rates, and the periodic adjustment of reward rates, such as the halving of Bitcoin rewards, will drive the increasing importance of power efficiency in Bitcoin mining over the long term. As a result, we are focused on deploying our miners at locations with access to reliable, renewable power sources, as successfully doing so should enable us to reduce our power costs.
Miners require considerable amounts of electrical energy to perform their functions and mine Bitcoin; consequently, a critical aspect of operating in the crypto asset mining industry is obtaining a reliable supply of electricity at a relatively low and stable cost. To this end, in January 2021, ACS purchased the Michigan Facility. Since the purchase of the Michigan Facility, we have invested in infrastructure improvements and began both ramping up the power capacity and installing miners. To date, we have increased the power load from 1.5 MWs to approximately 30 MWs. ACS recently announced that it has reached an agreement in principle with the local utility expected to energize the Michigan Facility, enabling ACS to increase its power capacity from approximately 30 MWs to 300 MWs. The completion of the power upgrade is anticipated to take 44 months from execution of a formal letter of authorization between ACS and the utility, which is currently being negotiated. In addition, ACS has reached an agreement in principle with the local natural gas utility to provide the capability to energize the Michigan Facility with an additional 40 MWs. The project is expected to be completed within 18 months of the execution of definitive agreements. Combined, this would enable ACS to increase its power capacity from approximately 30 MW to approximately 340 MW. Currently, we have approximately 4,900 S19j Pro Antminers and approximately 4,600 S19 XP Antminers in operation at our Michigan Facility but it is our intention to dedicate all the power capacity at the Michigan Facility to our AI hyperscale data center operations. If successful, we expect to sell any idle miners in the secondary market, which could be between 12,500 and 16,500 miners.
We have also invested in a data center through BNI Montana. We have completed the build-out at one of the two sites at the Montana Facilities, which provides up to 10 MWs of power. If we complete the build-out of the second site, which is currently on hold pending the transition of our Michigan Facility to support HPC and AI applications, the Montana Facilities will provide up to a combined 20 MWs of power and allow us to operate approximately 6,500 miners. We believe that the capacity of the Montana Facilities can be significantly expanded, and we have begun an electrical load study in collaboration with the local utility to explore potential power upgrades. However, given the current price of Bitcoin and the level of difficulty to mine, at this time we have no plans to expand the capacity at the Montana Facilities, which has the capacity to operate approximately 2,600 S19j Pro Antminers. At this time, we have ceased mining at the Montana Facilities and will not resume mining there until the price of Bitcoin and the level of difficulty to mine improves such that our existing miners can operate profitably.
We continue to evaluate other sites, locations, and partnerships for additional and alternative support of future mining operations. While we have not at present entered into any other agreements, we continue to explore and evaluate additional facilities that would enable us to expand our mining operations as needed.
Our Bitcoin Mining Operations
Currently, we have approximately 4,900 S19j Pro Antminers and approximately 4,600 S19 XP Antminers in operation at our Michigan Facility and no Antminers in operation at our Montana facility. Additionally, approximately 9,700 S19j Pro Antminers are not in operation, primarily because of the termination of our hosting agreement with Core Scientific on August 31, 2024. Antminers in operation have an aggregate mining production capacity of approximately 1.13 exahashes per second.
Our strategy includes identifying clean power for our Bitcoin mining operations. Management has considered the issues surrounding the environmental impact of our Bitcoin mining operations and concluded that the environmental impact of our mining operations is not material. The basis for this conclusion was that Indiana Michigan Power, the regulated utility that provides power to our Michigan Facility, reported that in 2023 it generated more than 87% of its energy from emission-free sources, including solar, wind, hydro and nuclear. The power source for our Montana Facilities, Basin Electric Power Cooperative, reported that approximately 28% of its power was from emission-free sources, primarily wind and hydro. Since we are only mining Bitcoin at our Michigan Facility, approximately 87% of our mining operations are being generated from emission-free sources. If we resume operations at our Montana Facilities, more than 75% of power used in our mining operations would be generated from emission-free sources. In addition to our continued expansion investments at the Michigan Facility, we also seek out new locations to support our bitcoin mining business. We consider sites with a variety of offerings, including purchasing the site (as we have done in Michigan), but also leasing buildings and facilities (as we have done with the Montana Facilities), hosting relationships and strategic partnerships. At this time, we have not entered into any new mining agreements at locations other than the Michigan Facility and the Montana Facilities. We mine Bitcoin only.
Coins that are mined are held in a custodial account. We securely store our Bitcoin at Gemini Trust Company, LLC (“Gemini”), a regulated, audited and insured crypto asset custodian. Gemini is a fiduciary and qualified custodian under the New York Banking Law and is licensed by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Additionally, Gemini holds numerous money transmitter licenses or the statutory equivalent and has obtained System and Organization Controls (“SOC”) 1 Type 2 and SOC 2 Type 2 certifications from its independent third-party auditor, Deloitte and Touche LLP. A SOC 1 report evaluates controls that are applicable to internal control over financial reporting whereas a SOC 2 report evaluates a security framework that authenticates an organization’s ability to securely handle customer data. Further, Gemini has insurance coverage against the theft of crypto assets that results from a direct security breach or hack of Gemini’s systems, or theft by a Gemini employee.
The custody arrangements require that we mine to a custodial wallet address where the private key is held by the custodian and all keys for the wallet are held in cold storage. This provides a layer of protection in both the transaction and liquidation phases of the operations by using multi-factor and multi-person approval processes, to include know your customer and anti-money laundering (“AML”) procedures of the receiving party. We will either hold the Bitcoin or may choose to convert those assets into fiat currency depending on financial needs and plans. When we opt to convert the Bitcoins we sell or exchange our Bitcoin through Gemini, the custodian of our digital wallet. When we elect to make a sale or exchange our Senior Vice President - Finance submits a request to Gemini’s execution department to exchange Bitcoin for U.S. dollars. Gemini sends an approval email to both our CEO and CFO to approve. Once approved by either our CEO or CFO, Gemini executes the sale/exchange on its trading platform at current market prices, less commissions, and deposits the U.S. dollars into our bank account.
Beyond the foregoing, our custody agreement with Gemini provides that:
· Gemini provides a unique custody account in which all our blockchain assets are held, which are segregated from all others’ assets and are verifiable through the blockchain; and
· Gemini charges us fees in Bitcoin, which is deducted from our digital assets on the last business day of every month.
Currently, we are converting Bitcoin received from our mining activities into fiat currency on a nearly daily basis to pay operating costs and purchase commitments for expansion activities at our facilities. We do not hold any Bitcoin for investment.
Regulation
The laws and regulations applicable to crypto asset are evolving and subject to interpretation and change. Governments around the world have reacted differently to crypto assets; certain governments have deemed them illegal, and others have allowed their use and trade without restriction, while in some jurisdictions, such as in the United States, many crypto assets are subject to extensive, and in some cases overlapping, unclear and evolving regulatory requirements, which generally does not apply to Bitcoin. As crypto assets have grown in both popularity and market value, the U.S. Congress and a number of U.S. federal and state agencies, including the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”), the SEC, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Department of Justice (“DOJ”), the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”), the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and state financial regulators, have been examining the operations of crypto asset networks, crypto asset users and crypto asset exchange markets, with particular focus on the extent to which crypto assets can be used to launder the proceeds of illegal activities or fund criminal or terrorist enterprises and the safety and soundness and consumer-protective safeguards of exchanges or other service-providers that hold, transfer, trade or exchange crypto assets for users.
Many of these state and federal agencies have issued consumer advisories regarding the risks posed by crypto assets to investors. In addition, federal and state agencies, and other countries have issued rules or guidance about the treatment of crypto asset transactions or requirements for businesses engaged in activities related to crypto assets. Depending on the regulatory characterization of the Bitcoin we mine, the markets for Bitcoin in general, and our activities in particular, may be subject to one or more regulators in the United States and globally. Ongoing and future regulatory actions may alter, perhaps to a materially adverse extent, the nature of crypto asset markets and our crypto asset operations. Additionally, U.S. state and federal, and foreign regulators and legislatures have taken action against crypto asset businesses or enacted restrictive regimes in response to adverse publicity arising from hacks, consumer harm, or criminal activity stemming from crypto asset activity. There is also increasing attention being paid by U.S. federal and state energy regulatory authorities as the total load of crypto mining grows and potentially alters the supply and dispatch functionality of the wholesale grid and retail distribution systems. Many state legislative bodies are also actively reviewing the impact of crypto mining in their respective states. For example, in May 2023, Montana enacted S.B. 178 which established a right-to-mine for digital assets and prevents local governments from enacting any ordinance, resolution, or rule that selectively targets digital asset miners. In 2022, Michigan considered a bill that would establish a blockchain and cryptocurrency commission aimed at, among other things, examining the feasibility of regulating the energy consumption associated with the cryptocurrency industry and investigate blockchain and cryptocurrency. The bill has, as of the date of this Annual Report, yet to be signed into law. In addition to Michigan and Montana, other states are also considering or have enacted laws aimed at regulating crypto mining. For example, in 2022, New York placed a two-year moratorium on certain cryptocurrency mining companies that use fossil fuels, which expired in November 2024.
Environmental
The perceived threat of climate change continues to attract considerable attention in the United States and around the world. Numerous proposals have been made and could continue to be made at the international, national, regional and state levels of government to monitor and limit emissions of greenhouse gases (“GHGs”). These efforts have included consideration of cap-and-trade programs, carbon taxes, GHG disclosure obligations and regulations that directly limit GHG emissions from certain sources. In addition, President Biden identified addressing climate change and the energy transition as priorities under his Administration. He has issued executive orders and regulatory directives related to climate change, and has recommitted the United States to long-term international goals to reduce emissions. In recent years, the U.S. Congress has considered legislation to reduce emissions of GHGs and has included climate change considerations in its funding bills. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which appropriates significant federal funding for renewable energy initiatives, was signed into law in August 2022 and could accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels. These laws, initiatives, and associated regulations or other national or regional commitments to reduce GHG emissions could adversely affect fossil fuel consumption, require the installation of emissions control technologies, and increase the expense associated with the purchase of emissions reduction credits or allowances to comply with current or future emissions reduction programs. It is uncertain how many of the Biden Administration’s initiatives will continue to remain in force under the Trump Administration.
At the federal level, the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) has also adopted rules that, among other things, establish construction and operating permit reviews, emissions control standards, and monitoring and annual reporting for GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources. In November 2021, the Biden Administration released “The Long-Term Strategy of the United States: Pathways to Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2050,” which establishes a roadmap to net zero emissions in the United States by 2050 through, among other things, improving energy efficiency, decarbonizing energy sources via electricity, hydrogen and sustainable biofuels, eliminating subsidies provided to the fossil fuel industry, reducing non-CO2 GHG emissions and increasing the emphasis on climate-related risks across government agencies and economic sectors. Additionally, from time to time the EPA has proposed, revised, and adopted rules establishing new source performance standards for certain pollutants from coal-fueled electric generating plants.
We note that the implementation of the rule depends, in part, on the widespread development, adoption, and availability of carbon capture and storage technology and solutions, which may not be certain at this time. We also note that this proposed rule is subject to intense political debate and its adoption or implementation were impacted by the results of the 2024 election cycle, though the extent of any changes to the prior regulatory regime remain undetermined. While no final rule has been published to date, this proposed rule and any other new agency action or rulemaking that applies to our facilities could increase our compliance costs or otherwise materially restrict our operations. Currently, it is unclear how future legislation and regulation will affect our Bitcoin mining operations. The course of future legislation and regulation in the United States remains difficult to predict, and potential increased costs associated with new legislation or regulation cannot be predicted at this time.
Competition
Our business environment is constantly evolving, and cryptocurrency miners can range from individual enthusiasts to professional mining operations with dedicated data centers. We compete with other companies that focus all or a portion of their activities on cryptocurrency mining activities at scale. We face significant competition in every aspect of our business, including, but not limited to, the ability to raise capital, obtaining the lowest cost of electricity, obtaining access to energy sites with reliable sources of power, and evaluating new technology developments in the industry.
At present, the information concerning the activities of these enterprises may not be readily available as the vast majority of the participants in this sector do not publish information publicly or the information may be unreliable. Published sources of information include “bitcoin.org” and “blockchain.info”; however, the reliability of that information and its continued availability cannot be assured and the contents of these sites are not incorporated into this Annual Report.
A number of public companies (traded in the U.S. and internationally) and private companies may be considered to compete with us, including the following companies:
· Argo Blockchain PLC;
· Bit Digital, Inc.;
· Bitdeer Technologies Group;
· Bitfarms Technologies Ltd.;
· Cipher Mining Inc.;
· CleanSpark, Inc.;
· Core Scientific, Inc.;
· Digi Power X Inc.;
· Galaxy Digital Holdings Ltd.;
· Hive Blockchain Technologies Inc.;
· Hut 8 Mining Corp.;
· IREN Limited;
· Marathon Digital Holdings, Inc.;
· Northern Data AG;
· Riot Blockchain, Inc.;
· Stronghold Digital Mining, Inc.; and
· TeraWulf Inc.
Intellectual Property
We do not currently own, and do not have any current plans to seek, any patents in connection with our existing and planned blockchain and cryptocurrency related operations. We do expect to rely upon trade secrets, trademarks, service marks, trade names, copyrights and other intellectual property rights and expect to license the use of intellectual property rights owned and controlled by others.
Blockchain Background
Blockchain technology first came to public attention in 2008 as the database technology that underpins Bitcoin, the world’s first cryptocurrency. Blockchains are generally open-source, peer-to-peer software programs that act as decentralized digital ledgers, each comprising a series of data “blocks” that are linked and secured using cryptography in a “chain.” The blockchain program consists of a software protocol with several functions. The software protocol is run by multiple computer systems or “nodes.” For many blockchain networks, each node has its own copy of the blockchain ledger, which contains a historical record of every transaction. The digital ledger continuously grows as new blocks are added to it to record the most recent transactions in a linear, chronological order. The same information is stored across a network of computers all over the world, and this record makes it possible to track the ownership and transfer of cryptocurrency from the creation of the blockchain to its current state, and effectively records of all account balances (as one can identify what account holds what value through the decentralized ledger).
We do not operate a complete node; rather, as noted above under the heading “Bitcoin Mining and Mining Pools,” we provide computing power to a pool operator.
The blockchain protocol allows users to submit transactions to the network for confirmation. However, a transaction will not be accepted by the protocol if the inputs to the transaction have previously been used in another transaction. This prevention of “double spending” is a key security feature of blockchain networks.
Another key function of the blockchain that protects the integrity of the network is the hashing process, which acts as a tamper-evident seal that confirms the validity of the new block and all earlier blocks. Hashing is the process of a block being posted to the network. Hashing results from miners, who are responsible for receiving broadcast transactions, processing those transactions into new blocks and updating the blockchain with the new blocks through hashing. The hashing process ties every new block to the existing block on the blockchain to ensure each is a continuous record of verified transactions.
The hashing algorithm on a proof-of-work blockchain network is a mathematical transformation function with two key properties. The first important function of hashing is that the algorithm accepts any alphanumeric dataset as an input and produces a unique output code. The smallest change in the dataset results in a significant change in the unique code. Any tampering of the dataset can be detected by re-hashing the data and checking for a change in the unique code. Any user that runs the hash algorithm on the same data will derive the same unique code. Consequently, the data on the distributed ledger can be run through a series of hash algorithms to create a unique code, which would reveal if any changes to the ledger have been made.
Second, whenever a new set or “block” of transactions is added to the ledger, it is appended with the code from the prior state of the ledger before it is hashed. Thus, the hash created from the new block will incorporate the hash from the previous block. An alteration made to an earlier block would make the hashes of all subsequent blocks invalid, as the discrepancy would be easily detected by future miners through the protocols governing the blockchain. If a hacker were to attempt to make a change to an earlier block and broadcast it along with following blocks to the other nodes on the network, that broadcast would be discarded in favor of one from a different node which complied with the requirements of the protocol.
Thus, in addition to creating new blocks, miners “vote” with their computer power, expressing their acceptance of valid blocks by working on adding them to the blockchain, and rejecting invalid blocks by refusing to work on them. If a miner’s proposed block is added to the blockchain by a majority of the nodes on the network, it is considered part of the blockchain. The nodes on the network synchronize with each other to ensure that once a block is accepted by the majority, the new block will eventually be added to all the nodes. Consequently, the historical state of the ledger can be changed if control of more than 50% of the network is obtained; however, in the case of widely held cryptocurrencies with non-trivial valuations, it may be economically prohibitive for any actor or group of actors acting in concert to obtain computing power that consists of more than 50% of the network.
Unlike proof-of-work networks, in which miners expend computational resources to compete to validate transactions and are rewarded cryptocurrency in proportion to the amount of computational resources expended, in a proof-of-stake network, miners (sometimes called validators) risk or “stake” assets to compete to be randomly selected to validate transactions and are rewarded cryptocurrency in proportion to the amount of assets staked. Any malicious activity, such as mining multiple blocks, disagreeing with the eventual consensus or otherwise violating protocol rules, results in the forfeiture or “slashing” of a portion of the staked assets. Proof-of-stake is viewed by some as more energy efficient and scalable than proof-of-work.
Blockchain technology enables the secure use and transfer of digital assets. “Digital asset” is a broad term that encompasses additional applications, including ownership, transaction tracking, identity management, and smart contracts. A digital asset can represent physical or virtual assets, a value, or a use right/service (e.g., computer storage space).
Whereas digital assets can take many forms and be used for a variety of functions, cryptocurrencies are a type of digital asset that primarily function as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and/or a store of value. Cryptocurrencies allow anyone who holds a compatible wallet, anywhere in the world, to hold and transfer that cryptocurrency without the need for an intermediary or trusted third party. Units of a cryptocurrency may exist only as data on the internet, and often are not issued or controlled by any single institution, authority or government. Whereas most of the world’s money currently exists in the form of electronic records managed by central authorities such as banks, units of a non-government cryptocurrency exist as electronic records in a decentralized blockchain database. Because cryptocurrencies have no inherent intrinsic value, the value of cryptocurrencies is determined by the value that various market participants place on them through their transactions. Bitcoin, Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies have historically exhibited high price volatility relative to more traditional asset classes.
Private entities also issue digital assets called “stablecoins” whose prices are pegged to those of an underlying fiat currency, a commodity or other financial instrument or other physical asset and are therefore less susceptible to volatility. Stablecoins can be backed by fiat money, physical assets, or other crypto assets. Government institutions are also reportedly testing and considering issuing Central Bank Digital Currencies (“CBDC’s”). While stablecoins or CBDC’s may exhibit less price volatility than other cryptocurrencies, both rely on a central authority to establish the value of the asset, and therefore represent an exception to the general discussion of the design of cryptocurrencies in this Annual Report.
Each cryptocurrency has a source code that comprises the basis for the cryptographic and algorithmic protocols, which govern the blockchain. The source code is commonly open-source and therefore can be inspected by anyone, and is maintained on an ongoing basis through contributors proposing amendments to the protocol, which are peer reviewed and adopted by consensus among participants on the blockchain network. These protocols govern the functioning of the network, including the ownership and transfer of the cryptocurrency, and are executed on the decentralized peer-to-peer blockchain infrastructure. The peer-to-peer infrastructure on which a blockchain operates is not owned or operated by a single entity. Instead, the infrastructure is collectively maintained by a decentralized user base. Each peer user is generally known as a “node” or “miner,” and each miner processes transactions on the network in accordance with the protocols of the relevant cryptocurrency.
As a result, these cryptocurrencies do not rely on either governmental authorities or financial institutions to create, transmit or determine the value of units of cryptocurrency. Rather:
· the creation of units of cryptocurrency generally is governed by the source code, not a central entity;
· the transmission of a cryptocurrency is governed by the source code and processed by the decentralized peer-to-peer network of nodes or miners; and
· the value of a cryptocurrency is generally determined by the market supply of and demand for the cryptocurrency, with prices set in transfers by mutual agreement or barter, as well as through acceptance directly by merchants in exchange for goods and services.
Cryptocurrencies may be open-source projects with no official developer or group of developers that control the network. However, certain networks’ development may be overseen informally by a core group of developers that may propose quasi-official releases of updates and other changes to the network’s source code. The release of updates to a blockchain network’s source code does not guarantee that the updates will be automatically adopted. Users and miners must accept any changes made to the source code by downloading the proposed modification of the network’s source code. A modification of the network’s source code is effective only with respect to the users and miners that download it. If a modification is accepted by only a percentage of users and miners, a division in the network will occur such that one network will run the pre-modification source code and the other network will run the modified source code. Such a division is known as a “fork.” Consequently, a modification to the source code becomes part of a blockchain network only if accepted by participants collectively having most of the processing power on the network.
Each “account” on a blockchain network is identified by its unique public key, and is secured with its associated private key (which the account holder must keep secret, like a password). Cryptocurrencies are treated as bearer assets, because possession of the private key generally determines who controls or owns a cryptocurrency. Protecting private keys from unwarranted access and theft is critically important, as once the private key is taken, in most circumstances, control over the related cryptocurrency is gone. The combination of private and public cryptographic keys constitutes a secure digital identity in the form of a digital signature. As long as the private key is kept private (i.e., confidential to the owner of the account) it provides strong control of ownership.
Ault Lending
Ault Lending provides commercial loans to companies throughout the U.S. to provide them with operating capital to finance the growth of their businesses. The loans range in duration from six months to three years. Ault Lending’s loans are made or arranged pursuant to a California Financing Law license (Lic.no. 60 DBO77905).
Ault Lending acquires controlling or non-controlling interests in and actively manages businesses that we generally believe (i) are undervalued and have disruptive technologies with a global impact, (ii) operate in industries with long-term macroeconomic growth opportunities, (iii) have the potential for positive and stable cash flows, (iv) face minimal threats of technological or competitive obsolescence, and (v) have strong management teams largely in place. We offer investors a unique opportunity to own a diverse group of leading middle-market businesses in the niche-industrial and branded-consumer sectors.
Ault Lending uses a traditional methodology for valuing securities that primarily looks for deeply depressed prices. Upon making an investment, we often become actively involved in the companies we seek to acquire, whether in its entirety or merely a controlling or non-controlling interest. That activity may involve a broad range of approaches, from influencing the management of a target to take steps to improve stockholder value, to acquiring a controlling or non-controlling interest or outright ownership of the target company in order to implement changes that we believe are required to improve its business, and then operating and expanding that business.
Ault Lending believes that private company operators and corporate parents looking to sell their business units may consider us an attractive purchaser because of our ability to:
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provide ongoing strategic and financial support for their businesses, including professionalization of our subsidiaries at scale;
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maintain a long-term outlook as to the ownership of those businesses;
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sustainably invest in growth capital and/or add-on acquisitions where appropriate; and
· consummate transactions efficiently without being dependent on third-party transaction financing.
In particular, we believe that our outlook on length of ownership and active management on our part may alleviate the concern that many private company operators and parent companies may have with regard to their businesses going through multiple sale processes in a short period of time. We believe this outlook enhances our ability to develop a comprehensive strategy to increase the earnings and cash flows of each of our businesses.
Finally, it has been our experience that our ability to acquire businesses without the cumbersome delays and conditions typical of third-party transactional financing is appealing to sellers of businesses who are interested in confidentiality, speed and certainty to close.
We believe our management team’s strong relationships with industry executives, accountants, attorneys, business brokers, commercial and investment bankers, and other potential sources of acquisition opportunities offer us substantial opportunities to assess small businesses available for acquisition. In addition, the flexibility, creativity, experience and expertise of our management team in structuring transactions allows us to consider non-traditional and complex transactions tailored to fit a specific acquisition target.
In terms of the businesses in which we have a controlling interest as of December 31, 2024, we believe that these businesses have stable management teams, operate in strong markets with defensible market niches, and maintain long-standing customer relationships.
Ault Lending provides funding to businesses through loans and investments. Ault Lending offers a variety of loan types including commercial loans, convertible notes and revolving lines of credit. Ault Lending is engaged in providing commercial loans to companies throughout the United States to provide them with operating capital to finance the growth of their businesses. The loans are primarily short-term, ranging from six to 12 months, but may be of longer duration. These terms are subject to change as market needs dictate, and Ault Lending anticipates offering additional products in the future.
Ault Lending uses its considerable financial experience, data analytics, and a credit scoring model to assess the creditworthiness of each small business borrower applicant. If the business meets Ault Lending’s criteria, Ault Lending sets the initial interest rate according to its credit and financial models. The final interest rate offered to the borrower will be determined by Ault Lending’s interpretation of the marketplace. In order to borrow from Ault Lending, borrowers must display characteristics indicative of durable business and financial situations. These include factors such as revenue, time in business, number of employees, and financial and credit variables. In order to qualify, business borrower applicants must be approved through Ault Lending’s underwriting process, which analyzes credit and financial data of both the business and the business owner. Ault Lending takes into account several business factors (including revenue, age of business, cash flows, and other variables). The underwriting process determines the loan amount to approve, how loans will be priced, and whether to include a blanket lien, as well as additional factors (including length of loan, estimated default rates by type and grade, and general economic environment).
Our Executive Committee, which is comprised of our Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President, acts as the underwriting committee for Ault Lending and must approve all lending transactions. The Executive Committee has decades of experience in financial, investing and securities transactions. Under its business model, Ault Lending generates revenue through origination fees charged to borrowers and interest generated from each loan. Ault Lending may also generate income from appreciation of investments in marketable securities as well as any shares of common stock underlying convertible notes or warrants issued to Ault Lending in any particular financing.
As noted above, we will from time to time, through Ault Lending, engage in discussions with other companies interested in our subsidiaries or partner companies, either in response to inquiries or as part of a process we initiate. To the extent we believe that a subsidiary partner company’s further growth and development can best be supported by a different ownership structure or if we otherwise believe it is in our stockholders’ best interests, we will seek to sell some or all of our position in the subsidiary or partner company. These sales may take the form of privately negotiated sales of stock or assets, mergers and acquisitions, public offerings of the subsidiary or partner company’s securities and, in the case of publicly traded partner companies, transactions in their securities in the open market. Our plans may include taking subsidiaries or partner companies public through rights offerings, mergers or spin-offs and directed share subscription programs. We will continue to consider these and functionally equivalent programs and the sale of certain subsidiary or partner company interests in secondary market transactions to maximize value for our stockholders.
During 2025, we anticipate providing significant new funding to expand Ault Lending’s loan and investment portfolio. Ault Lending loans are made or arranged pursuant to a California Financing Law license (Lic.no. 60 DBO77905).
RiskOn International, Inc.
Overview
RiskOn’s operations are primarily those of BNC, which is engaged in the development and operation of an online gaming platform (the “Platform”). The Platform offers engaging and dynamic online gaming experiences by integrating various elements such as gaming, social activities, sweepstakes, online gaming and more. ROI aims to provide innovative ways for people in the United States to interact online. The Platform is located at BitNile.com and is accessible via any device using any web browser, without requiring permissions, downloads, or apps.
BNC’s games operate on a free-to-play model, whereby game players may collect coins free of charge through the passage of time, free top-up feature, and, if a game player wishes to obtain coins above and beyond the level of free coins available to that player, the player may purchase additional coin packages (“Freemium” gaming model). However, no purchase is necessary to participate in any sweepstakes, and sweepstakes entries themselves cannot be purchased. Once obtained, the coins (either free or purchased) cannot be redeemed for cash or exchanged for anything outside of the Platform. When coins are used in the games, the game player could “win” and be awarded additional coins, or could “lose” and lose the future use of those coins.
BNC’s current and planned products and experiences are:
· Gaming. The Platform provides an extensive selection of gaming options, including participation in games, sweepstakes and social gaming experiences, such as Blackjack and roulette.
· Sweepstakes gaming. The Platform features a dedicated gaming zone for users to engage in sweepstakes gaming, offering opportunities to win real money and prizes.
· Socialization and connectivity. The Platform’s ongoing mission will be to foster global connections by enabling users to interact with individuals, forming new friendships, collaborating on projects or engaging in conversations within various social hubs.
Business Strategy
The online sweepstakes gaming industry in the United States is experiencing rapid growth and expansion, driven by advancements in technology and increased interest in free-to-play and social gaming. BNC’s business strategy revolves around creating a seamless, all-encompassing platform that caters to various user needs and interests, particularly in sweepstakes and social gaming experiences.
The strategic pillars for the growth of the Platform include (i) leveraging cutting-edge technology to offer a user-friendly, browser-based platform compatible with modern devices for an enhanced experience, (ii) providing a diverse range of sweepstakes and gaming products that cater to users with different interests and preferences, (iii) fostering connections and a sense of community among users, encouraging socialization and (iv) focusing on continuous innovation and regulatory compliance to stay ahead of industry trends and customer expectations.
Competition
BNC faces competition from both established online gaming platforms and new entrants in the market. It competes with recognized sweepstakes operators-such as Chumba Casino, Stake.us, and Luckyland-that continually introduce new offerings in this evolving space. BNC also contends with gaming-focused platforms like Fortnite and Roblox, as well as other social or casual games that vie for user attention. In addition, traditional brick-and-mortar casinos are increasingly expanding their reach by introducing online components or apps, which further intensifies the competitive landscape.
Regulatory Environment: Present and Future Challenges
As the online gaming industry continues to grow and evolve, regulatory challenges and considerations are becoming increasingly important. The nature of the Platform, which often combines elements of gaming, social networking, and digital economies, presents a complex landscape for regulators to navigate.
To navigate the complex and evolving regulatory landscape, BNC will prioritize compliance with relevant laws and regulations in all jurisdictions where it operates. This includes data privacy and protection regulations, gaming and sweepstakes regulations, and intellectual property rights. By maintaining a strong focus on regulatory compliance, BNC aims to minimize potential legal risks and build trust with users and partners.
Present Regulatory Challenges
The online gaming industry is currently grappling with several regulatory challenges. First, data privacy and security concerns loom large, as users share personal information and engage in transactions within the Platform. Regulators require that platforms comply with existing data protection regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”).
Second, sweepstakes-specific compliance poses unique hurdles because sweepstakes must be free to enter and cannot require a purchase for participation. Accordingly, businesses must structure their sweepstakes to ensure adherence to state and federal laws, such as providing an alternative means of entry and clear disclosures.
Third, intellectual property rights become complicated when a platform relies on user-generated content and virtual goods or items. Copyright, trademark, and patent laws can be difficult to enforce in virtual environments, raising questions about how best to protect and manage these rights.
Fourth, taxation and financial regulations come into play as virtual economies flourish, particularly with the rise of cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens. Regulators must determine how to classify and tax digital assets and transactions, while also ensuring compliance with anti-money laundering and know-your-customer requirements.
Lastly, content moderation and liability remain pressing issues. Platforms must moderate content and user behavior while navigating potential liability for user-generated content. This includes addressing possible violations of laws related to hate speech, harassment, and misinformation, all of which carry significant legal and reputational risks.
Future Regulatory Challenges
As sweepstakes gaming continues to develop and expand, several additional regulatory questions are likely to emerge. Payment processing and banking compliance may draw heightened scrutiny as operators look for efficient ways to deliver prizes or credits, requiring compliance with anti-money laundering and know-your-customer regulations in a sweepstakes context. Evolving state sweepstakes laws add further complexity, as each state imposes unique statutes and regulations regarding contests, forcing operators to stay informed on registration or bonding requirements. Emerging digital prize formats, such as virtual items or tokens, may require additional clarity from state and federal regulators to determine their proper classification. Finally, accessibility and inclusivity concerns will likely increase, with regulators paying more attention to ensuring that sweepstakes remain inclusive and transparent for all eligible participants
askROI
Overview
askROI is an AI-powered software-as-a-service platform designed to help businesses leverage their data for competitive advantage. At the core of askROI’s technology is a state-of-the-art large language model (“LLM”), which is exclusively licensed from a third-party provider for use in North America. The askROI platform is located at askroi.com and askROI dedicated applications are available for download on both the Apple and Google app marketplaces.
By seamlessly integrating with a company’s existing tools and data sources, askROI seeks to deliver actionable insights, intelligent analysis, and data-driven decision support. The platform’s LLM-powered technology allows it to interpret complex queries, identify relevant information, and provide highly contextualized responses, all while continuously learning and adapting to each organization’s unique language and terminology.
Our vision is that askROI can transform how businesses operate in the digital age. With our exclusive access to cutting-edge LLM technology and our commitment to delivering tangible business value, askROI seeks to set a new standard for AI-powered insights and decision support in the North American market.
askROI’s current and planned product functionality are:
· Seamless integration: askROI connects with a wide range of business tools, including customer relationship management, cloud storage systems (e.g., OneDrive, Google Drive), and communication platforms (e.g., Slack, Teams). Ongoing expansion of integration partnerships will further streamline data access and analysis;
· Contextualized understanding: By referencing secure, company-specific workspaces and knowledge bases rather than training the underlying LLM, askROI can deliver tailored insights aligned with each organization’s unique terminology, product names, and project codes. Ongoing refinements to the platform’s natural language processing capabilities will enable even more nuanced, context-aware analysis;
· Actionable insights: askROI analyzes data to generate custom reports, draft data-rich presentations, and create visualizations like charts and graphs. Introduction of industry-specific templates for reports, data visualizations, and analytics dashboards will provide additional value for users in targeted sectors;
· Transparency and security: askROI cites specific data sources for its answers and provides direct document links for reference. Robust data security measures, including access controls, encryption, and audit trails, seek to ensure the protection of sensitive information. Future updates will focus on achieving compliance with key regulations such as GDPR, SOC 2, and payment card industry data security standards;
· Ethical AI: Implementation of strict guidelines and oversight mechanisms to ensure responsible development and use of askROI’s AI models, mitigating risks of bias, discrimination, or misuse; and
· Partner ecosystem: Development of a robust network of consultancies, system integrators, and industry-specific solution providers to accelerate adoption and create tailored solutions for diverse business needs.
By continually enhancing and expanding its capabilities, askROI aims to position its platform as an indispensable tool for businesses seeking to leverage their data for competitive advantage and operational excellence.
Business Strategy
askROI is currently in early development, focusing on support and commercial applications. However, the platform’s flexible architecture and powerful AI capabilities, underpinned by its exclusive licensing agreement for the LLM technology in North America, position it for broad applicability across industries. The go-to-market strategy involves continued refinement of the core product based on beta user feedback, followed by a staged rollout to additional sectors.
Key strategic initiatives include:
· Continued refinement of the core product based on beta user feedback, followed by a staged rollout to additional sectors;
· Leveraging its exclusive LLM licensing agreement to differentiate askROI in the North American market, attracting customers seeking advanced AI solutions;
· Using askROI as a dedicated application in both the Apple and Google app marketplaces, enabling mobile-first experiences and expanding accessibility to on-the-go users;
· Expanding integration partnerships to ensure askROI can seamlessly fit into diverse tech stacks, minimizing adoption barriers;
· Focusing marketing efforts on real-world use cases and demonstrable return on investment, showcasing how askROI can drive tangible business outcomes;
· Building a strong partner ecosystem, including consultants, system integrators, and industry-specific solution providers, to accelerate adoption; and
· Investing in research and development to maintain a competitive edge in natural language processing, machine learning, and data analytics.
By adopting these strategic initiatives and building on what we believe to be its unique LLM licensing advantages, askROI aims to position itself as a leading AI-powered insights engine, setting the standard for data-driven decision-making and operational excellence.
Competition
We believe that askROI’s unique positioning as an AI-powered insights engine operating exclusively on a company’s own data, differentiates it from both generic AI tools and other enterprise search and analytics platforms.
Key differentiators include:
· Exclusive access to advanced LLM: we believe that askROI’s licensing agreement provides a significant competitive advantage, enabling the platform to leverage advanced natural language processing capabilities;
· Seamless integration with existing business tools: By minimizing disruption to established workflows and enabling rapid adoption, askROI will reduce barriers to entry and increases its appeal to potential customers;
· Ability to provide company-specific context: Through secure, dedicated workspaces and knowledge bases, askROI accepts and indexes an organization’s proprietary documents without using them to train the underlying LLM. Instead, the platform queries these internal data sets on demand to generate relevant, context-rich answers specific to each organization’s terminology and needs. By keeping this data separate from the LLM’s base model training, askROI maintains data confidentiality while still delivering more accurate and actionable insights than generic AI solutions;
· Focus on delivering actionable insights: askROI goes beyond simple data aggregation, empowering users to make informed decisions and drive tangible business outcomes; and
· Commitment to data security and privacy: By ensuring that sensitive information remains protected and compliant with evolving regulations, askROI addresses a key concern for businesses considering AI-driven solutions.
We believe that as the market for AI-driven business tools continues to expand, askROI is well-positioned to capture market share through its advanced capabilities, ease of use and strong commitment to customer success. askROI’s LLM licensing arrangement provides an important differentiator, but the rapid pace of AI innovation requires it to continually invest in research and development to maintain a competitive edge.
However, askROI also recognizes the potential for competition from established enterprise software providers and emerging startups focused on AI-powered analytics and decision support. To mitigate these competitive risks, askROI will focus on building a strong brand identity, cultivating a loyal customer base, and leveraging its partner ecosystem to create advantages focused on its core offerings.
Ultimately, askROI’s success will depend on its ability to consistently deliver value to customers, stay at the forefront of technological innovation, and adapt to the evolving needs of the market. By remaining agile, customer-centric, and committed to its vision of empowering businesses through AI-driven insights, askROI is confident in its ability to thrive in the face of competition and position itself as a leader in the market.
Regulatory Environment (Present and Future)
The regulatory landscape for artificial intelligence and data-driven technologies continues to evolve worldwide, presenting both challenges and opportunities for askROI. In various regions, including the United States, the European Union, and parts of Asia, governments and regulatory bodies are introducing new legislation and guidelines specifically related to AI, data privacy, and automated decision-making. For example, the European Union’s draft AI Act proposes a risk-based approach that could place additional compliance requirements on AI developers. Some of our competitors, particularly large, established technology companies, already have more extensive compliance frameworks or resources to adapt quickly, giving them a potential advantage in the event of significant regulatory changes.
To address these developments, askROI maintains a strong commitment to data protection and security. askROI’s platform employs encryption, access controls, and audit trails to safeguard customer information. At the same time, askROI recognizes that the rapid evolution of AI regulation may lead to complex or overlapping legal requirements across various jurisdictions, ultimately increasing its compliance costs or limiting certain functionalities. Consequently, askROI proactively engages with industry groups, policymakers and external advisors to stay informed about emerging regulations and ensure that its platform aligns with current and anticipated standards.
Nevertheless, ongoing changes in AI-related rules and interpretations of existing data-privacy laws could require askROI to make significant investments or modifications to the askROI platform. Compliance obligations might include adding new audit capabilities or restricting how certain AI features function to meet transparency or accountability requirements. In the event that these regulatory changes become more restrictive than anticipated, askROI’s operations could be adversely affected, and its ability to serve customers in certain markets could be limited.
Circle 8
Description of the Business
Headquartered in Houston, Circle 8 is a premier lifting services provider serving clients in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana and New Mexico with five strategically located branches in Texas and Oklahoma. Its modern fleet consists of 57 mobile all-terrain and hydraulic cranes, with lifting capacities of up to 350 tons that provides services across the Eagle Ford, Permian, Delaware and Haynesville basins. Circle 8 is poised for organic growth through a strengthened financial profile following its recapitalization in December 2022. Circle 8’s fleet consists of Grove, Liebherr, Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group and other leading original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”).
Circle 8 provides experienced professionally certified operators to deliver customized solutions to lifting clients in oil field services, construction, commercial, refining / marketing and wind energy markets. Circle 8 maintains an industry leading safety record. Safety personnel hold certifications and undergo in-house training.
Competitive Advantage
Circle 8’s operating experience and the mid-sized diverse fleet that it has developed serves the oil service and petrochemical industries, providing full-service lifting solutions with an industry leading safety record. Key strengths of Circle 8 include:
· Leading lifting solutions platform
○ Leading provider of comprehensive lifting solutions to diversified end markets, including oil & gas and with expanding operations in infrastructure, plant turn-around and commercial/industrial construction; and
○ Leading market position with five branches strategically located throughout Texas and Oklahoma.
· Industry leading safety record, commitment and policy
○ Safety is a core value and Circle 8 is a market leader in employee training and practices; and
○ Dedicated team focused on safety programs.
· Proven strength of management, recently enhanced and augmented
○ Proven ability to navigate a secular downturn by maintaining strong customer relationships and scale operations to capture additional market share;
○ Seasoned industry leaders who have positioned Circle 8 for future growth; and
○ Additional advisory team to supplement full time management with strategic industry knowledge, contacts and corporate transaction capability.
· High quality fleet with the opportunity to expand by 100% creates a barrier to entry. Circle 8’s fleet of 57 cranes, as of the date of this Annual Report, comprises 47 all-terrain cranes and 10 hydraulic truck cranes with a combined average age of 9 years and capacity of up to 350 tons.
· Diversified blue-chip customers
○ Entrenched provider to leading, well-capitalized oil and gas industry operators in Texas, New Mexico, Louisiana and Oklahoma;
○ Diverse customer base with minimal customer concentration risk; and
○ Longstanding relationships enable company to easily scale up operations with customers’ demands in the oilfield (upstream), commercial, construction, refining & marketing (downstream) and wind energy markets.
· Compelling utilization and financial profile
○ Recently downsized underutilized cranes to return to pre-pandemic fleet utilization over 160%; and
○ Substantial upside remains as the Company efficiently relocates and repurposes its fleet across geographies and end markets.
Industry
In 2024, the U.S. lifting solutions equipment distribution and rental industry experienced notable consolidation activities. United Rentals, Inc. (“URI”) announced its intention to acquire H&E Equipment Services for approximately $4.8 billion, aiming to enhance its equipment capacity and capitalize on the growing demand for equipment rentals in the United States. Additionally, URI completed the acquisition of Yak Access, LLC, for approximately $1.1 billion, expanding its specialty business offerings. Herc Holdings, Inc. (“HRI”) also pursued growth through acquisitions, completing nine acquisitions that added 28 locations and opening 23 new greenfield locations during the year. Despite these consolidation efforts, the industry remains highly fragmented, comprising a mix of multi-location regional or national operators and numerous small, independent businesses serving local markets. The industry's dynamics are influenced by various economic factors, including trends in U.S. residential and non-residential construction, demand for construction machinery, and region-specific considerations. Lifting solutions equipment continues to be distributed through two primary channels: equipment rental companies and equipment dealers. Prominent equipment rental companies include URI, Sunbelt Rentals, and HRI, while notable equipment dealers include Finning and Toromont. Circle 8 operates within a rental business segment that provides comprehensive project services, including labor and consumables. Similarly, many pure equipment rental companies offer parts and service support to their customers.
Sales and Marketing
Led by Arnold Mabee and Brett Rhuland, the sales force is highly specialized in lifting solutions sales to oil services customers, seeking long term purchase orders and master service agreements. Circle 8 plans to continue the extensive training program which involves OEM training sessions on operations and maintenance to ensure the entire sales force knows the fleet inside and out.
Circle 8 will be working with continuing management to implement a back-office content resource management system that will be heavily focused on data collection so that it can continue to improve margin and help streamline scheduling, operations and fleet management to optimize utilization.
Competitive Business Strategy
The oil services’ lifting solutions demand has historically been one of the leading sub-segments of the industry for profitability due to high utilization rates that coincide with the continuous workstreams of extraction. Circle 8 plans to expand this business line in both topline sales through optimizing service and quality operations with a strong safety record.
In addition to expanding the existing business, Circle 8 will seek to make additional forays into the infrastructure construction, the refinery and manufacturing plant turn-around and industrial facility construction with the availability of new cranes as they become available.
Customers
With a focus on the oil services sub-segment of the lifting solutions business in the Eagle Ford, Haynesville, Permian, Delaware and Anadarko basins, Circle 8 has a diversified base of blue-chip customers in TX and OK. While about a third of its sales are expected to be made up from six of the largest players in the industry, the remaining two thirds of sales will be highly diversified, leading to minimal concentration risk. With its longstanding relationships with blue-chip customers and incoming fleet units, Circle 8 believes it has the ability to scale up sales with these customers locally and most likely into other adjacent areas.
Competition
Due to the highly skilled nature and competitive nature of the lifting solutions business, the sector typically consists of companies like Circle 8 that provide full service lifting solutions on rental or contract basis, including the manpower required to operate the equipment or companies that require extensive lifting solutions straight purchasing the equipment and hiring crane operators directly.
The full-service lifting solutions business is highly fragmented and local with only a few national service providers. In Circle 8’s existing subsegment of the lifting solutions business to the petrochemical industry, the competition is not as strong as it is in others as the contract terms are usually longer term and driven by maintaining strong customer relationships. The diversification strategy for Circle 8 into other subsegments will be faced with competition that is largely driven based on availability, quality (including safety record), reliability and price.
Environmental and Safety Regulations
Circle 8’s equipment, facilities and operations are subject to comprehensive and frequently changing federal, state and local environmental and occupational health and safety laws, which may vary locally. These laws regulate (1) the handling, storage, use and disposal of hazardous materials and waste and, if any, the associated cleanup of properties affected by pollutants; (2) air quality (emissions); and (3) wastewater. While lifting solutions’ operations generally do not raise significant environmental risks, Circle 8 uses petroleum products, solvents and other hazardous substances for fueling and maintaining its fleet and vehicles. Circle 8 has made, and will continue to make, capital and other expenditures to comply with environmental requirements. Circle 8 does not currently anticipate any material adverse effect on its business, financial condition or competitive position as a result of its efforts to comply with such requirements.
In the future, federal, state or local governments could enact new or more stringent laws or issue new or more stringent regulations concerning environmental and worker health and safety matters, reporting and disclosure obligations, or effect a change in their enforcement of existing laws or regulations, that could affect operations and increase operational and compliance expenditures. Also, in the future, contamination may be found to exist at Circle 8’s facilities or off-site locations where waste has been sent. There can be no assurance that Circle 8, or various environmental regulatory agencies, will not discover previously unknown environmental non-compliance or contamination. Circle 8 could be held liable for such newly discovered non-compliance or contamination. It is possible that changes in environmental and worker health and safety laws or liabilities from newly discovered non-compliance or contamination could have a material adverse effect on Circle 8’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
AGREE
AGREE is actively invested across a diverse range of commercial real estate asset classes, with a particular focus on hospitality and in the future, multifamily properties. AGREE strategically targets the middle market segment in geographic areas that present strong fundamentals and offer relative value, such as emerging or overlooked markets with growth potential. AGREE’s core objective is to deliver attractive, risk-adjusted returns through a combination of ground-up development, targeted capital investments, and operational enhancements that unlock long-term value.
In the hospitality sector, AGREE brings a hands-on, value-driven approach that goes beyond traditional ownership. Recognizing the unique dynamics of hospitality real estate-which blends real estate investment with service-based business operations-AGREE prioritizes both physical improvements and elevated guest experiences to drive performance. By focusing on midscale to upper-midscale hotels in underpenetrated markets, AGREE positions its hospitality assets to capture stable demand from business and leisure travelers alike.
A key component of AGREE’s hospitality platform is AGREE Madison, a wholly owned subsidiary that operates four recently renovated hotel properties in the Midwest. These include the Hilton Garden Inn Madison West, Residence Inn Madison West, Courtyard Madison West, and Hilton Garden Inn Rockford. AGREE operates a total of 526 keys collectively across the four-property portfolio. Each property has undergone substantial upgrades since acquired to enhance both aesthetic appeal and operational efficiency, ensuring they meet modern traveler expectations while maintaining cost discipline. Through AGREE Madison, the firm exercises direct oversight of day-to-day operations, ensuring alignment with its broader investment philosophy of value creation through active management.
TurnOnGreen
Overview
TurnOnGreen, through its wholly owned subsidiaries Digital Power and TOG Technologies, is an emerging provider of premium power electronic and EV charging solutions. TurnOnGreen designs, develops, manufactures, and sells highly engineered, feature-rich, high-grade power conversion systems and power solutions for mission-critical, life-sustaining, and lifesaving applications across a variety of sectors, particularly those operating in demanding and harsh environments. TurnOnGreen serves a broad range of markets, including defense and aerospace, medical and healthcare, industrial applications, telecommunications, e-Mobility, and OEM solutions. TurnOnGreen’s products are highly adaptive, featuring customized firmware meticulously configured to meet the specific requirements and challenges of its customers’ applications. Approximately 8% of TurnOnGreen’s revenue is generated leveraging its core power technologies to deliver comprehensive EV charging infrastructure and subscription-based charging network management services for residential, fleet, hospitality, workplace, healthcare, municipal, and educational environments including universities and schools.
At Digital Power, TurnOnGreen provides a comprehensive range of integrated power system solutions that are designed to meet the diverse and precise needs of its customers with the highest levels of efficiency, flexibility and scalability. Digital Power designs, develops and manufactures custom power systems to meet performance and/or form-factor requirements that cannot be met with standard power products. These power system solutions are designed to function reliably in harsh environments associated with defense and aerospace applications, while also being utilized for applications ranging from industrial and telecommunications equipment to medical instrumentation. TurnOnGreen believes that Digital Power’s power products are highly adaptive and feature digital power management and software configurations that allow them to achieve higher power efficiency to meet the requirements of both its customers and its OEMs. In addition to Digital Power’s custom power system solutions, it also provides a wide range of industry-standard power products. These products include the AC/DC open frame product series, which TurnOnGreen believes to be among the industry’s leading power switchers in terms of power efficiency. The open frame products are deployed in highly compact form factors and modular power series that support configurable multiple DC outputs. Additionally, Digital Power offers high-power and high-voltage laser power supplies tailored to meet the unique requirements of medical, dental, and industrial pulsed energy systems. Digital Power’s expertise also encompasses high-performance and high-power data-center power supplies, semiconductor fabrication equipment power source supplies, desktop power supplies, and a comprehensive range of value-added customized AC/DC and DC/DC ruggedized power supply and system solutions.
Our Strategy
Our business strategy is designed to increase stockholder value. Under this strategy, we are focused on managing and financially supporting our existing subsidiaries and partner companies, with the goal of pursuing monetization opportunities and maximizing the value returned to stockholders. We have, are and will consider initiatives including, among others: public offerings, the sale of individual partner companies, the sale of certain or all partner company interests in secondary market transactions, or a combination thereof, as well as other opportunities to maximize stockholder value, such as activist trading. We anticipate returning value to stockholders after satisfying our debt obligations and working capital needs.
Our Executive Committee approves and manages our investment strategy. Upon making an investment, we often become actively involved in the companies we seek to acquire. That activity may involve a broad range of approaches, from influencing the management of a target to take steps to improve stockholder value, to acquiring a controlling or sizable but non-controlling interest or outright ownership of the target company in order to implement changes that we believe are required to improve its business, and then operating and expanding that business.
From time to time, we engage in discussions with other companies interested in our subsidiaries or partner companies, either in response to inquiries or as part of a process we initiate. To the extent we believe that a subsidiary partner company’s further growth and development can best be supported by a different ownership structure or if we otherwise believe it is in our shareholders’ best interests, we will seek to sell some or all of our position in the subsidiary or partner company. These sales may take the form of privately negotiated sales of stock or assets, mergers and acquisitions, public offerings of the subsidiary or partner company’s securities and, in the case of publicly traded partner companies, transactions in their securities in the open market. Our plans may include taking subsidiaries or partner companies public through rights offerings and directed share subscription programs. We will continue to consider these and functionally equivalent programs and the sale of certain subsidiary or partner company interests in secondary market transactions to maximize value for our shareholders.
Management Strategy
Our management strategy involves the proactive financial and operational management of the businesses we own in order to increase cash flows and stockholder value. Hyperscale Data actively oversees and supports the management teams of each of our businesses by, among other things:
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recruiting and retaining talented managers to operate our businesses using structured incentive compensation programs, including non-controlling equity ownership, tailored to each business;
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regularly monitoring financial and operational performance, instilling consistent financial discipline, and supporting management in the development and implementation of information systems to effectively achieve these goals;
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assisting management in their analysis and pursuit of prudent organic growth strategies;
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identifying and working with management to execute attractive external growth and acquisition opportunities;
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assisting management in controlling and right-sizing overhead costs;
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nurturing an internal culture of transparency, alignment, accountability and governance, including regular reporting;
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professionalizing our subsidiaries at scale; and
· forming strong subsidiary level boards of directors to supplement management in their development and implementation of strategic goals and objectives.
Specifically, while our businesses have different growth opportunities and potential rates of growth, we expect Hyperscale Data to work with the management teams of each of our businesses to increase the value of, and cash generated by, each business through various initiatives, including:
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making selective capital investments to expand geographic reach, increase capacity, or reduce manufacturing costs of our businesses;
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investing in product research and development for new products, processes or services for customers;
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improving and expanding existing sales and marketing programs;
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pursuing reductions in operating costs through improved operational efficiency or outsourcing of certain processes and products; and
· consolidating or improving management of certain overhead functions.
Our businesses typically acquire and integrate complementary businesses. We believe that complementary add-on acquisitions improve our overall financial and operational performance by allowing us to:
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leverage manufacturing and distribution operations;
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leverage branding and marketing programs, as well as customer relationships;
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add experienced management or management expertise;
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increase market share and penetrate new markets; and
· realize cost synergies by allocating the corporate overhead expenses of our businesses across a larger number of businesses and by implementing and coordinating improved management practices.
Compliance with Material Government (Including Environmental) Regulations
Sentinum
Sentinum is subject to various federal, state, local and non-U.S. laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and remediation of hazardous substances and wastes. Sentinum continually assesses compliance status and management of environmental matters to ensure our operations are in compliance with all applicable environmental laws and regulations. Investigation, remediation, and operation and maintenance costs associated with environmental compliance and management of sites are a normal, recurring part of operations. While Sentinum’s regulatory compliance costs are currently not considered material, it is possible that costs incurred to ensure continued environmental compliance could have a material impact on results of operations, financial condition or cash flows if new areas of soil, air and groundwater contamination are discovered and/or expansions of work scope are prompted by the results of ongoing monitoring.
The Michigan Facility is subject to a final corrective measures plan with the Environment Protection Agency. The seller performed remedial activities at the Michigan Facility relating to historical soil and groundwater contamination and Sentinum is responsible for ongoing monitoring and final remediation plans. We estimate the cost of the environmental remediation obligation is approximately $0.4 million and reflects our best estimate of probable future costs for remediation based on the current assessment data and regulatory obligations. Future costs will depend on many factors, including the extent of work necessary to implement monitoring and final remediation plans and ACS’s time frame for remediation. We may incur actual costs in the future that are materially different than this estimate and such costs could have a material impact on results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows during the period in which they are recorded.
TurnOnGreen
TurnOnGreen’s businesses are heavily regulated in most of its markets. TurnOnGreen handles power electronics products mainly in the form of power conversion. TurnOnGreen must take into account several standards for electronic safety to protect the health of humans and animals. TurnOnGreen serves diverse markets including automotive, defense/aerospace, medical/healthcare, industrial and telecommunications, each of which has its own set of safety regulations and standards that TurnOnGreen must comply with.
Government Contracts. The U.S. Government, and other governments, may terminate any of TurnOnGreen’s government contracts at their convenience, as well as for default based on our failure to meet specified performance requirements. If any of TurnOnGreen’s U.S. Government contracts were to be terminated for convenience, TurnOnGreen would generally be entitled to receive payment for work completed and allowable termination or cancellation costs. If any of TurnOnGreen’s government contracts were to be terminated for default, generally the U.S. Government would pay only for the work that has been accepted and could require TurnOnGreen to pay the difference between the original contract price and the cost to re-procure the contract items, net of the work accepted from the original contract. The U.S. Government can also hold TurnOnGreen liable for damages resulting from the default.
Medical device power supplies. TurnOnGreen’s medical power supplies must incorporate one or more means of protection (“MOP”) to avoid electrocution. A MOP can be safety insulation, a protective earth, a defined creepage distance, an air gap (clearance) or other protective impedance. These can be used in various combinations - having two MOPs means if one fails, there is another in place. A MOP can be achieved through safety insulation, protective earth, a defined creepage distance, an air gap, other protective impedances, or by implementing a combination of these techniques. TurnOnGreen must comply with a standard that treats operators and patients, resulting in the classifications “means of operator protection” and “means of patient protection.” The latter requirements are more stringent because the patient may be physically connected via an applied part and unconscious when the fault occurs.
Environmental. TurnOnGreen is subject to various federal, state, local and non-U.S. laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, including the discharge, treatment, storage, disposal and remediation of hazardous substances and wastes. TurnOnGreen continually assesses its compliance status and management of environmental matters to ensure that its operations are in compliance with all applicable environmental laws and regulations. Investigation, remediation, and operation and maintenance costs associated with environmental compliance and management of sites are a normal, recurring part of TurnOnGreen’s operations.
Non-U.S. Sales. TurnOnGreen’s non-U.S. sales are subject to both U.S. and non-U.S. governmental regulations and procurement policies and practices, including regulations relating to import-export control, tariffs, investment, exchange controls, anti-corruption, and repatriation of earnings. Non-U.S. sales are also subject to varying currency, political and economic risks.
Other Compliance Matters
In addition, we are subject to the local, state and national laws and regulations of the jurisdictions where we operate that affect companies generally, including laws and regulations governing commerce, intellectual property, trade, health and safety, contracts, privacy and communications, consumer protection, web services, tax, and corporate laws and securities laws. These regulations and laws may change over time. Unfavorable changes in existing and new laws and regulations could increase our cost of doing business and impede our growth.
Research and Development
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we spent approximately $11.0 million and $4.4 million, respectively, on research and development.
Human Capital Resources
We are committed to attracting and retaining the brightest and best talent, so investing in human capital is critical to our success. The employee traits we value include industriousness, intellectual curiosity, growth mindset and deeply caring about the quality of work. The human capital measures and objectives that we focus on in managing our business include employee safety, talent acquisition and retention, employee engagement, development and training, diversity and inclusion, and compensation and pay equity. None of our employees is represented by a collective bargaining unit or is a party to a collective bargaining agreement. We believe that our relationship with our employees is good.
The following description provides an overall view of our Company. Since we are a holding company, however, every statement may not be applicable to every subsidiary, particularly since some are located in foreign countries.
Employee Profile
As of December 31, 2024, we had 424 employees located in the U.S. and the U.K., of whom 15 were engaged in engineering and product development, 30 in sales and marketing, 328 in general operations and 51 in general administration and finance. All but 50 of these employees are employed on a full-time basis. None of our employees is currently represented by a trade union. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.
As of December 31, 2024, approximately 26% of our current workforce is female, 74% male, and our average tenure is 3.5 years, a decrease of 45% from an average tenure of 6.4 years as of December 31, 2023.
Talent
A core tenet of our talent system is to both develop talent from within and supplement with external hires. This approach has yielded loyalty and commitment in our employee base which in turn grows our business, our products, and our customers, while adding new employees and external ideas supports a continuous improvement mindset and our goals of a diverse and inclusive workforce.
We believe we materially comply with all applicable state, local and international laws governing nondiscrimination in employment in every location in which we operate. All applicants and employees are treated with the same high level of respect regardless of their gender, ethnicity, religion, national origin, age, marital status, political affiliation, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability or protected veteran status.
Employee Engagement and Development
Our employee engagement efforts include our frequent and transparent “all-hands” meetings and executive communications, through which we aim to keep our employees well-informed and to increase transparency. We believe in continual improvement and use employee feedback to drive and improve processes that support our customers and ensure a deep understanding of our employees’ needs. We plan to conduct annual confidential employee surveys as we believe that ongoing performance feedback encourages greater engagement in our business and improves individual performance. Our employees will participate in a 360-degree evaluation process to identify critical capabilities for development and establish new stretch goals.
Pay Equity
Our employee compensation strategy supports three primary objectives: attract and retain the best team members; reflect and reinforce our most important values; and align team member interests with stockholder interests in building enduring value. We believe people should be paid for what they do and how they do it, regardless of their gender, race or other personal characteristics. To deliver on that commitment, we benchmark and set pay ranges based on market data and consider factors such as an employee’s role and experience, the location of their job, and their performance. We also regularly review our compensation practices, both in terms of our overall workforce and individual employees, to ensure our pay is fair and equitable.
Total Rewards
As part of our compensation philosophy, we believe that we must offer and maintain market competitive total rewards programs for our employees in order to attract and retain superior talent. In addition to healthy base wages, additional programs include annual bonus opportunities, healthcare and insurance benefits, paid time off, family leave, family care resources and flexible work schedules. We established a Company matched 401(k) plan during 2021.
Health and Safety
The success of our business is fundamentally connected to the well-being of our people. Accordingly, we are committed to the health, safety and wellness of our employees. We provide our employees and their families with access to a variety of flexible and convenient health and welfare programs, including benefits that support their physical and mental health by providing tools and resources to help them improve or maintain their health status; and that offer choice where possible so they can customize their benefits to meet their needs and the needs of their families.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
An investment in our Class A common stock involves significant risks. You should carefully consider the following risks and all other information set forth in this Annual Report before deciding to invest in our Class A common stock. If any of the events or developments described below occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer. In that case, the value of our Class A common stock may decline and you could lose all or part of your investment.
You should consider each of the following risk factors and any other information set forth in this Annual Report and the other reports filed by the Company with the SEC, including the Company’s financial statements and related notes, in evaluating the Company’s business and prospects. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones that impact on the Company’s operations and business. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to the Company, or that the Company currently considers immaterial, may also impair its business or operations. If any of the following risks actually occurs, the Company’s business and financial condition, results or prospects could be harmed. Please also read carefully the section entitled “Cautionary Note About Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Annual Report.
Risks Related to Our Company
We have an evolving business model, which increases the complexity of our business.
Our business model has evolved in the past and continues to do so. In prior years we have added additional types of services and product offerings and in some cases, we have modified or discontinued those offerings. We intend to continue to try to offer additional types of products or services, and we do not know whether any of them will be successful. From time to time we have also modified aspects of our business model relating to our product mix. We do not know whether these or any other modifications will be successful. The additions and modifications to our business have increased the complexity of our business and placed significant strain on our management, personnel, operations, systems, technical performance, financial resources, and internal financial control and reporting functions. Future additions to or modifications of our business are likely to have similar effects. Further, any new business or website we launch that is not favorably received by the market could damage our reputation or our brand. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are heavily dependent on our senior management, and a loss of a member of our senior management team could cause our stock price to suffer.
If we lose the services of Milton C. Ault, III, our Executive Chairman, William B. Horne, our Chief Executive Officer, Henry Nisser, our President and General Counsel, or Ken Cragun, our Chief Financial Officer and/or certain key employees, we may not be able to find appropriate replacements on a timely basis, and our business could be adversely affected. Our existing operations and continued future development depend to a significant extent upon the performance and active participation of these individuals and certain key employees. Although we have entered into employment agreements with Messrs. Ault, Horne and Nisser, and we may enter into employment agreements with additional key employees in the future, we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in retaining the services of these individuals. If we were to lose any of these individuals, we may not be able to find appropriate replacements on a timely basis and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
We rely on highly skilled personnel and the continuing efforts of our executive officers and, if we are unable to retain, motivate or hire qualified personnel, our business may be severely disrupted.
Our performance largely depends on the talents, knowledge, skills, know-how and efforts of highly skilled individuals and in particular, the expertise held by our Executive Chairman, Milton C. Ault, III. His absence, were it to occur, would materially and adversely impact the development and implementation of our projects and businesses. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract, among others, new technology developers and to retain and motivate our existing contractors. If one or more of our executive officers are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them readily, if at all. Therefore, our business may be severely disrupted, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit and retain new officers. In addition, if any of our executives joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose some customers.
We may not be able to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards.
As of December 31, 2024, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) for income tax purposes of approximately $134.4 million and $204.9 million, respectively, after application of the limitations set forth in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. In accordance with Section 382, future utilization of our NOLs is subject to an annual limitation as a result of ownership changes that occurred previously. We also maintain NOLs in various foreign jurisdictions.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Liquidity
We will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations in furtherance of our business plan.
Until we are profitable, we will need to quickly raise additional capital in order to fund our operations in furtherance of our business plan. The proposed financing may include shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, warrants to purchase shares of common stock or preferred stock, debt securities, units consisting of the foregoing securities, equity investments from strategic development partners or some combination of each. Any additional equity financings may be financially dilutive to, and will be dilutive from an ownership perspective to, our stockholders, and such dilution may be significant based upon the size of such financing. Additionally, we cannot assure that such funding will be available on a timely basis, in needed quantities, or on terms favorable to us, if at all.
If we are unable to comply with the covenants or restrictions contained in the Loan Agreement with our senior secured lender, the lender could declare all amounts outstanding under the Loan Agreement to be due and payable and foreclose on its collateral, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and operations.
As previously announced, on December 14, 2023, we, along with our wholly owned subsidiaries Sentinum, ACS, BNI Montana, Ault Lending, Ault Aviation and AGREE, entered into the Loan Agreement with institutional lenders, pursuant to which Ault & Company borrowed $36 million and issued Secured Notes to the lenders in the aggregate amount of $38.9 million. Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, we, and the other Guarantors, agreed to act as guarantors for repayment of the Secured Notes. In addition, certain Guarantors entered into various agreements as collateral in support of the guarantee of the Secured Notes, including (i) a security agreement by Sentinum, pursuant to which Sentinum granted to the Lenders a security interest in (a) the Miners, (b) all of the digital currency mined or otherwise generated from the Miners and (c) the membership interests of ACS, (ii) a security agreement by the Company, Ault Lending, BNI Montana and AGREE, pursuant to which those entities granted to the lenders a security interest in substantially all of their assets, as well as a pledge of equity interests in Ault Aviation, AGREE, Sentinum, Ault Energy, Eco Pack, and Circle 8 Holdco, (iii) a future advance mortgage by ACS on the Michigan Property, (iv) an aircraft mortgage and security agreement by Ault Aviation on the Aircraft, and (v) deposit account control agreements over certain bank accounts held by certain of our subsidiaries. The Loan Agreement has customary representations, warranties and covenants including restrictions on indebtedness, liens, restricted payments and dividends, investments, asset sales and similar covenants and contains customary events of default.
The covenants and other restrictions contained in the Loan Agreement and other current or future debt agreements could, among other things, restrict our ability to dispose of assets, incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends or make other restricted payments, create liens on assets, make investments, loans or advances, make acquisitions, engage in mergers or consolidations and engage in certain transactions with affiliates. These restrictions could limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions or meet extraordinary capital needs or otherwise restrict corporate activities. In addition, substantially all of our borrowed money obligations are secured by certain of our assets.
A failure to comply with any restrictions or covenants in the Loan Agreement, or to make payments into the Segregated Account when due or make other payments we are obligated to make under Loan Agreement, could have serious consequences to our financial condition or result in a default under the Loan Agreement and under other agreements containing cross-default provisions. A default would permit lenders to accelerate the maturity of the debt under these debt agreements and to foreclose upon collateral securing the debt, among other remedies. Furthermore, an event of default or an acceleration under one of our debt agreements could also cause a cross-default or cross-acceleration of another debt instrument or contractual obligation, which would adversely impact our liquidity. Under these circumstances, we might not have sufficient funds or other resources to satisfy all of our obligations. We may not be granted waivers or other amendments to these debt agreements if for any reason we are unable to comply with these debt agreements, and we may not be able to restructure or refinance our debt on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Whether or not those kinds of actions are successful, we might seek protections of applicable bankruptcy laws. Additionally, all of our indebtedness is senior to the existing common stock in our capital structure. If we were to seek certain restructuring transactions, our creditors would experience better returns as compared to our equity holders. Any of these actions could have a material adverse effect on the value of our equity and on our business, financial performance, and liquidity.
To service any future indebtedness and other obligations, we will require a significant amount of cash.
Our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control, and any failure to meet our debt service obligations, of which we currently have very few but may in the future incur, including our obligations under our indebtedness or future outstanding shares of preferred stock, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to make payments on and to refinance any indebtedness and outstanding preferred stock and to fund working capital needs and planned capital expenditures will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. This, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control.
If our business does not generate sufficient cash flow from operations or if future borrowings are not available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us and our subsidiaries to pay our indebtedness or make dividend payments with respect to our any shares of preferred stock that we may issue, or to fund our other liquidity needs, we may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness or redeem the preferred stock, on or before the maturity thereof, sell assets, reduce or delay capital investments or seek to raise additional capital, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us.
In addition, we may not be able to effect any of these actions, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our ability to restructure or refinance our indebtedness or redeem the preferred stock will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our debt or financings related to the redemption of any shares of preferred stock that we may issue could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. The terms of future debt instruments or preferred stock may limit or prevent us from taking any of these actions. In addition, any failure to make scheduled payments of interest and principal on any future outstanding indebtedness or dividend payments on any shares of preferred stock that we may issue could harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness or otherwise raise capital on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy any future debt service and other obligations, or to refinance or restructure our obligations on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Circle 8
Circle 8 uses substantial leverage in its capital structure which could adversely affect its financial condition. Although Circle 8’s debt-to-EBITDA ratio is below the industry median, operational disruptions or economic shocks could hinder Circle 8’s ability to service its debt and impact its solvency. Additionally, the industry tends to heavily rely on debt to finance expansionary initiatives, whether through organic growth or acquisitions.
Circle 8 currently has a substantial amount of outstanding debt. As of December 31, 2024, it had total outstanding indebtedness of approximately $16.6 million, of which $13.1 million was borrowed from First Citizens Bank (“FCB”) in a senior secured asset-based revolving line of credit, $1.9 million consists of outstanding equipment notes with Manitowoc Finance (“MANF”) and SQN Capital Management, LLC (“SQN), $.9 million of outstanding vehicle notes with Ford Motor Credit (“FMC”) and a $.6 million short term unsecured note with Meridian Finance LLC. Circle 8 has the ability to increase the FCB loan by $7.4 million as of December 31, 2024. Circle 8 may further increase its debt balance where permitted by incumbent lenders for growth and expansionary purposes. Circle 8’s substantial indebtedness could have important consequences. For example, it may:
· increase Circle 8’s vulnerability to general adverse economic, industry and competitive conditions;
· require management to dedicate a substantial portion of Circle 8’s cash flow from operations to interest payments and principal repayment, thereby reducing the availability of cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, dividend payments to its owners and other general corporate purposes;
· limit Circle 8’s flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in Circle 8’s specific business and the industry in which it operates;
· place Circle 8 at a competitive disadvantage compared to its competitors that have less debt; and
· limit Circle 8’s ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or general corporate purposes.
Circle 8 expects to use cash flow from operations and borrowings under the FCB commitment to meet current and future financial obligations, including funding operations, debt service and capital expenditures. Circle 8’s ability to make these payments depends on future operational performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic and other factors, many of which Circle 8 cannot control. Circle 8’s business may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations in the future or be able to appropriately adjust operations to suit organic industry developments, which could result in Circle 8’s inability to service its debt obligations, or to fund other liquidity needs. If Circle 8 has insufficient capital to cover its debt obligations, it may be forced to reduce or delay ongoing or growth activities and capital expenditures, sell assets, obtain additional debt or dilutive equity capital or restructure or refinance all or a portion of its debt, including the incumbent FCB, MANF,SQN and FMC loans, and any other incremental loans, on or before maturity. There can be no assurance that Circle 8 will be able to accomplish any of these alternatives on terms acceptable to it or to us, if at all. In addition, the terms of existing or future indebtedness, including the agreements governing the incumbent loans, may limit Circle 8’s ability to pursue any other alternatives.
While Circle 8 has had an industry-leading safety record throughout its history, it operates in a potentially hazardous industry, and any safety incident could significantly impact its operations. A blemish on Circle 8’s safety record could lead to direct consequences such as fines, levies, and increased insurance premiums, as well as indirect consequences such as customers preferring competitors with better safety records.
The lifting solutions business is inherently risky, and accidents can occur due to a variety of factors, including negligence and unforeseeable events. Despite this, Circle 8 has maintained an industry-leading safety record and has not experienced any incidents that have significantly impacted its operations. While Circle 8 has a safety program in place, it cannot guarantee protection against unforeseeable events or “acts of God.” Any safety transgressions can have a material impact on sales and operating results, leading to fines and levies, and potentially causing customers to prefer competitors with better safety records. Therefore, Circle 8 places a great emphasis on maintaining its safety program and continually improving its practices to minimize the risk of incidents occurring.
The lifting solutions business is dependent on the domestic oil markets’ activity, oil pricing, construction and industrial activities, and the overall economic conditions. Any downturn in these areas could adversely affect the demand for lifting solutions, leading to decreased sales and lower lifting solutions prices, which may result in a decline in Circle 8’s revenues, gross margins and operating results.
Circle 8 primarily provides lifting solutions for the U.S. domestic oil market. As such, any downturn in the U.S. domestic oil market or the economy as a whole could result in reduced demand for its services or lower sales prices. Additionally, its business may face temporary or long-term negative impacts due to:
· a reduction in extraction levels by customers due to increased costs and break-even oil price and lower levels of reserves due to depletion of existing reserves and resources;
· exploration and drilling are capital intensive and results are uncertain, which may limit Circle 8’s current clients’ demand for Circle 8’s services and adversely affect its ability to generate new clients;
· until it executes on its expansion program, dependence on a limited number of clients in a niche oil services market could make Circle 8 vulnerable compared to larger industry incumbents with greater client diversity;
· unfavorable credit and equity markets affecting end-user access to capital or cost of capital, also potentially increasing the all-in cash costs and break-even oil prices may make operations of its current and future clients no longer economically viable;
· adverse changes in federal, state, tribal and local government infrastructure spending;
· an increase in the cost of consumables and construction materials related to oil extraction and infrastructure construction;
· adverse weather conditions or natural disasters which may affect a particular region;
· a decrease in the level of exploration, development, production activity and capital spending by oil and natural gas companies;
· an increase in inflationary pressure on materials and labor;
· labor issues such as strikes or worker shortages;
· a prolonged shutdown of the U.S. government;
· an increase in interest rates;
· supply chain disruptions;
· changes in federal and state regulations related to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions may materially adversely impact Circle 8’s and/or its clients’ revenues, operating results and profitability;
· public health crises and epidemics; or
· terrorism or hostilities involving the United States and/or its allies.
Weakness or deterioration in the oil services industry, renewables infrastructure construction, plant turn-around and public and industrial infrastructure construction sectors caused by the above or other factors could have a material adverse effect on Circle 8’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows in the future and may also have a material adverse effect on residual values realized on the disposition of the existing and future rental fleet.
Circle 8’s business is highly reliant on the availability of specialized skilled labor, and this dependency is particularly pronounced given the current scarcity of domestic U.S. skilled labor. This scarcity is at an all-time high, which is further compounded as labor requirements to operate in Circle 8 ‘s business becomes even more specialized.
The lifting solutions business requires licensed operators to operate safely and within U.S. domestic regulatory requirements. It takes several months and material funding to be trained to become a licensed crane operator, making the availability of qualified labor scarce for the lifting solutions industry in general and specifically in remote locations in which Circle 8’s client set operates its oil services. Availability of labor may have a significant impact on Circle 8’s ability to service its current client set and to be able to execute on its expansion program.
Additionally, the training and licensing requirements for crane operators can vary by state and even by municipality, which can create further challenges for Circle 8 in sourcing and deploying qualified labor in different geographic locations. Moreover, the competitive labor market for skilled workers in the oil services industry could potentially drive-up labor costs for Circle 8, which would impact its profitability and competitiveness.
Circle 8’s business is, directly and indirectly, dependent on a functioning global supply chain system. The oil and steel markets are global, and many suppliers, vendors, OEM’s and parts manufacturers for Circle 8 and its clients’ industries are offshore.
The lifting solutions business success is heavily dependent on the availability and efficient conversion to elevated utilization rates of the lifting assets. These metrics can be fundamentally impacted by the functionality of the global supply chain, which plays several roles in the lifting solutions business. For example, supply chain disruptions could delay the delivery of critical parts and components needed for maintenance and repair of lifting assets, leading to longer downtime periods and reduced utilization rates.
In addition, fluctuations in commodity prices could impact the cost of raw materials needed to manufacture lifting assets, potentially affecting the company’s profitability. These fluctuations, among others, could impact the efficiency and profitability of Circle 8’s lifting solutions business and can be impacted by a variety of factors, including the following:
· possible geopolitical unrest and conflict may impact ability to receive new parts or new cranes in a timely manner, if at all, to optimize utilization and ultimately, profitability;
· reliance on foreign suppliers for cranes and exposure to trade embargoes could impede its ability to procure necessary parts and equipment to execute its growth strategies and maintain its fleet;
· inflationary pressures resulting from supply chain disruptions and labor shortages could make it difficult for Circle 8 to repair and replace its crane equipment at regular costs;
· fuel price escalation could have a material impact on gross profit since it is typically approximately 7% of the operating cost structure in recent history;
· oil market sanctions and political pressure on domestic production reduction may adversely impact Circle 8’s core clients and its revenues and profitability; or
· steel market sanctions, trade embargoes and other supply chain shocks may adversely impact public and private infrastructure and renewables new construction and maintenance projects, ultimately slowing Circle 8’s strategic transition to diversify its end markets and client base.
Furthermore, as Circle 8 expands its operations, it may need to rely on suppliers and logistics partners in new geographic regions, which could expose the company to additional supply chain risks.
Circle 8’s reliance on a limited number of equipment manufacturers exposes the company to significant risks, as the termination or disruption of relationships with any of these manufacturers could adversely impact Circle 8’s ability to obtain equipment in a timely or adequate manner, potentially leading to operational disruptions and financial losses.
Circle 8 purchases most of its equipment from a leading, nationally recognized OEM. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the company acquired two new cranes pursuant to leases with an option to purchase. Prior thereto, it purchased 100% of its equipment from Manitowoc/Grove, one of the leading worldwide heavy equipment manufacturers. Utilizing one OEM reduces the number of parts and inventory items kept on hand resulting in savings, while still allowing for efficient and timely repairs and maintenance of Circle 8’s cranes. Circle 8 may diversify its equipment supplier options going forward to diversify its fleet somewhat. Utilizing a new OEM equipment manufacturer creates risk from requiring an increase in parts inventory and could have an adverse effect on the business, financial condition or results of operations if the new OEM were unable to supply Circle 8 in an adequate or timely manner.
Circle 8 faces risks related to heightened inflation, recession, financial and credit market disruptions and other economic conditions.
Circle 8’s financial results, operations and forecasts depend significantly on worldwide economic and geopolitical conditions, the demand for Circle 8’s products, and the financial condition of its customers and suppliers. Economic weakness and geopolitical uncertainty have in the past resulted, and may result in the future, in reduced demand for lifting solutions resulting in decreased sales, margins and earnings. In 2022 and 2023, the U.S. experienced significantly heightened inflationary pressures which have continued into 2025. It is difficult to fully mitigate the impact of inflation through price increases passed through to customers that are operating in commodity sector with global end market pricing mechanisms, productivity initiatives and cost savings, which could have an adverse effect on Circle 8’s financial results and position. In addition, if the U.S. economy enters a recession, Circle 8’s sales may decline, which could have an adverse effect on its overall business, operating results and financial condition. Similarly, disruptions in financial and/or credit markets may impact Circle 8’s ability to manage normal commercial relationships with its customers, suppliers and creditors. Further, in the event of a recession or threat of a recession, Circle 8’s customers and suppliers may suffer their own financial and economic challenges and as a result they may demand pricing accommodations, delay payment, or become insolvent, which could harm Circle 8’s ability to meet its customer demands or collect revenue or otherwise could harm the business and its ability to service incumbent loans, ultimately leading to possible insolvency. An economic or credit crisis could occur and impair credit availability and Circle 8’s ability to raise capital as required for ongoing working capital, maintenance capital and expansion capex. A disruption in the financial markets could impair Circle 8’s banking or other business partners, on whom it relies for access to capital. In addition, changes in tax or interest rates in the U.S. or other nations, whether due to recession, economic disruptions or other reasons, could have an adverse effect on Circle 8’s operating results. Economic weakness and geopolitical uncertainty may also lead to asset impairment, restructuring actions or adjust Circle 8’s operating strategy and reduce expenses in response to decreased sales or margins. Circle 8 may not be able to adequately adjust its cost structure in a timely fashion, which could have an adverse effect on its operating results and financial condition. Uncertainty about economic conditions may increase foreign currency volatility in markets in which it transacts business, which could have an adverse effect on Circle 8’s operating results.
The inability to forecast trends accurately may have an adverse impact on Circle 8’s business and financial condition.
An economic downturn or economic uncertainty makes it difficult to forecast trends. For example, the economic uncertainty caused by COVID-19, and its impact on Circle 8’s operational and financial performance was highly dependent on the depth and duration of the pandemic, as well as the government-mandated restrictions on economic activity and government economic stimulus packages passed in response to the economic downturn. More recently, rising interest rates, higher than expected inflation, and several bank failures also underscore the potential impact of ongoing economic risks to Circle 8’s operations and financial performance. These factors can lead to increased borrowing costs, reduced consumer spending, and reduced access to credit, among other potential challenges.
This uncertainty makes it difficult to forecast Circle 8’s future operating performance, cash flows and financial position, which could have an adverse impact on its business and financial condition. Additionally, uncertainty regarding future oil and natural gas prices have negatively impacted the exploration, production and construction activity of Circle 8’s customers in those markets. Uncertainty regarding future lifting solutions demand could cause Circle 8 to maintain excess equipment inventory and increase its equipment inventory carrying costs, decrease utilization and cause a technical default in certain covenants. Alternatively, difficulty forecasting, in addition to labor shortages and supply chain disruptions could cause a shortage incremental rental equipment that could result in an inability to satisfy demand for Circle 8 service and a loss of market share.
Circle 8’s revenue and operating results may fluctuate, which could result in a decline in profitability and make it more difficult to grow the business.
Circle 8’s revenue and operating results have historically varied from month to month and quarter to quarter. Periods of decline could result in an overall decline in profitability and make it more difficult to adequately service indebtedness and grow the business using incremental leverage. It can be expected that Circle 8’s quarterly results will continue to fluctuate in the future due to a number of factors, including the following:
· general economic conditions in the markets in which the company operates;
· the cyclical nature of Circle 8’s customers’ business, particularly Circle 8’s oil services customer and prospective customers in the construction industry;
· sales patterns in general in the construction industry, with sales activity tending to be lower in the winter months, which causes significant volatility in utilization;
· changes in the size of Circle 8’s fleet due to rapid growth followed by a slow-down and Circle 8’s ability to service and maintain its fleet in a timely manner;
· an overcapacity of fleet in the crane services industry;
· severe weather and seismic conditions temporarily affecting the regions in which Circle 8 operates;
· supply chain or other disruptions that impact its ability to obtain equipment and other supplies from key suppliers on acceptable terms or at all;
· changes in corporate spending for plants and facilities or changes in government spending for infrastructure projects;
· changes in interest rates and related changes in Circle 8’s interest expense and debt service obligations; or
· the possible need, from time to time, to record impairment charges or other write-offs or charges due to a variety of occurrences, such as the impairment of assets, existing location divestitures, dislocation in the equity and/or credit markets, consolidations or closings, restructurings, or the refinancing of existing indebtedness.
Circle 8 is subject to competition, which may have a material adverse effect on its business by reducing its ability to increase or maintain revenues or profitability.
The full-service crane services and lifting solutions industry is highly competitive and fragmented. Many of the markets in which Circle 8 operates are served by numerous competitors, ranging from global, national and multi-regional equipment rental companies to small, independent businesses with a limited number of locations. Circle 8 has historically competed on the basis of availability, quality, reliability, delivery and price. Some of Circle 8’s competitors have significantly greater financial, marketing and other resources than it does, and may be able to reduce rates. Circle 8 may encounter increased competition from existing competitors or new market entrants in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.
The cost of new Circle 8 rental fleet units may increase and therefore may require a larger equity investment equipment. In some cases, it may not be possible to procure equipment on a timely basis due to supplier constraints, among other reasons.
The cost of new equipment from manufacturers of Circle 8 fleet may increase because of increased raw material costs, including increases in the cost of steel, which is a primary material used in almost all of the equipment Circle 8 uses, labor shortages, supply chain disruptions or due to increased regulatory requirements, such as those related to emissions. In addition, in an effort to combat climate change, Circle 8’s customers may require Circle 8’s fleet to meet certain standards which may not be able to be met without capital intensive and time-consuming fleet unit retrofits or ultimately cost prohibitive replacements. If such retrofits or replacements cannot be achieved in a timely manner, or at all, Circle 8’s sales, financial results and financial position would be materially adversely impacted. These increases could materially impact Circle 8’s financial condition or results of operations in future periods if Circle 8 is not able to pass such cost increases through to its customers.
Circle 8’s fleet is subject to residual value risk upon disposition.
The market value of any given piece of equipment could be less than its depreciated value at the time it is sold. The market value of used rental equipment depends on several factors, including:
· general economic conditions in the markets in which the company operates;
· wear and tear on the equipment relative to its age;
· the time of year that it is sold (prices are generally higher during the busy season);
· worldwide and domestic demands for used equipment;
· the supply of used equipment on the market; and
· general economic conditions.
Circle 8 typically includes in operating income the difference between the sales price and the depreciated value of an item of equipment sold. In the year ended December 31, 2023, Circle 8 sold used equipment from its rental fleet, reducing the total number of cranes from 75 to 55, with the average selling price exceeding the net orderly liquidation value. However, in 2024, Circle 8 slightly increased its fleet size by adding two additional cranes, bringing the total to 57 cranes. While recent equipment sales have remained favorable, there can be no assurance that used equipment selling prices will not decline in the future. Any significant downturn in the market for used equipment could have a material adverse effect on Circle 8’s business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
As Circle 8’s rental fleet ages, its operating costs may increase, it may be unable to pass along such costs to customers, and earnings may decrease. The costs of new fleet units may increase, requiring Circle 8 to spend more for replacement equipment or preventing it from procuring equipment on a timely basis.
If Circle 8’s rental equipment ages, the costs of maintaining such equipment, if not replaced within a certain period of time, will likely increase. The costs of maintenance may materially increase in the future and could lead to material adverse effects on Circle 8’s results of operations. The cost of new equipment for use in Circle 8’s rental fleet could also increase due to increased material costs for its suppliers (including tariffs on raw materials) or other factors beyond Circle 8’s control. Such increases could materially adversely impact Circle 8’s financial condition and results of operations in future periods. Furthermore, changes in customer demand could cause certain of Circle 8’s existing equipment to become obsolete and require Circle 8 to purchase new equipment at increased costs.
Labor disputes could disrupt Circle 8’s ability to serve its customers and/or lead to higher labor costs.
As of December 31, 2024, Circle 8 had approximately 132 employees in Texas, Louisiana and Oklahoma, none of whom is unionized. While Circle 8 has no current plans to unionize any of its locations, it recognizes the possibility of a branch or group of branches in a state becoming unionized against Circle 8’s wishes in the future. However, Circle 8 is committed to maintaining positive and productive relationships with its employees without union influence, prioritizing open communication and collaboration to address any concerns and ensure a positive work environment.
Any Circle 8 employee’s union organizing efforts or collective bargaining negotiations could potentially lead to work stoppages and/or slowdowns or strikes by certain Circle 8 employees, which could adversely affect its ability to serve its customers.
Climate change, climate change regulations and greenhouse effects may materially adversely impact Circle 8 operations and markets.
Climate change and its association with greenhouse gas emissions is receiving increased attention from the scientific and political communities. The U.S. federal government, certain U.S. states and certain other countries and regions have adopted or are considering legislation or regulation imposing overall caps or taxes on greenhouse gas emissions from certain sectors or facility categories. Such new laws or regulations, or stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations, could increase the costs of operating Circle 8’s businesses, reduce the demand for its products and services and impact the prices charged to customers, any or all of which could adversely affect Circle 8’s results of operations. Failure to comply with any legislation or regulations could potentially result in substantial fines, criminal sanctions or operational changes. Moreover, even without such legislation or regulation, the perspectives of Circle 8’s customers, employees and other stakeholders regarding climate change are continuing to evolve, and increased awareness of, or any adverse publicity regarding, the effects of greenhouse gases could harm Circle 8’s reputation or reduce customer demand for Circle 8’s products and services. Additionally, as severe weather events become increasingly common, Circle 8’s and its customers’ operations may be disrupted, which could result in increased operational costs or reduced demand for its products and services, which could have an adverse effect on Circle 8’s results of operations. In addition, climate change may also reduce the availability or increase the cost of insurance for weather-related events and may impact the global economy, including as a result of disruptions to supply chains. Circle 8 anticipates that climate change-related risks will increase over time.
Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Operations
Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Operations - General
Acceptance and/or widespread use of Bitcoin is uncertain.
Currently, there is a limited use of any Bitcoin in the retail and commercial marketplace, thus contributing to price volatility that could adversely affect an investment in our securities. Banks and other established financial institutions may refuse to process funds for Bitcoin transactions or process wire transfers to or from Bitcoin exchanges, Bitcoin-related companies or service providers, which we have experienced, or maintain accounts for persons or entities transacting in Bitcoin. Conversely, a significant portion of Bitcoin demand is generated by investors seeking a long-term store of value or speculators seeking to profit from the short- or long-term holding of the asset. Price volatility undermines Bitcoin’s role as a medium of exchange, as retailers are much less likely to accept it as a form of payment. Market capitalization for a Bitcoin as a medium of exchange and payment method may always be low.
The relative lack of acceptance of Bitcoins in the retail and commercial marketplace, or a reduction of such use, limits the ability of end users to use them to pay for goods and services. Such lack of acceptance or decline in acceptances could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our business strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of Bitcoins we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account.
The development and acceptance of cryptographic and algorithmic protocols governing the issuance of and transactions in cryptocurrencies is subject to a variety of special economic, geopolitical and regulatory factors, which could slow the growth of the industry in general and our company as a result.
The use of cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, to, among other things, buy and sell goods and services and complete transactions, is part of a new and rapidly evolving industry that employs cryptocurrency assets based upon a computer-generated mathematical and/or cryptographic protocol. Large-scale acceptance of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment has not, and may never, occur. The growth of this industry in general, and the use of Bitcoin in particular, is subject to a high degree of uncertainty, and the slowing or stopping of the development or acceptance of developing protocols may occur unpredictably. The factors include, but are not limited to:
· the progress of worldwide growth in the adoption and use of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as a medium of exchange;
· the experience of businesses in using Bitcoin;
· the impact from prominent business leaders in criticizing Bitcoin’s potential harm to the environment and the effect of announcements critical of Bitcoin, such as those made by Elon Musk of Tesla;
· governmental and organizational regulation of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies and their use, or restrictions on or regulation of access to and operation of the network or similar cryptocurrency systems (such as the 2021 ban in China);
· changes in consumer demographics and public tastes and preferences, including as may result from coverage of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies by journalists and other sources of information and media;
· the maintenance and development of the open-source software protocol of the network;
· the increased consolidation of contributors to the Bitcoin blockchain through mining pools and scaling of mining equipment by well-capitalized market participants;
· the availability and popularity of other forms or methods of buying and selling goods and services, including new means of using fiat currencies;
· the use of the networks supporting Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies for developing smart contracts and distributed applications;
· general economic conditions and the regulatory environment relating to Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies;
· the impact of regulators focusing on cryptocurrencies and the costs, financial and otherwise, associated with such regulatory oversight; and
· a decline in the popularity or acceptance of Bitcoin could adversely affect an investment in us.
The outcome of these factors could have negative effects on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our business strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations as well as potentially negative effects on the value of any Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies we mine or otherwise acquire, which would harm investors in our securities. If Bitcoin does not increase its market acceptance as a mechanism to buy and sell goods and services or accrete in value over time, our prospects and your investment in us would diminish.
Political or economic crises may motivate large-scale sales of cryptocurrencies, which could result in a reduction in values of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and adversely affect an investment in us.
Geopolitical crises, in particular major ones such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the conflict between Israel and Hamas as well as its supporters, may motivate large-scale purchases of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which could increase the price of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies rapidly. This may increase the likelihood of a subsequent price decrease as crisis-driven purchasing behavior dissipates, adversely affecting the value of our Bitcoin following such downward adjustment. Such risks are similar to the risks of purchasing commodities in general uncertain times, such as the risk of purchasing, holding or selling gold. Alternatively, as an emerging asset class with limited acceptance as a payment system or commodity, global crises and general economic downturn may discourage investment in cryptocurrencies as investors focus their investment on less volatile asset classes as a means of hedging their investment risk.
As an alternative to fiat currencies that are backed by central governments, cryptocurrencies, which are relatively new, are subject to supply and demand forces. How such supply and demand will be impacted by geopolitical events is largely uncertain but could be harmful to us and investors in our Class A common stock. Political or economic crises may motivate large-scale acquisitions or sales of cryptocurrencies either globally or locally. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our new strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or any other cryptocurrencies we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account.
Negative media attention and public perception surrounding energy consumption by cryptocurrency mining may adversely affect our reputation and, consequently, our stock price; particularly in the eyes of some of our investors who may be more interested in our non-crypto operations as a holding company.
Cryptocurrency mining has experienced negative media attention surrounding its perceived high electricity use and environmental impact, which has adversely influenced public perception of the industry as a whole. We believe these factors are overstated for the cryptocurrency mining industry because of the informational disparity between cryptocurrency mining and other energy intensive industries. Cryptocurrency miners (particularly Bitcoin miners) have freely and publicly disclosed their energy consumption statistics because electricity usage, and the associated utility fees, is a cost of production. As increasing numbers of publicly traded cryptocurrency miners enter the market, more data, reliably disclosed in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”), has become available; however, such data has not been made as readily available for competitive payment systems and fiat currencies.
Nevertheless, this negative media attention and public perception may materially and adversely affect our reputation and, consequently, our stock price, particularly in the eyes of our investors who are more interested in our non-crypto operations as a holding company. As a single company within the broader cryptocurrency industry, we are likely incapable of effectively countering this negative media attention and affecting public perception. Therefore, we may not be able to adequately respond to these external pressures, which may cause a significant decline in the price of our Class A common stock.
Banks and financial institutions may not provide banking services, or may cut off services, to businesses like us that engage in cryptocurrency-related activities.
A number of companies that engage in Bitcoin and/or other cryptocurrency-related activities have been unable to find banks or financial institutions that are willing to provide them with bank accounts and other services. Similarly, a number of companies and individuals or businesses associated with cryptocurrencies may have had and may continue to have their existing bank accounts closed or services discontinued with financial institutions in response to government action. The difficulty that many businesses that provide Bitcoin and/or derivatives on other cryptocurrency-related activities have and may continue to have in finding banks and financial institutions willing to provide them services may be decreasing the usefulness of cryptocurrencies as a payment system and harming public perception of cryptocurrencies, and could decrease their usefulness and harm their public perception in the future.
The usefulness of cryptocurrencies as a payment system and the public perception of cryptocurrencies could be damaged if banks or financial institutions were to close the accounts of businesses engaging in Bitcoin and/or other cryptocurrency-related activities. This could occur as a result of compliance risk, cost, government regulation or public pressure. The risk applies to securities firms, clearance and settlement firms, national securities exchanges and derivatives on commodities exchanges, the over-the-counter market, and the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), which, if any of such entities adopts or implements similar policies, rules or regulations, could negatively affect our relationships with financial institutions and impede our ability to convert cryptocurrencies to fiat currencies. Such factors could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to monetize our mining efforts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and harm investors.
The price of cryptocurrencies may be affected by the sale of such cryptocurrencies by other vehicles investing in cryptocurrencies or tracking cryptocurrency markets. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin we mine.
The global market for cryptocurrency is characterized by supply constraints that differ from those present in the markets for commodities or other assets such as gold and silver. The mathematical protocols under which certain cryptocurrencies are mined permit the creation of a limited, predetermined amount of digital currency, while others have no limit established on total supply. Increased numbers of miners and deployed mining power globally will likely continue to increase the available supply of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which may depress their market price. Further, large “block sales” involving significant numbers of Bitcoin following appreciation in the market price of Bitcoin may also increase the supply of Bitcoin available on the market, which, without a corresponding increase in customer demand, may cause its price to fall. Currently, the loss of customer demand is also accentuated by disruptions in the crypto assets market. Additionally, to the extent that other vehicles investing in cryptocurrencies or tracking cryptocurrency markets form and come to represent a significant proportion of the customer demand for cryptocurrencies, including the recent approval of Bitcoin exchange traded funds, large redemptions of the securities of those vehicles and the subsequent sale of cryptocurrencies by such vehicles could negatively affect cryptocurrency prices and therefore affect the value of the cryptocurrency inventory we hold. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin.
Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Operations - Operational and Financial
Risk related to technological advancements and obsolescence of current bitcoin mining equipment.
Our operations are exposed to the risk of rapid technological advancements in the development and production of Bitcoin mining equipment, which could render our existing mining infrastructure obsolete and adversely impact our financial performance.
The Bitcoin mining industry is characterized by rapid technological change, with companies continually developing and deploying new mining equipment and techniques to enhance computational efficiency and reduce energy consumption. These advancements may outpace our ability to adapt, maintain, and upgrade our mining equipment, thereby negatively affecting our competitive position and operational efficiency. As a result, we may be required to make significant capital investments to acquire and implement new technology to maintain our competitiveness.
If we are unable to anticipate or adapt to such advancements, or if we fail to allocate our resources efficiently, we may be forced to rely on outdated equipment that becomes increasingly inefficient and expensive to maintain. Moreover, the emergence of more advanced mining technologies could lead to an increase in the overall mining difficulty, further reducing the effectiveness of our existing equipment and diminishing our mining rewards.
Additionally, there is a risk that our competitors, who may have greater financial resources and flexibility, will be better positioned to adopt emerging technologies and gain a competitive advantage. This could result in a decline in our market share, revenue, and profitability.
Inability to manage these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
Our future success will depend in part upon the value of Bitcoin. The value of Bitcoin may be subject to pricing risk and has historically been subject to wide swings.
Our operating results from this sector will depend in part upon the value of Bitcoin because it is the sole digital asset we currently mine. Specifically, our revenues from our Bitcoin mining operations are principally based upon two factors: the number of Bitcoin rewards we successfully mine and the value of Bitcoin. We also receive transaction fees paid in Bitcoin by participants who initiated transactions associated with new blocks that we mine. Our strategy currently focuses primarily on Bitcoin (as opposed to other digital assets). Further, our miners are principally utilized for mining Bitcoin and cannot mine other digital assets that are not mined utilizing the “SHA-256 algorithm.” If other digital assets were to achieve acceptance at the expense of Bitcoin, causing the value of Bitcoin to decline, or if Bitcoin were to switch its proof of work algorithm from SHA-256 to another algorithm for which our miners are not specialized, or the value of Bitcoin were to decline for other reasons, particularly if such decline were significant or over an extended period of time, our operating results would be adversely affected, and there could be a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our business strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations, and harm investors.
Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency market prices, which have historically been volatile and are impacted by a variety of factors are determined primarily using data from various exchanges, over-the-counter markets and derivative platforms. Such prices may be subject to factors such as those that impact commodities, more so than business activities, which could be subject to additional influence from fraudulent or illegitimate actors, real or perceived scarcity, and political, economic, regulatory or other conditions. Pricing may be the result of, and may continue to result in, speculation regarding future appreciation in the value of digital assets, or our share price, inflating and making their market prices more volatile or creating “bubble” type risks for both Bitcoin and our shares of Class A common stock.
We may be unable to raise additional capital needed to grow our data center hosting business.
We have operated and expect to continue to operate at a loss as we continue to establish our business model and as Bitcoin prices continue to experience significant volatility. In addition, we expect to need to raise additional capital to fund our working capital requirements, expand our operations, pursue our growth strategy and to respond to competitive pressures or working capital requirements. Specifically, the expansion of our Michigan Property to potentially 340 MWs of power will require significant capital. We may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, if at all, which could impair our growth and adversely affect our existing operations. The global economy, including credit and financial markets, has recently experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including diminished credit availability, rising interest and inflation rates, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. Such macroeconomic conditions could also make it more difficult for us to incur additional debt or obtain equity financing. If we raise additional equity financing, our stockholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests, and the per share value of our Class A common stock could decline. Further, if we engage in additional debt financing, the holders of debt likely would have priority over the holders of our Class A common stock on order of payment preference. We may be required to accept terms that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness, take other actions including accepting terms that require us to maintain specified liquidity or other ratios that could otherwise not be in the interests of our stockholders. Increased credit pressures on the cryptocurrency industry, such as banks, investors and other companies reducing or eliminating their exposure to the cryptocurrency industry through lending, have had and may continue to have a material impact on our business. In light of conditions impacting our industry, it may be more difficult for us to obtain equity or debt financing in the future.
The emergence of competing blockchain platforms or technologies may harm our business as presently conducted by preventing us from realizing the anticipated profits from our investments and forcing us to expend additional capital in an effort to adapt.
If blockchain platforms or technologies which compete with Bitcoin and its blockchain, including competing cryptocurrencies which our miners may not be able to mine, such as cryptocurrencies being developed or that may be developed by popular social media platforms, online retailers, or government sponsored cryptocurrencies, consumers may use such alternative platforms or technologies. If that were to occur, we would face difficulty adapting to such emergent digital ledgers, blockchains, or alternative platforms, cryptocurrencies or other digital assets. This may adversely affect us by preventing us from realizing the anticipated profits from our investments and forcing us to expend additional capital in an effort to adapt. Further, to the extent we cannot adapt, be it due to our specialized miners or otherwise, we could be forced to cease our mining or other cryptocurrency-related operations. Such circumstances would have a material adverse effect on our business, and in turn your investment in our securities.
We rely on one or more third parties for depositing, storing and withdrawing the Bitcoin we receive, which could result in a loss of assets, disputes and other liabilities or risks which could adversely impact our business.
We currently use a custodial wallet to store the Bitcoin we receive. In order to own, transfer and use Bitcoin on the blockchain network, we must have a private and public key pair associated with a network address, commonly referred to as a “wallet.” Each wallet is associated with a unique “public key” and “private key” pair, each of which is a string of alphanumerical characters. To deposit Bitcoin into our digital wallet, we must direct the transaction to the public key of a wallet that our Gemini custodial account controls and provides to us, and broadcast the deposit transaction onto the underlying blockchain network. To withdraw Bitcoin from our custodial account, an assigned account representative must initiate the transaction from our custodial account, then an approver must approve the transaction. Once the custodian has verified that the request is valid and who the recipient is through Know Your Customer/Anti-Money Laundering protocols, the custodian then “signs” a transaction authorizing the transfer. In addition, some cryptocurrency networks require additional information to be provided in connection with any transfer of cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin.
A number of errors or other adverse events can occur in the process of depositing, storing or withdrawing Bitcoin into or from our custodial account, such as typos, mistakes or the failure to include the information required by the blockchain network. For instance, a user may incorrectly enter our wallet’s public key or the desired recipient’s public key when depositing and withdrawing Bitcoin. Additionally, our reliance on third parties such as Gemini and the maintenance of keys to access and utilize our digital wallet will expose us to enhanced cybersecurity risks from unauthorized third parties employing illicit operations such as hacking, phishing and social engineering, notwithstanding the security systems and safeguards employed by us and others. Cyberattacks upon systems across a variety of industries, including the cryptocurrency industry, are increasing in frequency, persistence and sophistication and, in many cases, are being conducted by sophisticated, well-funded, and organized groups and individuals. For example, attacks may be designed to deceive employees and service providers into releasing control of the systems on which we depend to a hacker, while others may aim to introduce computer viruses or malware into such systems with a view to stealing confidential or proprietary data. These attacks may occur on our digital wallet or the systems of our third-party service providers or partners, which could result in asset losses and other adverse consequences. Insurance held by third parties may not cover related losses. Alternatively, we may inadvertently transfer Bitcoin to a wallet address that we do not own, control or hold the private keys to. In addition, a Bitcoin wallet address can only be used to send and receive Bitcoin, and if the Bitcoin is inadvertently sent to an Ethereum or other cryptocurrency wallet address, or if any of the foregoing errors occur, all of the Bitcoin will be permanently and irretrievably lost with no means of recovery. Such incidents could result in asset loss or disputes, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business.
If a malicious actor or botnet obtains control of more than 50% of the processing power on a cryptocurrency network, such actor or botnet could manipulate blockchains to adversely affect us, which would adversely affect an investment in our company and our ability to operate.
If a malicious actor or botnet (a volunteer or hacked collection of computers controlled by networked software coordinating the actions of the computers) obtains a majority of the processing power dedicated to mining a cryptocurrency, it may be able to alter blockchains on which transactions of cryptocurrency reside and rely by constructing fraudulent blocks or preventing certain transactions from completing in a timely manner, or at all. The malicious actor or botnet could control, exclude or modify the ordering of transactions, though it could not generate new units or transactions using such control. The malicious actor could “double-spend” its own cryptocurrency (i.e., spend the same Bitcoin in more than one transaction) and prevent the confirmation of other users’ transactions for as long as it maintained control. To the extent that such malicious actor or botnet does not yield its control of the processing power on the network or the cryptocurrency community does not reject the fraudulent blocks as malicious, reversing any changes made to blockchains may not be possible. The foregoing description is not the only means by which the entirety of blockchains or cryptocurrencies may be compromised but is only an example.
Although we are unaware of any reports of malicious activity or control of blockchains achieved through controlling over 50% of the processing power on the network, it is believed that certain mining pools may have exceeded the 50% threshold in Bitcoin. The possible crossing of the 50% threshold indicates a greater risk that a single mining pool could exert authority over the validation of Bitcoin transactions. To the extent that the Bitcoin community, and the administrators of mining pools, do not act to ensure greater decentralization of Bitcoin mining processing power, the feasibility of a botnet or malicious actor obtaining control of the blockchain’s processing power will increase, because such botnet or malicious actor could more readily infiltrate and seize control over the blockchain by compromising a single mining pool, if the mining pool compromises more than 50% of the mining power on the blockchain, than it could if the mining pool had a smaller share of the blockchain’s total hashing power. Conversely, if the blockchain remains decentralized it is inherently more difficult for the botnet or malicious actor to aggregate enough processing power to gain control of the blockchain. If this were to occur, the public may lose confidence in the Bitcoin blockchain, and blockchain technology more generally. This would likely have a material and adverse effect on the price of Bitcoin, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial results and operations, and harm investors.
Our reliance on a third-party mining pool service provider for our mining revenue payouts may have a negative impact on our operations such as a result of cyber-attacks against the mining pool operator and/or our limited recourse against the mining pool operator with respect to rewards paid to us.
We receive crypto asset mining rewards from our mining activity through a third-party mining pool operator. Mining pools allow miners to combine their processing power, increasing their chances of solving a block and getting paid by the network. The rewards are distributed by the pool operator, proportionally to our contribution to the pool’s overall mining power, used to generate each block. Should the pool operator’s system suffer downtime due to a cyber-attack, software malfunction or other similar issues, it will negatively impact our ability to mine and receive revenue. Furthermore, we are dependent on the accuracy of the mining pool operator’s record keeping to accurately record the total processing power provided to the pool for a given Bitcoin mining application in order to assess the proportion of that total processing power we provided.
While we have internal methods of tracking both our power provided and the total used by the pool, the mining pool operator uses its own recordkeeping to determine our proportion of a given reward. We have little means of recourse against the mining pool operator if we determine the proportion of the reward paid out to us by the mining pool operator is incorrect, other than leaving the pool. If we are unable to consistently obtain accurate proportionate rewards from our mining pool operators, we may experience reduced reward for our efforts, which would have an adverse effect on our business and operations.
Bitcoin may have concentrated ownership and large sales or distributions by holders of Bitcoin assets could have an adverse effect on the market price of Bitcoin.
As of April 9, 2025, the largest 93 and 2,094 Bitcoin wallets held approximately 15% and 38%, respectively, of the Bitcoin in circulation. Moreover, it is possible that other persons or entities control multiple wallets that collectively hold a significant number of Bitcoins, even if they individually only hold a small amount, and it is possible that some of these wallets are controlled by the same person or entity. As a result of this concentration of ownership, large sales or distributions by such holders could have an adverse effect on the market price of Bitcoin.
Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Operations - Legal and Regulatory
We are subject to a highly evolving regulatory landscape and any adverse changes to, or our failure to comply with, any laws and regulations could adversely affect our business, prospects or operations.
Our business is subject to extensive laws, rules, regulations, policies and legal and regulatory guidance, including those governing securities, commodities, crypto asset custody, exchange and transfer, data governance, data protection, cybersecurity and tax. Many of these legal and regulatory regimes were adopted prior to the advent of the Internet, mobile technologies, crypto assets and related technologies. As a result, they do not contemplate or address unique issues associated with the crypto economy, are subject to significant uncertainty, and vary widely across U.S. federal, state and local and international jurisdictions. These legal and regulatory regimes, including the laws, rules and regulations thereunder, evolve frequently and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another. Moreover, the complexity and evolving nature of our business and the significant uncertainty surrounding the regulation of the crypto economy requires us to exercise our judgement as to whether certain laws, rules and regulations apply to us, and it is possible that governmental bodies and regulators may disagree with our conclusions. To the extent we have not complied with such laws, rules and regulations, we could be subject to significant fines and other regulatory consequences, which could adversely affect our business, prospects or operations. As Bitcoin has grown in popularity and in market size, the Federal Reserve Board, U.S. Congress and certain U.S. agencies (e.g., the CFTC, SEC, FinCEN and the FBI) have begun to examine the operations of the Bitcoin network, Bitcoin users and the Bitcoin exchange market. Regulatory developments and/or our business activities may require us to comply with certain regulatory regimes. For example, to the extent that our activities cause us to be deemed a money service business under the regulations promulgated by FinCEN under the authority of the BSA, we may be required to comply with FinCEN regulations, including those that would mandate us to implement certain anti-money laundering programs, make certain reports to FinCEN and maintain certain records.
On November 23, 2022, the governor of New York signed into law a two-year moratorium on new or renewed permits for certain electricity-generating facilities that use fossil fuel and provide energy for proof-of-work digital asset mining operations. While this action does not directly impact our current operations, as our power generation plans are currently located in Michigan and we have no plans to establish any facilities in New York, it may be the beginning of a new wave of climate change regulations aimed at preventing or reducing the growth of Bitcoin mining in jurisdictions in the United States, including potentially jurisdictions in which we now operate or may in the future operate. The above-described developments could also demonstrate the beginning of a regional or global regulatory trend in response to environmental and energy preservation or other concerns surrounding crypto assets, and similar action in a jurisdiction in which we operate or in general could have a devastating effect on our operations. If further regulation follows, it is possible that the Bitcoin mining industry may not be able to adjust to a sudden and dramatic overhaul to our ability to deploy energy towards the operation of mining equipment. We are not currently aware of any legislation in Michigan being a near-term possibility. If further regulatory action is taken by various governmental entities, our business may suffer and investors in our securities may lose part or all of their investment.
We cannot quantify the effects of this regulatory action on our industry as a whole. If further regulation follows, it is possible that our industry may not be able to cope with the sudden and extreme loss of mining power. Because we are unable to influence or predict future regulatory actions taken by governments in China, the United States, or elsewhere, we may have little opportunity or ability to respond to rapidly evolving regulatory positions which may have a materially adverse effect on our industry and, therefore, our business and results of operations.
Ongoing and future regulatory actions may impact our ability to continue to operate, and such actions could affect our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations.
A particular digital asset’s status as a “security” in any relevant jurisdiction is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and if a regulator disagrees with our characterization of a digital asset, we may be subject to regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, and penalties, which may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Furthermore, a determination that Bitcoin or any other digital asset that we own or mine is a “security” may adversely affect the value of Bitcoin and our business.
The SEC and its staff have taken the position that certain digital assets fall within the definition of a “security” under the U.S. federal securities laws. The legal test for determining whether any given digital asset is a security, as described below, is a highly complex, fact-driven analysis that may evolve over time, and the outcome is difficult to predict. Our determination that the digital assets we hold are not securities is a risk-based assessment and not a legal standard or one binding on regulators. The SEC generally does not provide advance guidance or confirmation on the status of any particular digital asset as a security. Furthermore, the SEC’s views in this area have evolved over time and it is difficult to predict the direction or timing of any continuing evolution. It is also possible that a change in the governing administration or the appointment of new SEC commissioners could substantially impact the views of the SEC and its staff. Public statements made by senior officials at the SEC indicate that the SEC does not intend to take the position that Bitcoin is a security (as currently offered and sold). However, such statements are not official policy statements by the SEC and reflect only the speakers’ views, which are not binding on the SEC or any other agency or court and cannot be generalized to any other digital asset. As of the date of this Annual Report, with the exception of certain centrally issued digital assets that have received “no-action” letters from the SEC staff, Bitcoin and Ethereum are the only digital assets which senior officials at the SEC have publicly stated are unlikely to be considered securities. As a Bitcoin mining company, we do not believe we are an issuer of any “securities” as defined under the federal securities laws. Our internal process for determining whether the digital assets we hold or plan to hold is based upon the public statements of the SEC and existing case law. The digital assets we hold or plan to hold, other than Bitcoin (if any), may have been created by an issuer as an investment contract under the Howey test, SEC v. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293 (1946), and may be deemed to be securities by the SEC. However, the Company was not the issuer that created these digital assets and is holding them on an interim basis until liquidated. Should the SEC state that Bitcoin should be deemed to be a security, we may no longer be able to hold any Bitcoin. It will then likely become difficult or impossible for such digital asset to be traded, cleared or custodied in the United States through the same channels used by non-security digital assets, which in addition to materially and adversely affecting the trading value of the digital asset is likely to cause substantial volatility and significantly impact its liquidity and market participants’ ability to convert the digital asset into U.S. dollars. Our inability to exchange Bitcoin for fiat or other digital assets (and vice versa) to administer our treasury management objectives may decrease our earnings potential and have an adverse impact on our business and financial condition.
Under the Investment Company Act, a company may fall within the definition of an investment company under section 3(c)(1)(A) thereof if it is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, or under section 3(a)(1)(C) thereof if it is engaged or proposes to engage in business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” (as defined therein) having a value exceeding 40% of its total assets (exclusive of government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. There is no authoritative law, rule or binding guidance published by the SEC regarding the status of digital assets as “securities” or “investment securities” under the Investment Company Act. Although we believe that we are not engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in investment securities, and we do not hold ourselves out as being primarily engaged, or proposing to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, to the extent the digital assets which we mine, own, or otherwise acquire may be deemed “securities” or “investment securities” by the SEC or a court of competent jurisdiction, we may meet the definition of an investment company. If we fall within the definition of an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we would be required to register with the SEC. If an investment company fails to register, it likely would have to stop doing almost all business, and its contracts would become voidable. Generally speaking, non-U.S. issuers may not register as an investment company without an SEC order.
If the SEC or another regulatory body considers Bitcoin to be a security under U.S. securities laws, we may be required to comply with significant SEC registration and/or other requirements.
In general, novel or unique assets such as Bitcoin and other digital assets may be classified as securities if they meet the definition of investment contracts under U.S. law. In recent years, the offer and sale of digital assets other than Bitcoin, most notably Kik Interactive Inc.’s Kin tokens and Telegram Group Inc.’s TON tokens, have been deemed to be investment contracts by the SEC. While we believe that Bitcoin is unlikely to be considered an investment contract, and thus a security under the investment contract definition, we cannot provide any assurances that digital assets that we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, including Bitcoin, will never be classified as securities under U.S. law. This would obligate us to comply with registration and other requirements by the SEC and, therefore, cause us to incur significant, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in the Company.
Several foreign jurisdictions have taken a broad-based approach to classifying crypto assets as “securities,” while other foreign jurisdictions, such as Switzerland, Malta, and Singapore, have adopted a narrower approach. As a result, certain crypto assets may be deemed to be a “security” under the laws of some jurisdictions but not others. Various foreign jurisdictions may, in the future, adopt additional laws, regulations, or directives that affect the characterization of crypto assets as “securities.” If Bitcoin is deemed to be a security under any U.S. federal, state, or foreign jurisdiction, or in a proceeding in a court of law or otherwise, it may have adverse consequences for Bitcoin. For instance, all transactions in Bitcoin would have to be registered with the SEC or other foreign authority, or conducted in accordance with an exemption from registration, which could severely limit its liquidity, usability and transactability. Moreover, the networks on which such Bitcoin is utilized may be required to be regulated as securities intermediaries, and subject to applicable rules, which could effectively render the network impracticable for its existing purposes. Further, it could draw negative publicity and a decline in the general acceptance of Bitcoin.
Current interpretations require the regulation of Bitcoin under the Commodity Exchange Act by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and we may be required to register and comply with such regulations. Any disruption of our operations in response to the changed regulatory circumstances may be at a time that is disadvantageous to our investors.
Current and future legislation, regulation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) and other regulatory developments, including interpretations released by a regulatory authority, may impact the manner in which Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are treated for classification and clearing purposes. In particular, derivatives on these assets are not excluded from the definition of “commodity future” by the CFTC. We cannot be certain as to how future regulatory developments will impact the treatment of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies under the law.
Bitcoin has been deemed to fall within the definition of a commodity, and we may be required to register and comply with additional regulation under the Commodity Exchange Act, including additional periodic report and disclosure standards and requirements. Moreover, we may be required to register as a commodity pool operator and to register as a commodity pool with the CFTC through the National Futures Association. Such additional registrations may result in extraordinary, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in us. If we determine not to comply with such additional regulatory and registration requirements, we may seek to cease certain of our operations. Any such action may adversely affect an investment in us.
Additionally, governments may develop and deploy their own blockchain-based digital assets, which may have a material adverse impact on Bitcoin’s price and utility.
We are subject to risks associated with our need for significant electrical power. Government regulators may potentially restrict the ability of electricity suppliers to provide electricity to mining operations, such as ours.
The operation of a Bitcoin mining center, as well as AI hyperscale data centers, can require massive amounts of electrical power. We presently have access to approximately 30 MWs of capacity at our Michigan Facility, which we plan to dedicate to our AI hyperscale data center operations, and 10 MWs of capacity at our Montana Facilities for our mining operations. However, we require additional capacity to operate all of our miners outside the Michigan Facility and Montana Facilities and to support the growing power demands of our AI hyperscale data centers. Our mining operations can only be successful and ultimately profitable if the costs, including electrical power costs, associated with mining a Bitcoin are lower than the price of a Bitcoin. Similarly, our AI hyperscale data centers require a reliable and cost-effective power supply to ensure optimal performance and profitability. As a result, any facilities we establish can only be successful if we can obtain sufficient electrical power on a cost-effective basis. The establishment of new mining and AI hyperscale data centers requires us to find locations where this is the case. There may be significant competition for suitable locations for both mining operations and AI hyperscale data centers. Government regulators may potentially restrict the ability of electricity suppliers to provide electricity to these operations in times of electricity shortage or may otherwise potentially restrict or prohibit the provision of electricity to such operations. Any shortage of electricity supply or increase in electricity cost in a jurisdiction may negatively impact the viability and the expected economic return for our Bitcoin mining activities and AI hyperscale data center operations in that jurisdiction.
Our interactions with a blockchain may expose us to specially designated nationals or blocked persons or cause us to violate provisions of law that did not contemplate distributed ledger technology.
The Office of Financial Assets Control of the U.S. Department of Treasury (“OFAC”) requires us to comply with its sanction program and not conduct business with persons named on its list of specially designated nationals (“SDN”). However, because of the pseudonymous nature of blockchain transactions, we may inadvertently and without our knowledge engage in transactions with persons named on OFAC’s SDN list. Our internal policies prohibit any transactions with such SDN individuals, but we may not be adequately capable of determining the ultimate identity of the individual with whom we transact with respect to selling digital assets. In addition, in the future OFAC or another regulator may require us to screen transactions for OFAC addresses or other bad actors before including such transactions in a block, which may increase our compliance costs, decrease our anticipated transaction fees and lead to decreased traffic on our network. Any of these factors, consequently, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.
Moreover, federal law prohibits any U.S. person from knowingly or unknowingly possessing any visual depiction commonly known as child pornography. Recent media reports have suggested that persons have embedded such depictions on one or more blockchains. Because our business requires us to download and retain one or more blockchains to effectuate our ongoing business, it is possible that such digital ledgers contain prohibited depictions without our knowledge or consent. To the extent government enforcement authorities literally enforce these and other laws and regulations that are impacted by decentralized distributed ledger technology, we may be subject to investigation, administrative or court proceedings, and civil or criminal monetary fines and penalties, all of which could harm our reputation and could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.
Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Operations - Technological
The characteristics of crypto assets have been, and may in the future continue to be, exploited to facilitate illegal activity such as fraud, money laundering, tax evasion and ransomware scams; if any of our customers do so or are alleged to have done so, it could adversely affect us.
Digital currencies and the digital currency industry are relatively new and, in many cases, lightly regulated or largely unregulated. Some types of digital currency have characteristics, such as the speed with which digital currency transactions can be conducted, the ability to conduct transactions without the involvement of regulated intermediaries, the ability to engage in transactions across multiple jurisdictions, the irreversible nature of certain digital currency transactions and encryption technology that anonymizes these transactions, that make digital currency particularly susceptible to use in illegal activity such as fraud, money laundering, tax evasion and ransomware scams. Two prominent examples of marketplaces that accepted digital currency payments for illegal activities include Silk Road, an online marketplace on the dark web that, among other things, facilitated the sale of illegal drugs and forged legal documents using digital currencies and AlphaBay, another darknet market that utilized digital currencies to hide the locations of its servers and identities of its users. Both of these marketplaces were investigated and closed by U.S. law enforcement authorities. U.S. regulators, including the SEC, CFTC and Federal Trade Commission, as well as non-U.S. regulators, have taken legal action against persons alleged to be engaged in Ponzi schemes and other fraudulent schemes involving digital currencies. In addition, the FBI has noted the increasing use of digital currency in various ransomware scams.
While our board and management believe that our risk management processes and policies in light of current crypto asset market conditions, which include thorough reviews we conduct as part of our due diligence process, is reasonably designed to detect any such illicit activities conducted by our potential or existing counterparties, we cannot ensure that we will be able to detect any such illegal activity in all instances. Because the speed, irreversibility and anonymity of certain digital currency transactions make them more difficult to track, fraudulent transactions may be more likely to occur. We or our potential banking counterparties may be specifically targeted by individuals seeking to conduct fraudulent transfers, and it may be difficult or impossible for us to detect and avoid such transactions in certain circumstances. If one of our customers (or in the case of digital currency exchanges, their customers) were to engage in or be accused of engaging in illegal activities using digital currency, we could be subject to various fines and sanctions, including limitations on our activities, which could also cause reputational damage and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Incorrect or fraudulent cryptocurrency transactions may be irreversible and it is possible that, through computer or human error, or through theft or criminal action, our cryptocurrency rewards could be transferred in incorrect amounts or to unauthorized third parties.
Cryptocurrency transactions are irrevocable and stolen or incorrectly transferred cryptocurrencies may be irretrievable. As a result, any incorrectly executed or fraudulent cryptocurrency transactions, such as a result of a cybersecurity breach against our Bitcoin holdings, could adversely affect our investments and assets. This is because cryptocurrency transactions are not, from an administrative perspective, reversible without the consent and active participation of the recipient of the cryptocurrencies from the transaction. Once a transaction has been verified and recorded in a block that is added to a blockchain, an incorrect transfer of a cryptocurrency or a theft thereof generally will not be reversible and we may not have sufficient recourse to recover our losses from any such transfer or theft. Further, it is possible that, through computer or human error, or through theft or criminal action, our cryptocurrency rewards could be transferred in incorrect amounts or to unauthorized third parties, or to uncontrolled accounts. If an errant or fraudulent transaction in our Bitcoin were to occur, we would have very limited means of seeking to reverse the transaction or seeking recourse. To the extent that we are unable to recover our losses from such action, error or theft, such events could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Cryptocurrencies, including those maintained by or for us, may be exposed to cybersecurity threats and hacks.
As with any computer code generally, flaws in crypto asset codes, including Bitcoin codes, may be exposed by malicious actors. Several errors and defects have been found previously, including those that disabled some functionality for users and exposed users’ information. Exploitation of flaws in the source code that allow malicious actors to take or create money have previously occurred. Additionally, as AI capabilities improve and are increasingly adopted, we may see cyberattacks created through AI. These attacks could be crafted with an AI tool to directly attack information systems with increased speed and/or efficiency than a human threat actor or create more effective phishing emails. Despite our efforts and processes to prevent breaches, our devices, as well as our miners, computer systems and those of third parties that we use in our operations, are vulnerable to cyber security risks, including cyber-attacks such as viruses and worms, phishing attacks, denial-of-service attacks, physical or electronic break-ins, employee theft or misuse, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our miners and computer systems or those of third parties that we use in our operations. As technological change occurs, the security threats to our cryptocurrencies will likely change and previously unknown threats may emerge. Human error and the constantly evolving state of cybercrime and hacking techniques may render present security protocols and procedures ineffective in ways which we cannot predict. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account.
Our use of third-party mining pools exposes us to additional risks.
We receive Bitcoin rewards from our mining activity through third-party mining pool operators. Mining pools allow miners to combine their processing power, increasing their chances of solving a block and getting paid by the network. The rewards are distributed by the pool operator, proportionally to our contribution to the pool’s overall mining power used to solve a block on the Bitcoin blockchain. Should the pool operator’s system suffer downtime due to a cyber-attack, software malfunction or other issue, it will negatively impact our ability to mine and receive revenue. Furthermore, we are dependent on the accuracy of the mining pool operator’s record keeping to accurately record the total processing power provided to the pool for a given Bitcoin mining application in order to assess the proportion of that total processing power we provided. While we have internal methods of tracking both the hash rate we provide and the total used by the pool, the mining pool operator uses its own record-keeping to determine our proportion of a given reward, which may not match our own. If we are unable to consistently obtain accurate proportionate rewards from our mining pool operators, we may experience reduced rewards for our efforts, which would have an adverse effect on our business and operations.
Risks Related to Our Status as a Holding Company
Our inability to successfully integrate new acquisitions could adversely affect our combined business; our operations are widely disbursed.
Our growth strategy through acquisitions is fraught with risk. Since 2017, we have acquired the Michigan Facility, a majority interest in TurnOnGreen, the four hotel properties in and around Madison, Wisconsin, substantially all the assets and certain specified liabilities of Circle 8 Crane Service and a position in ROI that we consolidate as a VIE. We also acquired all or majority interests in other companies and a certain real property located in St. Petersburg, Florida, all of which we either sold off or are currently no longer consolidated as a result of bankruptcy. Our strategy and business plan are dependent on our ability to successfully integrate acquisitions. In addition, while we are based in Las Vegas, NV, our finance and legal departments are located elsewhere in the U.S., and certain subsidiary’s operations are located across the U.S. and internationally. These distant locations and others that we may become involved with in the future will stretch our resources and management time. Further, failure to quickly and adequately integrate all of these operations and personnel could adversely affect our combined business and our ability to achieve our objectives and strategy. No assurance can be given that we will realize synergies in the areas we currently operate.
If we make any additional acquisitions, they may disrupt or have a negative impact on our business.
We have plans to eventually make additional acquisitions. Whenever we make acquisitions, we could have difficulty integrating the acquired companies’ personnel and operations with our own. In addition, the key personnel of the acquired business may not be willing to work for us. We cannot predict the effect expansion may have on our core business. Regardless of whether we are successful in making an acquisition, the negotiations could disrupt our ongoing business, distract our management and employees and increase our expenses. In addition to the risks described above, acquisitions are accompanied by a number of inherent risks, including, without limitation, the following:
· If senior management and/or management of future acquired companies terminate their employment prior to our completion of integration;
· difficulty of integrating acquired products, services or operations;
· integration of new employees and management into our culture while maintaining focus on operating efficiently and providing consistent, high-quality goods and services;
· potential disruption of the ongoing businesses and distraction of our management and the management of acquired companies;
· unanticipated issues with transferring customer relationships;
· complexity associated with managing our combined company;
· difficulty of incorporating acquired rights or products into our existing business;
· difficulties in disposing of the excess or idle facilities of an acquired company or business and expenses in maintaining such facilities;
· difficulties in maintaining uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies;
· potential impairment of relationships with employees and customers as a result of any integration of new management personnel;
· potential inability or failure to achieve additional sales and enhance our customer base through cross-marketing of the products to new and existing customers;
· effect of any government regulations which relate to the business acquired; and
· potential unknown liabilities associated with acquired businesses or product lines, or the need to spend significant amounts to retool, reposition or modify the marketing and sales of acquired products or the defense of any litigation, whether or not successful, resulting from actions of the acquired company prior to our acquisition.
Our business could be severely impaired if and to the extent that we are unable to succeed in addressing any of these risks or other problems encountered in connection with these acquisitions, many of which cannot be presently identified, these risks and problems could disrupt our ongoing business, distract our management and employees, increase our expenses and adversely affect our results of operations.
We may not be able to successfully identify suitable acquisition targets and complete acquisitions to meet our growth strategy, and even if we are able to do so, we may not realize the full anticipated benefits of such acquisitions, and our business, financial conditions and results of operations may suffer.
Increasing revenues through acquisitions is one of the key components of our growth strategy. Identifying suitable acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming and costly, and we may not be able to identify suitable candidates or complete acquisitions in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis or at all.
We will have to pay cash, incur debt, or issue equity as consideration in any future acquisitions, each of which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market price of our Class A common stock. The sale of equity or issuance of equity-linked debt to finance any future acquisitions could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could limit our flexibility in managing our business due to covenants or other restrictions contained in debt instruments.
Further, we may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of completed acquisitions. Some acquisition targets may not have a developed business or are experiencing inefficiencies and incur losses. Additionally, small defense contractors which we consider suitable acquisition targets may be uniquely dependent on their prior owners and the loss of such owners’ services following the completion of acquisitions may adversely affect their business. Therefore, we may lose our investment in the event that the acquired businesses do not develop as planned, we cannot retain key employees or that we are unable to achieve the anticipated cost efficiencies or reduction of losses.
Additionally, our acquisitions have previously required, and any similar future transactions may also require, significant management efforts and expenditures. Regardless of whether we are successful in making an acquisition, the negotiations could disrupt our ongoing business, divert the attention of our management and key employees and increase our expenses.
Because we face significant competition for acquisition and business opportunities, including from numerous companies with a business plan similar to ours, it may be difficult for us to fully execute our business strategy. Additionally, our subsidiaries also operate in highly competitive industries, limiting their ability to gain or maintain their positions in their respective industries.
We expect to encounter intense competition for acquisition and business opportunities from both strategic investors and other entities having a business objective similar to ours, such as private investors (which may be individuals or investment partnerships), blank check companies including special purpose acquisition companies, and other entities, domestic and international, competing for the type of businesses that we may acquire. Many of these competitors possess greater technical, human and other resources, or more local industry knowledge, or greater access to capital, than we do, and our financial resources may be relatively limited when contrasted with those of many of these competitors. These factors may place us at a competitive disadvantage in successfully completing future acquisitions and investments.
In addition, while we believe that there are numerous target businesses that we could potentially acquire or invest in, our ability to compete with respect to the acquisition of certain target businesses that are sizable will be limited by our available financial resources. We may need to obtain additional financing in order to consummate future acquisitions and investment opportunities and cannot assure you that any additional financing will be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, or that the terms of our existing financing arrangements will not limit our ability to do so. This inherent competitive limitation gives others an advantage in pursuing acquisition and investment opportunities.
Furthermore, our subsidiaries also face competition from both traditional and new market entrants that may adversely affect them as well, as discussed elsewhere in these risk factors.
Future acquisitions or business opportunities could involve unknown risks that could harm our business and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are a diversified holding company that owns interests in a number of different businesses across several industries. We have in the past, and intend in the future, to acquire businesses or make investments, directly or indirectly through our subsidiaries, that involve unknown risks, some of which will be particular to the industry in which the investment or acquisition targets operate, including risks in industries with which we are not familiar or experienced. There can be no assurance our due diligence investigations will identify every matter that could have a material adverse effect on us or the entities that we may acquire. We may be unable to adequately address the financial, legal and operational risks raised by such investments or acquisitions, especially if we are unfamiliar with the relevant industry, which can lead to significant losses on material investments. The realization of any unknown risks could expose us to unanticipated costs and liabilities and prevent or limit us from realizing the projected benefits of the investments or acquisitions, which could adversely affect our financial condition and liquidity. In addition, our financial condition, results of operations and the ability to service our debt may be adversely impacted depending on the specific risks applicable to any business we invest in or acquire and our ability to address those risks.
We face certain risks associated with the acquisition or disposition of businesses and lack of control over certain of our investments.
In pursuing our corporate strategy, we may acquire, dispose of or exit businesses or reorganize existing investments. The success of this strategy is dependent upon our ability to identify appropriate opportunities, negotiate transactions on favorable terms and ultimately complete such transactions.
In the course of our acquisitions, we may not acquire 100% ownership of certain of our operating subsidiaries or we may face delays in completing certain acquisitions, including in acquiring full ownership of certain of our operating companies. Once we complete acquisitions or reorganizations there can be no assurance that we will realize the anticipated benefits of any transaction, including revenue growth, operational efficiencies or expected synergies. If we fail to recognize some or all of the strategic benefits and synergies expected from a transaction, goodwill and intangible assets may be impaired in future periods. The negotiations associated with the acquisition and disposition of businesses could also disrupt our ongoing business, distract management and employees or increase our expenses.
In addition, we may not be able to integrate acquisitions successfully and we could incur or assume unknown or unanticipated liabilities or contingencies, which may impact our results of operations. If we dispose of or otherwise exit certain businesses, there can be no assurance that we will not incur certain disposition related charges, or that we will be able to reduce overhead related to the divested assets.
In the ordinary course of our business, we evaluate the potential disposition of assets and businesses that may no longer help us meet our objectives or that no longer fit with our broader strategy. When we decide to sell assets or a business, we may encounter difficulty in finding buyers or alternative exit strategies on acceptable terms in a timely manner, which could delay the accomplishment of our strategic objectives, or we may dispose of a business at a price or on terms which are less than we had anticipated. In addition, there is a risk that we sell a business whose subsequent performance exceeds our expectations, in which case our decision would have potentially sacrificed enterprise value.
Our development stage companies may never produce revenues or income.
We have made investments in and own stakes, either majority or minority, in a certain development stage companies. Each of these companies is at an early stage of development and is subject to all business risks associated with a new enterprise, including constraints on their financial and personnel resources, lack of established credit, the need to establish meaningful and beneficial vendor and customer relationships and uncertainties regarding product development and future revenues. We anticipate that many of these companies will continue to incur substantial additional operating losses for at least the next several years and expect their losses to increase as research and development efforts expand. There can be no assurance as to when or whether any of these companies will be able to develop significant sources of revenue or that any of their respective operations will become profitable, even if any of them is able to commercialize any products. As a result, we may not realize any returns on our investments in these companies for a significant period of time, if at all, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
Divestitures and contingent liabilities from divested businesses could adversely affect our business and financial results.
We continually evaluate the performance and strategic fit of all of our businesses and may sell businesses or product lines. Divestitures involve risks, including difficulties in the separation of operations, services, products and personnel, the diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns, the disruption of our business, the potential loss of key employees and the retention of uncertain contingent liabilities, including environmental liabilities, related to the divested business. When we decide to sell assets or a business, we may encounter difficulty in finding buyers or alternative exit strategies on acceptable terms in a timely manner, which could delay the achievement of our strategic objectives. We may also dispose of a business at a price or on terms that are less desirable than we had anticipated, which could result in significant asset impairment charges, including those related to goodwill and other intangible assets, that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may experience greater dis-synergies than expected, the impact of the divestiture on our revenue growth may be larger than projected, and some divestitures may be dilutive to earnings. There can be no assurance whether the strategic benefits and expected financial impact of the divestiture will be achieved. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in managing these or any other significant risks that we encounter in divesting a business or product line, and any divestiture we undertake could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Risks Related to Related Party Transactions
There may be conflicts of interest between our company and certain of our related parties and their respective directors and officers which might not be resolved in our favor. More importantly, there may be conflicts between certain of our related parties and their respective directors and officers which might not be resolved in our favor. These risks are set forth below appurtenant to the relevant related party.
Ault & Company
Our relationship with Ault & Company may enhance the difficulty inherent in obtaining financing for us as well as expose us to certain conflicts of interest.
As of April 14, 2025, Ault & Company, of which Milton C. (Todd) Ault, III is the chief executive officer, beneficially owned 34,832,482 shares of our common stock, consisting of (i) 8,249 shares of Class A Common Stock owned, (ii) 4,234,561 shares of Class B Common Stock that are convertible into 4,234,561 shares of Class A Common Stock and carries the voting power of 42,345,610 shares of Class A Common Stock, (iii) 29,561,308 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock that carry the voting power of 464,576 shares of Class A Common Stock, (iv) 567,578 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock that carry the voting power of 153,748 shares of Class A Common Stock and (v) 460,786 shares of Class A Common Stock underlying warrants that are either presently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days. As of April 14, 2025, Ault & Company beneficially owns approximately 95.8% of our common stock and had the right to cast total votes of approximately 82.5% of all votes entitled to be cast at a stockholder meeting.
In addition, pursuant to the (i) November 2023 SPA, as amended, Ault & Company has the right to purchase up to an additional $25 million of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series C Warrants and (ii) December 2024 SPA, Ault & Company has the right to purchase up to an additional $49.0 million of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock and Series G Warrants, which would further increase their beneficial ownership. Given the close relationship between Ault & Company, on the one hand, and our company, on the other, it is not inconceivable that we could further amend the November 2023 SPA or December 2024 SPA or enter into additional securities purchase agreements with Ault & Company.
Although we have relied on Ault & Company to finance us in the past, we cannot assure you that Ault & Company will assist us in the future. We would far prefer to rely on Ault & Company’s assistance compared to other sources of financing as the terms they provide us are in general more favorable to us than we could obtain elsewhere. However, Messrs. Ault, Horne and Nisser could face a conflict of interest in that they serve on the board of directors of each of Ault & Company and our company. If they determine that an investment in our company is not in Ault & Company’s best interest, we could be forced to seek financing from other sources that would not necessarily be likely to provide us with equally favorable terms.
Other conflicts of interest between us, on the one hand, and Ault & Company, on the other hand, may arise relating to commercial or strategic opportunities or initiatives. Mr. Ault, as the controlling stockholder of Ault & Company, may not resolve such conflicts in our favor. For example, we cannot assure you that Ault & Company would not pursue opportunities to provide financing to other entities whether or not it currently has a relationship with such other entities. Furthermore, our ability to explore alternative sources of financing other than Ault & Company may be constrained due to Mr. Ault’s vision for us and he may not wish for us to receive any financing at all other than from entities that he controls.
Alzamend
Our relationship with Alzamend may expose us to certain conflicts of interest.
As of April 14, 2025, we beneficially own 3,386,340 shares of Alzamend’s common stock, representing approximately 34.2%, consisting of (i) 111 shares of common stock underlying currently exercisable warrants we own, (ii) 77,268 shares of common stock held by Ault Lending, (iii) 2,982,107 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of series B convertible preferred stock of Alzamend (the “ALZN Series B Preferred”) held by Ault Lending and (iv) 210,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of currently exercisable warrants held by Ault Lending. In addition, Ault Lending owns additional warrants to purchase shares of common stock that cannot be exercised due to beneficial ownership blockers. Beyond the securities we beneficially own, Mr. Ault, our Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owns an additional 177,436 shares of common stock, consisting of (i) 77,268 shares held by Mr. Ault, (ii) 99,619 shares held by Ault Life Sciences, Inc. (“ALSI”) and (iii) 549 shares held by Ault Life Sciences Fund, LLC (“ALSF”). Mr. Ault has sole voting and investment power with respect to the securities held of record by ALSI and ALSF.
Messrs. Ault, Horne and Nisser could face a conflict of interest in that they serve on the board of directors of each of Alzamend and our company.
ROI
Our relationship with ROI may expose us to certain conflicts of interest.
As of April 14, 2025, we beneficially own 1,829,901 shares of ROI’s common stock, consisting of (i) 873,176 shares held by Ault Lending, (ii) 293,358 shares issuable upon the conversion of outstanding shares of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock (“ROI Series A Preferred”) we own, and (iii) 663,367 shares issuable upon the conversion of outstanding shares of ROI Series D Preferred we own. While as of April 14, 2025, we beneficially owned approximately 5.6% of ROI’s common stock, we own shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (“ROI Series B Preferred”) and additional shares of ROI Series D Preferred that cannot be converted unless we first obtain shareholder approval, in addition to beneficial ownership blockers and other restrictions. If shareholder approval was obtained and there were no restrictions on the conversion of the securities we own, as of April 14, 2025, then we would beneficially own 58.2% of ROI’s common stock.
Messrs. Ault and Nisser could face a conflict of interest in that they serve on the board of directors of each of ROI and our company.
Risks Related to RiskOn
Our growth and profitability depend on continued interest in social gaming and sweepstakes within the U.S., and shifts in consumer preferences could harm our business
The acceptance of our Platform hinges on sustained enthusiasm for sweepstakes-based social gaming and free-to-play models among U.S. consumers. If players begin favoring alternative forms of entertainment, such as skill-based gaming, peer-to-peer betting, traditional online casino gambling (where legal), or other digital experiences, then we may see a decline in user engagement. Rapid shifts in consumer taste, technological advancements in gaming, or the emergence of more immersive entertainment platforms could all undermine the appeal of our Platform.
Maintaining user engagement also requires us to stay current with ongoing trends, user preferences, and competing product offerings. If our platform does not frequently update its game portfolio, introduce new sweepstakes concepts, or provide attractive incentives, users might lose interest and switch to platforms perceived as more innovative. Additionally, negative publicity, whether founded or unfounded, about the integrity of our sweepstakes, fairness of gameplay, or general user experience can substantially reduce engagement and erode trust, thus impacting our revenue streams and brand reputation.
BNC’s products and changes to such products could fail to attract or retain users or generate revenue and profits, or otherwise adversely affect BNC’s business.
BNC’s ability to sustain and grow its user base, and thereby increase revenue, relies substantially on introducing new sweepstakes offerings, social gaming experiences, and platform features that remain engaging to existing players while attracting new ones. For example, rolling out a fresh sweepstakes model, collaborating with third-party developers on innovative mini-games, or upgrading interactive social elements can entail substantial costs. These initiatives also carry significant risk: if the new content fails to resonate with users or presents unanticipated technical issues, BNC may struggle to see a return on its investments. Additionally, changes to the product line such as altering the way players earn in-game currency or modifying prize structures-could prompt user dissatisfaction or confusion, leading to attrition.
Adapting the Platform to different regulatory interpretations or market shifts may further complicate these efforts. While BNC concentrates on free-to-play sweepstakes that are legally distinct from gambling, any adjustments to product features might draw heightened scrutiny from federal or state authorities responsible for consumer protection or gaming laws. This scrutiny could increase the Company’s compliance burden, potentially delay product rollouts, or even lead to direct legal challenges. If BNC’s new offerings or updates fail to meet users’ expectations or do not comply with regulatory requirements, the Company’s ability to generate revenue, maintain user engagement, or grow its market share may be significantly compromised, ultimately harming its business and reputation.
Our reliance on third-party certified game providers creates operational, compliance, and reputational vulnerabilities that could adversely impact our business.
BNC depends significantly on third-party game providers to supply certified, compliance-tested games and core technological features-such as random number generation modules, sweepstakes mechanics, and other elements that users rely on for fairness and transparency. If any provider fails to maintain its certification, lapses in meeting regulatory standards, or experiences quality-control issues, we may have to remove or suspend those games until the issues are resolved. This can lead to service gaps, user dissatisfaction, and potential regulatory scrutiny. Moreover, we have limited oversight of our providers’ security protocols, development practices, and ongoing maintenance, which means vulnerabilities or exploits in their systems could expose BNC to data breaches, game manipulation, or other cyber threats. Even well-vetted vendors can face resource limitations, operational disruptions, or legal challenges that could prevent them from delivering timely updates or patches.
In addition, switching providers or bringing certain gaming functions in-house on short notice can be time-consuming, technically complex and costly. We may need to develop new applications that integrate into our Platform, which applications are currently provided by third party vendors, license alternative software, or reconfigure our Platform infrastructure, each of which could interrupt users’ experience. Negotiating with new providers may also require navigating different commercial and compliance frameworks, which can introduce delays and increase our administrative burden. Furthermore, if a single major provider supplies several key games, that concentration of risk heightens our exposure should that partner encounter financial difficulties or cease offering its products to us. Ultimately, any disruptions or degradations in third-party game performance, or in the relationships themselves, may harm our users’ satisfaction as well as our revenue streams, and overall ability to compete in the sweepstakes gaming area.
The lack of comprehensive encryption for communications on the Platform may increase the impact of a data security incident.
Communications on the Platform are not comprehensively encrypted at this time. As such, any data security incident that involves unauthorized access, acquisition, disclosure, or use may be highly impactful to BNC’s business. BNC may experience considerable incident response forensics, data recovery, legal fees, and costs of notification related to any such potential incident, and BNC may face an increased risk of reputational harm, regulatory enforcement, and consumer litigation, which could further harm BNC’s business, financial condition, results of operations, and future business opportunities.
Challenges in advertising and promoting our sweepstakes could hinder our user acquisition and revenue growth.
Advertising our sweepstakes-based social gaming platform presents unique legal and operational complexities. Federal and state regulations often place restrictions on how promotional materials may be worded to avoid the appearance of gambling or any implication that a purchase is necessary to enter. These rules can mandate specific disclosures, such as “No Purchase Necessary” or detailed eligibility requirements, and impose substantial penalties for noncompliance, including fines or injunctions. The heightened scrutiny around promotional statements also means we must carefully vet all advertising, whether digital, print or social media, to ensure we do not inadvertently violate regulations in any state where our users reside.
Moreover, major online advertising channels such as Google Ads, Facebook, and mobile app networks frequently maintain strict policies against content perceived as gambling or misleading “pay-to-play” promotions. Our ads may be subject to frequent reviews, suspensions, or outright bans if deemed non-compliant with these platforms’ terms. Even when ads are allowed, we may need to invest heavily in specialized compliance expertise or premium ad placements to achieve visibility, pushing user-acquisition costs higher than in other online gaming segments. Additionally, because our revenue hinges on attracting engaged users who understand the sweepstakes model, any misperception in advertising, such as implying guaranteed payouts or pay-only entries, could invite reputational damage, user dissatisfaction, or regulatory scrutiny. These challenges can collectively reduce our ability to scale efficiently, constrain our marketing strategies, and, ultimately, affect our ability to generate revenue from new or existing users.
A perceived lack of fairness in outcomes or prize distribution could severely damage brand trust.
Transparency around how winners are chosen, and assurances that virtual coin purchases do not guarantee victory, form the bedrock of our Platform’s integrity. Any misperception that sweepstakes are rigged, or that some participants have insider advantages, can spread virally. Users might abandon the platform in droves, while regulators could initiate investigations into alleged unfair practices. Even if claims prove baseless, the time and resources spent defending our practices could distract management and strain finances.
Risks Related to Government Regulation and Enforcement Regarding BNC
Our sweepstakes model could be reclassified as gambling or otherwise face tighter restrictions in certain U.S. states, which would materially affect our operations.
We carefully structure our Platform to comply with sweepstakes rules and avoid classification as gambling, yet the line between “promotional sweepstakes” and “illegal gambling” can sometimes be blurry. Individual states have differing definitions of what constitutes consideration, chance, and prize, which constitute the three criteria generally used to determine legality. Should one or more states enact new legislation or reinterpret existing laws to classify our sweepstakes model as gambling, our ability to operate in those states could be significantly curtailed.
Such a determination could subject us to new licensing requirements, higher taxes, or additional consumer protection measures. In extreme circumstances, states could ban our activities entirely. The financial and operational costs of complying with gambling regulations, obtaining licenses, or redesigning our platform to exclude users from certain states would be substantial. Any actual or perceived classification as gambling might also deter users who are uncomfortable with real or perceived gambling-related activities, reducing participation and revenue.
We are subject to complex and evolving U.S. federal and state sweepstakes and consumer protection laws, which may impose substantial compliance burdens and operational constraints.
Operating as a sweepstakes social gaming platform in the United States requires adherence to a tangle of rules and regulations, including federal guidelines on sweepstakes and promotions, as well as a variety of state-specific laws. Many of these laws mandate alternative methods of entry, specific disclosures, detailed recordkeeping, and in certain cases, bonding or registration. The costs and administrative burdens of fulfilling these requirements can be significant, especially as we expand to new states or introduce new sweepstakes features.
Furthermore, any misstep, even if inadvertent, in the design or execution of a sweepstakes could lead to allegations of illegal gambling, unfair trade practices, or other regulatory violations. Certain states are particularly vigilant in policing sweepstakes models to ensure they do not equate to games of chance that require a license or explicit regulatory oversight. If a regulator determines that some aspect of our Platform falls outside permissible sweepstakes parameters, we could face fines, injunctions, forced modifications, or even closure of operations in that jurisdiction. These regulatory uncertainties necessitate ongoing legal review and a level of caution that can delay or complicate product innovations.
As its business develops, BNC expects to become subject to significant legislative and regulatory developments; further, new legislation and regulations could significantly affect BNC’s business in the future. These laws and regulations, as well as any associated claims, inquiries, or investigations or any other government actions, have in the past led to, and may in the future lead to, unfavorable outcomes including increased compliance costs, loss of revenue, delays or impediments in the development of new products, negative publicity and reputational harm, increased operating costs, diversion of management time and attention, and remedies that harm BNC’s business, including fines or demands or orders that BNC modify or cease existing business practices.
Regulatory inquiries or legal proceedings related to AML, consumer fraud, or other compliance areas could disrupt our business and harm our reputation.
While our U.S. sweepstakes platform is not intended to handle large financial transactions typically associated with online casinos, we do permit the purchase of virtual coins and awards of monetary or tangible prizes. Even these more modest transactions can draw scrutiny from authorities concerned about AML or potential consumer fraud. If regulators believe our Platform is used, knowingly or otherwise, to facilitate unlawful financial activities, we could be required to invest in more comprehensive monitoring systems, implement additional customer due diligence, or face enforcement actions and penalties.
Any high-profile investigation or lawsuit ,whether or not it leads to a formal penalty, may also attract unwanted media attention, casting doubt on our security measures and the integrity of our games. Damage to our brand’s reputation could undermine user confidence, leading to reduced engagement, fewer new sign-ups, and diminished revenue streams. We might also face lawsuits from users or other parties alleging deceptive practices, demanding refunds, or claiming injuries from fraudulent or unauthorized activities. Even if these claims lack merit, the cost of litigation, along with the potential impact on our Platform’s public perception, can be considerable.
Risks Related to Data, Security, and Intellectual Property
Security breaches, unauthorized attempts to manipulate or “cheat” sweepstakes outcomes, and other cyber incidents could undermine trust in the Platform and adversely affect BNC’s business.
BNC’s sweepstakes-based social gaming environment involves the collection, storage, and transmission of substantial amounts of user data, including personal information, payment details for virtual coin purchases, and records of sweepstakes entries or prize awards. Bad actors who gain access to this data-or to the underlying mechanics that determine sweepstakes winners-can distort the Platform’s fairness, thereby undermining user confidence in BNC’s legitimacy. Cheating attempts may include automated scripts or bots designed to submit multiple entries, exploit software vulnerabilities, or manipulate game outcomes. Similarly, broader cyber threats such as hacking, malware, phishing, and social engineering attacks can compromise user accounts, disrupt platform availability, and lead to the theft or misuse of sensitive information. These incidents, in turn, could trigger regulatory investigations, private legal actions, and widespread reputational harm if users believe that BNC cannot safeguard their data or ensure the integrity of its sweepstakes.
BNC takes measures intended to prevent, detect, and respond to these threats, including firewalls, encryption, account verification protocols, and ongoing security monitoring. However, software bugs, configuration errors, or newly emerging hacking techniques can frustrate even the best efforts, especially as criminals become more sophisticated. Additionally, employee or contractor malfeasance, physical security breaches at data centers, or oversights by third-party vendors that store or process user information for BNC may expose the Company to further vulnerability. Remote work arrangements can compound these risks by creating new attack surfaces, such as unsecured home networks or personal devices. Any successful cyber-attack, or even a serious attempt at one, may require BNC to invest considerable resources in forensics, remediation, user notification, and litigation defense. This would not only divert management’s attention but could also erode BNC’s active user base and competitiveness if players perceive the Platform to be unsafe or prone to cheating. Furthermore, compliance with U.S. cybersecurity and data protection laws could lead to additional costs and operational changes in the wake of a breach. Failure to address these risks promptly and effectively could have a material adverse effect on BNC’s business, financial results, and reputation among regulators and users alike.
We anticipate that BNC’s efforts related to privacy, safety, security, and content review will identify additional instances of misuse of user data or other undesirable activity by third parties on the Platform.
In addition to BNC’s efforts to mitigate cybersecurity risks, BNC intends to make investments in privacy, safety, security, and content review efforts to combat misuse of BNC’s services and user data by third parties, including investigations and audits of platform applications, as well as other enforcement efforts. As a result of these efforts BNC anticipates that BNC will discover and announce additional incidents of misuse of user data or other undesirable activity by third parties. BNC may not discover all such incidents or activity, whether as a result of BNC’s data or technical limitations, including BNC’s lack of visibility over BNC’s encrypted services, the allocation of resources to other projects, or other factors, and BNC may be notified of such incidents or activity by the FTC, the media or other third parties. Such incidents and activities may in the future include the use of user data or BNC’s systems in a manner inconsistent with BNC’s terms, contracts or policies, the existence of false or undesirable user accounts, improper advertising practices, activities that threaten people’s safety on or offline, or instances of spamming, scraping, data harvesting, unsecured datasets, or spreading misinformation. BNC may also be unsuccessful in its efforts to enforce BNC’s policies or otherwise remediate any such incidents. Consequences of any of the foregoing developments include negative effects on user trust and engagement, harm to BNC’s reputation, changes to BNC’s business practices in a manner adverse to BNC’s business, and adverse effects on BNC’s business and financial results. Any such developments may also subject BNC to additional litigation and regulatory inquiries, which could subject BNC to monetary penalties and damages, divert management’s time and attention, and lead to enhanced regulatory oversight.
BNC’s products and internal systems rely on software and hardware that is highly technical, and any errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities in these systems, or failures to address or mitigate technical limitations in BNC’s systems, could adversely affect BNC’s business.
BNC’s products and internal systems rely on software and hardware, including software and hardware developed or maintained internally and/or by third parties, that is highly technical and complex. In addition, BNC’s products and internal systems depend on the ability of such software and hardware to store, retrieve, process, and manage considerable amounts of data. The software and hardware on which BNC relies is expected to contain errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities, and BNC’s systems are subject to certain technical limitations that may compromise BNC’s ability to meet BNC’s objectives. Some errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities inherently may be difficult to detect and may only be discovered after the code has been released for external or internal use. Errors, bugs, vulnerabilities, design defects, or technical limitations within the software and hardware on which BNC relies, or human error in using such systems, may in the future lead to outcomes including a negative experience for users and marketers who use BNC’s products, compromised ability of BNC’s products to perform in a manner consistent with BNC’s terms, contracts, or policies, delayed product introductions or enhancements, targeting, measurement, or billing errors, compromised ability to protect the data of BNC’s users and/or BNC’s intellectual property or other data, or reductions in BNC’s ability to provide some or all of BNC’s services. In addition, any errors, bugs, vulnerabilities, or defects in BNC’s systems or the software and hardware on which BNC relies, failures to properly address or mitigate the technical limitations in BNC’s systems, or associated degradations or interruptions of service or failures to fulfill BNC’s commitments to BNC’s users, are expected to lead to outcomes including damage to BNC’s reputation, loss of users, loss of marketers, prevention of its ability to generate revenue, regulatory inquiries, litigation, or liability for fines, damages, or other remedies, any of which could adversely affect BNC’s business and financial results.
Risks Related to askROI
We rely on an exclusive LLM licensing arrangement and a platform development agreement with the same primary developer, even though we maintain ownership of the askROI platform’s IP.
askROI’s AI-driven offerings depend on a proprietary LLM licensed under an exclusive agreement (the “License Agreement”) with a third-party provider (the “Licensor”), which also serves as the primary developer of our platform under a separate development agreement. Although we retain ownership of the askROI Platform’s intellectual property, our day-to-day innovation and updates rely heavily on the Licensor’s technical expertise, resources and timely performance.
If the License Agreement is terminated, expires, or becomes subject to unfavorable terms, we could lose or face restrictions on the proprietary LLM functionality integral to our product’s performance. Similarly, if disputes arise or the development agreement is breached, whether due to missed milestones, shifting priorities, or misaligned strategic objectives, our ability to maintain, enhance, and scale the platform could be severely compromised. Even though we technically own the underlying software, replacing a primary developer or transitioning to an alternative solution could be time-consuming, costly and risky, potentially delaying product rollouts and damaging customer relationships.
Because both the License Agreement and the platform development hinge on a single partner, a deterioration in our relationship with the Licensor could simultaneously threaten our AI functionality and our capacity to enhance the capability of the askROI Platform. Such a scenario would materially and adversely affect our competitiveness, financial condition, and prospects for growth.
Despite our multi-LLM routing model, performance or reliability issues with our primary development partner’s LLM could still harm our product quality and reputation.
Our new “routing model” allows us to tap into multiple LLMs, theoretically reducing reliance on one provider. However, our primary developer and Licensor remains the key source of certain proprietary AI functionalities and platform support, meaning that ongoing performance or reliability problems with its LLM technology could still cause significant product disruptions. Security breaches, downtime, or limited adaptability in the Licensor’s services may reduce customer satisfaction, delay important product updates or damage our brand. Since we do not control the Licensor’s internal operations, we are vulnerable to technical or strategic changes that could negatively impact our services.
askROI faces risks commonly associated with start-up companies.
askROI faces risks commonly associated with start-up companies. As a start-up company, askROI may face difficulties in validating market demand for its AI-powered insights platform, which could adversely impact its ability to attract and acquire customers. Further, enterprise sales cycles can be lengthy, particularly for a start-up company without an established track record. Prolonged sales cycles could strain askROI’s cash flow and hinder growth, and (iii) reliance on a few large customers could make askROI vulnerable to revenue volatility and adversely impact its bargaining power. If any of the foregoing risks were to materialize, askROI’s business and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
askROI faces adoption and integration and other challenges.
askROI faces adoption and integration challenges. Complex onboarding processes or steep learning curves could slow customer adoption and time-to-value realization. Further, its software could be difficult to integrate with a customer’s legacy systems, leading to challenges with customers’ legacy systems and tools. Any difficulties associated with the integration of different systems could limit askROI’s market penetration and customer satisfaction. In addition, the Licensor’s development team may have limited capacity to support askROI’s platform development needs, particularly if askROI were to begin seeing significant growth and require more rapid iterations and customizations. Also, the LLM technology may not be optimized for the scale and performance requirements of askROI’s growing user base, leading to performance bottlenecks and customer dissatisfaction. Additionally, as a new entrant in the market, askROI may struggle to establish brand awareness and credibility, making it harder to attract customers and partners. Similarly, any negative publicity or customer complaints could disproportionately impact askROI’s reputation as a startup, hindering its growth and ability to compete against established players. If any of the foregoing risks were to materialize, askROI’s business and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
Rapidly changing AI regulation may require significant adjustments and investments.
Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are introducing new laws and guidelines for AI, data privacy, and automated decision-making. These regulations may force us to modify certain features, require additional transparency or auditing tools, or limit our platform’s functionality. Complying with emerging or conflicting rules across jurisdictions could raise operating costs or delay product rollouts. Failure to meet these requirements could result in fines, legal action, or reputational harm.
Data privacy and security laws could increase compliance costs and limit our flexibility.
Various jurisdictions are adopting stricter data privacy and security regulations, such as the GDPR in the EU and certain U.S. state privacy laws. We must continually enhance our security measures, encryption protocols, and data handling procedures to remain compliant. These changes could increase our operational expenses. Any failure to comply with evolving data protection requirements may lead to enforcement actions, penalties, or erosion of customer trust.
Established technology companies with greater resources may outcompete us.
Larger technology firms with substantial financial and technical resources continue to expand their AI-driven offerings, sometimes bundling analytics solutions into broader enterprise software suites. These competitors may benefit from existing customer relationships, extensive R&D budgets, and powerful marketing capabilities. If they introduce more advanced or cost-effective solutions, we may find it difficult to retain or attract customers, thereby adversely impacting our revenue and market share.
Our future success depends on ongoing innovation and technological advancements.
The market for AI-driven analytics is evolving rapidly. We must invest in research and development to remain competitive in natural language processing, data visualization, and user experience. If we fail to keep pace with or anticipate market trends, or if the capabilities of our platform lag behind those of our competitors, our solutions may become less attractive, resulting in lost revenue and diminished market position.
Our platform’s integration with third-party tools and systems may present technical and operational risks.
askROI relies on seamless integration with a wide range of external applications, including customer relations management platforms, file storage providers, and communication tools. If these third parties modify their application programming interfaces, introduce incompatibilities, or discontinue services, we may need to invest significant resources to maintain compatibility. Difficulties integrating with common enterprise systems could hamper our ability to onboard new customers efficiently.
We rely on secure workspaces and knowledge bases that may still pose data exposure risks.
Even though we do not train the underlying LLM on customers’ proprietary information, we host and index their data within dedicated workspaces. Any unauthorized access, security breach, or deficiency in our data-protection measures could expose confidential information, leading to legal liability, regulatory scrutiny and reputational damage.
Inaccurate or biased AI outputs could expose us to reputational and legal risks.
Our AI-driven insights may occasionally generate incorrect or biased results. Such outcomes could lead customers to make flawed business decisions, undermine confidence in our platform, or result in litigation. Ongoing model validation and prompt issue resolution are crucial to mitigating these risks.
Our proprietary rights could be inadequately protected, leading to IP disputes.
The unique components of our platform and certain enhancements we develop may be subject to intellectual property protection. If we fail to enforce or defend our rights, or if third parties allege that our technology infringes on their IP, we could face costly litigation and be required to alter or cease certain offerings. Such disputes can disrupt operations and harm our reputation.
Customer retention risks could pose a challenge for askROI.
askROI may experience difficulties in retaining customers. Any failure on its part to achieve strong product-market fit could lead to high customer churn rates, as businesses may not perceive sufficient value in askROI’s offerings. Further, as a newly formed entity, askROI may struggle to provide the level of customer support expected by enterprise clients, which could have a materially adverse impact on customer satisfaction and retention. Finally, low barriers to entry and minimal switching costs in the AI and analytics market could make it easier for customers to move to competitors, thereby increasing askROI’s customer retention risks. If any of these developments were to occur, askROI’s business and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
Ethical AI concerns.
The AI industry is commonly associated with ethical concerns, whether real or perceived, which askROI must overcome in order to successfully develop its business. Such concerns include the risk that unintended biases in askROI’s AI models could lead to discriminatory or unfair outcomes, damage the entity’s reputation and expose it to legal risks, and that difficulty in providing clear explanations for AI-generated insights could erode customer trust and hinder adoption of askROI’s product offerings. If askROI cannot substantially mitigate or prevent such concerns from arising, its business and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
Uncertain legal interpretations of emerging AI regulations could lead to operational constraints.
Because AI-related laws and guidelines are still developing, legal interpretations can vary widely across different regulators and courts. We may need to adjust our platform functionality or compliance processes in response to evolving interpretations, which could divert resources from other initiatives and slow innovation.
If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business could suffer.
Rapid or poorly managed growth could lead to operational inefficiencies, resource strains, and quality control issues. We may also face challenges in maintaining our corporate culture or onboarding new staff quickly. If we cannot scale responsibly, product quality or customer satisfaction could decline, harming our market reputation.
Risks Related to TurnOnGreen
TurnOnGreen can provide no assurance of any successful expansion of its operations.
TurnOnGreen’s significant increase in the scope and the scale of its operations, including the hiring of additional personnel, has resulted in significantly higher operating expenses. TurnOnGreen anticipates that its operating expenses will continue to increase. Expansion of its operations may also make significant demands on its management, finances and other resources. Its ability to manage the anticipated future growth, should it occur, will depend upon a significant expansion of its accounting and other internal management systems and the implementation and subsequent improvement of a variety of systems, procedures and controls. TurnOnGreen cannot assure that significant problems in these areas will not occur. Failure to expand these areas and implement and improve such systems, procedures and controls in an efficient manner at a pace consistent with its business could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations. TurnOnGreen cannot assure that attempts to expand its marketing, sales, manufacturing and customer support efforts will succeed or generate additional sales or profits in any future period. As a result of the expansion of its operations and the anticipated increase in its operating expenses, along with the difficulty in forecasting revenue levels, TurnOnGreen expects to continue to experience significant fluctuations in its results of operations.
Changes in U.S. and international trade policies, particularly with respect to China, and key trading countries, may adversely impact TurnOnGreen’s business and operating results.
TurnOnGreen currently relies on foreign third-party manufacturers, and parts suppliers, including those in China, Taiwan, Israel, and other countries. The U.S. government and persons involved in the Trump administration have made statements and taken certain actions that may lead to potential changes to U.S. and international trade policies. In April 2025, the U.S. government announced a combined total rate of at least 145%, which includes the 20% in place since February 2025 on imports from China. If maintained and if extended to other countries, tariffs, and the potential escalation of trade disputes with China and other countries could pose a significant risk to its business and could result in higher cost of revenues and operating expenses. The extent and duration of any tariffs and the resulting impact on general economic conditions and on its business are uncertain and depend on various factors, such as negotiations between the United States and China and/or other countries, the response of such countries, exemptions or exclusions that may be granted, availability.
TurnOnGreen is in a highly competitive EV charging services industry and there can be no assurance that TurnOnGreen will be able to compete with many of its competitors which are larger and have greater financial resources.
TurnOnGreen faces strong competition from competitors in the EV charging services industry, including competitors who could duplicate its model. Many of these competitors may have substantially greater financial, marketing and development resources and other capabilities than us. In addition, there are very few barriers to entry into the market for its services. There can be no assurance, therefore, that any of its current and future competitors, many of whom may have far greater resources, will not independently develop services that are substantially equivalent or superior to its services. Therefore, an investment in its company is very risky and speculative due to the competitive environment in which TurnOnGreen may operate.
Its competitors may be able to provide customers with different or greater capabilities or benefits than TurnOnGreen can provide in areas such as technical qualifications, past contract performance, geographic presence and driver price. Further, many of its competitors may be able to utilize substantially greater resources and economies of scale to develop competing products and technologies, divert sales away from us by winning broader contracts or hire away its employees by offering more lucrative compensation packages.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock and Future Offerings
If we do not continue to satisfy the NYSE American continued listing requirements, our Class A common stock could be delisted from NYSE American.
The listing of our Class A common stock on the NYSE American is contingent on our compliance with the NYSE American’s conditions for continued listing.
We were notified by the NYSE American on December 18, 2024 that, due to our disclosure in our Form 10-Q filed for the fiscal period ended September 30, 2024, which reported stockholders’ equity of approximately $2.2 million, we no longer met the requirement that we must have no less than $6 million or more in stockholders’ equity pursuant to the listing standard set forth under Section 1003(a)(ii) and (iii) of the NYSE American Company Guide (the “Listing Standards”) because we have reported losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in five of our most recent fiscal years ended December 31, 2023. Under the applicable NYSE American listing rules, we were required to, no later than January 17, 2025, submit a compliance plan that demonstrates how we intend to regain compliance with the Listing Standards within 18 months of the receipt of the notice, or June 18, 2026. The compliance plan was submitted to the NYSE American on January 17, 2025. We have, at the request of the NYSE American, provided supplements to the original compliance plan. On March 4, 2025, the NYSE American notified us that we have been granted a listing extension until June 18, 2026 on the basis of the compliance plan we recently submitted to regain compliance with the Listing Standards.
If we do not make progress consistent with the plan during the plan period, the NYSE American will initiate delisting procedures. We will be subject to periodic reviews including quarterly monitoring for compliance with the plan. Additionally, if we were to fail to meet any other NYSE American listing requirement, we may be subject to delisting by the NYSE American. In the event our Class A common stock is no longer listed for trading on the NYSE American, our trading volume and share price may decrease and we may experience further difficulties in raising capital which could materially affect our operations and financial results. Further, delisting from the NYSE American could also have other negative effects, including potential loss of confidence by partners, lenders, suppliers and employees and could also trigger various defaults under our lending agreements and other outstanding agreements. Finally, delisting could make it harder for us to raise capital and sell securities. You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings. In order to raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our Class A common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Class A common stock at prices that may not be the same as the price per share in this offering. We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our Class A common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by existing investors.
You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.
In order to raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock at prices that may not be the same as the price per share in this offering. We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by investors.
Our Class A common stock price is volatile.
Our Class A common stock is listed on the NYSE American. In the past, our trading price has fluctuated widely, depending on many factors that may have little to do with our operations or business prospects. During the past 52-week period (through April 11, 2025), our stock closed at prices between $16.47 per share and $2.18 per share, as reported on Nasdaq.com. On April 11, 2025, the price of our Class A common stock closed at $2.35 per share.
Stock markets, in general, have experienced, and continue to experience, significant price and volume volatility, and the market price of our Class A common stock may continue to be subject to similar market fluctuations unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. This increased volatility, coupled with depressed economic conditions, could continue to have a depressive effect on the market price of our Class A common stock. The following factors, many of which are beyond our control, may influence our stock price:
· the status of our growth strategy including the development of new products with any proceeds we may be able to raise in the future;
· announcements of technological or competitive developments;
· announcements or expectations of additional financing efforts;
· our ability to market new and enhanced products on a timely basis;
· changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;
· commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us;
· regulatory developments affecting us, our customers or our competitors;
· announcements regarding patent or other intellectual property litigation or the issuance of patents to us or our competitors or updates with respect to the enforceability of patents or other intellectual property rights generally in the US or internationally;
· actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;
· changes in the market’s expectations about our operating results;
· our operating results failing to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors in a particular period;
· changes in the economic performance or market valuations of our competitors;
· additions or departures of our executive officers;
· sales or perceived sales of our common stock by us, our insiders or our other stockholders;
· share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares; and
· general economic, industry, political and market conditions and overall fluctuations in the financial markets in the United States and abroad.
In addition, the securities markets have, from time to time, experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. Any of these factors could result in large and sudden changes in the volume and trading price of our Class A common stock and could cause our stockholders to incur substantial losses. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders have often instituted securities class action litigation against that company. If we were involved in a class action suit or other securities litigation, it would divert the attention of our senior management, require us to incur significant expense and, whether or not adversely determined, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Volatility in our Class A common stock price may subject us to securities litigation.
Stock markets, in general, have experienced, and continue to experience, significant price and volume volatility, and the market price of our Class A common stock may continue to be subject to similar market fluctuations unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. This increased volatility, coupled with depressed economic conditions, could have a depressing effect on the market price of our Class A common stock.
In addition, the securities markets have, from time to time, experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. Any of these factors could result in large and sudden changes in the volume and trading price of our Class A common stock and could cause our stockholders to incur substantial losses. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders have often instituted securities class action litigation against that company. If we were involved in a class action suit or other securities litigation, it would divert the attention of our senior management, require us to incur significant expense and, whether or not adversely determined, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We have a substantial number of convertible notes, warrants and preferred stock outstanding that could affect our price.
Due to a number of financings, we have a substantial number of shares that are subject to issuance pursuant to outstanding convertible debt, warrants and options. As of April 14, 2025, the number of shares of Class A common stock subject to convertible notes, warrants, class B common stock, Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series G Preferred Stock were 8,248,865, 622,207, 4,995,724, 29,561,308 and 508,455, respectively. The issuance of Class A common stock pursuant to convertible notes, warrants and preferred stock at conversion or exercise prices lower than market prices may have the effect of limiting an increase in the market price of our Class A common stock.
General Risk Factors
Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our future business prospects and to make decisions based on our historical performance.
Although our executive officers have been engaged in the industries in which we operate for varying degrees of time, we did not begin operations of our current business until recently. We have a very limited operating history in our current form, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business on the basis of historical operations. As a consequence, it is difficult, if not impossible, to forecast our future results based upon our historical data. Reliance on our historical results may not be representative of the results we will achieve, and for certain areas in which we operate, principally those unrelated to defense contracting, will not be indicative at all. Because of the uncertainties related to our lack of historical operations, we may be hindered in our ability to anticipate and timely adapt to increases or decreases in sales, product costs or expenses. If we make poor budgetary decisions as a result of unreliable historical data, we could be less profitable or incur losses, which may result in a decline in our stock price.
Deterioration of global economic conditions could adversely affect our business.
The global economy and capital and credit markets have experienced exceptional turmoil and upheaval over the past several years. Ongoing concerns about the systemic impact of potential long-term and widespread recession and potentially prolonged economic recovery, volatile energy costs, fluctuating commodity prices and interest rates, volatile exchange rates, geopolitical issues, including the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and between Israel and Hamas, natural disasters and pandemic illness, instability in credit markets, cost and terms of credit, consumer and business confidence and demand, a changing financial, regulatory and political environment, and substantially increased unemployment rates have all contributed to increased market volatility and diminished expectations for many established and emerging economies, including those in which we operate. Furthermore, austerity measures that certain countries may agree to as part of any debt crisis or disruptions to major financial trading markets may adversely affect world economic conditions and have an adverse impact on our business. These general economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow from operations, results of operations and overall financial condition.
The availability, cost and terms of credit also have been and may continue to be adversely affected by illiquid markets and wider credit spreads. Concern about the stability of the markets generally, and the strength of counterparties specifically, has led many lenders and institutional investors to reduce credit to businesses and consumers. These factors have led to a decrease in spending by businesses and consumers over the past several years, and a corresponding slowdown in global infrastructure spending.
Continued uncertainty in the U.S. and international markets and economies and prolonged stagnation in business and consumer spending may adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition, and the liquidity and financial condition of our customers, including our ability to access capital markets and obtain capital lease financing to meet liquidity needs.
If we fail to establish and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or prevent fraud. Any inability to report and file our financial results accurately and timely could harm our reputation and adversely impact the trading price of our Class A common stock.
Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, we may not be able to manage our business as effectively as we would if an effective control environment existed, and our business and reputation with investors may be harmed. As a result, our small size and any current internal control deficiencies may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and access to capital. We have carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the most recent period covered by this report. Based on the foregoing, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level due to the material weakness described below.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, within the meaning of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) Audit Standard No. 5, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Management has identified the following material weakness which has caused management to conclude that as of December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”) was not effective at the reasonable assurance level.
We do not have sufficient resources in our accounting function, which restricts our ability to gather, analyze and properly review information related to financial reporting, including fair value estimates, in a timely manner. In addition, due to our size and nature, segregation of all conflicting duties may not always be possible and may not be economically feasible. However, to the extent possible, the initiation of transactions, the custody of assets and the recording of transactions should be performed by separate individuals. Management evaluated the impact of our failure to have segregation of duties during our assessment of our disclosure controls and procedures and concluded that the resulting control deficiency represented a material weakness.
We are currently working to improve and simplify our internal processes and implement enhanced controls to address the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and to remedy the ineffectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. This material weakness will not be considered to be remediated until the applicable remediated controls are operating for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively.
If our accounting controls and procedures are circumvented or otherwise fail to achieve their intended purposes, our business could be seriously harmed.
We evaluate our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of each fiscal quarter, and annually review and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting in order to comply with the SEC’s rules relating to internal control over financial reporting adopted pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or our management does not timely assess the adequacy of such internal control, we may be subject to regulatory sanctions, and our reputation may decline.
Our internal computer systems may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our operations.
Like any other business, we rely on e-mail and other digital communications methods as part of our normal operations. As such, our internal computer systems and servers could fail or suffer security breaches, possibly resulting in a material disruption to our operations. The secure operation of our IT networks and systems as well as the secure processing and maintenance of information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Notwithstanding these priorities, we have experienced attempts at cybercrime such as phishing and other electronic fraud, including efforts to misdirect payments to imposter vendors and service providers. After experiencing a financial loss due to e-mail fraud in November 2021, we have instituted greater internal controls and procedures, both electronic and non-electronic, to combat such fraudulent conduct. We also maintain an insurance policy to cover any losses or injuries suffered from cybercrime of this nature; however, it may not be sufficient to cover all damages. Despite our efforts, attempts at fraud such as spoofed e-mails, requests for payment and similar deceptions have become commonplace in the world of e-commerce and are expected to continue. If we are unable to prevent such security breaches in the future, these events or circumstances could materially and adversely affect our operations, financial condition and operating results and impair our ability to execute our business strategy.
We face significant competition, including changes in pricing.
The markets for our products and services are both competitive and price sensitive. Many competitors have significant financial, operations, sales and marketing resources, plus experience in research and development, and compete with us by offering lower prices. Competitors could develop new technologies that compete with our products to achieve a lower unit price. If a competitor develops lower cost and/or superior technology or cost-effective alternatives to our products and services, our business could be seriously harmed.
The markets for some of our products are also subject to specific competitive risks because these markets are highly price sensitive. Our competitors have competed in the past by lowering prices on certain products. If they do so again, we may be forced to respond by lowering our prices. This would reduce sales revenues and increase losses. Failure to anticipate and respond to price competition may also impact sales and aggravate losses.
Many of our competitors are larger and have greater financial and other resources than we do.
Our products compete and will compete with similar if not identical products produced by our competitors. These competitive products could be marketed by well-established, successful companies that possess greater financial, marketing, distribution personnel, and other resources than we do. Using said resources, these companies can implement extensive advertising and promotional campaigns, both generally and in response to specific marketing efforts by competitors. They can introduce new products to new markets more rapidly. In certain instances, competitors with greater financial resources may be able to enter a market in direct competition with us, offering attractive marketing tools to encourage the sale of products that compete with our products or present cost features that consumers may find attractive.
Our growth strategy is subject to a significant degree of risk.
Our growth strategy through acquisitions involves a significant degree of risk. Some of the companies that we have identified as acquisition targets or made a significant investment in may not have a developed business or are experiencing inefficiencies and incur losses. Therefore, we may lose our investment in the event that these companies’ businesses do not develop as planned or that they are unable to achieve the anticipated cost efficiencies or reduction of losses.
Further, in order to implement our growth plan, we have hired additional staff and consultants to review potential investments and implement our plan. As a result, we have substantially increased our infrastructure and costs. If we fail to quickly find new companies that provide revenue to offset our costs, we will continue to experience losses. No assurance can be given that our product development and investments will produce sufficient revenues to offset these increases in expenditures.
Changes in the U.S. tax and other laws and regulations may adversely affect our business.
The U.S. Government may revise tax laws, regulations or official interpretations in ways that could have a significant adverse effect on our business, including modifications that could reduce the profits that we can effectively realize from our international operations, or that could require costly changes to those operations, or the way in which they are structured. For example, the effective tax rates for most U.S. companies reflect the fact that income earned and reinvested outside the U.S. is generally taxed at local rates, which may be much lower than U.S. tax rates. If we expand abroad and there are changes in tax laws, regulations or interpretations that significantly increase the tax rates on non-U.S. income, our effective tax rate could increase and our profits could be reduced. If such increases resulted from our status as a U.S. company, those changes could place us at a disadvantage to our non-U.S. competitors if those competitors remain subject to lower local tax rates.
Our sales and profitability may be affected by changes in economic, business and industry conditions.
If the economic climate in the U.S. or abroad deteriorates, customers or potential customers could reduce or delay their technology investments. Reduced or delayed technology and entertainment investments could decrease our sales and profitability. In this environment, our customers may experience financial difficulty, cease operations and fail to budget or reduce budgets for the purchase of our products and professional services. This may lead to longer sales cycles, delays in purchase decisions, payment and collection, and can also result in downward price pressures, causing our sales and profitability to decline. In addition, general economic uncertainty and general declines in capital spending in the information technology sector make it difficult to predict changes in the purchasing requirements of our customers and the markets we serve. There are many other factors which could affect our business, including:
· The introduction and market acceptance of new technologies, products and services;
· New competitors and new forms of competition;
· The size and timing of customer orders (for retail distributed physical product);
· The size and timing of capital expenditures by our customers;
· Adverse changes in the credit quality of our customers and suppliers;
· Changes in the pricing policies of, or the introduction of, new products and services by us or our competitors;
· Changes in the terms of our contracts with our customers or suppliers;
· The availability of products from our suppliers; and
· Variations in product costs and the mix of products sold.
These trends and factors could adversely affect our business, profitability and financial condition and diminish our ability to achieve our strategic objectives.
The rights of the holders of common stock may be impaired by the potential issuance of preferred stock.
Our certificate of incorporation gives our Board the right to create new series of preferred stock. As a result, the Board may, without stockholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting, dividend, conversion, liquidation or other rights which could adversely affect the voting power and equity interest of the holders of common stock. Preferred stock, which could be issued with the right to more than one vote per share, could be utilized as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change of control. The possible impact on takeover attempts could adversely affect the price of our Class A common stock. We may issue shares of preferred stock in the future.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
We are a public company and subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls for financial reporting. For example, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that our management report on the effectiveness of our internal controls structure and procedures for financial reporting. Section 404 compliance may divert internal resources and will take a significant amount of time and effort to complete. If we fail to maintain compliance under Section 404, or if our internal control over financial reporting continues to not be effective as defined under Section 404, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the NYSE American, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Furthermore, investor perceptions of our company may suffer, and this could cause a decline in the market price of our Class A common stock. Any failure of our internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our stated results of operations and harm our reputation. If we are unable to implement these changes effectively or efficiently, it could harm our operations, financial reporting or financial results and could result in an adverse opinion on internal controls from our independent auditors. We may need to hire a number of additional employees with public accounting and disclosure experience in order to meet our ongoing obligations as a public company, particularly if we become fully subject to Section 404 and its auditor attestation requirements, which will increase costs. Our management team and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to new compliance initiatives and to meeting the obligations that are associated with being a public company, which may divert attention from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, which may result in material misstatements of our financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations.
We are required to comply with certain provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”). Section 404 requires that we document and test our internal control over financial reporting and issue management’s assessment of our internal control over financial reporting. Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Based on our assessment, as of December 31, 2024, we concluded that our internal control over financial reporting contained material weaknesses.
The weakness will not be considered remediated, however, until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and our management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. If we fail to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the accuracy and timeliness of the filing of our annual and quarterly reports may be materially adversely affected and could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A common stock. In addition, a material weakness in the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting could result in an increased chance of fraud and the loss of customers, reduce our ability to obtain financing and require additional expenditures to comply with these requirements, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The elimination of monetary liability against our directors, officers and employees under law and the existence of indemnification rights for or obligations to our directors, officers and employees may result in substantial expenditures by us and may discourage lawsuits against our directors, officers and employees.
Our certificate of incorporation contains a provision permitting us to eliminate the personal liability of our directors to us and our stockholders for damages for the breach of a fiduciary duty as a director or officer to the extent provided by Delaware law. We may also have contractual indemnification obligations under any future employment agreements with our officers. The foregoing indemnification obligations could result in us incurring substantial expenditures to cover the cost of settlement or damage awards against directors and officers, which we may be unable to recoup. These provisions and the resulting costs may also discourage us from bringing a lawsuit against directors and officers for breaches of their fiduciary duties, and may similarly discourage the filing of derivative litigation by our stockholders against our directors and officers even though such actions, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our stockholders.
We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock and, accordingly, stockholders must rely on stock appreciation for any return on their investment.
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our Class A common stock and do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. The declaration of dividends is subject to the discretion of our Board and will depend on various factors, including our operating results, financial condition, future prospects and any other factors deemed relevant by our Board. You should not rely on an investment in our company if you require dividend income from your investment in our company. The success of your investment will likely depend entirely upon any future appreciation of the market price of our Class A common stock, which is uncertain and unpredictable. There is no guarantee that our Class A common stock will appreciate in value.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Because we are a smaller reporting company, this section is not applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our corporate headquarters office utilizes 10,274 square feet of leased office space in Las Vegas, Nevada. Our Las Vegas leases expire in July 2026. The annual base rent under the leases, payable on a monthly basis, was approximately $0.2 million during 2024.
We also lease additional corporate offices in Costa Mesa, California and New York, New York. Our New York lease expires in December 2030 and our Costa Mesa lease expires in December 2027. The annual base rent under the leases, payable on a monthly basis, was approximately $0.3 million during 2024.
We own a 617,000 square foot data center in Dowagiac, Michigan, in which we operate our crypto assets mining operations for Sentinum, in addition to renting commercial office and warehouse space.
Our TurnOnGreen segment leases 39,965 square feet of office, engineering, laboratory and warehouse space in two locations in Milpitas, California. One of the leases previously expired and is now on a month-to-month basis, while the remaining lease expires on January 2026. The annual base rent under the leases, payable on a monthly basis, was approximately $0.7 million during 2024.
Our Energy segment crane rental business leases 27,909 square feet of commercial buildings and 10 acres of land in Carthage, Texas, Clinton, Oklahoma, Houston, Texas, and Robstown, Texas. Our leases expire between May 2025 and April 2027. The annual base rent under the leases, payable on a monthly basis, was approximately $0.5 million in 2024.
We currently anticipate that the current leased space will be sufficient to support our current and foreseeable future needs.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Litigation Matters
The Company is involved in litigation arising from other matters in the ordinary course of business. We are regularly subject to claims, suits, regulatory and government investigations, and other proceedings involving labor and employment, commercial disputes, and other matters. Such claims, suits, regulatory and government investigations, and other proceedings could result in fines, civil penalties, or other adverse consequences.
Certain of these outstanding matters include speculative, substantial or indeterminate monetary amounts. We record a liability when we believe that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If we determine that a loss is reasonably possible and the loss or range of loss can be estimated, we disclose the reasonably possible loss. We evaluate developments in our legal matters that could affect the amount of liability that has been previously accrued, and the matters and related reasonably possible losses disclosed, and make adjustments as appropriate. Significant judgment is required to determine both likelihood of there being and the estimated amount of a loss related to such matters.
Arena Litigation
Arena Investors, LP (ROI Litigation)
On May 30, 2024, Arena Investors, LP (“Arena”), in its capacity as collateral agent for five noteholders, filed a Complaint (the “ROI Complaint”) in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York against the Company and ROI, in action captioned Arena Investors, LP v. Ault Alliance, Inc. and RiskOn International, Inc., Index No. 652792/2024.
The ROI Complaint asserts a cause of action for breach of contract against the Company based on a Guaranty, dated April 27, 2023, and entered into, amongst others, the Company and Arena, and seeks damages in the amount of in excess of $3.75 million, plus interest, attorneys’ fees, costs, expenses, and disbursements.
The ROI Complaint also asserts a cause of action for breach of contract against ROI based on an alleged breach of that certain Security Agreement, dated April 27, 2023, and entered into among ROI and Arena. In connection with this cause of action, Arena seeks, among other things, costs and expenses from the Company and ROI.
On July 31, 2024, the Company and ROI filed a motion to dismiss seeking to partially dismiss the ROI Complaint, as against the Company, and to dismiss the ROI Compliant, in its entirety, as against ROI.
On or about January 21, 2025, the Court entered an order denying the part of the motion which sought partial dismissal of the ROI Complaint, as against Company, and granting the part of the motion which sought dismissal of the ROI Complaint, in its entirety, as against ROI.
On February 18, 2025, the Company filed an Answer to the ROI Complaint and asserted numerous affirmative defenses.
Based on the Company’s assessment of the facts underlying the claims, the uncertainty of litigation, and the preliminary stage of the case, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the potential loss or range of loss that may result from this action. Notwithstanding, the Company has recorded the unpaid portion of the notes. An unfavorable outcome may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Other Litigation Matters
With respect to our other outstanding matters, based on our current knowledge, we believe that the amount or range of reasonably possible loss will not, either individually or in aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, the outcome of such matters is inherently unpredictable and subject to significant uncertainties.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
Our Class A common stock is listed on the NYSE American under the symbol GPUS.
Record Holders
As of April 14, 2025, 1,529,995 shares of our Class A common stock were issued and outstanding and were owned by four holders of record. A number of holders of our Class A common stock are “street name” or beneficial holders whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers, and other financial institutions.
Dividend Policy
We have not declared or paid any cash dividends since our inception, and we do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The declaration of dividends in the future, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend upon our earnings, capital requirements, and financial position.
Equity Compensation Information
The information required by this item regarding equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
Not applicable.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
None.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. RESERVED

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are, or may be deemed to be, forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements include statements regarding, among others, (a) our expectations about possible business combinations, (b) our growth strategies, (c) our future financing plans, and (d) our anticipated needs for working capital. Forward-looking statements, which involve assumptions and describe our future plans, strategies, and expectations, are generally identifiable by use of the words “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “approximate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “intend,” “plan,” “budget,” “could,” “forecast,” “might,” “predict,” “shall” or “project,” or the negative of these words or other variations on these words or comparable terminology. This information may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from the future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements. These statements may be found in this Annual Report.
Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, potential target businesses, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, by their nature, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks, and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, without limitation, the risks outlined under “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report, changes in local, regional, national or global political, economic, business, competitive, market (supply and demand) and regulatory conditions and the following:
· Adverse economic conditions;
· Our ability to effectively execute our business plan;
· Inability to raise sufficient additional capital to operate our business;
· Our ability to manage our expansion, growth and operating expenses;
· Our ability to evaluate and measure our business, prospects and performance metrics;
· Our ability to compete and succeed in highly competitive and evolving industries;
· Our ability to respond and adapt to changes in technology and customer behavior;
· Our ability to protect our intellectual property and to develop, maintain and enhance a strong brand; and
· Other specific risks referred to in the section entitled “Risk Factors”.
We caution you therefore that you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements as statements of historical fact or as guarantees or assurances of future performance. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements or other information contained herein unless required by law.
Information regarding market and industry statistics contained in this Annual Report is included based on information available to us that we believe is accurate. It is generally based on academic and other publications that are not produced for purposes of securities offerings or economic analysis. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and the additional uncertainties accompanying any estimates of future market size, revenue and market acceptance of products and services. Except as required by U.S. federal securities laws, we have no obligation to update forward-looking information to reflect actual results or changes in assumptions or other factors that could affect those statements. See the section entitled “Risk Factors” for a more detailed discussion of risks and uncertainties that may have an impact on our future results.
In this Annual Report, the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Hyperscale Data, Inc., a Delaware corporation formerly known as Ault Alliance, which was incorporated in September 2017. Hyperscale Data is a diversified holding company pursuing growth by acquiring undervalued businesses and disruptive technologies with a global impact.
Through our wholly- and majority-owned subsidiaries and strategic investments, we own and operate a data center at which we mine Bitcoin, and provide mission-critical products that support a diverse range of industries, including a metaverse platform, crane services, defense, industrial and automotive. In addition, we extend credit to select entrepreneurial businesses through a licensed lending subsidiary.
We own Ault Capital Group, Inc. (“Ault Capital”), which in turn either wholly owns or has a direct controlling interest in, among other entities, (i) Ault Lending, LLC (“Ault Lending”), (ii) RiskOn International, Inc., formerly known as BitNile Metaverse, Inc. (“ROI”), which wholly owns BitNile.com, Inc. (“BNC”), (iii) askROI, Inc. (“askROI”), (iv) Ault Global Real Estate Equities, Inc. (“AGREE”), (v) Eco Pack Technologies, Inc. (“Eco Pack”), (vi) Ault Aviation, LLC (“Ault Aviation”), (vii) Circle 8 Holdco LLC (“Circle 8 Holdco”), which wholly owns Circle 8 Crane Services, LLC (“Circle 8”), and (viii) TurnOnGreen, Inc. (“TurnOnGreen”), which wholly owns TOG Technologies, Inc. and Digital Power Corporation. We consolidate ROI as a variable interest entity.
Recent Events and Developments
On November 15, 2024, we announced the distribution of 5.0 million shares of our Class B Common Stock (the “Class B Common Stock”) to all holders of our Class A common stock and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis. The record date for this dividend was November 29, 2024, and the payment date is December 16, 2024. There is currently no public trading market for the Class B Common Stock. While we presently intend to seek to have the Class B Common Stock listed for trading on the NYSE American within the foreseeable future, there can be no assurance when, or if, such a listing will occur. The Class B Common Stock is identical to the currently outstanding Class A common stock, with the exception that each share thereof carries 10 times the voting power of a share of Class A common stock. The Class B Common Stock is convertible at any time after the payment date into Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis.
On November 20, 2024, pursuant to the approval provided by our stockholders at the annual meeting of stockholders held on June 28, 2024, we filed an Amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation with the State of Delaware to effectuate a reverse stock split of our Class A common stock affecting the issued and outstanding number of such shares by a ratio of one-for-thirty-five. The reverse stock split became effective on November 22, 2024. All share amounts in this Annual Report have been updated to reflect the reverse stock split.
On November 26, 2024, we announced the distribution of 1.0 million shares of our Series F Exchangeable Preferred Stock (“Series F Preferred Stock”) to holders of Class A common stock and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis. The record date for this dividend was December 13, 2024, and the payment date was December 23, 2024. The Series F Preferred Stock has a $1.00 liquidation preference and will not pay a dividend. Each share of Series F Preferred Stock will be exchangeable, at the option of its holder, for (i) 10 shares of Class A Common Stock of Ault Capital and (ii) five shares of Class B Common Stock of Ault Capital, at any time beginning on the later of (i) one year after issuance of the Series F Preferred Stock and (ii) the date of the registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, of all of the foregoing shares of Ault Capital Class A Common Stock and Ault Capital Class B Common Stock. Once the Series F Preferred Stock has been exchanged into shares of Ault Capital Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, our sole business will be our ownership of Sentinum, Inc. through which we operate our Bitcoin mining business as well as its HPC and AI operations.
On December 13, 2024 (the “Closing Date”), Third Avenue Apartments LLC (“Third Avenue”), which was a subsidiary of AGREE, completed the sale of its real property located at the southeast corner of 5th Street North and 3rd Avenue North in St. Petersburg, Florida (the “Property”). The Property was sold on the Closing Date to Cats Mirror Lake, LLC (the “Buyer”) pursuant to a contract of sale, as amended entered into by Third Avenue and the Buyer. The sale price for the property was $13.0 million. In February 2025, Third Avenue filed a certificate of cancellation with the Delaware Secretary of State.
On December 21, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “December 2024 SPA”) with Ault & Company, pursuant to which we agreed to sell, in one or more closings, to Ault & Company up to 25,000 shares of Series G convertible preferred stock (“Series G Preferred Stock”) and warrants to purchase up to 4.2 million shares of Class A common stock (the “Series G Warrants”) for a total purchase price of up to $25.0 million. The December 2024 SPA provides that the financing may be conducted through one or more closings. Through April 14, 2025, pursuant to the December 2024 SPA, we have sold to Ault & Company 960 shares of Series G Preferred Stock and Series G Warrants to purchase 162,217 shares of Class A common stock, for a purchase price of $1.0 million.
Each share of Series G Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000.00 and is convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price equal to the greater of (i) $0.10 per share, and (ii) the lesser of (A) $6.74 or (B) 105% of the volume weighted average price of the Class A common stock during the 10 trading days immediately prior to the date of conversion. The holders of Series G Preferred Stock are entitled to cumulative cash dividends at an annual rate of 9.5%, or $95.00 per share, based on the stated value per share. Dividends shall accrue for 10 years from the date of issuance of such shares of Series G Preferred Stock and are payable monthly in arrears. For the first two years, we may elect to pay the dividend amount in shares of Class A common stock rather than cash. The holders of the Series G Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with the Class A common stock as a single class on an as-converted basis.
On March 28, 2025, our majority owned subsidiary, Avalanche International Corp. (“AVLP”), filed a petition for liquidation under Chapter 7 of the bankruptcy laws. The filing placed AVLP under the control of the bankruptcy court, which will oversee its liquidation. As a result, we no longer consider AVLP as a subsidiary of ours.
On March 31, 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with an institutional investor pursuant to which we agreed to sell up to 50,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”) for a total purchase price of up to $50.0 million. The securities purchase agreement provides that the transaction shall be conducted through 49 separate tranche closings, provided, however, that the investor has the ability, exercisable in its sole discretion, to purchase any number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock prior to the dates of the tranche closings provided for in the securities purchase agreement. The initial tranche closing, which will close promptly after the investor has converted out of the Exchange Note, will consist of the sale and issuance to the investor of 2,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for an aggregate of $2.0 million. Pursuant to the securities purchase agreement, provided certain closing conditions have been met, the investor shall purchase up to 4,800 shares of Series B Preferred Stock on a monthly basis, with the investor being required to purchase 1,000 shares per month.
Each share of Series B Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000.00 and is convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a at a conversion price equal the lesser of a 25% discount to our volume weighted average price during the five trading days immediately prior to (A) the date of execution of the securities purchase agreement or (B) the date of conversion into shares of Class A common stock, but not greater than $10.00 per share. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event shall the Series B Preferred Stock be convertible at less than the Floor Price. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to cumulative cash dividends at an annual rate of 15%, or $150.00 per share, based on the stated value per share. Dividends shall accrue for as long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock remain issued and outstanding and are payable monthly in arrears. For the first two years, we may elect to pay the dividend amount in additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock rather than cash. The holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with the Class A common stock as a single class on an as-converted basis.
Presentation of GIGA as Discontinued Operations
On August 14, 2024, our majority owned subsidiary, Gresham Worldwide, Inc. (“GIGA”), filed a petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy laws. The filing placed GIGA under the control of the bankruptcy court, which oversees its reorganization and restructuring process. We assessed the inherent uncertainties associated with the outcome of the Chapter 11 reorganization process and the anticipated duration thereof, and concluded that it was appropriate to deconsolidate GIGA and its subsidiaries effective on the petition date. We recognized a gain on deconsolidation of GIGA of $2.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, which is included in net gain (loss) from discontinued operations.
In connection with the Chapter 11 reorganization process, we concluded that the operations of GIGA met the criteria for discontinued operations as this strategic shift will have a significant effect on our operations and financial results. As a result, we have presented the results of operations, cash flows and financial position of GIGA as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes for all periods presented.
Change in Plan of Sales of AGREE Hotel Properties
On April 30, 2024, we had a change in plan of sale for our four hotels owned and operated by AGREE. As a result, as of April 30, 2024, the assets no longer met the held for sale criteria and were required to be reclassified as held and used at the lower of adjusted carrying value or the fair value at the date of the not to sell.
For presentation purposes, the assets and liabilities previously held for sale as of December 31, 2023, were reclassified in the December 31, 2023 balance sheet in the accompanying financial statements back to their original asset and liability groups at their previous carrying values. In connection with this change in plan of sale, we recorded a loss on impairment of property and equipment related to the real estate assets of AGREE of $8.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024.
General
As a holding company, our business objective is to increase stockholder value through developing and growing our subsidiaries. Under the strategy we have adopted, we are focused on managing and financially supporting our existing subsidiaries and partner companies, with the goal of pursuing monetization opportunities and maximizing the value returned to stockholders. We have, are and will consider initiatives including, among others: public offerings, the sale of individual partner companies, the sale of certain or all partner company interests in secondary market transactions, or a combination thereof, as well as other opportunities to maximize stockholder value. We anticipate returning value to stockholders after satisfying our debt obligations and working capital needs.
From time to time, we engage in discussions with other companies interested in our subsidiaries or partner companies, either in response to inquiries or as part of a process we initiate. To the extent we believe that a subsidiary or partner company’s further growth and development can best be supported by a different ownership structure or if we otherwise believe it is in our stockholders’ best interests, we will seek to sell all or a portion of our position in the subsidiary or partner company. These sales may take the form of privately negotiated sales of stock or assets, mergers and acquisitions, public offerings of the subsidiary or partner company’s securities and, in the case of publicly traded partner companies, sales of their securities in the open market. Our plans may include taking subsidiaries or partner companies public through rights offerings and directed share subscription programs. We will continue to consider these (or similar) initiatives and the sale of certain subsidiary or partner company interests in secondary market transactions to maximize value for our stockholders.
In recent years, we have provided capital and relevant expertise to fuel the growth of businesses in AI software platform, social gaming platform, equipment rental services, defense, industrial and hotel operations. We have provided capital to subsidiaries as well as partner companies in which we have an equity interest or may be actively involved, influencing development through board representation and management support.
We are a Delaware corporation with our corporate office located at 11411 Southern Highlands Pkwy, Suite 190, Las Vegas, NV 89141. Our phone number is 949-444-5464 and our website address is https://hyperscaledata.com/.
Results of Operations
Results of Operations for the Years ended December 31, 2024 and
The following table summarizes the results of our operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
For the Year Ended December 31,
Revenue, crane operations $ 47,475,000 $ 49,198,000
Revenue, crypto assets mining 30,598,000 33,107,000
Revenue, hotel and real estate operations 18,891,000 17,577,000
Revenue, lending and trading activities 1,893,000 (1,998,000 )
Revenue 7,805,000 36,962,000
Total revenue 106,662,000 134,846,000
Cost of revenue, crane operations 30,745,000 29,971,000
Cost of revenue, crypto assets mining 34,338,000 36,446,000
Cost of revenue, hotel and real estate operations 12,928,000 12,300,000
Cost of revenue, lending and trading activities (1,205,000 ) 1,180,000
Cost of revenue, products 5,639,000 30,165,000
Total cost of revenue 82,445,000 110,062,000
Gross profit 24,217,000 24,784,000
Operating expenses
Research and development 11,011,000 4,418,000
Selling and marketing 14,019,000 31,653,000
General and administrative 35,245,000 68,200,000
Impairment of property and equipment 19,446,000 26,445,000
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets 1,500,000 42,880,000
Impairment of mined crypto assets - 489,000
Total operating expenses 81,221,000 174,085,000
Loss from operations (57,004,000 ) (149,301,000 )
Other income (expense):
Interest and other income 2,236,000 4,444,000
Interest expense (19,671,000 ) (44,314,000 )
Other expense, guarantee - (35,400,000 )
Gain on conversion of investment in equity securities to marketable equity securities 17,900,000 -
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt 2,981,000 (7,322,000 )
Loss on extinguishment of debt, related party - (4,164,000 )
Loss from investment in unconsolidated entity (1,958,000 ) (302,000 )
Loss on deconsolidation of subsidiary - (3,040,000 )
Impairment of equity securities (6,266,000 ) (9,555,000 )
Change in fair value of warrant liability - 6,319,000
Gain on the sale of fixed assets 79,000 2,069,000
Total other expense, net (4,699,000 ) (91,265,000 )
Loss before income taxes (61,703,000 ) (240,566,000 )
Income tax provision 56,000 348,000
Net loss from continuing operations (61,759,000 ) (240,914,000 )
Net loss from discontinued operations (779,000 ) (12,355,000 )
Net loss (62,538,000 ) (253,269,000 )
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest 6,334,000 22,242,000
Net loss attributable to Hyperscale Data, Inc. (56,204,000 ) (231,027,000 )
Preferred dividends (5,277,000 ) (1,375,000 )
Net loss available to common stockholders $ (61,481,000 ) $ (232,402,000 )
Comprehensive loss
Net loss available to common stockholders $ (61,481,000 ) $ (232,402,000 )
Other comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustment (66,000 ) (698,000 )
Other comprehensive income (66,000 ) (698,000 )
Total comprehensive loss $ (61,547,000 ) $ (233,100,000 )
Revenues
Revenues by segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31, Increase
(Decrease) %
Sentinum
Revenue, crypto assets mining $ 30,598,000 $ 33,107,000 $ (2,509,000 ) -8 %
Revenue, commercial real estate leases 876,000 1,416,000 (540,000 ) -38 %
Energy
Revenue, crane operations 47,475,000 49,198,000 (1,723,000 ) -4 %
Other 116,000 130,000 (14,000 ) -11 %
AGREE 18,015,000 16,161,000 1,854,000 11 %
SMC - 31,557,000 (31,557,000 ) -100 %
TurnOnGreen 4,913,000 4,201,000 712,000 17 %
Fintech
Revenue, lending and trading activities 1,893,000 (1,998,000 ) 3,891,000 n/m
ROI 253,000 305,000 (52,000 ) -17 %
Other 2,523,000 769,000 1,754,000 228 %
Total revenue $ 106,662,000 $ 134,846,000 $ (28,184,000 ) -21 %
n/m - not meaningful
Sentinum
Revenues from Sentinum’s crypto assets mining operations decreased $2.5 million to $30.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $33.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was due primarily to a $4.1 million decline in revenue from mined crypto assets at Sentinum owned and operated facilities, partially offset by a $1.6 million increase in revenue from Sentinum crypto mining equipment hosted at third-party facilities. The $4.1 million decrease in revenue from mined crypto assets at Sentinum owned and operated facilities was due to the April 2024 Bitcoin halving event that occurred on the Bitcoin network and a 70% increase in the average Bitcoin mining difficulty level, partially offset by a 129% increase in the average Bitcoin price for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023.
Energy
Energy revenues from Circle 8’s crane operations decreased by $1.7 million, or 4%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, remaining essentially flat compared to the prior period. This decrease was primarily due to competitive pricing pressures and lower utilization of the crane fleet, as five cranes were out of service during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Fintech
Revenues from our lending and trading activities were $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, driven primarily by $2.4 million in realized gains from trading activities and $2.7 million in fee income, partially offset by a $0.6 million unrealized loss from our investment in Alzamend and a $2.4 million impairment for equity securities that did not have readily determinable fair values related to Fintech lending operations. In comparison, revenues from lending and trading activities for the same period in 2023 were negative $2.0 million, driven primarily by a $5.6 million unrealized loss from our investment in Alzamend and a $6.2 million impairment for equity securities that did not have readily determinable fair values related to Fintech lending operations, partially offset by $11.0 million in net realized and unrealized gains on investments in marketable equity securities.
Revenues from our trading activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 included net gains on equity securities, including unrealized gains and losses from market price changes. These gains and losses have caused, and will continue to cause, significant volatility in our periodic earnings.
SMC
Due to the significant change in our ownership and voting rights, we determined that we no longer met the criteria of the primary beneficiary and, accordingly, we deconsolidated SMC as of November 20, 2023. SMC revenues were $0 for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $31.6 million compared to the corresponding period in 2023.
TurnOnGreen
TurnOnGreen’s revenues increased by $0.7 million, to $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $4.2 million in the corresponding period in 2023. This rise was primarily due to higher sales from a single, higher-margin customer in the defense industry during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Other
Other revenues increased by $1.8 million, to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $0.8 million in the corresponding period in 2023. This rise was primarily due to higher corporate aircraft charter revenue from third parties.
Gross Margins
Gross margins rose to 23% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 18% for the same period in 2023. This increase was influenced by our lending and trading activities, which contributed favorably to our gross margins for the year ended December 31, 2024 and unfavorably to our gross margins for the year ended December 31, 2023. In both periods, gross margins were adversely affected by negative margins from our crypto assets mining operations. Excluding the impacts of both our lending and trading activities and our crypto assets mining operations, adjusted gross margins for the year ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 would have been 34% and 30%, respectively. Gross margins improved due to the deconsolidation of the lower margin of SMC’s business.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses increased by $6.6 million to $11.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $4.4 million in the prior corresponding period, due to increased expenditures primarily related to development work on ROI’s social gaming platform and askROI’s AI-powered platform.
Selling and Marketing
Selling and marketing expenses were $14.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $31.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $17.6 million, or 56%. The decrease was primarily the result of a $14.1 million decrease in sales and marketing expenses at ROI primarily due to lower advertising and promotion costs and a $3.3 million decrease in sales and marketing expenses from SMC due to the deconsolidation of SMC as of November 20, 2023.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses were $35.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $68.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $33.0 million, or 48%. General and administrative expenses decreased from the comparative prior period, mainly due to the following:
· $11.2 million decrease in general and administrative expenses from SMC due to the deconsolidation of SMC as of November 20, 2023;
· $6.3 million lower professional fees;
· $5.7 million lower performance bonus related to realized gains on trading activities;
· $5.1 million lower stock compensation expense; and
· $5.1 million lower salaries and benefits.
Impairment of Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Impairment of Intangible Assets
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized $1.5 million impairment of intangible assets related to Eco Pack. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $24.7 million impairment of intangible assets related to AVLP.
Impairment of AVLP Goodwill
We test the recorded amount of goodwill for impairment on an annual basis on December 31 or more frequently if there are indicators that the carrying amount of the goodwill exceeds its carried value. We performed a goodwill impairment test as of June 30, 2023 related to AVLP as there were indicators of impairment related to certain unforeseen business developments and changes in financial projections.
The valuation of the AVLP reporting unit was determined using a market and income approach methodology of valuation. The income approach was based on the projected cash flows discounted to their present value using discount rates, that in our judgment, consider the timing and risk of the forecasted cash flows using internally developed forecasts and assumptions. Under the income approach, the discount rate used is the average estimated value of a market participant’s cost of capital and debt, derived using customary market metrics. The analysis included assumptions regarding AVLP’s revenue forecast and discount rates of 26.7% using a weighted average cost of capital analysis. The market approach utilized the guideline public company method.
The results of the quantitative test indicated that the fair value of the AVLP reporting unit did not exceed its carrying amounts, including goodwill, in excess of the carrying value of the goodwill. As a result, the entire $18.6 million carrying amount of AVLP’s goodwill was recognized as a non-cash impairment charge during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Impairment of Property and Equipment
During the year ended December 31, 2024, due to increases in the Bitcoin mining difficulty level, which compounded the continued impact of the Bitcoin halving event, we concluded that indicated that an impairment triggering event had occurred. Testing performed indicated the estimated fair value of our miners to be less than their net carrying value and an impairment charge of $10.5 million was recognized, decreasing the net carrying value of our crypto assets mining equipment to their estimated fair value.
In addition, we recorded $8.9 million in impairment charges related to real estate assets of AGREE during the year ended December 31, 2024.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, certain unforeseen business developments and changes in financial projections at AVLP indicated that an impairment triggering event had occurred. Testing performed indicated the estimated fair value of AVLP property and equipment as of December 31, 2023 was $0, and an impairment charge of $14.0 million was recognized. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized an impairment charge of $4.1 million related to property and equipment at ROI.
Impairment of Mined Digital Currencies
Impairment of mined digital currencies for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.5 million.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Other expense, net was $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to other expense, net of $91.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Interest and other income was $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in interest and other income is primarily due to the decline in Ault Disruptive’s interest income as a result of the decline in cash and marketable securities held in the trust account as a result of redemptions of Ault Disruptive common stock subject to possible redemption.
Interest expense was $19.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $44.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 included contractual interest of $11.9 million, amortization of debt discount of $5.5 million, and forbearance and extension fees of $2.2 million. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 included amortization of debt discount of $21.5 million, contractual interest of $17.3 million and forbearance and extension fees of $5.5 million.
Other expense, guarantee was $0 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $35.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Pursuant to our financial guarantee obligation related to our December 2023 issuance of Series C preferred stock, related party, we recorded a guarantee liability of $38.9 million using the practical expedient to fair value as set forth in ASC 460-10-30-2(a) and recorded other expense, guarantee of $35.4 million (the amount of the guarantee liability, less $3.5 million restricted cash related to the guarantee obligation).
Gain on conversion of investment in equity securities to marketable equity securities of $17.9 million relates to ROI conversion of White River common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2024, ROI transferred 14.5 million shares of White River common stock with a fair value of $19.2 million at the date of transfer. In conjunction with the transfers, ROI converted a portion of their White River Series A convertible preferred stock into White River common stock and recorded a noncash $17.9 million gain on conversion. No such gains were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, ROI converted $2.3 million of ROI senior secured convertible notes that had a fair value of $0.9 million at the time of conversion and recognized a $1.4 million gain on extinguishment of debt. During the year ended December 31, 2024, holders of our convertible notes converted $2.0 million of convertible notes that had a fair value of $2.7 million at the time of conversion and recognized a $0.7 million loss on extinguishment of debt.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, an investor converted $1.2 million of a convertible note into 0.2 million shares of Class A common stock that had a fair value of $1.5 million at the time of conversion and we recognized a $0.3 million loss on extinguishment of debt.
Loss from investment in unconsolidated entity was $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing our share of losses from our equity method investment in SMC.
Cumulative downward adjustments for impairments for our equity securities without readily determinable fair values held at were $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Income Tax Provision
Provision for income taxes was $0.1 million and 0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The effective income tax provision rate was 0.1% for both of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
On December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $4.6 million (excluding restricted cash of $20.5 million), compared to cash and cash equivalents of $6.1 million (excluding restricted cash of $5.0 million) at December 31, 2023. The increase in cash and cash equivalents was primarily due to cash provided by financing activities related to the sale of common and preferred stock, as well as proceeds from notes payable and convertible notes, partially offset by the payment of debt, purchases of property and equipment and cash used in operating activities.
Net cash used in operating activities totaled $19.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 included $25.4 million proceeds from the sale of crypto assets from our Sentinum crypto assets mining operations, offset by operating losses and changes in working capital. Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 included $6.4 million cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations.
Net cash provided by investing activities was $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $29.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 included proceeds from the sale of real property located in St. Petersburg, Florida for $13.0 million, partially offset by capital expenditures of $4.8 million and investments in loans receivable of $1.0 million. Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 included $3.8 million cash used in investing activities from discontinued operations.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $25.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $37.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and primarily reflects the following transactions:
· During the period between January 1, 2024 through March 13, 2024, we sold an aggregate of 0.7 million shares of common stock pursuant to an At-The-Market issuance sales agreement for gross proceeds of $14.6 million;
· $60.9 million gross proceeds from notes payable, offset by $60.2 million payments on notes payable;
· $6.7 million gross proceeds from convertible notes payable, partially offset by $1.3 million payments on convertible notes payable;
· $8.0 million gross proceeds from sales of Series C preferred stock, related party;
· $1.9 million gross proceeds from subsidiaries’ sale of stock to non-controlling interests;
· $5.3 million payments of preferred dividends; and
· $1.9 million payments on notes payable, related party.
Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 included $2.6 million cash provided by financing activities from discontinued operations.
Financing Transactions Subsequent to December 31, 2024
Sales of Series G Preferred Stock and Warrants
Between January and April 2025, we sold to Ault & Company an aggregate of 960 shares of Series G Preferred Stock and Series G Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 0.2 million shares of Class A common stock, for an aggregate purchase price of $1.0 million.
Issuances of Series D Preferred Stock
From January 1, 2025 through April 14, 2025, we issued a total of 135,957 shares of our Series D preferred stock for the settlement of ELOC advances totaling $2.0 million.
OID Only Term Note
On January 14, 2025, we entered into a term note agreement with institutional investors for $2.5 million. The term note was issued at a discount, with net proceeds to us of $2.2 million. The term note does not accrue any interest. The term note was scheduled to mature on March 1, 2025. The term note is guaranteed by Mr. Ault.
15% Promissory Note
On March 7, 2025, we entered into a promissory note agreement with an institutional investor with a principal amount of $0.5 million and an interest rate of 15%. The maturity date of the promissory note is December 7, 2025. Mr. Ault entered into a personal guaranty agreement for the benefit of the investor.
Convertible Promissory Note
On March 21, 2025 we entered into an exchange agreement with SJC Lending, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“SJC”), pursuant to which we issued to SJC a convertible promissory note in the principal face amount of $4.9 million (the “Note”) in exchange for the cancellation of the following notes we issued to Steve J. Caspi, the sole member of SJC, who transferred such notes to SJC, (i) a term note issued on January 14, 2025 in the principal face amount of $2.5 million, (ii) a promissory note issued on March 7, 2025 in the principal face amount of $0.5 million, (iii) a promissory note issued on March 12, 2025 in the principal face amount of $1.5 million and (iv) a promissory note issued on March 13, 2025 in the principal face amount of $0.3 million.
The Note accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, unless an event of default (as defined in the Note) occurs, at which time the Note would accrue interest at 18% per annum. The Note will mature on December 31, 2025. The Note is convertible into shares of Class A common stock at any time after NYSE American (“NYSE”) approval of the Supplemental Listing Application (the “SLAP”) at a conversion price equal to the greater of (i) $0.40 per share (the “Note Floor Price”), which Note Floor Price shall not be adjusted for stock dividends, stock splits, stock combinations and other similar transactions and (ii) the lesser of 75% of the VWAP (as defined in the Note) of the Class A common stock during the five trading days immediately prior to (A) the date of issuance of the Note or (B) the date of conversion into shares of Class A common stock, but not greater than $10.00 per share (the “Maximum Price”), which Maximum Price shall be adjusted for stock dividends, stock splits, stock combinations and other similar transactions.
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Securities Purchase Agreement
On March 31, 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with an institutional investor pursuant to which we agreed to sell up to 50,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”) for a total purchase price of up to $50 million. The securities purchase agreement provides that the transaction shall be conducted through 49 separate tranche closings, provided, however, that the investor has the ability, exercisable in its sole discretion, to purchase any number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock prior to the dates of the tranche closings provided for in the securities purchase agreement. The initial tranche closing, which will close promptly after the investor has converted out of the Exchange Note, will consist of the sale and issuance to the investor of two thousand (2,000) shares of Series B Preferred Stock for an aggregate of $2 million. Pursuant to the securities purchase agreement, provided certain closing conditions have been met, the investor shall purchase up to four thousand, eight hundred (4,800) shares of Series B Preferred Stock on a monthly basis, with the investor being required to purchase one thousand (1,000) shares per month.
Each share of Series B Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000.00 and is convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a at a conversion price equal the lesser of a 25% discount to our volume weighted average price during the five trading days immediately prior to (A) the date of execution of the securities purchase agreement or (B) the date of conversion into shares of Class A common stock, but not greater than $10.00 per share. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event shall the Series B Preferred Stock be convertible at less than the Floor Price. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to cumulative cash dividends at an annual rate of 15%, or $150.00 per share, based on the stated value per share. Dividends shall accrue for as long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock remain issued and outstanding and are payable monthly in arrears. For the first two years, we may elect to pay the dividend amount in additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock rather than cash. The holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with the Class A common stock as a single class on an as-converted basis.
Short-Term OID Promissory Notes
Between March 21, 2025 and April 2, 2025, we entered into term note agreements with an institutional investor for an aggregate of $0.6 million. The term notes were issued at a 15% discount, with net proceeds to us of $0.6 million. The term notes accrue interest at the rate of 24% per annum. The term notes mature on April 30, 2025.
April 2025 Convertible Promissory Note
On April 1, 2025, we issued to an institutional investor, a convertible promissory note in the principal face amount of $1.7 million (the “April 2025 Note”) in consideration for an advance of $1.5 million previously made by the investor to us (the “Transaction”). The April 2025 Note has a principal face amount of $1.7 million and was issued with an OID of 10%. The April 2025 Note accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, unless an event of default (as defined in the April 2025 Note) occurs, at which time the April 2025 Note would accrue interest at 18% per annum. The April 2025 Note will mature on September 30, 2025. The April 2025 Note is convertible into shares of our class A common stock at any time after NYSE approval of the SLAP at a conversion price equal to the greater of (i) $0.40 per share, which shall not be adjusted for stock dividends, stock splits, stock combinations and other similar transactions and (ii) the lesser of 75% of the VWAP (as defined in the April 2025 Note) of the Class A common stock during the five trading days immediately prior to the closing date or the date of conversion.
April 2025 Convertible Note
On April 8, 2025, we issued to an accredited investor a convertible promissory note in the principal face amount of $110,000 in consideration for $100,000. The note accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, unless an event of default (as defined in the note) occurs, at which time the note would accrue interest at 18% per annum. The note will mature on September 30, 2025. The note is convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price equal to the greater of (i) $0.45 and (ii) the lesser of (A) 75% of the VWAP (as defined in the note) of the Class A common stock during the five trading days immediately prior to the date of issuance of the note or (B) 75% of the lowest daily VWAP of the Class A common stock during the five trading days immediately prior to the date of conversion into shares of Class A common stock.
Deficiency Letter from the NYSE American
We were notified by the NYSE American on December 18, 2024 that due to our disclosure in our Form 10-Q filed for the fiscal period ended September 30, 2024, which reported stockholders’ equity of approximately $2.2 million, we no longer meet the requirement that we must have no less than $6 million or more in stockholders’ equity pursuant to the listing standard set forth under Section 1003(a)(ii) and (iii) of the NYSE American Company Guide (the “Listing Standards”) because we have reported losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in five of its most recent fiscal years ended December 31, 2023.
Under the applicable NYSE American listing rules, we were required by January 17, 2025 to submit a compliance plan that demonstrates how we intend to regain compliance with the Listing Standards within 18 months of the receipt of the notice, or June 18, 2026. The compliance plan was submitted to the NYSE American on January 17, 2025. We, at the request of the NYSE American, provided supplements to the original compliance plan. On March 4, 2025, the NYSE American accepted the compliance plan and granted us a listing extension until June 18, 2026. We will be subject to periodic reviews including quarterly monitoring for compliance with the plan. Failure to make progress consistent with the plan or to regain compliance with the continued Listing Standards by the end of the extension period could result in us being delisted from the NYSE American.
Critical Accounting Estimates
We have the following critical accounting estimates:
· We review and evaluate the net carrying value of our long-lived assets for impairment upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances that indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable. A test for recoverability is performed based on the estimated undiscounted future cash flows that will be generated from operations and the estimated salvage value of assets. There are many assumptions underlying future cash flows that are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, which include the estimated value of the assets. We review our business and operations for indications of impairment and, when indications are present, perform an impairment test. We involve a third-party expert when needed. However, it is possible that changes could occur in the near term that could adversely affect the estimate of future cash flows and salvage values to be generated from operating assets resulting in an impairment loss; and
· On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to fair value of financial instruments. We base our estimates on known trends and events and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Because we are a smaller reporting company, this section is not applicable.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The financial statements required by this Item 8 are included in this Annual Report following Item 16 hereof. As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide supplementary financial information.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2024, we have carried out an evaluation, under the supervision of, and with the participation of, our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We have established disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, with the assistance of other members of the Company’s management, have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this annual report and has determined that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to the material weaknesses as described herein.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated 2013 Framework. Our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective.
A material weakness is a control deficiency (within the meaning of the PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 2) or combination of control deficiencies that result in more than a remote likelihood that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected. Management has identified the following material weaknesses:
1. We do not have sufficient resources in our accounting department, which restricts our ability to gather, analyze and properly review information related to financial reporting, including applying complex accounting principles relating to consolidation accounting, related party transactions, fair value estimates and analysis of financial instruments for proper classification in the consolidated financial statements, in a timely manner.
2. Due to our size and nature, segregation of all conflicting duties may not always be possible and may not be economically feasible. However, to the extent possible, the initiation of transactions, the custody of assets and the recording of transactions should be performed by separate individuals. Management evaluated the impact of our failure to have segregation of duties during our assessment of our disclosure controls and procedures and concluded that the control deficiency that resulted represented a material weakness.
3. Our primary user access controls (i.e., provisioning, de-provisioning, privileged access and user access reviews) to ensure appropriate authorization and segregation of duties that would adequately restrict user and privileged access to the financially relevant systems and data to appropriate personnel were not designed and/or implemented effectively. We did not design and/or implement sufficient controls for program change management to certain financially relevant systems affecting our processes.
4. The Company did not design and/or implement user access controls to ensure appropriate segregation of duties or program change management controls for certain financially relevant systems impacting the Company’s processes around revenue recognition and digital assets to ensure that IT program and data changes affecting the Company’s (i) financial IT applications, (ii) digital currency mining equipment, and (iii) underlying accounting records, are identified, tested, authorized and implemented appropriately to validate that data produced by its relevant IT system(s) were complete and accurate. Automated process-level controls and manual controls that are dependent upon the information derived from such financially relevant systems were also determined to be ineffective as a result of such deficiency. In addition, the Company has not effectively designed a manual key control to detect material misstatements in revenue.
Planned Remediation
Management continues to work to improve its controls related to our material weaknesses, specifically relating to user access and change management surrounding our IT systems and applications. Management will continue to implement measures to remediate material weaknesses, such that these controls are designed, implemented, and operating effectively. The remediation actions include: (i) enhancing design and documentation related to both user access and change management processes and control activities; and (ii) developing and communicating additional policies and procedures to govern the area of IT change management. In order to achieve the timely implementation of the above, management has commenced the following actions and will continue to assess additional opportunities for remediation on an ongoing basis:
· Engaging a third-party specialist to assist management with improving the Company’s overall control environment, focusing on change management and access controls;
· Implementing new applications and systems that are aligned with management’s focus on creating strong internal controls; and
· Continuing to increase headcount across the Company, with a particular focus on hiring individuals with strong Sarbanes Oxley and internal control backgrounds.
We are currently working to improve and simplify our internal processes and implement enhanced controls, as discussed above, to address the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and to remedy the ineffectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. These material weaknesses will not be considered to be remediated until the applicable remediated controls are operating for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively.
Despite the existence of these material weaknesses, we believe that the consolidated financial statements included in the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly present, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the most recent fiscal quarter in 2024, there were no significant changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Trading Plans
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, no director or Section 16 officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The following table sets forth the positions and offices presently held by each of our current directors and executive officers and their ages:
Served as a
Position and Offices Director and
Name Age Held with the Company Officer Since
Milton C. Ault, III (1) Executive Chairman of the Board
William B. Horne (1) Chief Executive Officer, Vice Chairman and Director
Henry Nisser (1) President, General Counsel and Director
Kenneth S. Cragun (1) Chief Financial Officer
Robert O. Smith Lead Independent Director
Moti Rosenberg Director
Jeffrey A. Bentz Director
(1) Executive Officer.
Each of the directors named above will serve until the next annual meeting of our stockholders or until his respective successor is elected and qualified. Subject to the terms of applicable employment agreements, our executive officers serve at the discretion of our Board.
Milton C. (Todd) Ault, III has served as our Executive Chairman since January 2021. Between December 2017 and January 2021, Mr. Ault was our Chief Executive Officer and between March 2017 and December 2017, Mr. Ault served as our Executive Chairman. Mr. Ault has served as a director of Alzamend since January 2024. Mr. Ault is Alzamend’s founder and served as Chairman of the Board and a director from inception in 2016 until its initial public offering in June 2021. Mr. Ault served as the Chairman of the Board of Ault Disruptive since its incorporation in February 2021 until October 2024. Since January 2024, Mr. Ault has served as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of ROI. Between April 2023 and September 2024, Mr. Ault served as the Executive Chairman of the board of directors of Algorhythm Holdings, Inc., an issuer listed on Nasdaq (“RIME”). Mr. Ault has served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Ault & Company since December 2015, and as Chairman of AVLP since September 2014. Since January 2011, Mr. Ault has been the Vice President of Business Development for MCKEA Holdings, LLC, a family office. Mr. Ault is a seasoned business professional and entrepreneur who has spent more than twenty-seven years identifying value in various financial markets including equities, fixed income, commodities, and real estate. Throughout his career, Mr. Ault has consulted for a few publicly traded and privately held companies, providing each of them the benefit of his diversified experience, that range from development stage to seasoned businesses.
William B. Horne has been a member of our board of directors since October 2016. In January 2018, Mr. Horne was appointed as our Chief Financial Officer until August 2020, when he resigned as our Chief Financial Officer and was appointed as our President. On January 12, 2021, Mr. Horne resigned as our President and became our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Horne has served as a director of Alzamend since June 2016 and upon the effectiveness of its initial public offering in June 2021, Mr. Horne become its Chairman of the Board. Mr. Horne served as Alzamend’s Chief Financial Officer from June 2016 through December 2018. Mr. Horne served as a director and Chief Executive Officer of Ault Disruptive since its inception in February 2021 until October 2024. Mr. Horne has served as a director and Chief Financial Officer of AVLP since June 2016. Mr. Horne has served as a director and Chief Financial Officer of Ault & Company since October 2017. He served as the Chief Financial Officer of Targeted Medical Pharma, Inc. from August 2013 to May 2019. Mr. Horne previously held the position of Chief Financial Officer in various public and private companies in the healthcare and high-tech field. Mr. Horne has a Bachelor of Arts Magna Cum Laude in Accounting from Seattle University.
Henry C.W. Nisser, has been our President since May 2019, and has served as our Executive Vice President and General Counsel and as one of our directors since September 2020. Mr. Nisser has served as Alzamend’s Executive Vice President and General Counsel on a part-time basis since May 2019. Mr. Nisser was appointed as a director of Alzamend in September 2020. Since March 2023, Mr. Nisser has served as the President, General Counsel and director of ROI. Between February 2021 and October 2024, Mr. Nisser served as the President, General Counsel and a director of Ault Disruptive. Between April 2023 and August 2024, Mr. Nisser served as a director of RIME. Mr. Nisser is the Executive Vice President and General Counsel of AVLP. From December 15, 2021 through March 16, 2022, Mr. Nisser served as Chief Executive Officer and on the board of directors of TurnOnGreen. From October 2011 through April 2019, Mr. Nisser was an associate and subsequently a partner with Sichenzia Ross Ference LLP, a law firm in New York. While with this law firm, his practice was concentrated on national and international corporate law, with a particular focus on U.S. securities compliance, public as well as private M&A, equity and debt financings and corporate governance. Mr. Nisser received his B.A. degree from Connecticut College, where he majored in International Relations and Economics. He received his LL.B. from University of Buckingham School of Law in the United Kingdom.
Kenneth S. Cragun has been our Chief Financial Officer since August 2020 and between October 2018 and August 2020, served as our Chief Accounting Officer. Since June 2021, Mr. Cragun has served as Senior Vice President of Finance at Alzamend on a part-time basis. Between December 2018 and June 2021, Mr. Cragun served as the Chief Financial Officer of Alzamend. Between February 2021 and October 2024, Mr. Cragun served as the Chief Financial Officer of Ault Disruptive. Since September 2018, Mr. Cragun has served on the board of directors and Chairman of the Audit Committee of Verb Technology Company, Inc. Between July 2022 and September 2024, Mr. Cragun served on the board of directors of RIME. He served as a CFO Partner at Hardesty, LLC, a national executive services firm between October 2016 and October 2018. His assignments at Hardesty included serving as Chief Financial Officer of CorVel Corporation, a publicly traded company and a nationwide leader in technology driven, healthcare-related, risk management programs, and of RISA Tech, Inc., a private structural design and optimization software company. Mr. Cragun was also Chief Financial Officer of two Nasdaq-traded companies, Local Corporation, from April 2009 to September 2016, and Modtech Holdings, Inc., from June 2006 to March 2009, a supplier of modular buildings. Prior thereto, he had financial leadership roles with increasing responsibilities at MIVA, Inc., ImproveNet, Inc., NetCharge Inc., C-Cube Microsystems, Inc, and 3-Com Corporation. Mr. Cragun began his professional career at Deloitte. Mr. Cragun holds a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Colorado State University-Pueblo.
Robert O. Smith has served as a director since September 2016, and was previously a member of our board from November 2010 to May 2015. Mr. Smith is currently an independent C-level executive consultant working with Bay Area high-tech firms on various strategic initiatives in all aspects of their business. Mr. Smith has served on the board of directors of GWW since September 2022. Mr. Smith has served on the board of directors of ROI since October of 2023, where he acts as ROI’s lead independent director as well as the chairman of its audit committee. Mr. Smith served on the board of directors of Ault Disruptive since its inception in February 2021 until October 2024. From 2004 to 2007, he served on the board of directors of Castelle Corporation. From 1990 to 2002, he was our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board. From 1980 to 1990, he held several management positions with Computer Products, Inc., the most recent being President of its Compower/Boschert division. From 1970 to 1980, he held managerial accounting positions with Ametek/Lamb Electric and with the JM Smucker Company. Mr. Smith received his BBA degree in Accounting from Ohio University.
Mordechai Rosenberg has served as a director since June 2015. Mr. Rosenberg serves as one of our independent directors. He has served as an independent consultant to various companies in the design and implementation of homeland security systems in Europe and Africa since 2010. From 2004 to 2009, he served as a special consultant to Bullet Plate Ltd., a manufacturer of armor protection systems, and NovIdea Ltd., a manufacturer of perimeter and border security systems. From 2000 to 2003, Mr. Rosenberg was the general manager of ZIV U.P.V.C Products Ltd.’s doors and window factory. Mr. Rosenberg is an active reserve officer and a retired colonel from the Israeli Defense Force (“IDF”), where he served for 26 years and was involved in the development of weapon systems. In the IDF, Mr. Rosenberg served in various capacities, including, company, battalion and brigade commander, head of the training center for all IDF infantry, and head of the Air Force’s Special Forces. Mr. Rosenberg received a B.A in History from the University of Tel Aviv and a Master of Arts in Political Science from the University of Haifa in Israel. Mr. Rosenberg graduated from the course of Directors & Officers at the College of Management, Tel Aviv.
Jeffrey A. Bentz has served as a director since January 2018. Mr. Bentz is an experienced businessman who served from 1994 to 2022 as President of North Star Terminal & Stevedore Company, a full-service stevedoring company located in Alaska and whose major areas of business include terminal operations and management, stevedore services and heavy equipment operations. Mr. Bentz has served as a director of Ault Disruptive since its inception in February 2021 and GWW since September 2022. He also has served as a director and advisor to several private companies and agencies. Mr. Bentz obtained a B.A. degree in Business and Finance from Western Washington University.
Corporate Governance
Our Board is currently composed of six members and maintains the following three standing committees: (1) the Audit Committee; (2) the Compensation Committee; and (3) the Nominating and Governance Committee. The membership and the function of each of the committees are described below. Our Board may, from time to time, establish a new committee or dissolve an existing committee depending on the circumstances. Current copies of the charters for the Audit Committee, the Compensation Committee and the Nominating and Governance Committee can be found on our website at https://hyperscaledata.com/.
Audit Committee
Messrs. Smith, Rosenberg and Bentz currently comprise the Audit Committee of our Board. Our Board has determined that each of the current members of the Audit Committee satisfies the requirements for independence and financial literacy under the standards of the SEC and the NYSE American. Our Board has also determined that Mr. Smith qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in SEC regulations and satisfy the financial sophistication requirements set forth in the NYSE American Rules. Mr. Smith serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee.
The Audit Committee is responsible for, among other things, selecting and hiring our independent auditors, approving the audit and pre-approving any non-audit services to be performed by our independent auditors; reviewing the scope of the annual audit undertaken by our independent auditors and the progress and results of their work; reviewing our financial statements, internal accounting and auditing procedures, and corporate programs to ensure compliance with applicable laws; and reviewing the services performed by our independent auditors to determine if the services rendered are compatible with maintaining the independent auditors’ impartial opinion.
Compensation Committee
Messrs. Smith, Rosenberg and Bentz currently comprise the Compensation Committee of our Board. Our Board has determined that each of the current members of the Compensation Committee meets the requirements for independence under the standards of the NYSE American. Mr. Bentz serves as Chairman of the Compensation Committee.
The Compensation Committee is responsible for, among other things, reviewing and approving executive compensation policies and practices; reviewing and approving salaries, bonuses and other benefits paid to our officers, including our Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer; and administering our stock option plans and other benefit plans.
Nominating and Governance Committee
Messrs. Smith, Rosenberg and Bentz currently comprise the Nominating and Governance Committee of our Board. Our Board has determined that each of the current members of the Nominating and Governance Committee meets the requirements for independence under the standards of the NYSE American. Mr. Rosenberg serves as Chairman of the Nominating and Governance Committee.
The Nominating and Governance Committee is responsible for, among other things, assisting our Board in identifying prospective director nominees and recommending nominees for each annual meeting of stockholders to the Board; developing and recommending governance principles applicable to our Board; overseeing the evaluation of our Board and management; and recommending potential members for each Board committee to our Board.
The Nominating and Governance Committee considers diversity when identifying Board candidates. In particular, it considers such criteria as a candidate’s broad-based business and professional skills, experiences and global business and social perspective.
In addition, the Committee seeks directors who exhibit personal integrity and a concern for the long-term interests of stockholders, as well as those who have time available to devote to Board activities and to enhancing their knowledge of the power-supply industry. Accordingly, we seek to attract and retain highly qualified directors who have sufficient time to attend to their substantial duties and responsibilities.
Executive Committee
As a holding company, our business strategy is designed to increase stockholder value. Under this strategy, we are focused on managing and financially supporting our existing subsidiaries and partner companies, with the goal of pursuing monetization opportunities and maximizing the value returned to stockholders. We have, are and will consider initiatives including, among others: public offerings, the sale of individual partner companies, the sale of certain or all partner company interests in secondary market transactions, or a combination thereof, as well as other opportunities to maximize stockholder value, such as activist trading. We anticipate returning value to stockholders after satisfying our debt obligations and working capital needs.
On October 7, 2019, we created an Executive Committee which is comprised of our Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President. The Executive Committee meets on a daily basis to address the Company’s critical needs and provides a forum to approve transactions which are communicated to our Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President of Finance on a bi-weekly basis by our Chief Executive Officer.
Our Executive Committee approves and manages our investment and trading strategy. The Executive Committee has decades of experience in financial, investing and securities transactions. Led by our Founder and Executive Chairman, Milton C. (Todd) Ault, III, we seek to find undervalued companies and disruptive technologies with a global impact. We use a traditional methodology for valuing securities that primarily looks for deeply depressed prices. Upon making an investment, we often become actively involved in the companies we seek to acquire. That activity may involve a broad range of approaches, from influencing the management of a target to take steps to improve stockholder value, to acquiring a controlling or sizable but non-controlling interest or outright ownership of the target company in order to implement changes that we believe are required to improve its business, and then operating and expanding that business. Mr. Ault relies heavily on William B. Horne, our Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Henry Nisser, our President and General Counsel, to provide analysis and guidance on various objectives that the Company sets, including financings and all acquisition targets and throughout the acquisition process.
From time to time, we engage in discussions with other companies interested in our subsidiaries or partner companies, either in response to inquiries or as part of a process we initiate. To the extent we believe that a subsidiary partner company’s further growth and development can best be supported by a different ownership structure or if we otherwise believe it is in our stockholders’ best interests, we will seek to sell some or all of our position in the subsidiary or partner company. These sales may take the form of privately negotiated sales of stock or assets, mergers and acquisitions, public offerings of the subsidiary or partner company’s securities, dividends and, in the case of publicly traded partner companies, transactions in their securities in the open market. Our plans may include taking subsidiaries or partner companies public through rights offerings, mergers or spin-offs and directed share subscription programs. We will continue to consider these and functionally equivalent programs and the sale of certain subsidiary or partner company interests in secondary market transactions to maximize value for our stockholders.
Our Executive Committee acts as the underwriting committee for Ault Lending and approves all lending transactions. Under its business model, Ault Lending generates revenue through origination fees charged to borrowers and interest generated from each loan. Ault Lending may also generate income from appreciation of investments in marketable securities as well as any shares of common stock underlying convertible notes or warrants issued to Ault Lending in any particular financing. Ault Lending’s activities are more fully described elsewhere in this Annual Report; see page 19.
Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings
Except as set forth below, to the best of our knowledge, during the past ten years, none of the following occurred with respect to a present or former director, executive officer, or employee:
· been convicted in a criminal proceeding or been subject to a pending criminal proceeding (excluding traffic violations and other minor offenses);
· had any bankruptcy petition filed by or against the business or property of the person, or of any partnership, corporation or business association of which he was a general partner or executive officer, either at the time of the bankruptcy filing or within two years prior to that time; *+
· been subject to any order, judgment, or decree, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any court of competent jurisdiction or federal or state authority, permanently or temporarily enjoining, barring, suspending or otherwise limiting, his involvement in any type of business, securities, futures, commodities, investment, banking, savings and loan, or insurance activities, or to be associated with persons engaged in any such activity;
· been found by a court of competent jurisdiction in a civil action or by the SEC or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to have violated a federal or state securities or commodities law, and the judgment has not been reversed, suspended, or vacated; **
· been the subject of, or a party to, any federal or state judicial or administrative order, judgment, decree, or finding, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated (not including any settlement of a civil proceeding among private litigants), relating to an alleged violation of any federal or state securities or commodities law or regulation, any law or regulation respecting financial institutions or insurance companies including, but not limited to, a temporary or permanent injunction, order of disgorgement or restitution, civil money penalty or temporary or permanent cease-and-desist order, or removal or prohibition order, or any law or regulation prohibiting mail or wire fraud or fraud in connection with any business entity;
· or been the subject of, or a party to, any sanction or order, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any self-regulatory organization (as defined in Section 3(a)(26) of the Exchange Act), any registered entity (as defined in Section 1(a)(29) of the Commodity Exchange Act), or any equivalent exchange, association, entity or organization that has disciplinary authority over its members or persons associated with a member.
* Mr. Cragun served as Chief Financial Officer of Local Corporation (April 2009 to September 2016), formerly based in Irvine, California, and, in June 2015, Local Corporation filed a voluntary petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California seeking relief under the provisions of Chapter 11 of Title 11 of the United States Code.
** Please see the press release issued by the Company on August 15, 2023.
+ Mr. Horne has served as Chief Financial Officer of AVLP since June 2016, and, in March 2025, AVLP filed a voluntary petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nevada seeking relief under the provisions of Chapter 7 of Title 11 of the United States Code.
Except as set forth in our discussion below in “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions,” none of our directors or executive officers has been involved in any transactions with us or any of our directors, executive officers, affiliates or associates which are required to be disclosed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC.
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships among our directors and executive officers.
Code of Ethics
We have adopted the Code of Ethical Conduct that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller or person performing similar functions. The Code of Ethical Conduct is designed to deter wrongdoing and to promote honest and ethical conduct and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The full text of our Code of Ethical Conduct is published on our website at https://hyperscaledata.com/. We will disclose any substantive amendments to the Code of Ethical Conduct or any waivers, explicit or implicit, from a provision of the Code on our website or in a current report on Form 8-K. Upon request to our President, Henry Nisser, we will provide without charge, a copy of our Code of Ethical Conduct.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Summary Compensation Table
The following Summary Compensation Table sets forth all compensation earned in all capacities during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, by our principal executive officer. Because we are a Smaller Reporting Company, we only have to report information of our principal executive officer and our two other most highly compensated executive officers.
SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE
Name and principal position Year Salary ($)
Bonus ($)
Stock Awards ($) (1)
Option
Awards ($)
(1)
All Other Compensation ($)(2)
Total ($)
Milton C. Ault, III 400,000 16,667 - - 126,950 543,617
Executive Chairman of the Board 400,000 16,667 - - 325,773 742,440
William B. Horne 400,000 16,667 - - 84,502 501,169
Chief Executive Officer 375,000 16,667 - - 98,195 489,862
Henry C. Nisser 300,000 12,500 - - 24,921 337,421
President and General Counsel 300,000 12,500 - - 55,727 368,227
(1) The values reported in the “Stock Awards” and “Option Awards” columns represent the aggregate grant date fair value, computed in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718 Share Based Payments, of grants of stock options and stock awards to our named executive officer in the years shown.
(2) The amounts in “All Other Compensation” consist of 401(k) matching amounts, vehicle allowance, personal use of the Company’s corporate aircraft, health insurance benefits, long-term and short-term disability insurance benefits, and travel and entertainment expenses. The personal use of corporate aircraft, reflects the incremental cost to Hyperscale Data for use of the corporate aircraft, determined on the basis of the variable operational costs of each flight, including fuel, maintenance, flight crew travel expense. Summary table of “All Other Compensation” for the year ended December 31, 2024 is set forth below:
Name 401(k) Matching
Contribution ($) Automobile
Expenses ($) Personal Use of
Aircraft ($) Medical and Life
Insurance Benefits ($) Total All Other
Compensation ($)
Milton C. Ault, III 9,442 12,000 78,324 27,184 126,950
William B. Horne 17,250 12,000 - 55,252 84,502
Henry C. Nisser 12,500 - - 12,421 24,921
Compensation from Related Companies
The compensation table above does not include compensation paid to those executives from related companies for the year ended December 31, 2024 as set forth below:
AVLP Alzamend Circle 8
Name Officer
Compensation Board
Fees Officer
Compensation Board
Fees
Milton C. Ault, III $ - $ 37,500 $ - $ -
William B. Horne $ 33,333 $ 50,000 $ - $ 25,000
Henry C. Nisser $ 33,333 $ - $ 50,000 $ -
Employment Agreements
Milton C. Ault, III
On June 17, 2018, the Company entered into a ten-year executive employment agreement with Milton C. Ault, III, to serve as Chief Executive Officer of the Company. On January 19, 2021, Mr. Ault was appointed as Executive Chairman of the Company. For his services, Mr. Ault will be paid a base salary of $400,000 per annum (the “Base Salary”).
Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the agreement, if the Company meets or exceeds criteria adopted by the Company’s compensation committee (the “Compensation Committee”) for earning bonuses which shall be adopted by the Compensation Committee annually, Mr. Ault shall be eligible to receive an annual bonus, which percentage shall be based on achievement of applicable performance goals determined by the Compensation Committee.
In addition, Mr. Ault shall be eligible to receive a performance-based award (the “CEO Performance Award”), provided that the Company, for any given fiscal year during the term of this agreement, meets the following criteria: (A) an increase in revenue, as calculated under GAAP over the previous fiscal year as reported in the Annual Report on Form 10-K or successor form for such fiscal year; provided that any increase less than thirty-five percent (35%) (the “Revenue Percentage”) shall reduce the CEO Performance Award correspondingly; (B) positive net income, as calculated under GAAP, as reported in the Annual Report on Form 10-K or successor form for such fiscal year, provided that any increase less than five percent (5%) (the “Net Income Percentage”) shall reduce the CEO Performance Award correspondingly; and (C) positive net cash flow from operations on a year-to-year basis, where cash flow is defined as the net amount of cash and cash-equivalents being transferred into and out of the Company. The CEO Performance Award shall consist of a number of shares of the Company’s common stock having a maximum value equal to ten percent (10%) of any appreciation in the Company’s Market Capitalization above the High Water Mark (as such terms are defined in the agreement) as measured by the daily average closing bid price of the Company’s common stock for the applicable fiscal year subject to proration obtained by the product of Revenue Percentage and the Net Income Percentage. If the CEO Performance Award in a fiscal year is less than ten percent (10%) due to a reduction caused by an annual shortfall in either the Revenue Percentage or the Net Income Percentage, the prior year’s targets would be deemed to have been achieved if a corresponding overage in a subsequent fiscal year results in the achievement of the cumulative targets. The annual and cumulative targets for revenue and net income, which are provided solely for the purpose of establishing cumulative totals, are set forth in the agreement.
Upon termination of Mr. Ault’s employment (other than upon the expiration of the employment), Mr. Ault shall be entitled to receive: (A) any earned but unpaid base salary through the termination date; (B) all reasonable expenses paid or incurred; and (C) any accrued but unused vacation time.
Further, unless Mr. Ault’s employment is terminated as a result of his death or disability or for cause or he terminates his employment without good reason, then upon the termination or non-renewal of Mr. Ault’s employment, the Company shall pay to Mr. Ault a “Separation Payment” as follows: (A) an amount equal to four (4) weeks of base salary for each full year of service and credit for his service commencing from September 22, 2016, (B) should Mr. Ault provide the Company with a separation, waiver and release agreement within 60 days of termination, then the Company shall: (i) pay his base salary until the last to occur (the “Separation Period”) of (1) the expiration of the remaining portion of the initial term or the then applicable renewal term, as the case may be, but in no event an amount greater than the Base Salary payable should either such period expire within two years, or (2) the 12-month period commencing on the date Mr. Ault is terminated, payable in one lump sum; (ii) provide during the Separation Period the same medical, dental, long-term disability and life insurance; and (iii) pay an amount equal to the product obtained by multiplying (x) the maximum annual bonus as Mr. Ault would have been otherwise entitled to receive by (y) the fraction in which the numerator is the number of calendar months worked including the entire month in which severance occurred and the denominator of which is 12; and (iv) all outstanding options and other equity awards shall immediately vest and become fully exercisable for a period of 24 months. Finally, upon the occurrence of a change in control, Mr. Ault will be paid an amount equal to the greater of: (i) five times his then current Base Salary or (ii) the Separation Payment amount set forth above, without regard to whether Mr. Ault continues in the employ of the Company or its successor.
William B. Horne
On January 25, 2018, we entered into an employment agreement with William Horne to serve as Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President of the Company and its subsidiaries for an initial term through September 30, 2022, which automatically renews thereafter for successive one-year terms unless either party provides written notification at least four months prior to the end of a term of their desire to terminate. Mr. Horne’s base salary was $300,000 per annum, which was increased to $400,000 effective April 1, 2023. Mr. Horne is eligible to receive an annual cash bonus equal to a percentage of his annual base salary based on achievement of applicable performance goals determined by the Company’s compensation committee.
Upon termination of Mr. Horne’s employment (other than upon the expiration of the employment), Mr. Horne shall be entitled to receive: (i) any earned but unpaid base salary through the termination date; (ii) all reasonable expenses paid or incurred; and (iii) any accrued but unused vacation time.
Further, unless Mr. Horne’s employment is terminated as a result of his death or disability or for cause or he terminates his employment without good reason, then upon the termination or non-renewal of Mr. Horne’s employment, the Company shall pay to Mr. Horne a “Separation Payment” as follows: (A) an amount equal to four weeks of base salary for each full year of service, (B) should Mr. Horne provide the Company with a separation, waiver and release agreement within 60 days of termination, then the Company shall: (i) pay his base salary until the last to occur (the “Separation Period”) of (1) the expiration of the remaining portion of the initial term or the then applicable renewal term, as the case may be, or (2) the 12-month period commencing on the date Mr. Horne is terminated, payable in one lump sum; (ii) provide during the Separation Period the same medical, dental, long-term disability and life insurance; and (iii) pay an amount equal to the product obtained by multiplying (x) the maximum annual bonus as Mr. Horne would have been otherwise entitled to receive by (y) the fraction in which the numerator is the number of calendar months worked including the entire month in which severance occurred and the denominator of which is 12; and (iv) all outstanding options and other equity awards shall immediately vest and become fully exercisable for a period of 24 months. Finally, upon the occurrence of a change in control, Mr. Horne will be paid an amount equal to four times his Separation Payment.
Henry Nisser
On April 12, 2019, the Company entered into an employment agreement (the “Agreement”) with Henry Nisser to serve as General Counsel and Executive Vice President of the Company and its subsidiaries for an initial term through May 1, 20223 which automatically renews thereafter for successive one-year terms unless either party provides written notification at least four months prior to the end of a term of their desire to terminate. The effective date of the Agreement was May 1, 2019. For 2023, Mr. Nisser’s base salary was $300,000 per annum (the “Base Salary”).
Mr. Nisser is eligible to receive an annual cash bonus equal to a percentage of his annual base salary based on achievement of applicable performance goals determined by the Company’s compensation committee.
Mr. Nisser’s bonuses, if any, and all stock based compensation shall be subject to “Company Clawback Rights” if during the period that Mr. Nisser is employed by the Company and upon the termination of Mr. Nisser’s employment and for a period of two years thereafter, there is a restatement of any of the Company’s financial results from which any bonuses and stock based compensation to Mr. Nisser shall have been determined.
Upon termination of Mr. Nisser’s employment (other than upon the expiration of the employment), Mr. Nisser shall be entitled to receive: (A) any earned but unpaid base salary through the termination date; (B) all reasonable expenses paid or incurred; and (C) any accrued but unused vacation time.
Further, unless Mr. Nisser’s employment is terminated as a result of his death or disability or for cause or he terminates his employment without good reason, then upon the termination or non-renewal of Mr. Nisser’s employment, the Company shall pay to Mr. Nisser a “Separation Payment” as follows: (a) an amount equal to four weeks of base salary for each full year of service, (b) commencing on the date that shall be one (1) year from the effective date, should Mr. Nisser provide the Company with a separation, waiver and release agreement within 30 days of termination, then the Company shall pay to Mr. Nisser the Base Salary (in effect immediately prior to the termination date) an amount equal to the lesser of what Mr. Nisser would have received if the employment period ended after (1) the expiration of the remaining portion of the initial term or the then applicable renewal term, as the case may be, or (2) the 18-month period commencing on the date Executive is terminated, payable in one lump sum; (ii) provide during the separation period the same medical, dental, long-term disability and life insurance; and (iii) pay an amount equal to the product obtained by multiplying (x) the maximum annual bonus as Mr. Nisser would have been otherwise entitled to receive by (y) the fraction in which the numerator is the number of calendar months worked including the entire month in which severance occurred and the denominator of which is 12; and (iv) all outstanding options and other equity awards shall immediately vest and become fully exercisable for a period of 24 months. Finally, upon the occurrence of a change in control, Mr. Nisser will be paid an amount equal to four times his Separation Payment.
CEO Pay Ratio
As required by Section 953(b) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, we are providing disclosure regarding the ratio of annual total compensation of Mr. Ault, our Executive Chairman, to that of our median employee. Our median employee earned $50,000 in total compensation for 2024. Based upon the total 2024 compensation reported for Mr. Ault of $543,617 as reported under “Total” in the Summary Compensation Table, our ratio of PEO to median employee pay was 11:1. Our median employee is employed in our ROI subsidiary.
Our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Executive Officer, however, is not Mr. Ault but William B. Horne. In order to follow the intent of the SEC’s rules, which appear to presume that the CEO is the highest paid executive officer of an issuer, we chose to present the total annual compensation of Mr. Ault, who is paid marginally more than Mr. Horne.
While Mr. Ault’s salary is the same as Mr. Horne’s for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and exceeds Mr. Horne’s salary by $25,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, respectively, his annual total compensation exceeds Mr. Horne’s by no more than $42,448 and $252,578 for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Calculation Methodology
To identify our median employee, we identified our total employee population worldwide as of December 31, 2024, excluding our Executive Chairman, in accordance with SEC rules. On December 31, 2024, 95% of our employee population was located in the U.S., with 5% in non-U.S. locations.
We collected full-year 2024 actual gross earnings data for the December 31, 2024 employee population, including cash-based compensation and equity-based compensation that was realized in 2024, relying on our internal payroll records. Compensation was annualized on a straight-line basis for non-temporary new hire employees who did not work with our company for the full calendar year.
Once we determined the median employee, we calculated total compensation for the median employee in the same manner in which we determine the compensation shown for our named executive officers in the Summary Compensation Table, in accordance with SEC rules.
Pay Versus Performance
Pay Versus Performance Table
The following table sets forth information concerning: (1) the compensation of our Executive Chairman, Mr. Ault (referred to in the table below as “EC”) and the average compensation for our other Named Executive Officers (“NEOs”), Mr. Horne (our PEO) and Mr. Nisser, both as reported in the Summary Compensation Table and with certain adjustments to reflect the “compensation actually paid” to such individuals, as defined under SEC rules, for each of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 and (2) our cumulative total shareholder return (“TSR”), the cumulative TSR of our selected peer group (Bitfarms Limited, Cipher Mining, Inc., CleanSpark, Inc., Hive Digital Technologies Limited, Riot Platforms, Inc., Titan Machinery Inc., Alta Equipment Group Inc., B. Riley Financial, Inc.), net loss and revenue over such years, in each case determined in accordance with SEC rules:
Value of Initial Fixed $100 Investment Based on:
Year Summary
Compensation
Table Total for
PEO ($) Compensation
Actually Paid to
PEO ($) Average Summary
Compensation
Table Total for
Non-PEO NEOs ($) Average
Compensation
Actually Paid to
Non-PEO NEOs ($) Total
Shareholder
Return ($) Peer Group
Total
Shareholder
Return ($) Net Income ($) Total Revenue ($)
543,617 543,617 419,295 419,295 0.00 48.64 (61,481,000 ) 106,662,000
742,440 689,052 429,045 375,657 0.03 70.86 (232,402,000 ) 134,846,000
2,173,059 1,120,398 1,705,208 652,547 10.08 40.15 (182,209,000 ) 104,079,000
Compensation actually paid to our EC represents the “Total” compensation reported in the Summary Compensation Table for the applicable fiscal year, adjusted as follows:
Name EC ($) Average of
NEOs ($) EC ($) Average of
NEOs ($) EC ($) Average of
NEOs ($)
Summary compensation table total 543,617 419,295 742,440 429,045 2,173,059 1,705,208
Deduction for amounts reported under the stock awards column in the summary compensation table - - - - - -
Year end value of equity awards granted during year that remain unvested as of year-end - - - - - -
Year over year change in fair value of outstanding and unvested equity awards - - - - (525,468 ) (525,468 )
Year over year change in fair value of equity awards granted in prior years and vested in the year - - (53,388 ) (53,388 ) (527,193 ) (527,193 )
Compensation actually paid 543,617 419,295 689,052 375,657 1,120,398 652,547
Narrative Disclosure to Pay Versus Performance Table
Relationship between Financial Performance Measures
The line graphs below compare (i) the compensation actually paid to our EC and the average of the compensation actually paid to our remaining NEOs, with (ii) our cumulative TSR, (iii) our peer group TSR, (iv) our net loss, and (v) our revenue, in each case, for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024.
TSR amounts reported in the graph assume an initial fixed investment of $100, and that all dividends, if any, were reinvested. The term “PEO” as used in the tables below refers to the EC, not the PEO.
Policies on Ownership, Insider Trading, 10b5-1 Plans and Hedging
We do not have formal stock ownership guidelines for our employees or directors, because the Board is satisfied that stock and option holdings among our employees or directors are sufficient at this time to provide motivation and to align this group’s interests with those of our stockholders.
We have established an insider trading policy that provides guidelines to, and imposes restrictions on, officers, directors and employees with respect to transactions in the Company’s securities. The Company’s insider trading policy prohibits certain actions by such individuals relating to buying and selling common stock of the Company, and discourages certain other actions in other situations. Such individuals are authorized to enter into trading plans established according to Section 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act with an independent broker-dealer. Under these plans, the individual must not exercise any influence over the amount of the securities to be traded, the price at which they are to be traded or the date of the trade. The plan must either specify the amount, pricing and timing of transactions in advance or delegate discretion on these matters to an independent third party. Such plans provide a defense from insider trading liability.
We have not adopted any hedging policies.
Policies and Practices Related to the Grant of Certain Equity Awards Close in Time to the Release of Material Nonpublic Information
We do not have any formal policy that requires us to grant, or avoid granting, equity-based compensation to our executive officers at certain times. The timing of any equity grants to executive officers in connection with new hires, promotions, or other non-routine grants is tied to the event giving rise to the award (such as an executive officer’s commencement of employment or promotion effective date). As a result, in all cases, the timing of grants of equity awards, including stock options, occurs independent of the release of any material nonpublic information, and we do not time the disclosure of material nonpublic information for the purpose of affecting the value of equity-based compensation.
During fiscal 2024, there were no equity grants made to our executive officers during any period beginning four business days before the filing of a periodic report or current report disclosing material non-public information and ending one business day after the filing or furnishing of such report with the SEC.
Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation
At the annual meeting of stockholders on November 23, 2022, the stockholders approved, on an advisory basis, the compensation paid to the Company’s named executive officers. An advisory vote on executive compensation is held every three years.
Director Compensation
The Company pays each independent director an annual base amount of $45,000 annually, other than Mr. Smith, who receives a base amount of $55,000 annually due to the additional services provided by Mr. Smith as a lead independent director and Audit Committee Chairman. Additionally, our Board makes recommendations for adjustments to an independent director’s compensation when the level of services provided is significantly above what was anticipated. In addition, independent directors are eligible, at the Board’s discretion, to receive a bonus.
The table below sets forth, for each non-employee director, the total amount of compensation related to his service during the year ended December 31, 2024:
Fees earned or Stock Option All other
Name paid in cash ($) awards ($) awards ($) compensation ($) Total ($)
Robert O. Smith 55,000 - - - 55,000
Jeffrey A. Bentz 45,000 - - - 45,000
Mordechai Rosenberg 45,000 - - - 45,000
Stock Incentive Plans
On December 28, 2018, the stockholders approved the 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended on May 5, 2019), which amendment was approved by the stockholders on July 19, 2019, the “2018 Stock Incentive Plan”), under which options to acquire up to 5,000 shares of common stock may be granted to the Company’s directors, officers, employees and consultants. The 2018 Stock Incentive Plan is in addition to the Company’s (ii) 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, under which options to acquire up to 1 share of common stock may be granted to the Company’s directors, officers, employees and consultants, (iv) 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, under which 1,000 stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, and other stock-based compensation. be granted to the Company’s directors, officers, employees and consultants, (v) 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, intended to assist our employees in acquiring share ownership up to an aggregate of 131 shares of common stock, and (vi) 2022 Stock Incentive Plan, under which 10,000 stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, and other stock-based compensation. be granted to the Company’s directors, officers, employees and consultants (collectively the “Plans”).
The purpose of the Plans is to advance the interests of the Company by providing to key employees of the Company and its affiliates, who have substantial responsibility for the direction and management of the Company, as well as certain directors and consultants of the Company, additional incentives to exert their best efforts on behalf of the Company, to increase their proprietary interest in the success of the Company, to reward outstanding performance and to provide a means to attract and retain persons of outstanding ability to the service of the Company.
As of December 31, 2024, no options to purchase shares of Class A common stock were issued and outstanding, and 297 shares are available for future issuance under the Plans.
401(k) Plans
Hyperscale Data and TurnOnGreen have adopted tax-qualified employee savings and retirement plan, or 401(k) plans, which generally cover all of their full-time employees. Pursuant to the 401(k) plans, eligible employees may make voluntary contributions to the plan up to a maximum of pursuant to the current Internal Revenue Code limits. The Hyperscale Data and TurnOnGreen 401(k) plans include matching contributions at the rate of (1) $1.00 for each $1.00 contributed, up to 3% of the base salary and (2) $0.50 for each $1.00 contributed thereafter, up to 5% of the base salary and permits discretionary contributions. The 401(k) plans are intended to qualify under Sections 401(k) and 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Contributions to such a qualified plan are deductible by the Company when made, and neither the contributions nor the income earned on those contributions is taxable to plan participants until withdrawn. All 401(k) plan contributions are credited to separate accounts maintained in trust.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Except as otherwise indicated below, the following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership of our common stock as of April 14, 2025 by (1) each of our current directors; (2) each of the executive officers; (3) each person known to us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock based upon Schedules 13G or 13D filed with the SEC; and (4) all of our directors and executive officers as a group. As of April 14, 2025, there were 1,529,995 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding.
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities. Common stock subject to options or warrants that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of April 14, 2025 are deemed to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person or group holding such options or warrants for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of such person or group, but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person or group. Unless otherwise indicated by footnote, to our knowledge, the persons named in the table have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all common stock shown as beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws.
Number of
shares
Approximate
beneficially
percent
Name and address of beneficial owner(1) owned
of class
Greater than 5% Beneficial Owners:
Ault & Company, Inc. 34,832,482 (2) 95.81 %
Directors and Officers: (1)
Milton C. Ault, III 34,833,328 (3) 95.82 %
William Horne (4) *
Henry Nisser (5) *
Ken Cragun
*
Robert Smith
*
Mordechai Rosenberg
*
Jeffrey A. Bentz
*
All directors and executive officers as a group (eight persons) 34,833,332
95.82 %
* Less than one percent.
(1) Unless otherwise indicated, the business address of each of the individuals is c/o Hyperscale Data, Inc., 11411 Southern Heights Pkwy, Suite 190, Las Vegas, NV 89141.
(2) Represents (i) 8,249 shares of Class A Common Stock owned, (ii) 4,234,561 shares of Class B Common Stock that are convertible into 4,234,561 shares of Class A Common Stock and carries the voting power of 42,345,610 shares of Class A Common Stock, (iii) 29,561,308 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock that carry the voting power of 464,576 shares of Class A Common Stock, (iv) 567,578 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock that carry the voting power of 153,748 shares of Class A Common Stock and (v) 460,786 shares of Class A Common Stock underlying warrants that are either presently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days.
(3) Represents (i) 34,832,482 shares of Class A Common Stock beneficially held by Ault & Company, as discussed in footnote 2 above, (ii) 500 shares of Class A Common Stock, and (iii) 346 shares of Class B Common Stock that is convertible into 346 share of Class A Common Stock and carries the voting power of 3,460 shares of Class A Common Stock. Mr. Ault is the Chief Executive Officer of Ault & Company.
(4) Represents 1 share of Class B Common Stock that is convertible into 1 share of Class A Common Stock and carries the voting power of 10 shares of Class A Common Stock.
(5) Represents (i) 2 shares of Class A Common Stock and (ii) 1 share of Class B Common Stock that is convertible into 1 share of Class A Common Stock and carries the voting power of 10 shares of Class A Common Stock.
Equity Compensation Information
The following table summarizes information about our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2024.
Number of securities
Number of securities Weighted- remaining available for
to be issued average future issuance under
upon exercise exercise price equity compensation plans
of outstanding of outstanding (excluding securities
options, warrants and rights options, warrants and rights reflected in column (a))
Plan Category (a) (b) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders -
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders - -
Total -

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Our Audit Committee or in certain instances, a special committee of our Board, monitors and reviews issues involving potential conflicts of interest and approves all transactions with related persons as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the securities laws. Examples of such transactions that must be approved by our Audit Committee or a special committee of our Board include, but are not limited to any transaction, arrangement, relationship (including any indebtedness) in which:
•
the aggregate amount involved is determined to by the Audit Committee to be material;
•
we are a participant; and
•
any of the following has or will have a direct or indirect interest in the transaction:
•
an executive officer, director, or nominee for election as a director;
•
a greater than five percent beneficial owner of our common stock; or
•
any immediate family member of the foregoing.
When reviewing transactions with a related person, the Audit Committee or any special committee of our Board formed for that purpose applies the standards for evaluating conflicts of interest outlined in our written Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.
The following information sets forth certain related transactions between us and certain of our stockholders or directors.
Ault & Company, Inc.
Series C Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement
On November 6, 2023, we entered into the November 2023 SPA with Ault & Company, pursuant to which we agreed to sell, in one or more closings, to Ault & Company up to 50,000 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and the Series C Warrants to purchase up to 0.4 million shares of common stock for a total purchase price of up to $50 million.
On March 25, 2024 we entered into an amendment to the (i) November 2023 SPA, (ii) the related Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series C Preferred Convertible Stock and (iii) the number of Series C Warrants, to provide for (A) an increase in the dollar amount of the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock that Ault & Company may purchase from us from $50 million to $75 million and (B) extended the date of on which the final closing may occur to June 30, 2024, subject to Ault & Company’s ability to further extended such date for ninety days.
On September 17, 2024, we and Ault & Company entered into the Second Amendment. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the “Termination Date” was amended from June 30, 2024 to December 31, 2024, in each case subject to the right of Ault & Company to extend such date for an additional ninety (90) days.
As of the date of filing of this Form 10-K, Ault & Company has purchased an aggregate of 50,000 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series C Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 422,337 Warrant Shares, for an aggregate purchase price of $50.0 million.
Additionally, until the earlier of (i) four years from the initial closing date of the November 2023 SPA or (ii) the date when Ault & Company holds fewer than 10,000 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, the Company will be prohibited from (A) entering into any financing, whether debt or equity, other than conventional loans from a commercial bank, at a price per share less than the Series C Conversion Price (as defined below) or (B) entering into a variable rate financing transaction.
Further, for as long as Ault & Company holds at least 10,000 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, Ault & Company shall have a right to participate in any subsequent financing (a “Subsequent Financing”) allowing Ault & Company to purchase such number of securities in the Subsequent Financing to allow Ault & Company to maintain its percentage beneficial ownership of the Company that Ault & Company held immediately prior to the Subsequent Financing.
On December 14, 2023, pursuant to the November 2023 SPA, we sold to Ault & Company, in three separate closings that occurred on the closing date, an aggregate of 41,500 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series C Warrants to purchase 350,543 shares of common stock, for a total purchase price of $41.5 million. At the Initial Closing, Ault & Company purchased 21,500 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series C Warrants to purchase 181,607 shares of common stock, for a purchase price of $21.5 million, paid in cash. Immediately upon the Initial Closing, we paid $20,432,876 to satisfy in full the outstanding secured convertible notes issued to the lenders pursuant to the Loan and Guarantee Agreement, dated November 7, 2022, as amended on July 19, 2023.
Promptly thereafter, at the Second Closing, Ault & Company purchased 10,000 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series C Warrants to purchase 84,468 shares of common stock, for a purchase price of $10.0 million, paid in cash. Immediately upon the Second Closing, we paid $10.0 million to partially satisfy the outstanding Senior Note. Promptly thereafter, at the Third Closing, Ault & Company purchased another 10,000 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series C Warrants to purchase another 84,468 shares of common stock, for a purchase price of $10.0 million, paid in cash. Immediately upon the Third Closing, we paid $7.5 million to satisfy the remaining outstanding balance on the outstanding Senior Note.
On December 14, 2023, we, along with the Guarantors entered into the Loan Agreement with institutional lenders, pursuant to which Ault & Company borrowed $36 million and issued the Secured Notes to the lenders in the aggregate amount of $38.9 million.
Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Guarantors, as well as Milton C. Ault, III, our Executive Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer of Ault & Company, agreed to act as guarantors for repayment of the Secured Notes. In addition, certain Guarantors entered into various agreements as collateral in support of the guarantee of the Secured Notes, including (i) a security agreement by Sentinum, pursuant to which Sentinum granted to the Lenders a security interest in (a) the Miners, (b) all of the digital currency mined or otherwise generated from the Miners and (c) the membership interests of ACS, (ii) a security agreement by the Company, Ault Lending, BNI Montana and AGREE, pursuant to which those entities granted to the lenders a security interest in substantially all of their assets, as well as a pledge of equity interests in Ault Aviation, AGREE, Sentinum, Third Avenue, Ault Energy, Eco Pack, and Circle 8 Holdco, (iii) a mortgage and security agreement by Third Avenue on the Florida Property, (iv) a future advance mortgage by ACS on the Michigan Property, (v) an aircraft mortgage and security agreement by Ault Aviation on the Aircraft, and (vi) deposit account control agreements over certain bank accounts held by certain of our subsidiaries.
In addition, pursuant to the Loan Agreement, we agreed to establish the Segregated Account, which would be used as a further guarantee of repayment of the Secured Notes. $3.5 million of cash was paid into the Segregated Account on the closing date. We are required to have the minimum balance in the Segregated Account be not less than $7 million, $15 million, $20 million and $27.5 million on the five-month, nine-month, one-year and two-year anniversaries of the closing date, respectively. In addition, starting on March 31, 2024, we are required to deposit $0.3 million monthly into the Segregated Account, which increases to $0.4 million monthly starting March 31, 2025. Further, we agreed to deposit into the Segregated Account, (i) up to the first $7 million of net proceeds, if any, from the sale of the Hilton Garden Inn in Madison West, the Residence Inn in Madison West, the Courtyard in Madison West, and the Hilton Garden Inn in Rockford; (ii) 50% of cash dividends (on a per dividend basis) received from Circle 8 on or after June 30, 2024; (iii) 30% of the net proceeds from any bond offerings we conduct, which shall not exceed $9 million in the aggregate; and (iv) 25% of the net proceeds from cash flows, collections and revenues from loans or other investments made by Ault Lending (including but not limited to sales of loans or investments, dividends, interest payments and amortization payments), which shall not exceed $5 million in the aggregate. In addition, if we decide to sell certain assets, we further agreed to deposit funds into the Segregated Account from the sale of those assets, including, (i) $15 million from the sale of the Florida Property, (ii) $11 million from the sale of the Aircraft, (iii) $17 million from the sale of the Michigan Property, (iv) $350 per Miner, subject to a de minimis threshold of $1 million, and (v) $10 million from the sale of Circle 8.
Amendments to Loan and Guarantee Agreement
On September 17, 2024, the loan and guarantee agreement, dated as of December 14, 2023, as amended, pursuant to which the Company has guaranteed financial obligations of Ault & Company borrowings, was amended regarding the Company’s obligations to fund the restricted cash Segregated Account.
The Company agreed to deposit in the Segregated Account: (i) $0.4 million monthly commencing on September 30, 2024 and ending on February 28, 2025; and (ii) $0.5 million monthly commencing on March 31, 2025 and ending on the earlier of the term loan maturity date, prepayment of the term loan in full or the date on which the balance of the Segregated Account exceeds 110% of the outstanding balance of the term loan. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had deposited $18.4 million in the Segregated Account.
On March 7, 2025 the loan and guarantee agreement, dated as of December 14, 2023, as amended, pursuant to which the Company has guaranteed financial obligations of Ault & Company borrowings, was further amended regarding the Company’s obligations to fund the restricted cash Segregated Account.
Pursuant to the March 7, 2025 amendment, the Company agreed to deposit in the Segregated Account: (i) $0.2 million monthly commencing on April 11, 2025 and ending on June 11, 2025; and (ii) $0.4 million monthly commencing on July 11, 2025 and ending on the earlier of the term loan maturity date, prepayment of the term loan in full or the date on which the balance of the Segregated Account exceeds 110% of the outstanding balance of the term loan.
Description of the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock
Conversion Rights
Each share of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000.00 and is convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion price equal to the greater of (i) $0.10 (the “Preferred Floor Price”), and (ii) the lesser of (A) $0.35 or (B) 105% of the volume weighted average price of the common stock during the ten trading days immediately prior to the date of conversion (the “Series C Conversion Price”). The Series C Conversion Price is subject to adjustment in the event of an issuance of common stock at a price per share lower than the Series C Conversion Price then in effect, as well as upon customary stock splits, stock dividends, combinations or similar events. The Preferred Floor Price will under no circumstances be adjusted for stock dividends, stock splits, stock combinations or similar transactions.
Voting Rights
The holders of the Series C Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with the common stock as a single class on an as-converted basis, subject to applicable law provisions of the Delaware General Company Law and the NYSE American, provided, however, that for purposes of complying with NYSE American regulations, the conversion price, for purposes of determining the number of votes the holder of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock is entitled to cast, shall not be lower than $107.625 (the “Series C Voting Floor Price”), which represents the closing sale price of the common stock on the trading day immediately prior to the date of execution of the November 2023 SPA. The Series C Voting Floor Price shall be adjusted for stock dividends, stock splits, stock combinations and other similar transactions.
In addition, Ault & Company will be entitled to elect such number of directors to the Board as shall be equal to a percentage determined by dividing (i) the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series C Preferred Stock then owned by Ault & Company (the “Conversion Shares”), by (ii) the sum of the number of shares of common stock then outstanding plus the number of Conversion Shares.
Description of the Series C Warrants
On each closing date, the Company will issue Ault & Company the Series C Warrants, which grant Ault & Company the right to purchase a specified number of common stock (the “Series C Warrant Shares”). The exercise price of the Series C Warrants is $118.39 (the “Series C Exercise Price”) and the number of Series C Warrant Shares is determined by dividing the actual investment amount by the Series C Exercise Price. The Series C Exercise Price is subject to adjustment in the event of customary stock splits, stock dividends, combinations or similar events.
The Series C Warrants have a five-year term, expiring on the fifth anniversary of the date of issuance, and become exercisable on the first business day after the six-month anniversary of the date of issuance.
Series G Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement
On December 21, 2024, we entered into the December 2024 SPA with Ault & Company, pursuant to which we agreed to sell, in one or more closings, to Ault & Company up to 25,000 shares of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock and the Series G Warrants to purchase up to 4.2 million shares of common stock for a total purchase price of up to $25 million.
The December 2024 SPA shall automatically terminate if the closing has not occurred prior to December 31, 2025, though such date may be extended by Ault & Company as set forth in the December 2024 SPA. The December 2024 SPA provides that the financing may be conducted through one or more closings.
As of the date of filing of this Form 10-K, Ault & Company has purchased an aggregate of 960 shares of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock and Series G Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 162,217 Warrant Shares, for an aggregate purchase price of $1.0 million.
Additionally, until the earlier of (i) four years from the initial closing date of the December 2024 SPA or (ii) the date when Ault & Company holds fewer than 5,000 shares of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock, the Company will be prohibited from (A) entering into any financing, whether debt or equity, other than conventional loans from a commercial bank, at a price per share less than the Series G Conversion Price (as defined below) or (B) entering into a variable rate financing transaction.
Further, for as long as Ault & Company holds at least 5,000 shares of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock, Ault & Company shall have a right to participate in a Subsequent Financing allowing Ault & Company to purchase such number of securities in the Subsequent Financing to allow Ault & Company to maintain its percentage beneficial ownership of the Company that Ault & Company held immediately prior to the Subsequent Financing.
Description of the Series G Convertible Preferred Stock
Conversion Rights
Each share of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000.00 and is convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion price equal to the greater of (i) the Preferred Floor Price, and (ii) the lesser of (A) $6.74 or (B) 105% of the volume weighted average price of the common stock during the ten trading days immediately prior to the date of conversion (the “Series G Conversion Price”). The Series G Conversion Price is subject to adjustment in the event of an issuance of common stock at a price per share lower than the Series G Conversion Price then in effect, as well as upon customary stock splits, stock dividends, combinations or similar events. The Preferred Floor Price will under no circumstances be adjusted for stock dividends, stock splits, stock combinations or similar transactions.
Voting Rights
The holders of the Series G Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with the common stock as a single class on an as-converted basis, subject to applicable law provisions of the Delaware General Company Law and the NYSE American, provided, however, that for purposes of complying with NYSE American regulations, the conversion price, for purposes of determining the number of votes the holder of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock is entitled to cast, shall not be lower than $6.244 (the “Series G Voting Floor Price”), which represents the closing sale price of the Class A common stock on the trading day immediately prior to the date of execution of the December 2024 SPA plus the estimated value of the Series G Warrants. The Series G Voting Floor Price shall be adjusted for stock dividends, stock splits, stock combinations and other similar transactions.
In addition, Ault & Company will be entitled to elect such number of directors to the Board as shall be equal to a percentage determined by dividing (i) the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series G Preferred Stock then owned by Ault & Company (the “Conversion Shares”), by (ii) the sum of the number of shares of common stock then outstanding plus the number of Conversion Shares.
Description of the Series G Warrants
On each closing date, the Company will issue Ault & Company the Series G Warrants, which grant Ault & Company the right to purchase a specified number of shares of class A common stock (the “Series G Warrant Shares”). The exercise price of the Series G Warrants is $5.92 (the “Series G Exercise Price”) and the number of Series G Warrant Shares is determined by dividing the actual investment amount by the Series G Exercise Price. The Series G Exercise Price is subject to adjustment in the event of customary stock splits, stock dividends, combinations or similar events.
The Series G Warrants have a five-year term, expiring on the fifth anniversary of the date of issuance, and become exercisable on the first business day after the six-month anniversary of the date of issuance.
Nature of Related Parties
Milton C. Ault, III, our Executive Chairman, is also the Chief Executive Officer and a director of Ault & Company. William B. Horne, our Chief Executive Officer and Vice Chairman, is also Chief Financial Officer and a director of Ault & Company. Henry Nisser, our President, General Counsel and a member of our board of directors, is also the President, General Counsel and a director of Ault & Company.
Alzamend
On January 31, 2024, Ault Lending entered into the January 2024 SPA with Alzamend, pursuant to which Alzamend agreed to sell, in one or more closings, to Ault Lending up to 6,000 shares of ALZN Series B Preferred and ALZN Series B Warrants to purchase up to 0.6 million shares of Alzamend common stock for a total purchase price of up to $6.0 million. On January 31, 2024, Ault Lending purchased 1,220 shares of ALZN Series B Preferred and warrants to purchase 0.1 million shares for a total purchase price of $1.22 million. The purchase price was paid by the cancellation of $1.22 million of cash advances made by Ault Lending to Alzamend between November 9, 2023 and January 31, 2023. On March 26, 2024, pursuant to the January 2024 SPA, Ault Lending purchased 780 shares of ALZN Series B Preferred Stock and ALZN Series B Warrants to purchase 0.1 million shares of Alzamend common, for a purchase price of $780,000. As of March 31, 2025, Ault Lending has purchased an aggregate of 2,100 shares of ALZN Series B Preferred and ALZN Series B Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 0.2 million shares of Alzamend common stock, for an aggregate purchase price of $2.1 million.
Description of the ALZN Series B Preferred
The terms of the ALZN Series B Preferred are as set forth in the Amended and Restated Certificates of Designations of the Rights, Preferences and Limitations of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, as amended (the “Series B Certificate of Designation”). Each share of ALZN Series B Preferred has a stated value of $1,000 per share (the “ALZN Stated Value”). The ALZN Series B Preferred does not accrue dividends.
Conversion Rights
Each share of ALZN Series B Preferred is convertible into a number of shares of Alzamend common stock (“ALZN Conversion Shares”) determined by dividing the ALZN Stated Value by $10.00 (the “ALZN Conversion Price”). The ALZN Conversion Price is subject to adjustment in the event of an issuance of common stock at a price per share lower than the ALZN Conversion Price then in effect, as well as upon customary stock splits, stock dividends, combinations or similar events.
Voting Rights
The holders of the ALZN Series B Preferred are entitled to vote with the common stock as a single class on an as-converted basis, subject to applicable law provisions of the Delaware General Company Law and Nasdaq, provided however, that for purposes of complying with Nasdaq regulations, the conversion price, for purposes of determining the number of votes the holder of ALZN Series B Preferred is entitled to cast, shall not be lower than $8.73 (the “ALZN Voting Floor Price”). The ALZN Voting Floor Price shall be adjusted for stock dividends, stock splits, stock combinations and other similar transactions.
Liquidation Rights
In the event of liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of Alzamend, the holders of ALZN Series B Preferred have a preferential right to receive an amount equal to the ALZN Stated Value per share of ALZN Series B Preferred before any distribution to other classes of capital stock. If the assets are insufficient, the distribution will be prorated among the holders of ALZN Series B Preferred. The remaining assets, if any, will then be distributed pro rata to the holders of outstanding Alzamend common stock. Any transaction that constitutes a change of control transaction shall be deemed to be a liquidation under the Series B Certificate of Designation.
Description of the Series B Warrants
At each closing, Alzamend issued Ault Lending Series B Warrants, which grant Ault Lending the right to purchase a specified number of Alzamend common stock (the “ALZN Warrant Shares”). The exercise price of the Series B Warrants is $12.00 (the “ALZN Exercise Price”) and the number of ALZN Warrant Shares is equal to the number of ALZN Conversion Shares issuable upon the ALZN Series B Preferred issued at that closing. The ALZN Exercise Price is subject to adjustment in the event of an issuance of common stock at a price per share lower than the ALZN Exercise Price then in effect, as well as upon customary stock splits, stock dividends, combinations or similar events.
The Series B Warrants become exercisable on the first business day after the six-month anniversary of issuance (the “ALZN Initial Exercise Date”) and have a five-year term, expiring on the fifth anniversary of the ALZN Initial Exercise Date.
Nature of Related Parties
Messrs. Ault, Horne and Nisser are each paid $50,000 annually by Alzamend.
Milton C. Ault, III, our Executive Chairman, is also the Vice Chairman of Alzamend. William B. Horne, our Chief Executive Officer and Vice Chairman, is also the Chairman of Alzamend. Henry Nisser, our President, General Counsel and a member of our board of directors, is also the Executive Vice President, General Counsel and a director of Alzamend.
AVLP
Nature of Related Parties
Prior to the filing of Chapter 7 bankruptcy by AVLP in March 2025, Mr. Ault was paid $100,000 annually by AVLP, and each of Messrs. Horne and Nisser was paid $50,000 annually by AVLP.
Milton C. Ault, III and William Horne, our Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, respectively, and two of our directors are directors of AVLP. In addition, Philou Ventures, of which Ault & Company is the Manager, is the controlling stockholder of AVLP. Mr. Ault is the Executive Chairman of AVLP. Further, Henry Nisser, our President, General Counsel and one of our directors, is the Executive Vice President and General Counsel of AVLP.
Director Independence
Independent Audit Committee Nominating and
Governance Committee Compensation Committee
Director
Milton C. Ault III No
William B. Horne No
Henry Nisser No
Robert O. Smith Yes C X X
Jeffrey A. Bentz Yes X X C
Mordechai Rosenberg Yes X C X
____________
C - Chairman of committee
X - Member of committee

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Marcum LLP served as our independent registered public accounting firm for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Ziv Haft, a BDO Member Firm, served as the independent registered public accounting firm of Enertec for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Fees and Services
The following table shows the aggregate fees billed to us for professional services by Marcum LLP for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and Ziv Haft for the year ended December 31, 2023:
Audit Services $ 1,623,000 $ 2,241,000
Audit-Related Services - -
Tax Services - -
All Other Services - -
Total $ 1,623,000 $ 2,241,000
Audit Fees. This category includes the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered for the audits of our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, for the reviews of the financial statements included in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q during 2024 and 2023, and for other services that are normally provided by the independent auditors in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements for the relevant years.
Audit-Related Fees. This category includes the aggregate fees billed in each of the last two years for assurance and related services by the independent auditors that are reasonably related to the performance of the audits or reviews of the financial statements and are not reported above under “Audit Fees,” and generally consist of fees for other engagements under professional auditing standards, accounting and reporting consultations, internal control-related matters, and audits of employee benefit plans.
Tax Fees. This category includes the aggregate fees billed in each of the last two years for professional services rendered by the independent auditors for tax compliance, tax planning and tax advice.
All Other Fees. This category includes the aggregate fees billed in each of the last two years for products and services provided by the independent auditors that are not reported above under “Audit Fees,” “Audit-Related Fees,” or “Tax Fees.”
The Audit Committee’s policy is to pre-approve all services provided by our independent auditors. These services may include audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services. The Audit Committee may also pre-approve particular services on a case-by-case basis. Our independent auditors are required to report periodically to the Audit Committee regarding the extent of services they provide in accordance with such pre-approval.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS
Exhibit
Number
Description
2.1
Agreement and Plan of Merger dated January 7, 2021. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 19, 2021 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
2.2
Agreement and Plan of Merger dated December 1, 2021. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 13, 2021 as Exhibit 2.1 thereto.
2.3
Agreement and Plan of Merger dated December 20, 2022. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 21, 2022 as Exhibit 2.1 thereto.
3.1
Certificate of Incorporation, dated September 22, 2017. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 29, 2017 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.2
Certificate of Designations of Rights and Preferences of 10% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, dated September 13, 2018. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 14, 2018 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.3
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation, dated January 2, 2019. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 3, 2019 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.4
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation (1-for-20 Reverse Stock Split of Common Stock), dated March 14, 2019. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2019 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.5
Certificate of Ownership and Merger. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 19, 2021 as Exhibit 2.1 thereto.
3.6
Certificate of Ownership and Merger, as filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on December 1, 2021. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 13, 2021 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.7
Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights relating to the 13.00% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, dated May 25, 2022. Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed on May 26, 2022 as Exhibit 3.6 thereto.
3.8
Certificate of Increase of the Designated Number of Shares of 13.00% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, dated June 10, 2022. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 14, 2022 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.9
Certificate of Correction to the Certificate of Designation, Rights and Preferences of 13.00% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, dated June 16, 2022. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 17, 2022 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.10
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation (1-for-300 Reverse Stock Split of Common Stock), dated May 15, 2023. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 16, 2023 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.11
Certificate of Elimination of the Series E convertible redeemable preferred stock of Hyperscale Data, Inc. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 18, 2023 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.12
Certificate of Elimination of the Series F convertible redeemable preferred stock of Hyperscale Data, Inc. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 18, 2023 as Exhibit 3.2 thereto.
3.13
Certificate of Elimination of the Series G convertible redeemable preferred stock of Hyperscale Data, Inc. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 18, 2023 as Exhibit 3.3 thereto.
3.14
Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series C Cumulative Preferred Stock, dated November 15, 2023. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2023 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.15
Certificate of Elimination of the Series B convertible redeemable preferred stock of Hyperscale Data, Inc. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2023 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.16
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on January 12, 2024. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 12, 2024 as Exhibit 3.2 thereto.
3.17
Second Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of January 11, 2024. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 12, 2024 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.18
Certificate of Increase to Certificate Designations of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2024 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.19
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on September 6, 2024 and effective September 10, 2024. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 6, 2024 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.20
Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights relating to the 10.00% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, dated November 11, 2024. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 12, 2024 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
Exhibit
Number
Description
3.21
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on November 20, 2024. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 20, 2024 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.22
Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights relating to the Series F Exchangeable Preferred Stock, dated November 22, 2024. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 25, 2024 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.23
Form of Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock, dated December 21, 2024. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2024 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
3.24
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on February 5, 2025. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 10, 2025 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
3.25
Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series B Cumulative Preferred Stock, dated March 31, 2025. Incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2025 as Exhibit 3.1 thereto.
4.1
Form of Warrant, dated as of May 28, 2020. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 29, 2020 as Exhibit 4.3 thereto.
4.2
Form of Warrant, dated June 26, 2020. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 29, 2020 as Exhibit 4.2 thereto.
4.3
Form of Warrant. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 17, 2020 as Exhibit 4.2 thereto.
4.4
Form of Warrant, dated October 22, 2020. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 23, 2020 as Exhibit 4.2 thereto.
4.5
Form of Warrant dated October 27, 2020. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 27, 2020 as Exhibit 4.3 thereto.
4.6
Form of Warrant dated October 27, 2020. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 27, 2020 as Exhibit 4.4 thereto.
4.7
Form of Warrant issued to Esousa Holdings, LLC, dated November 19, 2020. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 20, 2020 as Exhibit 4.3 thereto.
4.8
Form of Senior Indenture between BitNile Holdings, Inc. and the Trustee. Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on October 29, 2021 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.9
Form of Subordinated Indenture between BitNile Holdings, Inc. and the Trustee. Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on October 29, 2021 as Exhibit 4.2 thereto.
4.10
Form of Class A Warrant, dated December 29, 2021. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 3, 2022 as Exhibit 4.2 thereto.
4.11
Form of Class B Warrant, dated December 29, 2021. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 3, 2022 as Exhibit 4.3 thereto.
4.12
Form of Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 11, 2022 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.13
Form of Class A Warrant. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 8, 2022 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.14
Form of Class B Warrant. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 8, 2022 as Exhibit 4.2 thereto.
4.15
Form of Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2022 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.16
Form of amendment #1 to senior secured promissory note. Incorporated by reference to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 22, 2023 as Exhibit 10.7 thereto.
4.17
Form of 7.00% Senior Note due 2024. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 1, 2023 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.18
Form of 8.50% Senior Note due 2026. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 1, 2023 as Exhibit 4.2 thereto.
4.19
Form of 10.50% Senior Note due 2028. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 1, 2023 as Exhibit 4.3 thereto.
4.20
Form of Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 28, 2023 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.21
Form of Warrant issued October 13, 2023. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2023 as Exhibit 4.2 thereto.
4.22
Form of Warrant. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 7, 2023 as Exhibit 10.2 thereto.
4.23	
Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 14, 2023, by and between Hyperscale Data, Inc. and RiskOn International, Inc. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 15, 2023 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
Exhibit
Number
Description
4.24
Form of Certificate of Designations of Rights, Preferences and Limitations of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock of RiskOn International, Inc. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 15, 2023 as Exhibit 10.2 thereto.
4.25
Note Purchase Agreement, dated March 11, 2024, by and among the Company and the Investors. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 12, 2024 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
4.26
Form of Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 12, 2024 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.27
Form of Term Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 30, 2024 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.28
Form of Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 19, 2024 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.29
Note Purchase Agreement, dated July 18, 2024, by and among the Company and Esousa Group Holdings, LLC. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 19, 2024 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
4.30
Form of Forbearance Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 11, 2024 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.31
Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2024, by and between the Company and Ault & Company, Inc. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2024 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
4.32
Form of Warrant. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 6, 2025 as Exhibit 10.2 thereto.
4.33
Form of Convertible Promissory Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2025 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.34
Form of Amended and Restated Forbearance Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 26, 2025 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.35
Form of Convertible Promissory Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 17, 2025 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.36
Form of Convertible Promissory Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 24, 2025 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.37
Form of Convertible Promissory Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2025 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.38
Form of Convertible Promissory Note. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 9, 2025 as Exhibit 4.1 thereto.
4.39**
Description of Capital Stock.
10.1*
2021 Stock Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form DEF 14A filed on July 6, 2021 as Appendix B thereto.
10.2*
2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form DEF 14A filed on July 6, 2021 as Appendix C thereto.
10.3*
Form of Stock Option Grants. Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on August 26, 2021 as Exhibit 99.3 thereto.
10.4*
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grants. Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on August 26, 2021 as Exhibit 99.4 thereto.
10.5
Form of Construction Loan Agreement. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2021 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.6
Form of Mortgage, Assignment of Rents and Leases, Security Agreement and Fixture Filing. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2021 as Exhibit 10.2 thereto.
10.7
Form of Assignment of Leases, Rents and Profits. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2021 as Exhibit 10.3 thereto.
10.8
Form of Guaranty. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2021 as Exhibit 10.4 thereto.
10.9*
2022 Stock Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form DEF 14A filed on September 23, 2022 as Annex B thereto.
10.10
Form of Share Exchange Agreement, entered into February 8, 2023. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 10, 2023 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.11
Form of Series B Preferred Stock Certificate of Designations. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 10, 2023 as Exhibit 10.2 thereto.
10.12
Form of Series C Preferred Stock Certificate of Designations. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 10, 2023 as Exhibit 10.3 thereto.
10.13
Form of Hyperscale Data, Inc. Investor Agreement relating to 7.00% Senior Notes due 2024, 8.50% Senior Notes due 2026 and 10.50% Senior Notes due 2028. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 1, 2023 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.14
Securities Purchase Agreement, dated November 6, 2023, by and between Hyperscale Data, Inc. and Ault & Company, Inc. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 7, 2023 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
Exhibit
Number
Description
10.15
Form of Loan and Guaranty Agreement, dated December 14, 2023. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2023 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.16
Form of Security Agreement. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2023 as Exhibit 10.2 thereto.
10.17
Form of Security Agreement. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2023 as Exhibit 10.3 thereto.
10.18
Form of Michigan Mortgage. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2023 as Exhibit 10.5 thereto.
10.19
Form of Aircraft Mortgage. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2023 as Exhibit 10.6 thereto.
10.20
Amendment to the Securities Purchase Agreement, Certificate of Designation and Series C Warrants, dated March 25, 2024. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 26, 2024 as Exhibit 10.3 thereto.
10.21
Luxor Mining Pool Service Level Agreement, dated March 28, 2023, by and between Bitnile Inc. (n/k/a Sentinum Inc.) and Luxor Technology Corporation. Incorporated by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on April 16, 2024 as Exhibit 10.28 thereto.
10.22
Amendment to the Loan and Guaranty Agreement, dated April 15, 2024. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 16, 2024 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.23
Form of Guaranty. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 30, 2024 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.24
Form of Second Amendment to Loan and Guaranty Agreement, dated May 15, 2024. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 16, 2024 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.25
Form of Loan Agreement. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 5, 2024 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.26
Form of Guaranty. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 5, 2024 as Exhibit 10.2 thereto.
10.27
Purchase Agreement, dated June 20, 2024, by and between Hyperscale Data, Inc. and Orion Equity Partners, LLC. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2024 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.28
Contract dated October 23, 2021 by and between Indiana Michigan Power Company and Alliance Cloud Services, a subsidiary of Hyperscale Data, Inc
10.29
Amendment to the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated March 30, 2025, by and between the Company and Ault & Company, Inc. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April1 , 2025 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.30
First Supplement and Amendment dated November 1, 2024 by and among Hyperscale Data, Inc., Orion Equity Partners, LLC and Ascendiant Capital Markets, LLC. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2024 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.31
Form of Forbearance Agreement. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 11, 2024 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.32
Second Supplement and Amendment to Purchase Agreement dated January 9, 2025 by and among Hyperscale Data, Inc., Orion Equity Partners, LLC, Ascendiant Capital Markets, LLC and Northland Securities, Inc. Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on January 14, 2025 as Exhibit 10.40 thereto.
10.33
First Amendment to Loan Agreement dated January 9, 2025 by and among Hyperscale Data, Inc., OREE Lending Company, LLC and Helios Funds LLC. Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on January 14, 2025 as Exhibit 10.41 thereto.
10.34
Exchange Agreement, dated February 5, 2025, by and between the Company and the Investor. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2025 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.35
Form of Amended and Restated Forbearance Agreement. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 26, 2025 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.36
Exchange Agreement, dated March 14, 2025, by and between the Company and the Investor. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 17, 2025 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.37
Exchange Agreement, dated March 21, 2025, by and between the Company and the Investor. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 24, 2025 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.38
Amendment to the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated March 30, 2025, by and between the Company and Ault & Company, Inc. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April1 , 2025 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.39
Securities Purchase Agreement, dated March 31, 2025, by and between Hyperscale Data, Inc. and SJC Lending, LLC. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2025 as Exhibit 10.1 thereto.
10.40
Registration Rights Agreement, dated March 31, 2025, by and between Hyperscale Data, Inc. and SJC Lending, LLC. Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2025 as Exhibit 10.2 thereto.
19.1**
Insider Trading Policy of Hyperscale Data, Inc.
21**
List of subsidiaries.
31.1**
Certification of Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
Exhibit
Number
Description
31.2**
Certification of Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
32.1***
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.
97.1**
Hyperscale Data, Inc. Clawback Policy. Incorporated by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on April 16, 2024 as Exhibit 97.2 thereto.
101.INS**
Inline XBRL Instance Document. The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH**
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL**
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF**
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB**
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE**
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
* Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
** Filed herewith.
*** Furnished herewith.