EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1124796
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1124796_10-K_2024_0001124796-24-000018.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
nLIGHT, Inc., is a leading provider of high-power semiconductor and fiber lasers for industrial, microfabrication, and aerospace and defense applications. Headquartered in Camas, Washington, we design, develop and manufacture the critical elements of our lasers, and believe our vertically integrated business model enables us to rapidly introduce innovative products, control our costs and protect our intellectual property.
We operate in two segments, Laser Products and Advanced Development, and we address three primary end markets: Industrial, Microfabrication, and Aerospace and Defense.
Products
Overview
We design, manufacture, and sell a range of high-power semiconductor lasers and fiber lasers that are typically integrated into laser systems or manufacturing tools built by our customers. We also make fiber amplifiers and beam combination and control systems for use in high-energy laser (HEL) systems in directed energy applications, and laser sensing products used in a wide range of defense applications. Our vertical integration enables us to develop products that leverage the same underlying technology, thereby enabling us to offer innovative and reliable products to customers in each of our end markets.
Semiconductor Lasers
We sell high-power semiconductor lasers with a broad range of power levels, wavelengths, and output fiber sizes. Our semiconductor lasers are typically used as an integrated energy source for our OEM customers’ solid-state lasers, which are used primarily in a wide range of microfabrication, and aerospace and defense applications. The core building block of our products is a compound semiconductor laser chip manufactured from a gallium arsenide wafer. We use our patented multiplexed single-chip architecture to combine and package multiple semiconductor laser chips into what we believe are the most brilliant semiconductor lasers commercially available.
Fiber Lasers
We offer programmable and serviceable high-power fiber lasers primarily for use in industrial and aerospace and defense applications. Our fiber lasers use a proprietary active fiber that is doped with a rare-earth element to amplify the light from multiple of our semiconductor lasers into a brighter, more powerful laser beam. Our single- and multi-mode fiber lasers enable fast, high-quality, and efficient processing of materials. Our fiber lasers offer many features, including all-fiber programmable beam sizes and shapes, programmable waveforms, high-speed waveform modulation capabilities, hardware back-reflection suppression, operability in harsh environments, quick and easy serviceability, and exceptional power stability. The programmability and wide operating range of our fiber lasers make them easy for our customers to use and expands their applicability. For example, in some cases, a single programmable fiber laser with the ability to program the size and shape of its output beam can take the place of several less flexible lasers. We have also designed our fiber lasers to be easily field serviceable, which results in higher machine uptime, lower cost of ownership and improved customer experience.
Laser Sensing Products
We offer a range of laser sensors, including light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies, that are critical enablers of laser-based systems that are used for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) applications. We leverage our design and manufacturing capabilities to offer high-efficiency, high-reliability, cost-effective and ruggedized solutions to a wide range of applications including communication, guidance, and imaging.
Directed Energy Products
We sell standalone fiber amplifiers and we are developing beam combination and control products for directed energy applications within aerospace and defense. We believe that our proprietary fiber amplifiers and beam combination and control technology will enable the development of scalable, high-performance and cost-effective HEL systems.
Markets
We sell our products into three primary end markets: Industrial, Microfabrication, and Aerospace and Defense.
Semiconductor and fiber lasers are displacing legacy lasers and non-laser energy sources across a wide range of applications in the Industrial, Microfabrication, and Aerospace and Defense markets. In the Industrial market, high-power semiconductor and fiber lasers have enabled the creation of next-generation industrial systems to perform manufacturing processes such as cutting, welding, and drilling, as well as advanced manufacturing techniques such as additive manufacturing. In the Microfabrication market, many of the critical microscale features incorporated into products in the automotive, electronics, medical, semiconductor and other markets are made commercially viable by the precise power delivery of lasers. In the Aerospace and Defense market, high-power semiconductor and fiber lasers are currently used across a wide range of mission critical applications, such as defending aircraft against missiles, and are enabling next-generation defense systems.
Industrial
The productivity, efficiency and versatility offered by programmable fiber lasers have been critical in making them a key part of the evolution of the industrial ecosystem. Material processing applications, such as cutting, welding, additive manufacturing, cladding, and heat treating, comprise most of the industrial laser market. Programmable fiber lasers continue to replace CO2 lasers and other non-laser techniques for cutting, due to their significantly faster speed, higher quality and lower cost when used across a wide range of metals. Programmable fiber lasers are also expanding into other applications such as cutting metal tubes and other three-dimensional parts.
The factors driving the adoption of fiber lasers in metal welding applications include increased speed, higher quality, and lower cost. Fiber laser welding can achieve deeper penetration with fewer heat affected zones than traditional methods like arc welding. These advantages have enabled fast adoption of fiber lasers across the electric vehicle battery, automotive, and energy industries where system productivity, high level of automation, and versatility are critical.
In addition to improving traditional manufacturing processes, fiber lasers are also enabling new technologies such as metal additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing is chosen for fabrication as it enables the manufacturing of designs not feasible with traditional technologies such as casting, forging or machining. Additive manufacturing can be integrated into existing production lines, and mitigate long lead-time issues and enhance performance in critical sub-systems. Fiber lasers provide the power needed to melt metal powders or wire to form functional products for use in industries such as aerospace, defense, automotive, medical, and energy. Advancements in laser technology are critical in enabling manufacturers to produce ever-larger parts with more complex geometries at faster speeds and lower costs. The need for larger more productive machines has driven a trend towards multi-laser systems that are increasingly demanded by additive manufacturing customers. Overall, the trend towards an increased number of lasers in additive manufacturing machines is driving strong growth in the laser market.
Microfabrication
Microfabrication refers to the process of creating three-dimensional microscale structures, typically by ablating, annealing, etching, drilling, and precision marking. Many of the microscale features incorporated into products in the automotive, electronics, medical, semiconductor and other markets are made commercially viable by laser-based precision manufacturing techniques. Preferences for brighter, more vibrant displays in mobile phones, tablets and televisions, and the desire for thinner products with improved battery life and energy efficiency are placing greater importance on the need for components that are smaller, more robust and less expensive, which we believe will continue to drive demand for lasers.
Aerospace and Defense
Lasers are used today in a variety of aerospace and defense applications, such as range finding, imaging, communications, and directed energy defense systems. LiDAR technologies are also increasingly being used for a wide range of ISR applications. Directed energy defense systems utilize concentrated electrical or optical energy rather than chemical or kinetic force to incapacitate, damage, disable or destroy a wide range of threats. Compared to conventional weapons, directed energy weapons using high-power fiber lasers offer ultra-precise targeting, low cost per use and a nearly unlimited magazine. Over the past decade, directed energy technologies have improved steadily, culminating in a series of successful demonstrations of significantly higher power, multi-kilowatt systems. Systems using high-power fiber lasers have shown the highest degree of operational viability.
Research and Development
Our research and development activities include innovation of improvements to existing products that enhance performance at reduced cost, and the design of new products that address select market opportunities. While we seek to improve our products on all operating characteristics, we believe we lead the market in terms of semiconductor laser chip brilliance. Our programmable fiber lasers use a proprietary solution that allows our
customers to program laser beam strength and shape and real-time pulse timing to optimize the performance of their solution for specific commercial and defense applications. We work closely with customers to develop products to meet customer application and performance needs, making our research and development efforts more efficient. We also benefit from our vertically integrated business model, as we can conduct design cycles more rapidly through control of the full production process.
We intend to continue our commitment to research and development and to introduce new products, solutions, and complementary products to maintain and strengthen our competitive position.
Intellectual Property
Our success depends in part upon our ability to continue to innovate and invest in research and development to meet the needs of our customers, and to maintain and protect our proprietary technology. To accomplish this, we rely on a combination of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets and trademarks, as well as customary contractual protections with our customers, suppliers, employees, and consultants that access our material intellectual property.
We have generated, and continue to generate and maintain, patents and other intellectual property rights covering innovations that are intended to create a competitive advantage, and to support the protection of our investments in research and development. Although we believe that our patents and other intellectual property rights have significant value, we do not believe that maintaining or growing our business is materially dependent on any single patent. Due to the rapid pace of innovation within the markets that we serve, it is possible that our protection through patents may be less important than factors such as our technological expertise, continuing development of new products and technologies, protection of trade secrets, market penetration, customer relationships, and our ability to provide support and service to customers worldwide.
No assurance can be given that any of our patents will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, or that the rights granted thereunder will provide us with a sustained competitive advantage. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to protect our technology, or that competitors will not be able to independently develop similar or functionally competitive technologies, design around our patents, or attempt to manufacture and sell infringing products in countries that do not strongly enforce intellectual property rights.
Sales and Marketing
In the Industrial and Microfabrication markets, we sell our products through our direct sales force located in the United States, China, South Korea and various European countries. To supplement our direct sales team, we also sell through independent sales representatives and distributors in Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, and South America. We selected these independent representatives and distributors based on their ability to provide effective field sales, marketing communications and technical support for select products and markets in target geographies. Our sales and marketing efforts are conducted through an integrated process that involves our direct sales and marketing teams, engineering teams, customer service representatives and our senior management team.
We maintain customer support and field service staff in our major markets around the world. In addition, many of our independent representatives and distributors have service teams who have been certified by us to provide regional field service and support. We work closely with customers to service equipment and train customers to use and repair our products and explore additional applications for our technologies. Over time we expect to expand our support and field service footprint, particularly in locations where business volume requires local service capabilities.
In the Aerospace and Defense market, we sell our products and services directly to end customers, including the U.S. Government, prime defense contractors, and defense subcontractors, through our dedicated sales, marketing and engineering teams located in the United States. Due to the stringent demands of our Aerospace and Defense customers, our sales and marketing organization includes engineering, manufacturing, service and support professionals who engage with our customers throughout their products' lifecycles.
Customers
We sell to and support over 300 customers worldwide. A few customers drive a significant portion of our revenues. In the aggregate, our top ten customers accounted for approximately 66%, 63% and 63% of our revenues in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our global customers include Ball Aerospace, Keyence, Mazak, MKS Instruments, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon Technologies, the U.S. Government, and Velo3D.
Information concerning revenue by end-market, geographic region based upon ship-to location, and segment appears under Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Notes 2 and 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Backlog
Backlog represents firm orders that have been received for products, the remaining funded value of research and development contracts, and other services for which a contractual agreement is in place and delivery or performance is expected to occur. Backlog totaled $108.4 million and $80.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. All of the backlog as of December 31, 2023 is expected to be filled within the next 24 months. Our backlog is not necessarily indicative of revenues for any specific future period due to possible order cancellations or deferrals, and shipping or acceptance delays. Delays in delivery schedules or a reduction in backlog during any period could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Backlog excludes the unfunded portion of our government contracts because these contracts are typically only partially funded at any point during their term, and all or some of the work to be performed under these contracts may remain unfunded unless and until the contract is modified and additional funding is allocated to the contract. As of December 31, 2023, the unfunded value of our government contracts totaled $219.3 million.
Seasonality
Our quarterly revenues can fluctuate with general economic trends, holidays in foreign countries such as Chinese New Year in the first quarter of our fiscal year, the U.S. government fiscal year end, the timing of capital expenditures by our customers, and general economic trends. In addition, as is typical in our industry, we tend to recognize a larger percentage of our quarterly revenues in the last month of the quarter, which may impact our working capital trends.
Competition
The industries in which we operate have significant price and technological competition. We compete with companies that offer semiconductor lasers, fiber lasers, fiber amplifiers and other laser products such as IPG Photonics Corporation, Coherent, BWT Ltd., II-VI Incorporated, Raycus Fiber Laser Technologies, and Trumpf GmbH + Co. KG. We also compete with prime defense contractors and subcontractors in the Aerospace and Defense market, and with companies in the Industrial market that offer widely used non-laser production methods, such as plasma cutting, water-jet cutting and resistance welding.
Some of our competitors are larger and have substantially greater financial, research and development, managerial, sales, service and marketing resources than we do. These companies will likely be able to expand into broader products and end markets, which may result in additional competitive pressures on us. Certain competitors also have higher sales volume than we do, which can enable them to lower the prices of their products. Moreover, certain of our customers have internal laser technologies, which may present additional competitive pressure.
We believe that our vertically-integrated business model, technology innovation, engineering capabilities, functionality, quality and customer service enable us to compete successfully in the markets we serve, taken as a whole.
Manufacturing
We manufacture, package, and test the critical elements of our high-power semiconductor and fiber lasers, including semiconductor laser chips and optical fiber in-house. Our vertically integrated business model enables us to control and protect our proprietary technologies and manufacturing processes. We’ve invested in highly automated semiconductor packaging lines in our Camas, WA facility, which we believe is critical to serve the Directed Energy market.
We also use a third party contract manufacturer, located in Thailand, to package certain of our semiconductor lasers used in commercial applications. We outsource manufacturing, components and materials when we feel that a manufacturing process, or specific component to be manufactured, by itself, does not provide enough competitive advantage to warrant investment in the capital and human resources necessary for the process implementation or the component's manufacture. We work with our suppliers in these situations to ensure consistent quality and
delivery performance. In many cases, components are custom manufactured for us based on our proprietary specifications.
We purchase raw materials used to manufacture our products and other components, such as semiconductor wafer substrates, fiber laser chip packages, optics, and other materials, from single or limited-source suppliers. We typically purchase our materials through purchase orders or agreed-upon terms and conditions, and we do not have guaranteed supply arrangements with many of these suppliers. To mitigate raw material supply risks, we take a variety of actions such as second source qualification, accumulation of safety stock and vendor surveillance.
Our primary manufacturing facilities are located in Vancouver, Washington; Camas, Washington; Hillsboro, Oregon; Lohja, Finland and Shanghai, China. We manufacture certain electrical-optical components in our Vancouver, Washington; Camas, Washington; Shanghai, China and Hillsboro, Oregon facilities. We maintain our fiber operations and manufacture fiber in Finland.
Regulation
We are subject to significant regulation by local, state, federal and international laws in all jurisdictions in which we operate. Compliance with these requirements can be costly and time consuming. We believe that our operations, products, services, and actions substantially comply with applicable regulations in all jurisdictions. However, the risk of non-compliance cannot be eliminated and therefore there is no assurance that future costs related to these regulations will not be incurred. There is also the possibility that regulations will be retroactively applied, interpreted, or applied differently to our operations, products, services, and actions which will require significant time and resources. See the section of this report titled “Risk Factors-Risks Related to Litigation, Taxation and Regulatory Compliance” for additional information.
Human Capital Management
At nLIGHT, we fulfill our mission by fostering innovation, attracting talented people, and managing aspects of our business in an ethical manner that benefits our stakeholders, including the communities in which we operate. Our product innovation, community involvement and the overall success of our business are driven by continued engagement and motivation of our employees. Over the past twenty years we have developed and refined our core values that underpin our corporate culture. At nLIGHT we both recruit and review people based on three criteria we categorize in terms of Skill, Will, and Fit. We encourage collaboration, critical thinking, and respect and foster a workplace where each employee is contributing to the long-term success of the company.
As of December 31, 2023 we had over 930 full-time employees worldwide. Of our total full-time employees, approximately 650 were based in the United States and over 200 were based in China, with the remaining in the rest of the world. In Austria, employees have the legal capacity to make collective agreements, and in Finland, certain employees belong to labor unions for their specialty. There are no labor unions to which our employees belong in any other location. We have not experienced any employee-led work stoppages at any of our facilities. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.
Corporate Information
We maintain a website at https://www.nlight.net. We make available free of charge through our investor relations website, https://investors.nlight.net, our annual reports, quarterly reports, current reports, proxy statements and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed or furnished with the United State Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. The reference to our website does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained at the site.
The SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information regarding issuers, such as nLIGHT, Inc., that file electronically with the SEC. The SEC's Internet website is located at https://www.sec.gov.
We were incorporated under the name nLight Corporation in Washington in June 2000. We reincorporated in Delaware under the name nLight Photonics Corporation in August 2000 and changed our name to nLIGHT, Inc. in January 2016.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider the following risk factors, in addition to the other information contained in this report, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes. This report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements due to factors that are described below and elsewhere in this report. Our Risk Factors are not guarantees that no such conditions exist as of the date of this report and should not be interpreted as an affirmative statement that such risks or conditions have not materialized, in whole or in part.
Risks Related to Our Industry and the Markets We Serve
The markets for our products are highly competitive. If we fail to compete successfully, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects will be materially adversely affected.
The industries in which we operate have significant price and technological competition. We compete with companies providing semiconductor and fiber lasers, and with companies offering conventional laser or non-laser solutions for the applications we target. Some of our competitors are larger and have substantially greater manufacturing, financial and research and development resources and larger installed customer bases than we do. Some of these competitors may receive government subsidies allowing them to compete more aggressively. These companies will likely be able to expand into broader products, geographies, and end markets, which may result in additional competitive pressures on us. Certain competitors also have higher sales volume than we do, which can enable them to lower the prices of their products. Moreover, our OEM customers' internal production of laser technologies presents additional competitive pressure. To compete, we have reduced prices of some of our products in the past and we may be forced to lower our prices further in the future, which could negatively impact our revenues and gross margins. To remain competitive, we believe that we will be required to continue to invest significantly in research and development and manufacturing facilities. We may not have sufficient resources to continue to make these investments and we may not be able to make the technological advances or price adjustments necessary to compete successfully. Any failure to compete successfully will materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Changes in the markets we serve could materially adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
Our results of operations may vary based on the impact of changes in the markets we serve or in the global economy. For our products sold to the Industrial market, we believe demand is largely based on general economic conditions and we cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of any economic slowdown or recovery, whether global, regional or within specific markets. For the Microfabrication market, a portion of our revenues depends on the demand for our products from semiconductor equipment companies. The semiconductor equipment market has historically been characterized by sudden and severe cyclical variations in product supply and demand, which have often severely affected the demand for manufacturing equipment, including laser-based tools and systems, and which limits our ability to predict our business prospects and financial results in this market. The Aerospace and Defense market is largely dependent on government budgets, in particular defense budgets, which are driven by numerous factors, including geopolitical events, macroeconomic conditions and the ability of the U.S. government to enact relevant legislation. As a result, our future revenues are subject in part to the uncertainties of governmental budgeting and appropriations and national defense policies and priorities, constraints of the budgetary process and timing and potential changes to these policies and priorities, all of which are beyond our control. Many of our customers in the defense industry are subcontractors that must negotiate our proposals with the U.S. government. Our continuing relationship with these customers and the ability of these customers to pay for our products is dependent on the U.S. government's decision to accept or reject our customers' terms, which can be delayed for a substantial period of time and is largely outside of our control. Such delays could result in decreased revenues and could materially adversely affect our results of operations in any given period.
We participate in markets that are subject to rapid technological change and require significant research and development expenses to develop and maintain products that can achieve market acceptance.
The markets for our products are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent product introductions, substantial capital investment, volatility of product supply and demand, changing customer requirements and evolving industry standards. Our future performance depends in part on our successful development, introduction and market acceptance of new and enhanced products that address these changes and current and potential customer requirements. To the extent customers defer or cancel orders for existing products due to a slowdown in
demand or in the expectation of a new product release, or if there is any delay in development or introduction of our new products or enhancements of our products, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects would be materially adversely affected. We also may not be able to develop the underlying core technologies necessary to create new products and enhancements, or to license these technologies from third parties. Product development delays may result from numerous factors, including:
• changing product specifications and customer requirements;
• unanticipated engineering complexities;
• expense reduction measures we have implemented, and others we may implement, to conserve our cash and attempt to sustain profitability;
• difficulties in hiring and retaining necessary technical personnel;
• difficulties in reallocating engineering resources and overcoming resource limitations; and
• changing market or competitive product requirements.
Further, the development of new, technologically advanced products is a complex and uncertain process requiring high levels of innovation and highly skilled engineering and development personnel, as well as the accurate anticipation of technological and market trends. We cannot assure you that our expenditures for research and development will result in the introduction of new products or, if such products are introduced, that those products will achieve sufficient market acceptance or generate revenues to offset the cost of development. Ramping of production capacity also entails risks of delays which can limit our ability to realize the full benefit of the new product introduction. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify, develop, manufacture, market or support new or enhanced products successfully. Additionally, our product offerings may become obsolete given the frequent introduction of alternative technologies. If our products fail to gain and maintain market acceptance, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Products in the laser industry are experiencing declining average selling prices, and our future success depends in part on our ability to increase our volumes and decrease our costs to offset potential declines in the average selling prices of our products.
Products in the laser industry generally, and our products specifically, have experienced and may in the future experience a significant decline in average selling prices (ASPs) on maturing products due to increased competition and price pressures from customers. As competing products become more widely available, the ASPs of our products may decrease, and such decreases may vary by product and market. Due to the fixed cost of production, the average cost per unit of our products typically declines as our production volumes rise. For this reason, we may decide to offer products at ASPs that result in low initial gross margins to us with an intention to drive sales and production volumes higher, in turn lowering our average cost per unit. Because of these factors, we have experienced, and we may continue to experience, fluctuations in our results of operations on a quarterly or annual basis. If the ASPs of our products decline and we are unable to increase our unit volumes, introduce new or enhanced products with higher ASPs or reduce manufacturing costs to offset anticipated decreases in the prices of our existing products, our gross margins could decline, which in turn could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Risks Related to Our Business and Operations
We have a history of losses and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future.
We have incurred recurring net losses since our inception in 2000. If we fail to grow revenues or reduce costs to achieve and sustain profitability, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects will be materially adversely affected.
We rely on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenues, and if we lose any of these customers or they significantly curtail their purchases of our products, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
We rely on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenues. We generally do not enter into long-term purchase agreements with our customers that obligate them to purchase our products. Our business is characterized by short-term purchase orders issued by our customers, which are likely to be favorable to those customers. If any of our principal customers discontinues its relationship with us, develops its own products instead of using ours, replaces us as a vendor for certain products or suffers downturns in its business resulting in a
cancellation of orders or an inability to place new orders from us, then our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected.
If we are unable to develop new products, applications and end-markets and increase our market share in existing applications, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may be materially adversely affected.
Our future success will depend in part on our ability to continue to generate sales of semiconductor lasers and fiber lasers in applications where legacy lasers have been used, or in new and developing markets and applications for lasers such as additive manufacturing within the industrial market, and directed energy within the aerospace and defense market. As semiconductor and fiber lasers reach higher levels of penetration in core materials processing applications, the development of new applications, end-markets and products outside our core applications becomes more important to our growth. Our current and potential customers may have substantial investment in, and know-how related to, their existing laser and non-laser technologies. Customers may be reluctant to change from incumbent suppliers or cease using their own solutions, or we may miss the design and procurement cycles of our customers. Many of our target markets have historically been slow to adopt new technologies. These markets often require long testing and qualification periods or lengthy government approval processes before admitting new suppliers or adopting new technologies.
Introduction of new products and product enhancements will require that we effectively transfer production processes from research and development to manufacturing and coordinate our efforts with those of our suppliers to achieve increased production volume rapidly. If we are unable to implement our strategy to develop new applications and end markets for our products or develop new products, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected. In addition, any newly developed or enhanced products may not achieve market acceptance or may be rendered obsolete or less competitive by the introduction of new products by other companies.
We have high levels of fixed costs and inventory levels that may materially adversely affect our gross profits and results of operations if demand for our products declines or we maintain excess inventory levels.
We conduct our own manufacturing operations and have a high fixed cost base, including significant costs for the employees in our manufacturing operations. We may not be able to adjust our production levels or fixed costs quickly enough or sufficiently to adapt to rapidly changing market conditions. Gross profit, in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenues, is impacted by our volumes, product sales mix, the corresponding absorption of fixed manufacturing overhead expenses, production costs and manufacturing yields. In addition, because we design and manufacture our key components, insufficient demand for our products subjects us to the risks of high inventory carrying costs and increased inventory obsolescence. For example, discontinued product lines contributed to increased inventory reserves in the fourth quarter of 2022, and we may experience similar increases in the future. If our capacity and production levels are not properly sized in relation to changing demand, or if anticipated sales do not occur, we may need to record write-downs for excess or obsolete inventory.
If we fail to effectively manage our growth or, alternatively, our spending during downturns, our business could be disrupted, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations.
Growth in revenues, combined with the challenges of managing geographically dispersed operations, can place a significant strain on our management systems and resources, and our anticipated growth in future operations could continue to place such a strain. The failure to effectively manage our growth could disrupt our business and materially adversely affect our results of operations. In economic downturns, we must effectively manage our spending and operations to ensure that our competitive position during the downturn, as well as our future opportunities when the economy improves, remains intact. The failure to effectively manage our spending and operations could disrupt our business and materially adversely affect our results of operations.
Our manufacturing capacity and operations may not be appropriate for future levels of demand and may materially adversely affect our gross margins.
When there are changes in market demand we must be able to rapidly and effectively increase or decrease our manufacturing capacity in the appropriate locations. Failure to do so may cause a loss of business to competitors, negatively impact our relationships with customers, or negatively impact our gross margins. To maintain our competitive position and to meet anticipated demand for our products, we have invested significantly in the expansion and automation of our manufacturing and operations throughout the world and may continue to do so in the future. If the demand for our products does not increase or if our revenues decrease from current levels, we may have significant excess manufacturing capacity and under-absorption of our fixed costs, which could in turn materially adversely affect our gross margins and profitability. Expansion activities can also cause disruptions to existing manufacturing capabilities. Moreover, we may experience higher costs due to yield loss, production inefficiencies and equipment problems until any operational issues associated with the addition of new equipment or opening of new manufacturing facilities are resolved.
We rely on third parties to manufacture certain of our products and product components, which could expose us to a number of risks that could negatively impact our results of operations.
We outsource the manufacturing of certain of our products and product components to third-parties located in both the United States and internationally. Reliance on third-party manufacturers presents a number of risks, including capacity constraints, reduced control over manufacturing and delivery timing and quality, shortages during periods of high demand or supply constraints, the inability to achieve acceptable yields on a timely basis, misappropriation of our intellectual property and potential increased exposure to fluctuations in manufacturing costs, including due to inflation, any of which could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. In addition, if any of our third-party manufacturers are unable or unwilling to manufacture our products or product components in required volumes and at high quality levels or continue to manufacture our products and product components at all, we would need to identify and select alternative manufacturers, which may not be available to us on favorable terms, if at all. An alternative manufacturer may not be available to us when needed or may not be in a position to satisfy our quality and production requirements on commercially reasonable terms. Any significant interruption in manufacturing could require us to reduce our supply of products to our customers, which in turn could reduce our revenues and harm our customer relationships.
The long sales cycles for our products may cause us to incur significant expenses without offsetting revenues.
Our products represent a large investment for our customers and they typically expend significant effort in evaluating, testing and qualifying our products before making a decision to purchase them, resulting in a lengthy initial sales cycle. Even after this evaluation process, a potential customer may decide not to purchase our products. As a result, these long sales cycles may cause us to incur significant expenses without receiving revenues to offset such expenses soon thereafter or at all. This, in turn, can materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Because we generally do not enter into long-term purchase commitments with our customers, our revenues can be difficult to predict, which could lead to excess or obsolete inventory and materially adversely affect our results of operations.
Our business is characterized by short-term purchase orders and shipment schedules and, in some cases, orders may be canceled or delayed without penalty. As a result, it is difficult to forecast our revenues and to determine the appropriate levels of inventory required to meet future demand. This could lead to increased inventory levels and increased carrying costs and risk of excess or obsolete inventory due to unanticipated reductions in purchases by our customers. If we are unable to accurately forecast the demand for our products, fail to accurately forecast the timing of such demand, or are unable to consistently negotiate acceptable purchase order terms with customers, we could incur significant expenses, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may be materially adversely affected.
We depend on internal production and outside single- or limited-source suppliers for many of our key components and raw materials.
We rely on our own production capabilities to manufacture certain of our key components, such as semiconductor lasers, specialty optical fibers and optical components. Certain of our components, such as our semiconductor lasers, which are manufactured at our Camas and Vancouver, Washington facilities, and our active fibers, which are manufactured at our Lohja, Finland facility, rely on processes and equipment that cannot be easily moved or
replaced. If our manufacturing activities were obstructed or hampered significantly at these, or our other facilities, it could take a considerable length of time, at an increased cost, for us to resume manufacturing, which could materially harm our business and results of operations.
Also, we purchase certain raw materials and components, which are key elements to manufacture our products, from single- or limited-source suppliers. We generally do not have guaranteed supply arrangements with our suppliers. Our key suppliers may not have the ability to increase their production in line with our customers' demands. This can become acute during times of high growth in our customers' businesses. As a result, we have experienced, and may in the future experience, longer lead times or delays in fulfillment of our orders. Furthermore, other than our current suppliers, there may be a limited number of entities from which we could obtain these supplies. In addition, if quality issues arise with these outsourced materials and go undetected by us, the use of such defective materials in our products could compromise their quality and harm our reputation.
For certain long lead-time supplies or in order to lock in pricing, we may be obligated to place purchase orders which are not cancellable or otherwise assume liability for a large amount of the ordered supplies, which limits our ability to adjust down our inventory liability in the event of market downturns or other customer cancellations or rescheduling of their purchase orders for our products. Some of our products require designs and specifications which are at the cutting-edge of available technologies. Accordingly, certain of our products require components and supplies which may be technologically difficult and unpredictable to manufacture. These types of components may only be available by a single supplier. These characteristics place further pressure on the timely delivery of such components. In addition, many of our suppliers have recently experienced shortages of many of the components and raw materials that we require, and in some cases, have significantly increased their prices. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these components or materials, or the inability to obtain these components and materials from existing suppliers or alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, could materially adversely affect our ability to meet customer orders and in turn our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Products that do not meet specifications or that contain defects could damage our reputation, decrease market acceptance of our products, cause us to lose customers and revenues, and result in liability to us.
The complexity and ongoing development of our product designs and manufacturing processes could lead to design or manufacturing problems. Problems might result from a number of factors, including design defects, materials failure, failure of components manufactured internally or by our suppliers to meet our specifications, contamination in the manufacturing environment, and equipment failures. These problems could cause lower than anticipated yields, cause delays in product shipments, cause delays in new product introductions, cause us to incur additional warranty expenses or warranty reserves, result in increased costs and diversion of development resources, cause us to incur increased charges due to unusable inventory, require design modifications, impact the timing of revenue recognition, and decrease the market acceptance or customer satisfaction with our products. The occurrence of any one or more of these events could adversely affect our business, reputation and operating results.
In addition, a product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, could be time-consuming and costly to defend, and could harm our reputation. We cannot assure investors that our product liability insurance would adequately protect our assets from the financial impact of defending a product liability claim. Any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our product liability insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future.
A breach of our information technology and security systems could materially adversely affect our business.
We use information technology and security systems to maintain our facilities' physical security and to protect proprietary and confidential information, including that of our customers, suppliers and employees. Denial of service or other attacks on, or accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our facilities or information systems, unauthorized access to or acquisition of personal information, confidential information or other data we process or maintain, or viruses, loggers, or other malfeasant code, including ransomware, in our data or software, could compromise this information and otherwise disrupt our operations. The consequences of such loss, possible misuse of our proprietary and confidential information, or operational disruptions could include, among other things, unfavorable publicity, damage to our reputation, difficulty marketing our products, customer allegations of breach-of-contract, claims and litigation by affected parties, investigations by and other proceedings involving governmental authorities and possible financial liabilities for damages, any of which could materially adversely affect
our business, financial condition, reputation and relationships with customers and partners. We also rely on a number of third-party service providers to host, store or otherwise process information for us, or to provide other facilities or infrastructure that we make use of, including "cloud-based" providers of corporate infrastructure services relating to, among other things, human resources, electronic communication services and some financial functions, and we are therefore dependent on the security systems of these providers. Any security breaches or incidents or other unauthorized access to, or disruptions of, our service-providers' systems or viruses, loggers, ransomware or other malfeasant code in their data or software, or unauthorized access to or acquisition of any data they process or otherwise maintain for us could expose us to information loss, corruption and unavailability, operational disruptions, and misappropriation of confidential information, and could have similar consequences to us as any incidents affecting our own systems or the data we process or maintain. We and our third parties face these threats from a variety of sources, including attacks from hackers, phishing and other forms of social engineering, and human error or employee or contractor malfeasance. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or sabotage security systems change frequently and are often not recognized until after an attack, we and our third-party service providers may be unable to anticipate the techniques or implement adequate preventative measures, thereby exposing us to material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. A security breach or other security incident impacting us or our third-party service providers could require a substantial level of financial resources to rectify and otherwise respond to, may be difficult to identify or address in a timely manner, and could result in claims, investigations, and inquires by private parties or governmental entities that may divert management’s attention and require the expenditure of significant time and resources, and which may cause us to incur substantial fines, penalties, or other liability and related legal and other costs. Any actual or perceived security breach or other security incident may also harm our reputation and market position. Any of the foregoing matters could harm our operating results and financial condition.
While we maintain insurance that may cover certain liabilities in connection with a security breach or incident, we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate for data handling or information security liabilities actually incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, premiums, or deductibles could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, operating results, and reputation.
We may experience increased costs, disruptions or other difficulties with the implementation, operation and functionality of our new enterprise resource planning system.
We have recently implemented a new enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, which replaces or enhances certain internal financial and operating systems that are critical to our business operations. Although we have invested, and continue to invest, significant resources in planning, project management, consulting and training, it is possible that significant operational and functionality issues may arise during the course of using our new ERP system, including difficulties paying suppliers, invoicing customers and tracking inventory. It is also possible that we may experience significant delays, increased costs and other difficulties that are not presently contemplated. Any significant disruptions, delays, deficiencies or errors in the design, implementation and utilization of our new ERP system could adversely affect our operations, prevent us from accurately and timely reporting our financial results and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our results of operations can be adversely affected by labor shortages, turnover, labor cost increases and our ability to recruit and retain qualified personnel.
We have from time-to-time experienced labor shortages and other labor-related issues. A number of factors may adversely affect the labor force available to us in one or more of our geographies, including high employment levels, increasing market wages and other compensation costs, federal unemployment subsidies, and other government regulations, which include laws and regulations related to workers’ health and safety, wage and hour practices and immigration. These factors along with increased turnover rates within our employee base can decrease our efficiency and impact our cost of labor.
In addition, we believe our ability to manage successfully and grow our business and to develop new products depends, in large part, on our ability to recruit and retain qualified employees, particularly highly skilled technical, sales, service, management, and key staff personnel. Competition for qualified resources is intense and other companies may have greater resources available to provide substantial inducements to lure key personnel away from us or to offer more competitive compensation packages to individuals we are trying to hire.
Fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations may be difficult to predict.
We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations including restructuring charges in the fourth quarter of 2022 and 2023. Factors which have had or may in the future have an influence on our results of operations in a particular quarter include:
• the increase, decrease, cancellation or rescheduling of significant customer orders;
• declines in selling prices for our products;
• delays in our product-shipment timing, obtaining licenses or other import/export approvals, customer or end user sales or deployment cycles, or work performed under development contracts;
•seasonality attributable to different purchasing patterns and levels of activity throughout the year in the areas where we operate;
• the impact of new acquisitions and the success of our integration efforts;
• the timing of revenue recognition based on the installation or acceptance of certain products shipped to our customers;
•the timing and execution of government development projects;
•timing variability in product introductions, enhancements, services and technologies by us and our competitors and market acceptance of these new or enhanced products, services and technologies;
• different capital expenditure and budget cycles for our customers, which affect the timing of their spending;
• our ability to obtain export licenses for our products on a timely basis or at all;
• changes in tariffs imposed by the U.S., China and other foreign governments;
• the rate at which our present and future customers and end users adopt our technologies;
• the gain or loss of a key customer;
• product or customer mix;
• competitive pricing pressures and new market entrants;
• our ability to manage our inventory levels and any write-downs for excess or obsolete inventory;
• our ability to collect outstanding accounts receivable balances;
• changes in the amount and timing of our operating costs;
• impairment of values for goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets;
• foreign currency fluctuations;
• the impact of public health crises, including on macroeconomic conditions and our business, results of operations and financial condition;
•changes in jurisdictional income mix and tax rules and regulations in countries where we operate; and
• economic and market conditions in a particular geography or country.
A substantial portion of our operating expenses are fixed for the short-term, and as a result, fluctuations in revenues or unanticipated expenses can have a material and immediate impact on our profitability. In addition, we often recognize a substantial portion of our revenues in the last month of each fiscal quarter. We also base our manufacturing on our forecasted product mix for the quarter. If the actual product mix varies significantly from our forecast, we may not be able to fill some orders during that quarter, which would result in delays in the shipment of our products. Accordingly, variations in timing of sales, particularly for our higher priced, higher margin products, can cause significant fluctuations in quarterly results of operations.
Due to these and other factors, particularly varying product mix from quarter to quarter, we believe that quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year comparisons of our historical results of operations may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our results for any quarter or year as an indication of our future performance.
We use estimates when accounting for certain fixed price contracts and any changes in such estimates could have an adverse effect on our earnings and overall financial performance.
Revenues and profits on some of our fixed price defense contracts may be recognized on an over-time basis. Contract accounting requires judgment of these contracts relative to assessing risks, estimating contract revenues and costs, and making assumptions for project schedule and technical issues. We calculate the percent complete under the contract and apply the percentage to determine revenues earned and the appropriate portion of total estimated costs. Accordingly, purchase price and cost estimates are reviewed periodically as the work progresses, and adjustments proportionate to the percentage complete are reflected in the period when such estimates are revised. As part of this process, we review information including, but not limited to, key contract terms and conditions, project schedule, progress towards completion and identified risks and opportunities. The risks and opportunities include judgments about the ability and cost to achieve the contract milestones and other technical
contract requirements. To the extent that any adjustments are required as part of this process and result in a reduction or elimination of previously reported earnings, we would have to recognize a charge against current earnings, which could have a significant adverse effect upon the profitability of one or more of the affected contracts, future period financial reporting and performance, depending on the size of the contract or the adjustment.
Our agreements with the U.S. government and suppliers to the U.S. government subject us to particular risks.
We must comply with and are affected by laws and regulations relating to the award, administration and performance of U.S. government contracts. Awards received from the U.S. government may be cancelled or lose funding. The U.S. government contracting party may require us to increase or decrease production of certain solutions sold to the U.S. government due to changes in U.S. national security strategy and/or priorities or other reasons, which could impact production of other products or sales to other customers to meet the requirements of the U.S. government. In addition, the U.S. government routinely retains rights to intellectual property developed in connection with a government contract. The U.S. government could exercise these rights in certain circumstances in the future, which could have the effect of decreasing the benefit we are able to realize commercially from such intellectual property.
U.S. government agencies routinely audit and investigate government contractors and can decrease or withhold certain payments when it deems systems subject to its review to be inadequate. Additionally, any costs found to be misclassified may be subject to repayment. We have unaudited and unsettled incurred cost claims related to past years, which places risk on our ability to issue final billings on contracts for which authorized and appropriated funds may be expiring. If an audit or investigation uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including reductions of the value of contracts, contract modifications or terminations, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, penalties, fines and suspension, or prohibition from doing business with the U.S. government. In addition, we could suffer serious reputational harm if allegations of impropriety were made against us. Similar government oversight exists in most other countries where we conduct business. Any such imposition of penalties, or the loss of such government contracts, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Risks Related to Our International Sales and Operations
Our inability to manage risks associated with our international customers and operations could materially adversely affect our business.
Our foreign operations and revenues are subject to a number of risks, including the impact of various macroeconomic conditions, unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, certification requirements and environmental and other regulations; reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries; potentially adverse tax consequences; political and economic instability; import/export regulations, tariffs and trade barriers; compliance with applicable United States and foreign anti-corruption laws; cultural and management differences; reliance in some jurisdictions on third-party revenues from channel partners; preference for locally produced products; supply chain, shipping, and other logistics complications; and longer accounts receivable collection periods. In particular, the economic, political, legal, and regulatory climate in China, both nationally and regionally, is fluid and unpredictable, and operating in China exposes us to related risks that could materially adversely impact our business.
Our business could also be impacted by international conflicts, terrorist and military activity, civil unrest and public health crisis, which could cause a slowdown in customer orders, lengthen sales cycles, cause customer order cancellations or negatively impact availability of supplies or limit our ability to produce or timely service our installed base of products. Political, economic and monetary instability and changes in governmental regulations or policies, including trade tariffs and protectionism, could materially adversely affect both our ability to effectively operate our foreign offices and the ability of our foreign suppliers to supply us with required materials or services. Any interruption or delay in the supply of our required components, products, materials or services, or our inability to obtain these components, materials, products or services from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, could impair our ability to meet scheduled product deliveries to our customers and could cause customers to cancel orders. Our failure to manage the foregoing risks associated with our existing and potential future international business operations could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
We are exposed to foreign currency risk, which may materially adversely affect our revenues, cost of revenues and operating margins and could result in exchange losses.
Our international operations are significant to our revenues and profitability. While we report our financial results in U.S. dollars, we incur certain costs in other currencies, and have certain foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. We, therefore, face exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Significant fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies may adversely affect our revenues and earnings.
Risks Related to Litigation, Taxation and Regulatory Compliance
We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability, impair our ability to compete and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
The United States and various foreign governments have imposed controls, export license requirements and restrictions on the import or export of certain products, technologies, and software. For example, the U.S. government has continued to expand controls restricting the ability to send certain products and technology related to lasers, semiconductors, semiconductor manufacturing and supercomputing to and within China and additional destinations. These expanded controls include imposing additional licensing requirements on exports, re-exports, and transfers of certain integrated circuits (ICs) and products containing those circuits to and within China and additional destinations. In many cases, these licenses are subject to a policy of denial. The U.S. government also continues to add additional entities in China and elsewhere to restricted party lists impacting the ability of U.S. companies to provide products and technology to these entities. These controls may impact our ability to export certain products and technology to China and other destinations and restrict our ability to use certain ICs in our products.
It is also possible that the Chinese government will retaliate in ways that could impact our business. For example, China has announced export license requirements on certain materials used in, among other things, the production of semiconductors, optical components, and other electronic devices including germanium and gallium.
Additionally, these restrictions could disrupt the ability of China to produce semiconductors and other electronics and impact our ability to source components from China. These restrictions could impact the cost of components or inputs used to produce our products.
We must export our products in compliance with U.S. export controls and we may not always be successful in obtaining necessary export licenses. Denials of export licenses or limitations imposed by these laws on our ability to export or sell our products, may harm our international and domestic revenues. Furthermore, noncompliance with these laws could have negative consequences, including government investigations, penalties and reputational harm. Any failure to adequately comply with these laws could result in civil fines or suspension or loss of our export privileges, as well as substantial expense and diversion of management resources and attention, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal penalties or significant fines and harm our business and reputation.
We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery and similar laws. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees and agents from promising, authorizing, making, offering, soliciting or accepting improper payments or other benefits to or from government officials and others in the public and private sectors. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, representatives, contractors, business partners and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Our operations and sales in China, India, Brazil, the Middle East and other countries create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by our employees, consultants, sales agents or distributors, even though they may not always be subject to our control.
These laws also require that we keep accurate books and records and maintain internal controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions. While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with these laws, we cannot assure you that our employees, representatives, contractors, business partners and agents will not take actions that violate our policies or applicable law, for which we can be held liable.
If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management's attention and resources and significant defense and compliance costs and other professional fees.
We could be subject to additional income tax liabilities.
We are subject to income taxes in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our worldwide provision for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We are subject to audit in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may assess additional income tax against us. Although we believe our tax determinations are proper, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation could have a material adverse effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which that determination is made.
Our intercompany relationships are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. If relevant taxing authorities were to disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions, and our position was not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations. There can be no assurances that our reserves would be adequate to cover such a contingency.
Changes in tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, results of operations or financial conditions.
We are subject to the tax laws, regulations, and policies of several taxing jurisdictions. Changes in tax laws, as well as other factors, could cause us to experience fluctuations in our tax obligations and effective tax rates and otherwise adversely affect our tax positions and/or our tax liabilities. For example, in August 2022 the United States enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which imposes a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks, which could affect our common stock repurchase plan, and a 15% alternative minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income. Furthermore, beginning in 2022, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), eliminates the right to deduct research and development expenditures currently and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize U.S. and foreign research and development expenditures over five and fifteen tax years, respectively.
Many countries, and organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have proposed changes to existing tax laws, including a proposed 15% global minimum tax. Any of these developments or changes in U.S. federal, state, or international tax laws or tax rulings could adversely affect our effective tax rate and our operating results. There can be no assurance that our effective tax rates or tax payments will not be adversely affected by these or other developments or changes in law.
We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations that could impose substantial costs upon us and may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental regulations relating to the use, storage, discharge and disposal of hazardous chemicals used during our manufacturing process or requiring design changes or recycling of products we manufacture. We could incur costs, fines and civil or criminal sanctions, third-party property damage or personal injury claims, or could be required to incur substantial investigation or remediation costs, if we were to violate or become liable under environmental laws. Compliance with current or future environmental laws and regulations could restrict our ability to expand our facilities or require us to acquire additional expensive equipment, modify our manufacturing processes or incur other significant expenses in order to remain in compliance with such laws and regulations.
Privacy and data security concerns, and data collection and transfer restrictions and related domestic or foreign regulations may limit the use and adoption of our solutions and adversely affect our business.
Personal privacy, information security and data protection are significant issues in the United States, Europe, and many other jurisdictions where we have operations or offer our products. The United States federal and various
state and foreign governments have adopted or proposed requirements regarding the collection, distribution, use, security and storage of personal data and other data relating to individuals, and federal and state consumer protection laws are being applied to enforce regulations related to the online collection, use and dissemination of data.
Further, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the European Union (EU) and China, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personal data obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction, or relating to cybersecurity. These laws and regulations often are more restrictive than those in the United States. These and other requirements, including future requirements resulting from new or changed laws or regulations or modifications in the interpretation of laws or regulations, could require us to modify our policies and practices, increase our costs, impair our ability to grow our business, or restrict our ability to store and process data, and may subject us to liability.
The costs of compliance with and other burdens imposed by laws, regulations, standards and other actual or asserted obligations relating to privacy, data protection and information security may be substantial, and they may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies. Any actual or alleged noncompliance with any of these laws, regulations, standards, and other actual or asserted obligations may lead to claims and proceedings by governmental actors and private parties, and significant fines, penalties or liabilities.
We may become involved in claims, lawsuits, government investigations, other legal or regulatory proceedings, or commercial or contractual disputes, any of which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
From time to time, we may become involved in various claims, lawsuits, government investigations, other legal or regulatory proceedings, or commercial or contractual disputes relating to matters incidental to the ordinary course of our business, including intellectual property, commercial, contractual, product liability, employment, class action, whistleblower and other litigation and claims, commercial or contractual disputes, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. Such matters, regardless of their merits, can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability, cause us to enter into royalty or licensing arrangements, harm our reputation or require us to change our technology or business practices. In addition, the expense of litigation or other forms of dispute resolution or settlement, and the timing of this expense from period to period, is difficult to estimate, subject to change and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, investigations and disputes, we may, from time to time, agree to settle even where we have meritorious claims or defenses. The results of litigation, investigations, claims, regulatory proceedings and commercial or contractual disputes cannot be predicted with certainty, and determining reserves for such matters requires significant judgment. There can be no assurance that our expectations will prove correct, and even if such matters are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, such matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
If we are unable to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed and our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
We rely on a variety of intellectual property rights, including patents, trademarks, trade secrets, technical know-how and other unpatented proprietary information to protect our technologies, products, product development and manufacturing activities from unauthorized use by third parties. Our patents do not cover all of our technologies, systems, products and product components and our competitors or others may design around our patented technologies. We cannot guarantee we have entered into appropriate agreements with all parties that have had access to our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information to adequately protect all such information. We also cannot assure you that those agreements will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use or disclosure. Our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information could be obtained by third parties as a result of breaches of our physical or electronic security systems or our suppliers, employees or consultants could assert rights to our intellectual property.
We have significant international operations and we are subject to foreign laws which differ in many respects from U.S. laws. Effective intellectual property protection may be unavailable or more limited in foreign jurisdictions in which we operate, such as China, relative to those protections available in the United States. Furthermore, any
changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, the trade secret and other intellectual property laws in any country in which we operate may materially adversely affect our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property positions. In the past, certain of our employees have been hired by our competitors. While these former employees are contractually prohibited from misappropriating our proprietary rights, we cannot be certain that such contractual obligations will be honored. If we detect misappropriation and decide to enforce such contractual obligations and pursue litigation to assert our intellectual property rights, an adverse decision in any legal action could limit our ability to assert our intellectual property rights, limit the value of our technology or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly. Unauthorized use of our intellectual property may have already occurred or may occur in the future. Our failure to identify unauthorized use or otherwise adequately protect our intellectual property could jeopardize our competitive advantage and materially adversely affect our business. Moreover, any litigation in connection with unauthorized use of our intellectual property could be time consuming, and we could be forced to incur significant costs and divert our attention and the efforts of our employees, which could, in turn, result in lower revenues and higher expenses, and we may not be successful in enforcing our intellectual property rights.
Intellectual property claims could result in costly litigation and harm our business.
There has been significant litigation involving intellectual property rights in many technology-driven industries, including our own. We continue to face risks and uncertainties in connection with any patent litigation, including the risk that patents issued to others may restrict and harm our ability to do business; that there could be existing patents or pending applications of which we are unaware that may later result in issued patents upon which our products may infringe. Moreover, the frequency with which new patents are granted and the diversity of jurisdictions in which they are granted make it impractical and expensive for us to monitor all patents that may be relevant to our business. We may also become involved in the defense and prosecution of intellectual property suits, patent interferences, opposition proceedings and other administrative proceedings.
From time to time, we have been notified of allegations and claims that we may be infringing patents or otherwise violating intellectual property rights owned by third parties. In the future, we may be a party to litigation because of an alleged infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of others' intellectual property, whether through direct claims or by way of indemnification claims of our customers or suppliers. If any pending or future intellectual property-related litigation proceedings result in an adverse outcome, then we could be required to:
• cease the manufacture, use or sale of the infringing products, processes, or technology;
• pay substantial damages for infringement;
• expend significant resources to develop non-infringing products, processes, or technology;
• license technology from the party claiming infringement, which license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all;
• cross-license our technology to a competitor or commit to covenant-not-to-sue to resolve an infringement claim, which could weaken our ability to compete with that competitor; or
•pay substantial damages to our direct or indirect customers to cause our end users to discontinue their use of, or replace, infringing products with non-infringing products.
In addition, intellectual property lawsuits can be brought by third-parties against our customers and end-users that incorporate our products into their systems or processes. Because we generally indemnify customers against third-party infringement claims relating to our products, we may incur liabilities in connection with lawsuits against our customers. Any such lawsuits could be time-and-resource-consuming to defend, damage our reputation and result in substantial and unanticipated costs. Having to defend any such lawsuits, and any adverse consequences that might arise, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income and income taxes may be limited.
As of December 31, 2023, we had estimated U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) of $161.0 million and $43.2 million, respectively, and federal research and development credit carryforwards of $9.3 million, which we may use to reduce future taxable income or income taxes due. Some of the NOLs and U.S. federal research and development credit carryforwards began expiring in 2022. Insufficient future taxable income
and income taxes payable will adversely affect our ability to use these NOLs and credit carryforwards to reduce future taxable income or income taxes due. Our U.S. federal NOLs arising in tax years beginning before January 1, 2018 began expiring in 2023, with the remainder expiring by 2042. Our U.S. federal NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 are not subject to expiration. Our state NOLs began expiring in 2023, with the remainder expiring by 2042. In general, we may potentially use these NOLs to offset taxable income for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. Furthermore, U.S. federal NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 may only be used to offset 80% of our current year taxable income. This may require us to pay U.S. federal income taxes in future years despite generating a loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes in prior years. Limitations under state law may differ. We have established a valuation allowance against the carrying value of these deferred tax assets.
In addition to the potential NOL and U.S. federal research and development credit carryforward limitations noted above, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code, a corporation that experiences a more than 50% ownership change by one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of a company’s stock over a three-year testing period is limited in its ability to use its prechange NOLs and other tax assets to offset future taxable income or income taxes. Our existing NOLs and credit carryforwards are subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes. Our ability to use our NOLs and credit carryforwards could be further limited by Sections 382 and 383 of the Code if we undergo any future ownership change. Future changes in our stock ownership, the causes of which may be outside our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code. Our NOLs and other tax attributes may also be impaired under state law. As a result of these limitations, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of, or possibly any of, our NOLs and credit carryforwards, which could materially adversely affect our cash flows.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
The market price of our common stock may be volatile, and the value of your investment could decline significantly.
The trading price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue to be volatile. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include the following:
• price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
• changes in operating performance, stock market valuations and volatility in the market prices of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;
• actual or anticipated quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of our competitors;
• actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;
• announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, new products, significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments;
• manufacturing, labor or supply interruptions;
• developments with respect to intellectual property rights;
• our ability to develop and market new and enhanced products on a timely basis;
• commencement of, or our involvement in, litigation;
• major changes in our Board of Directors or management;
• changes in governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory approvals;
•actual or perceived privacy, data protection or cybersecurity breaches or incidents;
• the trading volume of our stock;
• any future sales or repurchases of our common stock or other securities, or the perception that these sales or repurchases could occur;
• failure of financial analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any analysts who follow our company or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;
•spending on defense-related projects by the U.S. government;
•the impact of public health crises, including on macroeconomic conditions and our business, results of operations and financial condition;
•fluctuations in the values of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;
• the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections or our failure to meet these projections; and
• general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of related markets.
The stock market in general, and market prices for the securities of technology companies like ours in particular, have from time to time experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of the underlying companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance, which might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. In several recent situations when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders were to bring a lawsuit against us, the defense and disposition of the lawsuit could be costly and divert the time and attention of our management and materially adversely affect our results of operations.
Delaware and Washington law and provisions in our charter documents could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock.
Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could depress the trading price of our common stock by acting to discourage, delay or prevent a change in our control or management that our stockholders may deem advantageous. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws:
• permit the Board of Directors to issue up to five million shares of preferred stock, with any rights, preferences and privileges as they may designate;
• provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the Board of Directors;
• provide that all vacancies on our Board of Directors may only be filled by our Board of Directors and not by stockholders;
• divide the Board of Directors into three classes;
• provide that a director may only be removed from the Board of Directors by the stockholders for cause;
• require that any action to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and may not be taken by written consent;
• provide that stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of stockholders must provide notice in writing in a timely manner and meet specific requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder's notice;
• prohibit cumulative voting;
• provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the chairman of the board, our chief executive officer (or president, in the absence of a chief executive officer) or by the Board of Directors; and
• provide that stockholders will be permitted to amend our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws only upon receiving at least two-thirds of the total votes entitled to be cast by holders of all outstanding shares then entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class.
In addition, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any "interested" stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an "interested" stockholder. Likewise, because our principal executive offices are located in Washington, the anti-takeover provisions of the Washington Business Corporation Act may apply to us under certain circumstances now or in the future. These provisions prohibit a "target corporation" from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any stockholder constituting an "acquiring person" for a period of five years following the date on which the stockholder became an "acquiring person."
The exclusive forum provisions of our bylaws could limit our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, stockholders or employees.
Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, stockholders, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (3) any action arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws or (4) any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware), except for any claim as to which such court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court within ten days following such determination), which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than such court or for which
such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction. This provision does not apply to any action brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.
Section 22 of the Securities Act establishes concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over Securities Act claims. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to hear such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our bylaws also provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States are the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.
Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding or owning (or continuing to hold or own) any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing bylaw provisions. Although we believe these exclusive forum provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law and federal securities laws in the types of lawsuits to which each applies, the exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our current or former directors, officers, stockholders or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our current and former directors, officers, stockholders and other employees. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder as a result of our exclusive forum provisions.
Further, the enforceability of similar exclusive forum provisions in other companies’ organizational documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court of law could rule that these types of provisions are inapplicable or unenforceable if they are challenged in a proceeding or otherwise. If a court were to find either exclusive forum provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, all of which could harm our results of operations.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our principal facilities are owned or leased and include the following:
Location Lease Expiration Approximate Size
(sq. ft.)
Primary Functions Segment(s)
Camas, Washington Owned 164,600 Corporate headquarters, manufacturing and distribution, product design, research and development, sales, marketing and administration Laser Products, Advanced Development
Vancouver, Washington November 30, 2024 -
May 31, 2035 122,400 Manufacturing and distribution, product design, research and development, service and repair, and administration Laser Products, Advanced Development
Hillsboro, Oregon January 31, 2033 30,200 Manufacturing and distribution, and product design Laser Products
Longmont, Colorado July 31, 2028 46,400 Research and development Advanced Development
Lohja, Finland March 31, 2025 31,800 Manufacturing and distribution, product design, research and development and administration Laser Products
Shanghai, China January 31, 2025 -
November 30, 2025 66,500 Manufacturing and distribution, service and repair, product design, research and development, sales and administration Laser Products

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, see Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies, of Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Information About Our Common Stock
Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "LASR." As of February 21, 2024, there were 112 registered holders of record of our common stock.
Repurchase of Common Stock
In November 2019, our Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $10 million of our outstanding common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not repurchase any shares and, as of December 31, 2023, $10 million remained available for future repurchases.
Stock Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock with the Nasdaq Composite Index, the Russell 2000 Index, and the S&P 600 Technology Hardware & Equipment Industry Group Index. The graph covers the period from December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2023. No cash dividends have been declared on shares of our common stock. This graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock and each index (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on December 31, 2018.
The stock price performance shown on the graph above is not necessarily indicative of future price performance. Information used in the graph was obtained from the Nasdaq Global Select Market, a source believed to be reliable, but we are not responsible for any errors or omissions in such information.
The graph above shall not be deemed “filed” with the SEC for the purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing made by us with the SEC, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the following words: "ability," "anticipate," "attempt," "believe," "can be," "continue," "could," "depend," "enable," "estimate," "expect," "extend," "grow," "if," "intend," "likely," "may,"
"objective," "ongoing," "plan," "possible," "potential," "predict," "project," "propose," "rely," "should," "target," "will," "would" or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words.
These statements involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement, we caution you that these statements are based on a combination of facts and factors currently known by us and our projections of the future, about which we cannot be certain. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: our business model and strategic plans; our expectations regarding manufacturing; our future financial performance; demand for our semiconductor and fiber laser solutions; our ability to develop innovative products; our expectations regarding product volumes and the introduction of new products; our technology and new product research and development activities; the impact of the implementation of our new ERP system; the impact of new import and export controls; the impact of inflation; the impact of seasonality; the effect on our business of litigation to which we are or may become a party; and the sufficiency of our existing liquidity sources to meet our cash needs.
You should refer to the "Risk Factors" section of this report for a discussion of other important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this report will prove to be accurate. In addition, statements that "we believe" and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this report, which although we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted a thorough inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
Overview
nLIGHT, Inc., headquartered in Camas, Washington, is a leading provider of high-power semiconductor and fiber lasers for industrial, microfabrication, and aerospace and defense applications. We operate in two reportable segments consisting of the Laser Products segment and the Advanced Development segment. Sales of our semiconductor lasers, fiber lasers, fiber amplifiers, and directed energy products are included in the Laser Products segment, while revenue earned from research and development contracts are included in the Advanced Development segment.
Revenues decreased to $209.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $242.1 million in 2022 due to a decrease in sales in the Laser Products segment that was partially offset by an increase in sales in the Advanced Development segment. We generated a net loss of $41.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to a net loss of $54.6 million in 2022.
Factors Affecting Our Performance
Demand for our Semiconductor and Fiber Laser Solutions
Our revenue growth depends on market demand and achievement of design wins for our semiconductor and fiber lasers. We consider a design win to occur when a customer notifies us that it has selected one of our products to be incorporated into a product or system under development by such customer. For the foreseeable future, our operations will continue to depend upon capital expenditures by customers in the Industrial and Microfabrication markets, which, in turn, depend upon the demand for these customers’ products or services. In addition, in the Aerospace and Defense market, our business depends in large part on continued investment in laser technology by the U.S. government and its allies, and our ability to continue to successfully develop leading technology in this area and commercialize that technology in the future.
Demand for our products also fluctuates based on market cycles, continuously evolving industry supply chains, trade and tariff terms, as well as evolving competitive dynamics in each of our end-markets. Erosion of average
selling prices, or ASPs, of established products is typical in our industry, and the ASPs of our products generally decrease as our products mature. We may also negotiate discounted selling prices from time to time with certain customers that purchase higher volumes, or to penetrate new markets or applications. Historically, we have been able to offset decreasing ASPs by introducing new and higher value products, increasing the sales of our existing products, expanding into new applications and reducing our product and manufacturing costs. Although we anticipate further increases in product volumes and the continued introduction of new and higher value products, ASP reduction may cause our revenues to decline or grow at a slower rate.
Technology and New Product Development
We invest heavily in the development of our semiconductor, fiber laser, directed energy, and laser-sensing technologies to provide solutions to our current and future customers. We anticipate that we will continue to invest in research and development to achieve our technology and product roadmap. Our product development is targeted to specific sectors of the market where we believe the performance of our products provide a significant benefit to our customers. We believe our close coordination with our customers regarding their future product requirements enhances the efficiency of our research and development expenditures.
Manufacturing Costs and Gross Margins
Our product gross profit, in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenues, is impacted by our product sales mix, sales volumes, changes in ASPs, production volumes, the corresponding absorption of manufacturing overhead expenses, the cost of purchased materials, production costs and manufacturing yields. Our product sales mix can affect gross profits due to variations in profitability related to product configurations and cost profiles, customer volume pricing, availability of competitive products in various markets, and new product introductions, among other factors. We have invested heavily in U.S.-based manufacturing capabilities in the last several years. Capacity utilization affects our gross margin because we have a high fixed cost base due to our vertically integrated business model. Increases in sales and production volumes drive favorable absorption of fixed costs, improved manufacturing efficiencies and lower production costs. Gross margins may fluctuate from period to period depending on product mix and the level of capacity utilization.
Our Development gross profit varies with the type and terms of contracts, contract volume, project mix, changes in the estimated cost of projects at completion, and successful execution on projects during the period. Most of our Development contracts have historically been structured as cost plus fixed fee due to the technical complexity of the research and development services, but we also perform work under fixed price contracts where gross margin can change from period to period based on the estimated cost of the project at completion.
Seasonality
Our quarterly revenues can fluctuate with general economic trends, the timing of capital expenditures by our customers, holidays, and general economic trends. In addition, as is typical in our industry, we tend to recognize a larger percentage of our quarterly revenues in the last month of the quarter, which may impact our working capital trends.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our operating results as a percentage of revenues for the periods indicated (which may not add up due to rounding):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Revenue:
Products 74.6 % 79.6 % 76.3 %
Development 25.4 20.4 23.7
Total revenue 100.0 100.0 100.0
Cost of revenue:
Products 54.4 60.0 49.2
Development 23.6 19.0 22.2
Total cost of revenue 78.0 79.0 71.4
Gross profit 22.0 21.0 28.6
Operating expenses:
Research and development 22.0 22.2 20.3
Sales, general and administrative 21.8 19.9 19.5
Restructuring 0.4 1.6 -
Total operating expenses 44.2 43.8 39.8
Loss from operations (22.2) (22.8) (11.2)
Other income (expense):
Interest income (expense), net 0.5 0.2 (0.1)
Other income, net 1.3 0.1 0.1
Loss before income taxes (20.4) (22.4) (11.2)
Income tax expense (benefit) (0.5) 0.1 (0.1)
Net loss (19.9) % (22.5) % (11.1) %
Revenues by End Market
Our revenues by end market were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Change
2023 % of Revenue 2022 % of Revenue Amount %
Industrial $ 71,044 33.8 % $ 91,098 37.6 % $ (20,054) (22.0) %
Microfabrication 47,483 22.6 62,769 25.9 (15,286) (24.4)
Aerospace and Defense 91,394 43.6 88,191 36.4 3,203 3.6
$ 209,921 100.0 % $ 242,058 100.0 % $ (32,137) (13.3) %
Year Ended December 31, Change
2022 % of Revenue 2021 % of Revenue Amount %
Industrial $ 91,098 37.6 % $ 94,795 35.1 % $ (3,697) (3.9) %
Microfabrication 62,769 25.9 70,412 26.1 (7,643) (10.9)
Aerospace and Defense 88,191 36.4 104,939 38.8 (16,748) (16.0)
$ 242,058 100.0 % $ 270,146 100.0 % $ (28,088) (10.4) %
The decrease in Industrial and Microfabrication market revenue for 2023 compared to 2022 was the result of decreased unit sales across all regions due primarily to lower customer demand and deteriorating market
conditions. The increase in Aerospace and Defense market revenue in 2023 compared to 2022 was driven by new development contracts, offset partially by a decrease in product sales.
The decrease in Industrial and Microfabrication market revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by a decrease in unit sales in China, partially offset by an increase in unit sales outside of China. The closure of our Shanghai facility for approximately two months during the second quarter of 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on unit sales in China. The decrease in revenue from the Aerospace and Defense market for 2022 compared to 2021 was due to decreased activity on development contracts, and a decrease in product sales in the second half of 2022 due primarily to supply chain disruptions.
Revenues by Segment
Our revenues by segment were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Change
2023 % of Revenue 2022 % of Revenue Amount %
Laser Products $ 156,666 74.6 % $ 192,658 79.6 % $ (35,992) (18.7) %
Advanced Development 53,255 25.4 49,400 20.4 3,855 7.8
$ 209,921 100.0 % $ 242,058 100.0 % $ (32,137) (13.3) %
Year Ended December 31, Change
2022 % of Revenue 2021 % of Revenue Amount %
Laser Products $ 192,658 79.6 % $ 206,195 76.3 % $ (13,537) (6.6) %
Advanced Development 49,400 20.4 63,951 23.7 (14,551) (22.8)
$ 242,058 100.0 % $ 270,146 100.0 % $ (28,088) (10.4) %
The decrease in Laser Products revenue for 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to decreased units sales to the Industrial and Microfabrication markets as discussed above. The increase in Advanced Development revenue was driven by new development contracts. Most of our Advanced Development revenue in 2023 was generated from cost plus fixed fee development contracts, and all Advanced Development revenue is included in the Aerospace and Defense market.
The decrease in Laser Products revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by decreased units sales across each end market as discussed above. The decrease in Advanced Development revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to decreased activity on development contracts.
Revenues by Geographic Region
Our revenues by geographic region were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Change
2023 % of Revenue 2022 % of Revenue Amount %
North America $ 129,311 61.6 % $ 137,454 56.8 % $ (8,143) (5.9) %
China 11,890 5.7 21,287 8.8 (9,397) (44.1)
Rest of World 68,720 32.7 83,317 34.4 (14,597) (17.5)
$ 209,921 100.0 % $ 242,058 100.0 % $ (32,137) (13.3) %
Year Ended December 31, Change
2022 % of Revenue 2021 % of Revenue Amount %
North America $ 137,454 56.8 % $ 143,232 53.0 % $ (5,778) (4.0) %
China 21,287 8.8 55,446 20.5 (34,159) (61.6)
Rest of World 83,317 34.4 71,468 26.5 11,849 16.6
$ 242,058 100.0 % $ 270,146 100.0 % $ (28,088) (10.4) %
Geographic revenue information is based on the location to which we deliver our products and services.
The decrease in North America revenue for 2023 compared to 2022 was the result of decreased revenue from the Industrial and Microfabrication markets, partially offset by an increase in revenue from the Aerospace and Defense market. The decrease in China and Rest of World revenue for 2023 compared to 2022 was driven by decreases in revenue from the Industrial and Microfabrication markets as discussed above.
The decrease in North America revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to decreased revenue from the Aerospace and Defense market, partially offset by increased revenue from the Industrial market. The decrease in China revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was the result of decreased sales in the Industrial and Microfabrication markets, primarily as a result of deteriorating market conditions. The closure of our Shanghai facility for approximately two months during the second quarter of 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic also had a negative impact on 2022 sales in China. The increase in Rest of World revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was due to increased revenue from the Microfabrication and Industrial markets.
Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin
Cost of Laser Products revenue consists primarily of manufacturing materials, labor, shipping and handling costs, tariffs and manufacturing-related overhead. We order materials and supplies based on backlog and forecasted customer orders. We expense all warranty costs and inventory provisions as cost of revenues. Cost of Advanced Development revenue consists of materials, labor, subcontracting costs, an allocation of indirect costs including overhead and general and administrative.
Our gross profit and gross margin were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Laser Products Advanced Development Corporate and Other Total
Gross profit $ 44,891 $ 3,628 $ (2,406) $ 46,113
Gross margin 28.7 % 6.8 % NM* 22.0 %
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Laser Products Advanced Development Corporate and Other Total
Gross profit $ 50,063 $ 3,435 $ (2,677) $ 50,821
Gross margin 26.0 % 7.0 % NM* 21.0 %
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Laser Products Advanced Development Corporate and Other Total
Gross profit $ 75,833 $ 3,979 $ (2,505) $ 77,307
Gross margin 36.8 % 6.2 % NM* 28.6 %
*NM - Not meaningful.
The increase in Laser Products gross margin for 2023 compared to 2022 was driven by a decrease in direct labor and other variable manufacturing costs, and a decrease in manufacturing variances, partially offset by the impact of lower production volumes on fixed manufacturing costs due to the decrease in customer demand. Manufacturing variances in 2022 included inventory charges related to business restructuring and the discontinuation of certain product lines in the fourth quarter of 2022. The decrease in Advanced Development gross margin for 2023 compared to 2022 was not significant and was primarily the result of changes in the composition of research and development contracts.
The decrease in Laser Products gross margin for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by sales mix, decreased factory utilization, increased labor and material costs, and increased freight costs, partially offset by an increase in duty reclaim. In addition, Laser Products gross margin in 2022 was negatively impacted by inventory charges related to business restructuring and the discontinuation of certain product lines in the fourth quarter of 2022. The increase in Advanced Development gross margin for 2022 compared to 2021 was not significant and was primarily the result of changes in the mix of research and development contracts.
Operating Expenses
Our operating expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Research and Development
Year Ended December 31, Change
2023 2022 Amount %
Research and development $ 46,163 $ 53,773 $ (7,610) (14.2)
Year Ended December 31, Change
2022 2021 Amount %
Research and development $ 53,773 $ 54,814 $ (1,041) (1.9)
The decrease in research and development expense for 2023 compared to 2022 was due primarily to decreases in salary costs and project-related expenses, an increase in costs allocated from research and development to development projects, and a decrease in stock-based compensation of $1.8 million.
The decrease in research and development expense for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by a decrease in stock-based compensation of $1.8 million and a decrease in purchased intangible amortization of $1.2 million, partially offset by increases in salary costs and project-related expenses.
Sales, General and Administrative
Year Ended December 31, Change
2023 2022 Amount %
Sales, general, and administrative $ 45,899 $ 48,258 $ (2,359) (4.9)
Year Ended December 31, Change
2022 2021 Amount %
Sales, general, and administrative $ 48,258 $ 52,710 $ (4,452) (8.4)
The decrease in sales, general and administrative expense for 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to a decrease in salary costs and incentive compensation, and an increase in administrative costs allocated from sales, general and administrative to development projects, partially offset by an increase in stock-based compensation of $1.2 million.
The decrease in sales, general and administrative expense for 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to a decrease in stock-based compensation of $9.4 million, partially offset by increases in salary costs, professional service fees and facility expenses, and a decrease in administrative costs allocated from sales, general and
administrative to development projects. The decrease in stock-based compensation was the result of forfeitures and decreases in expected achievement related to performance-based stock awards.
Restructuring
Restructuring included the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Change
2023 2022 Amount %
Employee termination costs $ 737 $ 1,271 $ (534) (42.0) %
Write-off of long-lived assets - 2,566 (2,566) (100.0)
Other 79 55 24 43.6
$ 817 $ 3,892 $ (3,075) (79.0) %
We implemented a restructuring plan in the fourth quarter of 2023 which resulted in a reduction of headcount in China. During the fourth quarter of 2022, we implemented a restructuring plan which included headcount reductions in both the U.S. and China, and the write-down of certain in-process capital equipment projects related to production capacity that were never completed or placed into service.
Interest Income (Expense), net
Interest income (expense), net was as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Change
2023 2022 Amount %
Interest income, net $ 1,342 $ 529 $ 813 153.7
Year Ended December 31, Change
2022 2021 Amount %
Interest income (expense), net $ 529 $ (163) $ 692 424.5
The increase in net interest income for 2023 compared to 2022 was driven by an increase in marketable securities and interest rates. The increase in net interest income for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by increases in interest rates and the investment in marketable securities during the second quarter of 2022, as well as the payoff of our long-term debt in the third quarter of 2021.
Other Income, net
Year Ended December 31, Change
2023 2022 Amount %
Other income, net $ 2,776 $ 338 $ 2,438 721.3
Year Ended December 31, Change
2022 2021 Amount %
Other income, net $ 338 $ 336 $ 2 0.6
The increase in other income, net, in 2023 compared to 2022, was driven by realized gains on the sale of marketable securities. The change in other income, net, in 2022 compared to 2021 was not significant and consisted primarily of net realized and unrealized foreign exchange transactions resulting from currency rate fluctuations.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Year Ended December 31, Change
2023 2022 Amount %
Income tax expense (benefit) $ (978) $ 344 $ (1,322) (384.3)
Year Ended December 31, Change
2022 2021 Amount %
Income tax expense (benefit) $ 344 $ (375) $ 719 191.7
We record income tax expense for taxes in our foreign jurisdictions including Finland, Italy, Austria, and South Korea. While our tax expense is largely dependent on the geographic mix of earnings related to our foreign operations, we also record tax expense for uncertain tax positions taken and associated penalties and interest. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the extent to which a valuation allowance should be applied against our deferred tax assets. Due to the uncertainty with respect to their ultimate realizability in the United States and China, we continue to maintain a full valuation allowance in these jurisdictions as of December 31, 2023. Our effective tax rate may vary from period to period based on changes in estimated taxable income or loss by jurisdiction, changes to the valuation allowance, changes to U.S. federal, state or foreign tax laws, future expansion into areas with varying country, state, and local income tax rates and deductibility of certain costs and expenses by jurisdiction.
The income tax benefit for 2023 compared to the income tax expense for 2022 was driven by a discrete tax benefit related to expiring statutes of limitations of unrecognized tax positions recorded in the second quarter of 2023. The increase in income tax expense for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by a discrete tax benefit related to return to provision true ups and expiring statutes of limitations of unrecognized tax positions recorded in the second quarter of 2021.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities were $113.1 million and $108.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We had cash and cash equivalents of $53.5 million and $58.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and marketable securities of $59.7 million and $50.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, our principal uses of liquidity were to fund operating activities, acquire plant and equipment and tax payments related to stock award issuances. The primary source of cash was collections from customers.
We believe our existing sources of liquidity will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements may vary materially from period to period and will depend on many factors, including the timing and extent of spending on research and development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the continuing market acceptance of our products and ongoing investments to support the growth of our business. We may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services, technologies and intellectual property rights. From time to time, we may explore additional financing sources which could include equity, equity-linked and debt financing arrangements.
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 10,091 $ (14,542) $ (7,443)
Net cash used in investing activities (14,100) (72,381) (21,853)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (859) (1,306) 73,742
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 256 (477) (235)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ (4,612) $ (88,706) $ 44,211
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities
During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $10.1 million, which was the result of a $41.7 million net loss, offset by cash provided by working capital of $8.1 million and non-cash expenses totaling $43.7 million related primarily to depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation. Changes in working capital were driven by a $14.9 million decrease in inventory, partially offset by a $4.5 million decrease in accounts payable.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $14.5 million, which was the result of a $54.6 million net loss and use of cash for working capital of $8.2 million, offset partially by non-cash expenses totaling $48.3 million related primarily to depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation. Changes in working capital were driven by a $5.9 million decrease in accounts payable and a $4.6 million decrease in inventory due to a decrease in inventory purchasing.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $14.1 million, including the net purchase of $8.8 million of marketable securities and $5.3 million of capital expenditures related to investments in directed energy, manufacturing equipment and facilities.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in investing activities was $72.4 million, including the net purchase of $50.0 million of marketable securities and $21.4 million of capital expenditures related to investments in directed energy, manufacturing equipment and facilities.
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities
During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $0.9 million, which was primarily driven by $4.0 million of withholding tax payments related to the vesting of stock awards, partially offset by $3.1 million of proceeds from stock options exercises and employee stock plan purchases.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in financing activities was $1.3 million, which was primarily driven by $4.9 million of withholding tax payments related to the vesting of stock awards, partially offset by $3.6 million of proceeds from stock options exercises and employee stock plan purchases.
Credit Facilities
We have a $40.0 million revolving line of credit, or LOC, with Pacific Western Bank dated September 24, 2018, which is secured by our assets and expires September 24, 2024.
The LOC agreement contains restrictive and financial covenants and bears an unused credit fee of 0.20% on an annualized basis. The interest rate on the LOC is based on the Prime rate, minus a margin of 0.50% to 1.40% based on our liquidity levels. No amounts were outstanding under the LOC at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and we were in compliance with all covenants.
Contractual Obligations
The following table sets forth a summary of our significant contractual obligations to make future payments in cash as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
Payments Due by Year
2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total
Purchase commitments $ 33,979 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 33,979
Lease obligations 3,687 2,408 1,741 1,688 1,413 5,410 16,347
Total $ 37,666 $ 2,408 $ 1,741 $ 1,688 $ 1,413 $ 5,410 $ 50,326
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the
United States of America (GAAP). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of net revenue and expenses in the reporting period. Our accounting policies are fundamental to understanding our financial condition and results of operations reported in our financial statements and related disclosures. We have identified the following accounting policies as being critical because they require our management to make particularly difficult, subjective and/or complex judgments about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue upon transferring control of products and services and the amounts recognized reflect the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products and services. We consider customer purchase orders, which in some cases are governed by master sales agreements, to be the contracts with a customer. As part of our consideration of the contract, we evaluate certain factors, including the customer's ability to pay (or credit risk). For each contract, we consider the promise to transfer products, each of which is distinct, as the identified performance obligations.
We allocate the transaction price to each distinct product based on its relative standalone selling price. Master sales agreements or purchase orders from customers could include a single product or multiple products. Regardless, the contracted price with the customer is agreed to at the individual product level outlined in the customer contract or purchase order. We do not bundle prices; however, we do negotiate with customers on pricing for the same products based on a variety of factors (e.g., level of contractual volume). We have concluded that the prices negotiated with each individual customer are representative of the stand-alone selling price of the product.
We often receive orders with multiple delivery dates that may extend across several reporting periods. We allocate the transaction price of the contract to each delivery based on the product standalone selling price and invoice for each scheduled delivery upon shipment or delivery and recognize revenues for such delivery at the point when transfer of control has occurred. As scheduled delivery dates are generally within one year, under the optional exemption provided by ASC 606-10-50-14a revenues allocated to future shipments of partially completed contracts are not disclosed as performance obligations for point in time revenue. Further, the Company recognizes over time revenue as per ASC 606-10-55-18 (invoice practical expedient) for its cost plus contracts and, accordingly, elects not to disclose information related to those performance obligations under ASC 606-10-50-14b.
Rights of return generally are not included in customer contracts. Accordingly, product revenue is recognized upon transfer of control at shipment or delivery, as applicable. Rights of return are evaluated as they occur.
Revenues recognized at a point in time consist of sales of semiconductor lasers, fiber lasers, and certain defense and other products. Revenues recognized over time generally consist of development arrangements that are structured based on our costs incurred. Because control transfers over time, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. We generally use the cost-to-cost measure of progress for our contracts because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer. Billing under these arrangements generally occurs within one month after the work is completed.
Inventory Valuation
Inventory is stated at the lower of average cost (principally standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis) and net realizable value. Inventory includes raw materials and components that may be specialized in nature and subject to obsolescence. On a quarterly basis, we review inventory quantities on hand in comparison to our past consumption, recent purchases, and other factors to determine what inventory quantities, if any, may not be sellable. Based on this analysis, we write down the affected inventory value for estimated excess and obsolescence charges. At the point of loss recognition, a new, lower-cost basis for that inventory is established, and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis.
Inflation
We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the year ended December 31, 2023. If our costs become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Risk
As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $53.2 million and investments in marketable securities of $59.7 million with maturities of less than one year. The goals of our investment policy are liquidity and capital preservation. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. We believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our cash equivalents or marketable securities as a result of changes in interest rates due to the short-term nature of these assets.
We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with the borrowings under our loan facility. We have a $40.0 million revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2023, we had no outstanding principal amount under the revolving loan facility. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a per annum rate, depending on certain liquidity thresholds, ranging from the Prime rate minus 0.50% to 1.40%.
Foreign Currency Risk
Due to our international operations, a significant portion of our revenues, cost of revenues and operating expenses are denominated in currencies other than the USD, principally the Chinese RMB and the Euro. As a result, our international operations give rise to transactional market risk associated with exchange rate movements of the USD, the Chinese RMB and the Euro. We attempt to minimize these exposures by partially or fully offsetting foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities at our subsidiaries that operate in different functional currencies. The effectiveness of this strategy can be limited by the volume of underlying transactions at various subsidiaries and by our ability to accelerate or delay intercompany cash settlements. As a result, we are unable to completely offset the foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities.
At December 31, 2023, our foreign currency exposure was related to our net investment in our foreign subsidiaries. The potential loss in fair value resulting from a hypothetical 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates would be approximately $0.5 million. Foreign exchange rate gains or losses on foreign investments as of December 31, 2023 are reflected as a cumulative translation adjustment, net of tax, and do not affect our results of operations.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
nLIGHT, INC.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 35
Consolidated Balance Sheets 37
Consolidated Statements of Operations 38
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss 39
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity 40
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 41
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 42
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
nLIGHT, Inc.:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of nLIGHT, Inc. and subsidiaries (the
Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations,
comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended
December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have
audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria
established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring
Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects,
the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S.
generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects,
effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on criteria established in
Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining
effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control
over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial
Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and
an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public
accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and
are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws
and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we
plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial
statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal
control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of
material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing
procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence
regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included
evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as
evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over
financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the
risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of
internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance
regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting
includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail,
accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide
reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the
company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company;
and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use,
or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the
consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit
committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial
statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Excess and obsolete inventory
As discussed in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s inventories were $52.2
million as of December 31, 2023. The Company records its inventories at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. The Company records an adjustment to the cost basis of inventory when evidence exists
that the net realizable value of inventory is lower than its cost, which occurs when the Company has excess
and/or obsolete inventory. The Company’s model to estimate the excess and/or obsolete inventory is
based on an analysis of certain existing inventory quantities compared to past consumption and recent
purchases to determine what inventory quantities, if any, may not be sellable. Based on this analysis, the
Company writes down the affected inventory value for any estimated excess and/or obsolete inventory.
We identified the assessment of the value of certain excess and obsolete inventory as a critical audit
matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate the assumptions used to estimate future
consumption of certain inventory, including whether past consumption and recent purchases were
indicative of future consumption, due to the dynamic business environment the Company competes in,
which is characterized by rapid technology and product evolution.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated
the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s
excess and obsolete inventory process, including controls over the assumptions used to estimate future
consumption of inventory. We evaluated the assumptions used to estimate future consumption by: (1)
inquiring of relevant Company personnel in order to identify relevant changes to the Company’s business environment as it relates to key customers and product lines, and evaluating whether changes to key
customers or product lines were properly assessed by the Company in determining the value of excess and
obsolete inventory, (2) selecting a sample of inventory items and, for each sample selection, testing the
historical consumption and historical purchases and evaluating whether the historical data accurately
supported the Company’s assumptions regarding future consumption based on changes to the Company’s
business environment, and (3) performing a retrospective review of prior year inventory adjustments and
analyzing current year sales for identified excess and obsolete inventories to evaluate the Company’s
ability to accurately estimate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2003.
Portland, Oregon
February 26, 2024
nLIGHT, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands)
As of December 31,
2023 2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 53,210 $ 57,826
Marketable securities 59,672 50,391
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $315 and $290
39,585 37,913
Inventory 52,160 67,600
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 15,927 17,026
Total current assets 220,554 230,756
Restricted cash 256 252
Lease right-of-use assets 12,616 13,893
Property, plant and equipment, net 52,300 60,693
Intangible assets, net 1,652 4,041
Goodwill 12,399 12,376
Other assets, net 7,026 7,222
Total assets $ 306,803 $ 329,233
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 12,166 $ 17,507
Accrued liabilities 12,556 12,820
Deferred revenues 4,849 1,407
Current portion of lease liabilities 3,181 2,758
Total current liabilities 32,752 34,492
Non-current income taxes payable 5,391 6,699
Long-term lease liabilities 10,978 12,852
Other long-term liabilities 3,263 4,345
Total liabilities 52,384 58,388
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock - $0.0001 par value; 190,000 shares authorized, 47,266 and 45,629 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively
16 16
Additional paid-in capital 521,184 496,211
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (2,477) (2,748)
Accumulated deficit (264,304) (222,634)
Total stockholders’ equity 254,419 270,845
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 306,803 $ 329,233
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
nLIGHT, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Revenue:
Products $ 156,666 $ 192,658 $ 206,195
Development 53,255 49,400 63,951
Total revenue 209,921 242,058 270,146
Cost of revenue:
Products 114,181 145,272 132,867
Development 49,627 45,965 59,972
Total cost of revenue 163,808 191,237 192,839
Gross profit 46,113 50,821 77,307
Operating expenses:
Research and development 46,163 53,773 54,814
Sales, general, and administrative 45,899 48,258 52,710
Restructuring 817 3,892 -
Total operating expenses 92,879 105,923 107,524
Loss from operations (46,766) (55,102) (30,217)
Other income (expense):
Interest income (expense), net 1,342 529 (163)
Other income, net 2,776 338 336
Loss before income taxes (42,648) (54,235) (30,044)
Income tax expense (benefit) (978) 344 (375)
Net loss $ (41,670) $ (54,579) $ (29,669)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (0.90) $ (1.23) $ (0.70)
Shares used in per share calculations, basic and diluted 46,078 44,436 42,142
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
nLIGHT, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss
(In thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Net loss $ (41,670) $ (54,579) $ (29,669)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments (249) (2,555) (328)
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities 520 394 -
Comprehensive loss $ (41,399) $ (56,740) $ (29,997)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
nLIGHT, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
(In thousands)
Common stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive loss Accumulated deficit Total stockholders' equity
Shares Amount
Balance, December 31, 2020 39,793 $ 15 $ 358,544 $ (259) $ (138,386) $ 219,914
Net loss - - - - (29,669) (29,669)
Proceeds from follow-on offering, net of offering costs 2,537 - 82,354 - - 82,354
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options 896 - 1,145 - - 1,145
Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock awards and units, net of stock withheld for tax 952 - (10,606) - - (10,606)
Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan 70 - 1,603 - - 1,603
Stock-based compensation - - 37,720 - - 37,720
Cumulative translation adjustment, net of tax - - - (328) - (328)
Balance, December 31, 2021 44,248 15 470,760 (587) (168,055) 302,133
Net loss - - - - (54,579) (54,579)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options 585 1 1,197 - - 1,198
Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock awards and units, net of stock withheld for tax 705 - (4,861) - - (4,861)
Restricted stock awards forfeited in connection with transition agreement (140) - - - - -
Restricted stock awards adjusted in connection with performance achievement (10) - - - - -
Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan 241 - 2,358 - - 2,358
Stock-based compensation - - 26,757 - - 26,757
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities - - - 394 - 394
Cumulative translation adjustment, net of tax - - - (2,555) - (2,555)
Balance, December 31, 2022 45,629 16 496,211 (2,748) (222,634) 270,845
Net loss - - - - (41,670) (41,670)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options 428 - 640 - - 640
Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock awards and units, net of stock withheld for tax 946 - (3,968) - - (3,968)
Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan 263 - 2,469 - - 2,469
Stock-based compensation - - 25,832 - - 25,832
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities - - - 520 - 520
Cumulative translation adjustment, net of tax - - - (249) - (249)
Balance, December 31, 2023 47,266 $ 16 $ 521,184 $ (2,477) $ (264,304) $ 254,419
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
nLIGHT, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss $ (41,670) $ (54,579) $ (29,669)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation 12,401 11,085 9,179
Amortization 3,629 4,614 5,880
Reduction in carrying amount of right-of-use assets 1,269 3,000 3,253
Provision for losses on accounts receivable 27 4 (70)
Stock-based compensation 25,832 26,757 37,720
Deferred income taxes 7 4 37
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment 542 51 16
Non-cash restructuring charges - 2,758 -
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net (1,677) 2,757 (9,509)
Inventory 14,890 4,623 (18,994)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 1,109 (1,753) (3,630)
Other assets, net (1,156) (5,219) (570)
Accounts payable (4,503) (5,904) 3,463
Accrued and other long-term liabilities (1,336) (577) (199)
Deferred revenues 3,432 (208) (909)
Lease liabilities (1,449) (1,942) (2,934)
Non-current income taxes payable (1,256) (13) (507)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 10,091 (14,542) (7,443)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired - (664) (291)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment (5,339) (21,388) (19,317)
Acquisition of intangible assets and capitalization of patents - (332) (2,245)
Purchase of marketable securities (127,907) (99,985) -
Proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities 119,146 49,988 -
Net cash used in investing activities (14,100) (72,381) (21,853)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Principal payments on loans, including capital leases - - (428)
Payment of contingent consideration related to acquisition - - (326)
Proceeds from public offering, net of offering costs - - 82,354
Proceeds from employee stock plan purchases 2,469 2,358 1,603
Proceeds from stock option exercises 640 1,197 1,145
Tax payments related to stock award issuances (3,968) (4,861) (10,606)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (859) (1,306) 73,742
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 256 (477) (235)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (4,612) (88,706) 44,211
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period 58,078 146,784 102,573
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period $ 53,466 $ 58,078 $ 146,784
Supplemental disclosures:
Cash paid for interest $ 40 $ - $ 117
Cash paid for income taxes 256 442 526
Operating cash outflows from operating leases 3,850 3,925 3,513
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities 1,716 1,349 8,012
Accrued purchases of property, equipment and patents 745 207 2,522
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
nLIGHT, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of nLIGHT, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiaries Arbor Photonics, LLC, nLIGHT Cayman Ltd., nLIGHT Laser Technology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, nLIGHT Oy (Finland), nLIGHT Korea Inc., nLIGHT GmbH, nLIGHT DEFENSE Systems Inc. (fka Nutronics, Inc.), and nLIGHT Europe S.r.l. All intercompany balances have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to inventory valuation, allowances for doubtful accounts, warranty, sales return reserves and the recoverability of long-lived assets. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Revenue Recognition
See Note 2 for a detailed description of our revenue recognition policies.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents included $24.4 million and $32.3 million of highly liquid investments at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.
Inventory
See Note 7 for a detailed description of our inventory accounting policies.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Improvements and replacements are capitalized. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each asset, generally 2 to 12 years for property and equipment, and 30 years for buildings. Land is not depreciated.
Goodwill
Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price of an acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually and more frequently if material changes in events or circumstances arise. We perform an annual impairment review of goodwill in the fourth quarter of each year using either a qualitative assessment or a quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the qualitative assessment is selected and determines that the fair value of each reporting unit more likely than not exceeds its carrying value, no further assessment is necessary. If a quantitative test is determined necessary and an impairment is indicated, the impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. An impairment loss cannot exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. Based on qualitative assessments performed in fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, the fair values of the Laser Products and Advanced Development reporting units exceeded their carrying values, and no impairment charges were recorded. See Note 9 for additional information.
Intangible Assets
Definite-lived intangible assets consist of acquisition-related development programs, developed technology, and intellectual property. The intangible assets are being amortized using the straight-line method over periods of 2 to 5 years, which reflect the pattern in which economic benefits of the assets are expected to be realized. See Note 9 for additional information.
Other Assets
Other assets, net primarily consist of long-term accounts receivable, demonstration ("demo") assets and deposits.
Demo assets are equipment that is used for demonstration and other purposes with existing and prospective customers. Demo assets are recorded at cost and amortized over an estimated useful life of approximately two years.
Amortization expense related to demo assets was as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Amortization expense $ 1,150 $ 1,544 $ 1,979
Restructuring Charges
Restructuring charges in 2023 were comprised primarily of employee severance and in 2022 were comprised of employee severance and abandoned in-process capital equipment projects related to production capacity that were never placed into service.
The determination of when we accrue for employee termination benefits depends on whether the termination benefits are provided under a one-time benefit arrangement or under an on-going benefit arrangement. For restructuring charges recorded as an on-going benefit arrangement, a liability for post-employment benefits is recorded when payment is probable, the amount is reasonably estimable, and the obligation relates to rights that have vested or accumulated. For restructuring charges recorded as a one-time benefit arrangement, we recognize a liability for employee termination benefits when a plan of termination, approved by management and establishing the terms of the benefit arrangement, has been communicated to employees. The timing of the recognition of one-time employee termination benefits is dependent upon the period of time the employees are required to render service after communication. If employees are not required to render service in order to receive the termination benefits or if employees will not be retained to render service beyond the minimum legal notification period, a liability for the termination benefits is recognized at the communication date. In instances where employees will be retained to render service beyond the minimum legal notification period, the liability for employee termination benefits is measured initially at the communication date based on the fair value of the liability as of the termination date and is recognized ratably over the future service period. We continually evaluate the adequacy of the remaining liabilities under our restructuring initiatives.
We record charges related to long-lived assets to be abandoned when the assets cease to be used, and any inventory charges related to restructuring are classified as a cost of revenue.
Although we believe that these estimates accurately reflect the costs of our restructuring plans, actual results may differ, thereby requiring us to record additional provisions or reverse a portion of such provisions.
See Note 14 for additional information.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment, and intangibles subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. There was no impairment of long-lived assets recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
Leases
See Note 13 for a detailed description of our lease accounting policies.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development is defined as activities aimed at developing or significantly improving a product or a process or technique whether the product or process is intended for sale or use. A process also may be used internally as a part of a manufacturing activity. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
Stock-Based Compensation
We recognize compensation expense for stock-based awards on a straight-line basis based on the grant-date estimated fair values and requisite service period. The fair value of stock options is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, while the fair value of restricted stock units (RSU) and restricted stock awards (RSA) are measured based on the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. For RSUs and RSAs with performance conditions, compensation costs are also based on the probable outcome of achieving the specified performance conditions. The fair value of restricted stock awards based on certain market performance criteria is measured using the Monte Carlo simulation pricing model.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach under which deferred income taxes are provided based upon enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which taxes become payable.
We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely to be realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.
Translation of Foreign Currencies
Our international subsidiaries use their local currency as their functional currency. The financial statements of the international subsidiaries are translated to their U.S. dollar equivalents at end-of-period currency exchange rates for assets and liabilities and at average currency exchange rates for revenues and expenses. Translation adjustments are recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss within stockholders’ equity. Realized and unrealized foreign currency gains or losses, net are recorded in Other income, net within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Realized and unrealized foreign currency gains and losses were as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Realized foreign currency gain $ 1,169 $ (967) $ (294)
Unrealized foreign currency loss (1,140) 1,052 102
New Accounting Pronouncements
ASU 2023-07
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2023-09
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires enhanced jurisdictional and other disaggregated disclosures for the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. This ASU requires additional disclosures and, accordingly, we do not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Note 2 - Revenue
We recognize revenue upon transferring control of products and services and the amounts recognized reflect the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products and services. We consider customer purchase orders, which in some cases are governed by master sales agreements, to be the contracts with a customer. As part of our consideration of the contract, we evaluate certain factors, including the customer's ability to pay (or credit risk). For each contract, we consider the promise to transfer products, each of which is distinct, as the identified performance obligations.
We allocate the transaction price to each distinct product based on its relative standalone selling price. Master sales agreements or purchase orders from customers could include a single product or multiple products. Regardless, the contracted price with the customer is agreed to at the individual product level outlined in the customer contract or purchase order. We do not bundle prices; however, we do negotiate with customers on pricing for the same
products based on a variety of factors (e.g., level of contractual volume). We have concluded that the prices negotiated with each individual customer are representative of the stand-alone selling price of the product.
We often receive orders with multiple delivery dates that may extend across several reporting periods. We allocate the transaction price of the contract to each delivery based on the product standalone selling price and invoice for each scheduled delivery upon shipment or delivery and recognize revenues for such delivery at that point, when transfer of control has occurred. As scheduled delivery dates are generally within one year, under the optional exemption provided by ASC 606-10-50-14a, revenues allocated to future shipments of partially completed contracts are not disclosed as performance obligations for point in time revenue. Further, we recognize, over time, revenue as per ASC 606-10-55-18 (invoice practical expedient) for our cost plus contracts and, accordingly, elect not to disclose information related to those performance obligations under ASC 606-10-50-14b. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $30 million of performance obligations relating to firm fixed price contracts that did not qualify for the aforementioned disclosure exemptions. We expect to recognize more than 80% of these performance obligations by the end of 2024 and the remainder in 2025.
Rights of return generally are not included in customer contracts. Accordingly, product revenue is recognized upon transfer of control at shipment or delivery, as applicable. Rights of return are evaluated as they occur.
Revenues recognized at a point in time consist of sales of semiconductor lasers, fiber lasers and other related products. Revenues recognized over time generally consist of development arrangements that are structured based on our costs incurred. For long-term contracts, we estimate the total expected costs to complete the contract and recognize revenue based on the percentage of costs incurred at period end. Typically, revenue is recognized over time using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying our performance obligations. Incurred costs represent work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Contract costs include labor, materials, subcontractors costs, other direct costs, and indirect costs applicable on government and commercial contracts.
Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that may span several
years. These assumptions include labor productivity and availability, the complexity of the work to be performed, the cost and availability of materials, the performance of subcontractors, and the availability and timing of funding from the customer. Billing under these arrangements generally occurs within one month of the costs being incurred or as milestones are reached.
The following tables represent a disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers for the periods presented (in thousands):
Sales by End Market
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Industrial $ 71,044 $ 91,098 $ 94,795
Microfabrication 47,483 62,769 70,412
Aerospace and Defense 91,394 88,191 104,939
$ 209,921 $ 242,058 $ 270,146
Sales by Geography
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
North America $ 129,311 $ 137,454 $ 143,232
China 11,890 21,287 55,446
Rest of World 68,720 83,317 71,468
$ 209,921 $ 242,058 $ 270,146
Sales by Timing of Revenue
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Point in time $ 155,258 $ 183,005 $ 198,838
Over time 54,663 59,053 71,308
$ 209,921 $ 242,058 $ 270,146
Our contract assets and liabilities were as follows (in thousands):
Balance Sheet Classification As of December 31,
2023 2022 $ Change % Change
Contract assets Prepaid expenses and
other current assets $ 7,298 $ 10,377 $ (3,079) (30) %
Contract liabilities Deferred revenues and other long-term liabilities 6,368 2,455 3,913 159 %
Contract assets generally consist of revenue recognized on an over-time basis where revenue recognition has been met, but the amounts are subsequently billed and collected in a subsequent period. In our services contracts, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals, which is generally monthly, or upon the achievement of contractual milestones. Generally, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. However, we sometimes receive advances or deposits from our customers before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities recorded in deferred revenue on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Contract liabilities are not a significant financing component as they are generally utilized to pay for contract costs within a one-year period or are used to ensure the customer meets contractual requirements. These assets and liabilities are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. For our product revenue, we generally receive cash payments subsequent to satisfying the performance obligation via delivery of the product, resulting in billed accounts receivable. For our contracts, there are no significant gaps between the receipt of payment and the transfer of the associated goods and services to the customer for material amounts of consideration.
The changes in contract assets and liabilities primarily results from timing differences between revenue recognition and customer billings and/or payments. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized revenue of $1.5 million and $1.6 million, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balances at the beginning of the period as the performance obligations under the associated agreements were satisfied.
Note 3 - Concentrations of Credit and Other Risks
The following customer accounted for 10% or more of our revenues for the periods presented:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
U.S. Government* 18% 17% 22%
*Excludes sales to customers who sell our products and services exclusively to the U.S. Government
Financial instruments that potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of receivables from customers. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, two customers accounted for a total of 24% and 29%, respectively, of net customer receivables. No other customers accounted for 10% or more of net customer receivables at either date.
Note 4 - Accounts Receivable
Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is our best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in our existing accounts receivable. We determine the allowance based on historical write-off experience and knowledge of any applicable circumstances.
Activity related to the allowance for doubtful accounts was as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Allowance for doubtful accounts, beginning $ 290 $ 303 $ 367
Provision (benefit) for losses on accounts receivable 27 27 (4)
Write-offs, net (2) (40) (60)
Allowance for doubtful accounts, ending $ 315 $ 290 $ 303
Note 5 - Marketable Securities
Marketable securities consist primarily of highly liquid investments with original maturities of greater than 90 days when purchased. Our marketable securities are considered available-for-sale as they represent investments that are available to be sold for current operations. As such, they are included as current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Any unrealized gains and losses that are considered to be other-than-temporary are recorded in other income, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Realized gains and losses on the sale of marketable securities are determined using the specific-identification method and recorded in other income, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Realized gains were $2.4 million and unrealized gains were $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Realized gains were $0.2 million and unrealized gains were $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. These unrealized gains are considered temporary and are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.
See Note 6 for additional information.
Note 6 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of certain of our financial instruments, including cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities are shown at cost which approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair value of our term and revolving loans approximates the carrying value due to the variable market rate used to calculate interest payments.
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The standard describes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value which are the following:
•Level 1 Inputs: Observable inputs, such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.
•Level 2 Inputs: Observable inputs, other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
•Level 3 Inputs: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
Our financial instruments that are carried at fair value consist of Level 1 assets which include highly liquid investments and bank drafts classified as cash equivalents and marketable securities.
Our fair value hierarchy for our financial instruments was as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Cash Equivalents:
Money market securities $ 22,441 $ - $ - $ 22,441
Commercial paper 1,995 - - 1,995
24,436 - - 24,436
Marketable Securities:
U.S. treasuries 59,672 - - 59,672
Total $ 84,108 $ - $ - $ 84,108
December 31, 2022
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Cash Equivalents:
Money market securities $ 31,658 $ - $ - $ 31,658
Commercial paper 656 - - 656
32,314 - - 32,314
Marketable Securities:
U.S. treasuries 50,391 - - 50,391
Total $ 82,705 $ - $ - $ 82,705
Cash Equivalents
The fair value of cash equivalents is determined based on quoted market prices for similar or identical securities.
Marketable Securities
We classify our marketable securities as available-for-sale and value them utilizing a market approach that uses observable inputs without applying significant judgment.
Note 7 - Inventory
Inventory is stated at the lower of average cost (principally standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis) and net realizable value. Inventory includes raw materials and components that may be specialized in nature and subject to obsolescence. On a quarterly basis, we review inventory quantities on hand in comparison to our past consumption, recent purchases, and other factors to determine what inventory quantities, if any, may not be sellable. Based on this analysis, we write down the affected inventory value for estimated excess and obsolescence charges. At the point of loss recognition, a new, lower-cost basis for that inventory is established, and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis.
Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):
As of December 31,
2023 2022
Raw materials $ 23,426 $ 32,515
Work in process and semi-finished goods 19,640 19,056
Finished goods 9,094 16,029
$ 52,160 $ 67,600
Note 8 - Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):
Useful life As of December 31,
(years) 2023 2022
Automobiles 3 $ 109 $ 110
Computer hardware and software 3 - 5
9,145 8,712
Manufacturing and lab equipment 2 - 7
91,050 89,230
Office equipment and furniture 5 - 7
2,634 2,410
Leasehold and building improvements 2 - 12
31,988 30,675
Buildings 30 9,392 9,392
Land N/A 3,399 3,399
147,717 143,928
Accumulated depreciation (95,417) (83,235)
$ 52,300 $ 60,693
Note 9 - Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Intangible Assets
The details of definite lived intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):
Estimated useful life
(in years) As of December 31,
2023 2022
Patents 3 - 5
$ 6,345 $ 6,322
Development programs 2 - 4
7,200 7,200
Developed technology 5 2,959 2,930
16,504 16,452
Accumulated amortization (14,852) (12,411)
$ 1,652 $ 4,041
Amortization related to intangible assets was as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Amortization expense $ 2,410 $ 2,879 $ 3,891
Estimated amortization expense for future years is as follows (in thousands):
2024 $ 819
2025 484
2026 349
Thereafter -
$ 1,652
Goodwill
The carrying amount of goodwill by segment was as follows (in thousands):
Laser Products Advanced Development Totals
Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 2,172 $ 10,248 $ 12,420
Currency exchange rate adjustment (44) - (44)
Balance, December 31, 2022 2,128 10,248 12,376
Currency exchange rate adjustment 23 - 23
Balance, December 31, 2023 $ 2,151 $ 10,248 $ 12,399
Note 10 - Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
As of December 31,
2023 2022
Accrued payroll and benefits $ 7,898 $ 8,233
Product warranty, current 3,339 2,601
Other accrued expenses 1,319 1,986
$ 12,556 $ 12,820
Note 11 - Product Warranties
We provide warranties on certain products and record a liability for the estimated future costs associated with warranty claims at the time revenue is recognized. The warranty liability is based on historical experience, any specifically identified failures, and our estimate of future costs. The current portion of our product warranty liability is included in the accrued liabilities and the long-term portion is included in Other long-term liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Product warranty liability activity was as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022
Product warranty liability, beginning $ 5,441 $ 5,371
Warranty charges incurred, net (3,788) (1,490)
Provision for warranty charges, net of adjustments 2,816 1,560
Product warranty liability, ending 4,469 5,441
Less: current portion of product warranty liability (3,339) (2,601)
Non-current portion of product warranty liability $ 1,130 $ 2,840
Note 12 - Commitments and Contingencies
Leases
See Note 13.
Credit Facilities
We have a $40.0 million revolving line of credit (LOC) with Pacific Western Bank which is secured by our assets and expires in September 2024.
The LOC agreement contains restrictive and financial covenants and bears an unused credit fee of 0.20% on an annualized basis. The interest rate on the LOC is based on the Prime Rate, minus a margin based on our liquidity levels. No amounts were outstanding under the LOC at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and we were in compliance with all covenants.
Legal Matters
On March 25, 2022, Lumentum Operations LLC (Lumentum) filed a complaint against nLIGHT, Inc. and certain of its employees in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington. The complaint alleges that Lumentum is the partial or full owner of certain of our patents and requests corresponding relief from the court. We are vigorously defending against Lumentum's allegations. Loss in this matter is not probable nor reasonably estimable, and, as such, no loss contingency has been recorded.
From time to time, we may be subject to various other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. As of December 31, 2023, we believe these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Note 13 - Leases
We lease real estate space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements for commercial and industrial space. Facilities-related operating leases have remaining terms of 0.3 to 11.4 years, and some leases include options to extend up to 15 years. Other leases for automobiles, manufacturing and office and computer equipment have remaining lease terms of 0.2 to 4.8 years. These leases are primarily operating leases; financing leases are not material. We did not include any renewal options in our lease terms for calculating the lease liabilities as we are not reasonably certain we will exercise the options at this time. The weighted-average remaining lease term for the lease obligations was 7 years as of December 31, 2023, and the weighted-average discount rate was 3.8%.
The components of lease expense related to operating leases were as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Lease expense:
Operating lease expense $ 3,671 $ 3,865 $ 3,924
Short-term lease expense 472 573 525
Variable and other lease expense 1,020 872 741
$ 5,163 $ 5,310 $ 5,190
Future minimum payments under our non-cancelable lease obligations were as follows as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
2024 $ 3,687
2025 2,408
2026 1,741
2027 1,688
2028 1,413
Thereafter 5,410
Total minimum lease payments 16,347
Less: interest (2,188)
Present value of net minimum lease payments 14,159
Less: current portion of lease liabilities (3,181)
Total long-term lease liabilities $ 10,978
Note 14 - Restructuring
During the fourth quarter of 2023, we implemented a restructuring plan which included headcount reduction in China. During the fourth quarter of 2022, we implemented a restructuring plan which included headcount reductions in both the U.S. and China, and the write-down of in-process capital equipment projects related to production capacity that was never placed into service. Restructuring charges in 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022
Employee termination costs $ 737 $ 1,271
Write-down of long-lived assets - 2,566
Other 79 55
Total restructuring charges $ 817 $ 3,892
Restructuring accruals and payments in 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands):
Accrued restructuring charges at December 31, 2021 $ -
Restructuring charges 3,892
Cash payments (1,134)
Non-cash settlements (2,566)
Accrual at December 31, 2022 192
Restructuring charges 817
Cash payments (1,009)
Accrual at December 31, 2023 $ -
The restructuring accrual was included as a component of Accrued liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. All of the restructuring charges recorded in 2023 were attributable to the Laser Products segment. Approximately $3.8 million of the charges recorded in 2022 were attributable to the Laser Products segment, with the remaining $0.1 million attributable to the Advanced Development segment.
Note 15 - Income Taxes
Loss before income taxes was as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Domestic $ (46,602) $ (50,611) $ (33,940)
Foreign 3,954 (3,624) 3,896
Loss before income taxes $ (42,648) $ (54,235) $ (30,044)
The income tax provision (benefit) was as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Current tax expense (benefit):
State $ 53 $ 73 $ 70
Foreign (985) 264 (458)
Current tax expense (benefit) (932) 337 (388)
Deferred tax expense (benefit):
Foreign (46) 7 13
Deferred tax expense (benefit) (46) 7 13
Income tax expense (benefit) $ (978) $ 344 $ (375)
The income tax provision (benefit) differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% to the loss before income taxes as a result of the following differences (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Tax computed at federal statutory rate $ (8,956) $ (11,436) $ (6,309)
State tax, net of federal tax benefit (800) (842) (407)
Permanent items (364) (522) (333)
Stock-based compensation 1,923 4,005 (3,307)
Foreign dividends and unremitted earnings 104 (231) 78
Foreign rate differential 146 (360) 29
Rate change due to tax reform - - 918
Federal credits (988) (445) (993)
Tax contingencies, net of reversals (1,177) 256 838
Return to provision (429) (523) (1,123)
Expiration of net operating loss carryforwards 1,810 - -
Other 49 (324) (305)
Valuation allowance 7,704 10,766 10,539
Income tax expense (benefit) $ (978) $ 344 $ (375)
The income tax expense (benefit) recorded primarily relates to operations in China and Finland, which have income tax rates of 25% and 20%, respectively.
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards $ 39,714 $ 39,998 $ 35,585
Research and alternative minimum tax credits 7,822 6,658 6,535
Accrued expenses and other 4,365 4,999 7,020
Lease liabilities 2,854 3,270 3,525
Inventory 3,283 3,305 5,852
Property and equipment 387 293 -
Intangible assets 16,612 9,184 -
Total gross deferred tax assets 75,037 67,707 58,517
Less: valuation allowance (72,461) (64,796) (54,239)
Total deferred tax assets 2,576 2,911 4,278
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment - - (87)
Intangible assets - - (767)
Right-of-use assets (2,487) (2,869) (3,378)
Total deferred tax liabilities (2,487) (2,869) (4,232)
Net deferred tax assets $ 89 $ 42 $ 46
Net deferred tax assets are included in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
In evaluating our valuation allowance, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent financial performance. Due to uncertainty with respect to ultimate realizability of deferred tax assets, we have provided a full valuation allowance against the U.S. and China deferred tax assets. The net change in the total valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were increases of $7.7 million, $10.6 million and $10.6 million, respectively.
At December 31, 2023, we had U.S., China, and state net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards of $161.0 million, $14.5 million, and $43.2 million, respectively. These carryforwards will expire from 2024 to 2043 if not used by us to reduce taxable income in future periods. We have U.S. research and development credit carryforwards of $9.3 million. These carryforwards will begin to expire between 2024 and 2043 if not used by us to reduce income taxes payable in future periods.
Utilization of NOL carryforwards, credit carryforwards and certain deductions have been subject to annual limitations due to ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. We have had three "change in ownership" events that limit the utilization of NOL carryforwards, which occurred twice in August of 2000 and once in January of 2001, and resulted in NOL carryforward limitations totaling $528 thousand. Additional limitations on the use of these tax attributes could occur in the event of possible disputes arising in examination from various taxing authorities.
The following table presents a reconciliation of the changes in the unrecognized tax benefit (in thousands):
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 7,859
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year 661
Additions for tax positions of prior years 53
Reductions as a result of a lapse of applicable statute of limitations (250)
Other 112
Balance at December 31, 2021 8,435
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year 822
Reductions for tax positions of prior years (53)
Reductions as a result of a lapse of applicable statute of limitations (183)
Other (437)
Balance at December 31, 2022 8,584
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year 416
Reductions for tax positions of prior years (70)
Reductions as a result of a lapse of applicable statute of limitations (371)
Other (84)
Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 8,475
At December 31, 2023, we had $8.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and penalties). Of this amount, $2.8 million is recorded in non-current deferred tax liabilities and $5.7 million is recorded as an offset to non-current deferred tax assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The $5.7 million of unrecognized tax benefits in non-current deferred tax assets is entirely offset by a valuation allowance in both the U.S. and China. Of our unrecognized tax benefits, $2.8 million, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. At December 31, 2022, we had $8.6 million of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and penalties). Of this amount, $3.1 million was recorded in non-current income taxes payable and $5.5 million as an offset to non-current deferred tax assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. We do not expect a significant decrease to the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.
We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. We recognized a net increase (decrease) in penalties and interest during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, of $(1.0) million, $0.3 million, and $(0.3) million, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits were $0.9 million and $2.0 million, respectively.
At December 31, 2023, our tax years 2020 through 2023, 2019 through 2023, and 2013 through 2023, remain open for examination in the federal, state and foreign jurisdictions, respectively. However, to the extent allowed by law, the taxing authorities may have the right to examine prior periods where net operating losses and credits were generated and carried forward, and to make adjustments up to the net operating loss and credit carryforward amounts. We are not currently under federal, state, or foreign tax examination.
Note 16 - Stockholders' Equity and Stock-Based Compensation
Preferred Stock
We have authorized 5.0 million shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001, none of which is issued and outstanding.
Common Stock
Each share of common stock has the right to one vote. The holders of common stock are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when declared by the Board of Directors, subject to the prior rights of holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights as to dividends. No dividends have been declared or paid as of December 31, 2023.
Public Offering
In March 2021, we closed a follow-on public offering in which we issued and sold approximately 2.5 million shares of common stock (including approximately 0.3 million shares sold pursuant to the full exercise of the underwriters'
option to purchase additional shares) at an offering price of $34.00 per share, resulting in aggregate net proceeds to us of approximately $82.4 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering costs.
Common Stock Repurchase Plan
On November 14, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $10.0 million of our outstanding shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2023, no repurchases had been executed under the program.
Equity Incentive Plan
As of December 31, 2023, there were approximately 1.7 million shares available for issuance under our equity incentive plan. Common stock issued for awards will come from newly issued shares.
Restricted Stock Awards and Units
Restricted stock award (RSA) and restricted stock unit (RSU) activity under our equity incentive plan was as follows (in thousands, except weighted-average grant date fair values):
Number of Restricted Stock Awards Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
RSAs at December 31, 2022 332 $ 28.24
Awards granted (32) 33.66
Awards vested (167) 25.46
RSAs at December 31, 2023 133 30.44
Number of Restricted Stock Units Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
RSUs at December 31, 2022 2,784 $ 17.63
Awards granted 1,639 10.79
Awards vested (1,268) 17.96
Awards forfeited (338) 19.52
RSUs at December 31, 2023 2,817 13.27
The total fair value of RSAs and RSUs vested during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $4.3 million and $22.8 million, respectively. Awards outstanding as of December 31, 2023 include 0.8 million performance-based awards that will vest upon meeting certain performance criteria. Approximately 0.5 million total performance-based awards were granted in 2023. The awards vest based on a market metric called Total Shareholder Return ("TSR") for the performance period of three years relative to the TSR of companies in the Russell 2000 Index had a weighted average grant-date fair value of $14.21 per share using a Monte Carlo simulation pricing model.
Stock Options
The following table summarizes our stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands, except weighted-average exercise prices):
Number of Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, December 31, 2022 1,827 $1.29 3.4 $16,156
Options exercised (428) $1.50
Options canceled (1) $1.26
Outstanding, December 31, 2023 1,398 $1.24 2.5 $17,142
Options exercisable at December 31, 2023 1,398 $1.24 2.5 $17,142
Options vested as of December 31, 2023, and expected to vest after December 31, 2023 1,398 $1.24 2.5 $17,142
Total intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $4.2 million, $7.7 million and $27.1 million, respectively. We received proceeds of $0.6 million, $1.2 million and $1.1 million from the exercise of options for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Information related to activity under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) was as follows:
Year Ended
December 31, 2023
Shares issued (in thousands) 263
Weighted-average per share purchase price $ 9.40
Weighted-average per share discount from the fair value of our common stock on date of issuance $ 1.66
As of December 31, 2023, there were 4.1 million shares available for grant under the ESPP.
Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense was included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Cost of revenues $ 2,406 $ 2,677 $ 2,505
Research and development 9,866 11,675 13,433
Sales, general and administrative 13,560 12,405 21,782
$ 25,832 $ 26,757 $ 37,720
Unrecognized Compensation Costs
As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized stock-based compensation was $30.9 million, which will be recognized over an average expected recognition period of 1.8 years.
Note 17 - 401(k) Plan
We have a 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan and Trust (the Plan). Participation in the Plan is voluntary and is available to all employees. We may make discretionary matching or qualified non-elective contributions to the Plan. The match is recorded within the Cost of revenue and Operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and was as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
401(k) match $ 1,268 $ 1,323 $ 1,064
Note 18 - Segment Information
We operate in two reportable segments consisting of the Laser Products segment and the Advanced Development segment. The following table summarizes the operating results by reportable segment for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Laser Products Advanced Development Corporate and Other Totals
Revenue $ 156,666 $ 53,255 $ - $ 209,921
Gross profit $ 44,891 $ 3,628 $ (2,406) $ 46,113
Gross margin 28.7 % 6.8 % NM* 22.0 %
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Laser Products Advanced Development Corporate and Other Totals
Revenue $ 192,658 $ 49,400 $ - $ 242,058
Gross profit $ 50,063 $ 3,435 $ (2,677) $ 50,821
Gross margin 26.0 % 7.0 % NM* 21.0 %
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Laser Products Advanced Development Corporate and Other Totals
Revenue $ 206,195 $ 63,951 $ - $ 270,146
Gross profit $ 75,833 $ 3,979 $ (2,505) $ 77,307
Gross margin 36.8 % 6.2 % NM* 28.6 %
*NM = not meaningful
Corporate and Other is unallocated expenses related to stock-based compensation.
The geographic location of our long-lived assets, net, based on location of the assets, was as follows (in thousands):
As of December 31,
2023 2022
North America $ 73,070 $ 82,293
China 8,916 10,177
Rest of World 4,263 6,007
$ 86,249 $ 98,477
Note 19 - Net Loss per Share
Basic and diluted net loss and the number of shares used for basic and diluted net loss calculations were the same for all periods presented because we were in a loss position.
The following potentially dilutive securities were not included in the calculation of diluted shares as the effect would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Restricted stock units and awards 933 970 2,459
Common stock options 1,448 1,788 2,635
2,381 2,758 5,094

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, have evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures, in design and operation, were effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
None.
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel and consultants, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:
(i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of assets;
(ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with the authorization of our management and directors; and
(iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, which appears in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Internal Control
Control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control systems’ objectives are being met. Further, the design of any control systems must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of all controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Control systems can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based, in part, on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.
CEO and CFO Certifications
We have attached as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K the certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, which are required in accordance with the Exchange Act. We recommend that this Item 9A be read in conjunction with the certifications for a more complete understanding of the subject matter presented.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers
During our last fiscal quarter, the following officer, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408, as follows:
On December 15, 2023, Joseph Corso, our chief financial officer, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement providing for the sale from time to time of an aggregate of up to 76,199 shares of our common stock. The trading arrangement is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense in Rule 10b5-1(c). The duration of the trading arrangement is until March 18, 2025, or earlier if all transactions under the trading arrangement are completed.
During our last fiscal quarter, no other director or officer, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” each as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2023.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1) Financial Statements
We have filed the financial statements listed in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements as a part of this report.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules
Schedules have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable, or the required information is otherwise included.
(a)(3) Exhibits
The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference, in each case as indicated below.
Exhibit
Number Incorporated by Reference Filed
Herewith
Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date
3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant
10-Q 001-38462 3.1 May 25, 2018
3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant
10-Q 001-38462 3.2 May 5, 2023
4.1 Specimen Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant
S-1/A 333-224055 4.1 April 16, 2018
4.2 Description of the Registrant's Securities
10-K 001-38462 4.2 February 27, 2023
10.1 Form of Director and Executive Officer Indemnification Agreement
S-1/A 333-224055 10.1 April 16, 2018
10.2+ 2001 Stock Option Plan, as amended, and related form agreements
S-1 333-224055 10.2 March 30, 2018
10.3+ 2018 Equity Incentive Plan and related form agreements
S-1/A 333-224055 10.3 April 16, 2018
10.4+ 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and related form agreements
S-1/A 333-224055 10.4 April 16, 2018
10.5+ 2018 Equity Incentive Plan-Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement
8-K 001-38462 10.1 June 4, 2018
10.6+ 2018 Equity Incentive Plan-Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Performance-Based)
8-K 001-38462 10.2 June 4, 2018
10.7+ 2018 Equity Incentive Plan-Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based)
8-K 001-38462 10.3 June 4, 2018
10.8+ 2018 Equity Incentive Plan-Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based)
8-K 001-38462 10.1 July 8, 2022
10.9+ 2018 Executive Incentive Compensation Plan
S-1 333-224055 10.5 March 30, 2018
10.10+ Employment Agreement, dated March 29, 2018, by and between the registrant and Scott Keeney
S-1 333-224055 10.6 March 30, 2018
10.11+ Employment Agreement, dated March 29, 2018, by and between the registrant and Ran Bareket
S-1 333-224055 10.7 March 30, 2018
10.12+ Employment Agreement, dated August 31, 2020, by and between the registrant and Joseph Corso
10-K 001-38462 10.11 February 28, 2022
10.13 Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated March 28, 2018, by and between the registrant and Pacific Western Bank
S-1 333-224055 10.10 March 30, 2018
10.14 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated July 18, 2018, by and between the registrant and Pacific Western Bank
10-Q 001-38462 10.1 August 10, 2018
10.15 Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated September 24, 2018, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Pacific Western Bank
8-K 001-38462 10.1 September 27, 2018
10.16 First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated November 14, 2019, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Pacific Western Bank
8-K 001-38462 10.1 November 14, 2019
10.17 Second Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated May 27, 2021, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Pacific Western Bank
10-Q 003-38462
10.1 November 5, 2021
10.18 Third Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated September 24, 2021, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Pacific Western Bank
8-K 001-38462 10.1 September 28, 2021
10.19 Fourth Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated December 6, 2021, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Pacific Western Bank
10-K 001-38462 10.19 February 28, 2022
Exhibit
Number Incorporated by Reference Filed
Herewith
Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date
10.20 North Park Industrial Center Amended and Restated Lease Agreement, dated April 1, 2010, by and between the registrant and Dutton Aspen LLC (as successor in interest to Aspen North Park L.L.C.), as amended by the First Amendment to Lease, dated June 18, 2012 and the Second Amendment to Lease, dated August 1, 2016
S-1 333-224055 10.12 March 30, 2018
10.21 Lease Agreement, dated April 7, 2000, by and between the registrant and Juhani Leijamaa, as amended by the Lease Contract Extension dated March 21, 2016
S-1 333-224055 10.13 March 30, 2018
10.22 Lease Agreement, dated April 7, 2000, by and between the registrant and Hannele Saamio, as amended by the Lease Contract Extension, dated as of March 21, 2016
S-1 333-224055 10.14 March 30, 2018
10.23 Lease Agreement, dated July 3, 2014, by and between Nutronics, Inc. and Longmont Diagonal Investments, LP, as amended by the First Amendment to Lease, dated as of August 4, 2016, and the Second Amendment to Lease, dated as of November 2, 2016
10-K 001-38462 10.21 March 9, 2020
10.24 Purchase and Sale Agreement with Joint Closing Instructions between nLIGHT, Inc. and Sharp Electronics Corporation, dated March 13, 2020
8-K 001-38462 10.1 March 16, 2020
10.25 Third Amendment to Lease, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Dutton Aspen LLC, dated June 1, 2020
10-Q 001-38462 10.2 August 6, 2020
10.26
Third Amendment to Lease, by and between Nutronics, Inc. and GCC Longmont Holdings, Limited Partnership, dated July 1, 2020
10-Q 001-38462 10.3 August 6, 2020
10.27
Fourth Amendment to Lease, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Dutton Aspen LLC, effective June 2, 2020
10-Q 001-38462 10.2 November 6, 2020
10.28
Fourth Amendment to Lease, by and between Nutronics, Inc. and GCC Longmont Holdings, Limited Partnership, dated November 3, 2020
10-Q 001-38462 10.3 November 6, 2020
21.1 List of Subsidiaries of Registrant
X
23.1 Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
X
24.1 Power of Attorney (contained on signature page)
X
31.1 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
X
31.2 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
X
32.1* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
X
97.1 nLIGHT Inc. Compensation Recovery Policy
X
101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document) X
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document X
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. X
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document X
Exhibit
Number Incorporated by Reference Filed
Herewith
Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document X
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document X
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) X
+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
* The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K and will not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.