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Which is one of the most frequently studied cartilaginous fish?

manatees

whales

dolphins

sharks

Sharks are some of the most frequently studied cartilaginous fish. Sharks are distinguished by such features as:.

A vapor light produces visible light by what process?

Solar Energy

solutes

luminescent

electroluminescence

A vapor light produces visible light by electroluminescence. The bulb contains a small amount of solid sodium or mercury as well as a mixture of neon and argon gases. When an electric current passes through the gases, it causes the solid sodium or mercury to change to a gas and emit visible light. Sodium vapor lights, like these streetlights, produce yellowish light. Mercury vapor lights produce bluish light. Vapor lights are very bright and energy efficient. The bulbs are also long lasting.

What substance, which forms igneous rock, flows out in rivers of lava when it reaches the surface?

fertilizer

granite

soil

magma

The chemistry of a magma determines the type of igneous rock it forms. The chemistry also determines how the magma moves. Thicker magmas tend to stay below the surface or erupt explosively. When magma is fluid and runny, it often reaches the surface by flowing out in rivers of lava.

What do mammals have under the skin to help insulate the body?

cartilage

bone

nerve cells

a layer of fat

Conserving heat is also important, especially in small mammals. A small body has a relatively large surface area compared to its overall size. Because heat is lost from the surface of the body, small mammals lose a greater proportion of their body heat than large mammals. Mammals conserve body heat with their hair or fur. It traps a layer of warm air next to the skin. Most mammals can make their hair stand up from the skin, so it becomes an even better insulator (see Figure below ). Mammals also have a layer of fat under the skin to help insulate the body. This fatty layer is not found in other vertebrates.

Certain air pollutants form which liquid when dissolved in water droplets in the air?

citrus

water

base

acid

Acidity is an important factor for living things. For example, many plants grow best in soil that has a pH between 6 and 7. Fish may also need a pH between 6 and 7. Certain air pollutants form acids when dissolved in water droplets in the air. This results in acid fog and acid rain, which may have a pH of 4 or even lower. The pH chart in the Figure above and the Figure below reveal some of the adverse effects of acid fog and rain. Acid rain not only kills trees. It also lowers the pH of surface waters such as ponds and lakes. As a result, the water may become too acidic for fish and other water organisms to survive.

What element is the most abundant in the universe?

helium

oxygen

carbon

hydrogen

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. The sun and other stars are composed largely of hydrogen. Astronomers estimate that 90% of the atoms in the universe are hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen is a component of more compounds than any other element. Water is the most abundant compound of hydrogen found on earth. Hydrogen is an important part of petroleum, many minerals, cellulose and starch, sugar, fats, oils, alcohols, acids, and thousands of other substances. At ordinary temperatures, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonpoisonous gas consisting of the diatomic molecule H2. Hydrogen is composed of three isotopes, and unlike other elements, these isotopes have different names and chemical symbols: protium, 1H, deuterium, 2H (or “D”), and tritium 3H (or “T”). In a naturally occurring sample of hydrogen, there is one atom of deuterium for every 7000 H atoms and one atom of radioactive tritium for every 1018 H atoms. The chemical properties of the different isotopes are very similar because they have identical electron structures, but they differ in some physical properties because of their differing atomic masses. Elemental deuterium and tritium have lower vapor pressure than ordinary hydrogen. Consequently, when liquid hydrogen evaporates, the heavier isotopes are concentrated in the last portions to evaporate. Electrolysis of heavy water, D2O, yields deuterium. Most tritium originates from nuclear reactions.

Atoms of a given _______ are identical in size, mass, and other properties.

function

molecule

organism

element

Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.

Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone because it is what?

fibrous

amorphous

pliable

porous

Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone. This is because spongy bone is porous.

Animals are heterotrophs, which means that they cannot make their own what?

habitat

fuel

energy

food

Animals are a kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes. They cannot make their own food. Instead, they get nutrients by eating other living things. Therefore, animals are heterotrophs.

What is the electron domain geometry of ammonia?

neurons

membranes

atoms

tetrahedral

Another example of sp 3 hybridization occurs in the ammonia (NH 3 ) molecule. The electron domain geometry of ammonia is also tetrahedral, meaning that there are four groups of electrons around the central nitrogen atom. Unlike methane, however, one of those electron groups is a lone pair. The resulting molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal. Just as in the carbon atom, the hybridization process starts as a promotion of a 2s electron to a 2p orbital, followed by hybridization to form a set of four sp 3 hybrids. In this case, one of the hybrid orbitals already contains a pair of electrons, leaving only three half-filled orbitals available to form covalent bonds with three hydrogen atoms.

In humans, fertilization occurs soon after the oocyte leaves this?

testes

egg

placenta

ovary

Figure 43.18 In humans, fertilization occurs soon after the oocyte leaves the ovary. Implantation occurs eight or nine days later. (credit: Ed Uthman).

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, atp, and nadph are reactants in what process that plants use to produce food?

chlorophyll

glycolysis

absorbtion

photosynthesis

In photosynthesis, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are reactants. G3P and water are products. In photosynthesis, chlorophyll, water, and carbon dioxide are reactants. G3P and oxygen are products. In photosynthesis, water, carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are reactants. RuBP and oxygen are products. In photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide are reactants. G3P and oxygen are products.

What is the basic unit of the structure and function of living things?

nucleus

atom

molecule

cell

All forms of life are built of at least one cell. A cell is the basic unit of the structure and function of living things. Living things may appear very different from one another on the outside, but their cells are very similar. Compare the human cells on the left in Figure below and onion cells on the right in Figure below . How are they similar? If you click on the animation titled Inside a Cell at the link below, you can look inside a cell and see its internal structures. http://bio-alive. com/animations/cell-biology. htm.

The earth's gravitational force causes the moon to do what?

lose orbit

overlap the earth

change size

orbit the earth

= 2.72×10 −3 m/s. 2 The direction of the acceleration is toward the center of the Earth. Discussion The centripetal acceleration of the Moon found in (b) differs by less than 1% from the acceleration due to Earth’s gravity found in (a). This agreement is approximate because the Moon’s orbit is slightly elliptical, and Earth is not stationary (rather the Earth-Moon system rotates about its center of mass, which is located some 1700 km below Earth’s surface). The clear implication is that Earth’s gravitational force causes the Moon to orbit Earth.

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, what are the chemicals released by the axon called?

receptors

neurons

electrolytes

neurotransmitters

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases chemicals called neurotransmitters .

What do ecosystems absorb on the earth?

fuel

water

hydrogen

energy

Under what type of conditions can populations grow exponentially?

lush

pleasant

useful

ideal

Under ideal conditions, populations can grow exponentially. The growth rate increases as the population gets larger. Most populations do not live under ideal conditions and grow logistically instead. Density-dependent factors slow population growth as population size nears the carrying capacity.

Malonate plays what negative role on the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase?

receptor

catalyst

pathway

inhibitor

How many mass extinctions have occurred throughout earth's history?

three

six

four

five

Extinction is the complete dying out of a species. Once a species goes extinct, it can never return. More than 99 percent of all the species that ever lived on Earth have gone extinct. Five mass extinctions have occurred in Earth’s history. They were caused by major geologic and climatic events. The fifth mass extinction wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

What refers to the ability to change or move matter and is required by all life processes and living things?

enthalpy

fuel

gravity

energy

Energy is the ability to change or move matter. All life processes require energy, so all living things need energy.

In the grand canyon, the same rock layers are visible on opposite sides of the canyon and were deposited simultaneously, which is an example of what?

directly continuity

width continuity

bilateral continuity

lateral continuity

Look at the Grand Canyon in Figure below . It’s a good example of lateral continuity. You can clearly see the same rock layers on opposite sides of the canyon. The matching rock layers were deposited at the same time, so they are the same age.

What do we call the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum?

electricity

weight

radio

light

Earth is just a tiny speck in the universe. Our planet is surrounded by lots of space. Light travels across empty space. Astronomers can study light from stars to learn about the universe. Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum . Astronomers use the light that comes to us to gather information about the universe.

What type of crust is made of basalt lavas that flow onto the seafloor?

warm

exotic

endotopic

oceanic

There are two kinds of crust. Oceanic crust is made of basalt lavas that flow onto the seafloor. It is relatively thin, between 5 to 12 kilometers thick (3 - 8 miles). The rocks of the oceanic crust are denser (3.0 g/cm 3 ) than the rocks that make up the continents. Thick layers of mud cover much of the ocean floor.

Do changes to rocks happen quickly or slowly?

slowly then quickly

quickly then slowly

quickly

slowly

All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earth’s surface. Some changes happen above ground. These changes are all part of the rock cycle. The rock cycle describes each of the main types of rocks, how they form and how they change. Figure below shows how the three main rock types are related to each other. The arrows within the circle show how one type of rock may change to rock of another type. For example, igneous rock may break down into small pieces of sediment and become sedimentary rock. Igneous rock may be buried within the Earth and become metamorphic rock. Igneous rock may also change back to molten material and re-cool into a new igneous rock.

What is a large molecule with many repeating units?

plasma

cells

supermolecule

polymer

Starches are complex carbohydrates. They are polymers of glucose. A polymer is a large molecule that consists of many smaller, repeating molecules, called monomers. The monomers are joined together by covalent bonds. Starches contain hundreds of glucose monomers. Plants make starches to store extra glucose. Consumers get starches by eating plants. Common sources of starches in the human diet are pictured in the Figure below . Our digestive system breaks down starches to sugar, which our cells use for energy.

What absorbs, scatters, or reflects most incoming solar radiation in the atmosphere?

coulds and minerals

clouds and sand

ice and dust

clouds and dust

Small nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions called second messengers often play a role in what kind of pathways?

inhibiting

creating

creating

signaling

How do many mammals control their body temperature?

itching

dieting

homeostasis

sweating

The invention of the wheel is an example of what, which has the goal of solving human problems?

evolution

industry

concept

technology

Important new technologies such as the wheel have had a big impact on human society. Major advances in technology have influenced every aspect of life, including transportation, food production, manufacturing, communication, medicine, and the arts. That’s because technology has the goal of solving human problems, so new technologies usually make life better. They may make work easier, for example, or make people healthier. Sometimes, however, new technologies affect people in negative ways. For example, using a new product or process might cause human health problems or pollute the environment.

Prokaryotes can reproduce quickly by what?

residual fission

multiple fission

solar fission

binary fission

What is defined by its sequence of nucleotides?

amino acids

structural acids

proteins acids

nucleic acids

Like proteins, nucleic acids have a primary structure that is defined as the sequence of their nucleotides. Unlike proteins, which have 20 different kinds of amino acids, there are only 4 different kinds of nucleotides in nucleic acids. For amino acid sequences in proteins, the convention is to write the amino acids in order starting with the Nterminal amino acid. In writing nucleotide sequences for nucleic acids, the convention is to write the nucleotides (usually using the one-letter abbreviations for the bases, shown in Figure 19.5 "Structure of a Segment of DNA") starting with the nucleotide having a free phosphate group, which is known as the 5′ end, and indicate the nucleotides in order. For DNA, a lowercase d is often written in front of the sequence to indicate that the monomers are deoxyribonucleotides. The final nucleotide has a free OH group on the 3′ carbon atom and is called the 3′ end. The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA segment shown in Figure 19.5 "Structure of a Segment of DNA" would be written 5′-dGdT-dA-dC-3′, which is often further abbreviated to dGTAC or just GTAC.

What in roundworms is a partial body cavity filled with fluid?

spicule

abdomen

cocklebur

pseudocoelom

Ancestors of roundworms also evolved a pseudocoelom. This is a partial body cavity that is filled with fluid. It allows room for internal organs to develop. The fluid also cushions the internal organs. The pressure of the fluid within the cavity provides stiffness. It gives the body internal support, forming a hydrostatic skeleton. It explains why roundworms are round and flatworms are flat. Later, a true coelom evolved. This is a fluid-filled body cavity, completely enclosed by mesoderm. It lies between the digestive cavity and body wall (see Figure below ). Invertebrates with a true coelom include mollusks and annelids.

Which body system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients?

hormonal system

skeletal system

circulation system

digestive system

The digestive system is the body system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It also gets rid of solid food waste. The digestive system is mainly one long tube from the mouth to the anus, known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). The main organs of the digestive system include the esophagus, stomach and the intestine, and are pictured below ( Figure below ). The intestine is divided into the small and large intestine. The small intestine has three segments. The ileum is the longest segment of the small intestine, which is well over 10 feet long. The large intestine is about 5 feet long.

What disease is unpreventable in the type one form but may be prevented by diet if it is of the second type?

Cancer

Obesity

TB

diabetes

Type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases cannot be prevented. But choosing a healthy lifestyle can help prevent type 2 diabetes. Getting plenty of exercise, avoiding high-fat foods, and staying at a healthy weight can reduce the risk of developing this type of diabetes. This is especially important for people who have family members with the disease.

What do you call a chemical process used to treat water by destroying a contaminant?

carbon remediation

basic remediation

toxic remediation

chemical remediation

Chemical remediation can also treat water in the aquifer. A chemical is pumped into the aquifer. The chemical destroys the contaminant.

What occurs when excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the oceans to become acidic?

desalinization

ocean vaporization

acid rain

ocean acidification

Ocean acidification occurs when excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the oceans to become acidic. Burning fossil fuels has led to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide is then absorbed by the oceans, which lowers the pH of the water. Ocean acidification can kill corals and shellfish. It may also cause marine organisms to reproduce less, which could harm other organisms in the food chain. As a result, there also may be fewer marine organisms for humans to consume.

What kind of muscle is the heart mainly composed of?

nerve muscle

respiratory muscle

idealized muscle

cardiac muscle

To move blood through the heart, the cardiac muscle needs to contract in an organized way. Blood first enters the atria ( Figure below ). When the atria contract, blood is pushed into the ventricles. After the ventricles fill with blood, they contract, and blood is pushed out of the heart. The heart is mainly composed of cardiac muscle. These muscle cells contract in unison, causing the heart itself to contract and generating enough force to push the blood out.

Assume a molecule must cross the plasma membrane into what?

atom

circle

shell

cell

5. Assume a molecule must cross the plasma membrane into a cell. The molecule is a very large protein. How will it be transported into the cell? Explain your answer.

What branch of science explains much of what you observe and do in your daily life?

astronomy

temperature science

psychology

physical science

Physical science explains much of what you observe and do in your daily life. In fact, you depend on physical science for almost everything that makes modern life possible. You couldn’t drive a car, text message, or send a tweet without decades of advances in chemistry and physics. You wouldn’t even be able to turn on a light. Figure below shows some other examples of common activities that depend on advances in physical science. You’ll learn the "hows" and "whys" about them as you read the rest of this book.

Most of the energy used by living things comes either directly or indirectly from where?

earth

water

horizon

sun

Most of the energy used by living things comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight provides the energy for photosynthesis . This is the process in which plants and certain other organisms (see Figure below ) synthesize glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). The process uses carbon dioxide and water and also produces oxygen. The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis is:.

When present in large volumes, what color hue can water emit?

yellow

white

pink

blue

Water is truly an amazing substance. It can exist in all three states under normal pressures and temperatures. At room temperature, it is a tasteless, odorless, colorless liquid, although it exhibits a blue hue when present in large volumes. Approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water. For a small molecule, water molecules are highly attracted to one another, due to particularly strong hydrogen bonds. This leads to a number of properties, such as a relatively high surface tension. Unlike most other substances, water expands when it freezes. Water is also able to absorb relatively large amounts of heat with only minimal changes in temperature. This can be seen on a small scale, such as the coolant in your car, or on a larger scale, such as the more moderate climates in coastal areas. The water in the oceans acts as a tremendous heat sink, which influences global weather patterns. The clouds that form above lakes and oceans originate from the evaporation of lake and ocean water. They are byproducts of water’s thermal regulating capacity. Additionally, water is not only found here on Earth; scientists have found evidence of water on a number of extraterrestrial planets. In this lesson, we are going to take a look at this unique and important substance.

What prevents new ovarian follicles from developing and suppresses uterine contractility?

estrogen

germination

glucose

progesterone

28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth Hormones (especially estrogens, progesterone, and hCG) secreted by the corpus luteum and later by the placenta are responsible for most of the changes experienced during pregnancy. Estrogen maintains the pregnancy, promotes fetal viability, and stimulates tissue growth in the mother and developing fetus. Progesterone prevents new ovarian follicles from developing and suppresses uterine contractility. Pregnancy weight gain primarily occurs in the breasts and abdominal region. Nausea, heartburn, and frequent urination are common during pregnancy. Maternal blood volume increases by 30 percent during pregnancy and respiratory minute volume increases by 50 percent. The skin may develop stretch marks and melanin production may increase.

What type of bombs put a much larger fraction of their output into thermal energy than do conventional bombs?

TNT

dense bombs

dirty bombs

nuclear

The energy yield and the types of energy produced by nuclear bombs can be varied. Energy yields in current arsenals range from about 0.1 kT to 20 MT, although the Soviets once detonated a 67 MT device. Nuclear bombs differ from conventional explosives in more than size. Figure 32.34 shows the approximate fraction of energy output in various forms for conventional explosives and for two types of nuclear bombs. Nuclear bombs put a much larger fraction of their output into thermal energy than do conventional bombs, which tend to concentrate the energy in blast. Another difference is the immediate and residual radiation energy from nuclear weapons. This can be adjusted to put more energy into radiation (the so-called neutron bomb) so that the bomb can be used to irradiate advancing troops without killing friendly troops with blast and heat.

The majority of elements, including iron and copper, are of what type?

minerals

oils

acids

metals

There are almost 120 known elements. As you can see from Figure below , the majority of elements are metals. Examples of metals are iron (Fe) and copper (Cu). Metals are shiny and good conductors of electricity and heat. Nonmetal elements are far fewer in number. They include hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). They lack the properties of metals.

What happens to water vapor as it rises?

it disperses

it warms

it vibrates

it cools

The image below shows the role of the atmosphere in the water cycle ( Figure below ). Water vapor rises from Earth’s surface into the atmosphere. As it rises, it cools. The water vapor may then condense into water droplets and form clouds. If enough water droplets collect in clouds, they may come together to form droplets. The droplets will fall as rain. This how freshwater gets from the atmosphere back to Earth's surface.

Prophase is preceded by a preprophase stage in what type of cells?

egg cells

brain cells

hair and nail cells

plant cells

As plant cells have some structural differences compared to an animal cell, an additional stage prior to prophase is necessary. In plant cells only, prophase is preceded by a preprophase stage. Plant cells have a large central vacuole encompassing the center of the cell. Prior to the division of the nucleus, the nucleus must migrate to the center of the plant cell. To accomplish this, the cell forms a phragmosome , a sheet of cytoplasm that bisects the middle of the cell. The phragmosome suspends the cell nucleus in the center of the cell in preparation for prophase. Additionally, during this phase the plane of cell division is established. The accurate control of division planes, which establishes the placement of the future cell wall, is crucial for the correct structure of plant tissues and organs.

The bilaterians are divided into deuterostomes and what else?

gymnosperms

protozoa

progestins

protostomes

What is it called when birds keep their eggs warm while the embryos inside develop?

fertilization

insulation

spawning

incubation

After birds lay their eggs, they generally keep the eggs warm with their body heat while the embryos inside continue to develop. This is called incubation, or brooding . In most species, parents stay together for at least the length of the breeding season. In some species, they stay together for life. By staying together, the males as well as females can incubate the eggs and later care for the hatchlings . Birds are the only nonhuman vertebrates with this level of male parental involvement.

What leaves behind crescent-shaped scars on a hillside and may be caused by a layer of slippery, wet clay underneath the rock and soil on a hillside?

shearing

creep

slide

slump

Slump is the sudden movement of large blocks of rock and soil down a slope. You can see how it happens in Figure below . All the material moves together in big chunks. Slump may be caused by a layer of slippery, wet clay underneath the rock and soil on a hillside. Or it may occur when a river undercuts a slope. Slump leaves behind crescent-shaped scars on the hillside.

What is the organ system that brings oxygen into the body and releases carbon dioxide?

kidneys

liver

brain

lungs

organ system that brings oxygen into the body and releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

What is the union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia known as?

xerophyte

plasmology

spirogyra

plasmogamy

How many chambers are there in a bird's heart?

5

1

3

4

Birds have a relatively large, four-chambered heart. The heart beats rapidly to keep oxygenated blood flowing to muscles and other tissues. Hummingbirds have the fastest heart rate at up to 1,200 times per minute. That’s almost 20 times faster than the human resting heart rate!.

The ladybug and the frog both start as eggs and go through what process?

proboscis

transition

parthenogenesis

metamorphosis

What formula shows only the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule?

nucleus formula

plasma formula

atomic formula

molecular formula

We use several kinds of formulas to describe organic compounds. A molecular formula shows only the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula C4H10 tells us there are 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms in a molecule, but it doesn’t distinguish between butane and isobutane. A structural formula shows all the carbon and hydrogen atoms and the bonds attaching them. Thus, structural formulas identify the specific isomers by showing the order of attachment of the various atoms. Unfortunately, structural formulas are difficult to type/write and take up a lot of space. Chemists often use condensed structural formulas to alleviate these problems. The condensed formulas show hydrogen atoms right next to the carbon atoms to which they are attached, as illustrated for butane:.

In multicellular organisms, essential biological functions are carried out by what?

molecules

atoms

cells

organs

Fahrenheit, celsius, and kelvin are all units which measure what?

precipitation

brightness

radiation

temperature

There are three temperature scales that are commonly used. Their units are °F (degrees Fahrenheit), °C (degrees Celsius), and K (Kelvin).

Many plants respond to the days growing shorter in the fall by doing what?

growing faster

turning to liquid

migrating

going dormant

Many plants respond to the days growing shorter in the fall by going dormant. They suspend growth and development in order to survive the extreme coldness and dryness of winter. Part of this response causes the leaves of many trees to change color and then fall off (see Figure below ). Dormancy ensures that plants will grow and produce seeds only when conditions are favorable.

What are the smallest particles of matter?

electrons

ions

molecules

atoms

All substances are made of atoms. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter. They cannot be divided into smaller particles. They also cannot be created or destroyed.

How do animals obtain nitrogen?

eating plants or bugs

eating plants or sediments

eating plants other animals

eating plants or organisms

Bacteria play important roles in the nitrogen cycle. They change nitrogen gas and products of decomposition into nitrates, which plants can assimilate. Animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants or other organisms. Still other bacteria return nitrogen gas to the atmosphere.

Hydrophilic molecules generally avoid what other kinds of molecules?

neutral

aqueous

lipophilic

hydrophobic

Hydrophobic molecules “like” to be near other hydrophobic molecules. They “fear” being near hydrophilic molecules. The opposite is true of hydrophilic molecules. They “like” to be near other hydrophilic molecules. They “fear” being near hydrophobic molecules. These “likes” and “fears” explain why some molecules can pass through the cell membrane while others cannot.

Where do t cells mature?

pituitary gland

liver

bone marrow

thymus gland

Both types of lymphocytes are produced in the red bone marrow. They are named for the sites where they grow larger. The "B" in B cells stands for “bone. ” B cells grow larger in red bone marrow. The "T" in T cells stands for “thymus. ” T cells mature in the thymus gland.

The name of a simple covalent compound can be determined from its chemical this?

map

models

configuration

formula

The name of a simple covalent compound can be determined from its chemical formula.

Asteroids are not geologically active. which is the only way they can change?

expansion

propulsion

combustion

a collision

Asteroids are very small, irregularly shaped, rocky bodies. Asteroids orbit the Sun, but they are more like giant rocks than planets. Since they are small, they do not have enough gravity to become round. They are too small to have an atmosphere. With no internal heat, they are not geologically active. An asteroid can only change due to a collision. A collision may cause the asteroid to break up. It may create craters on the asteroid’s surface. An asteroid may strike a planet if it comes near enough to be pulled in by its gravity. Figure below shows a typical asteroid.

What term describes reproducing by external fertilization after the female sheds large numbers of small eggs?

homozygous

glandular

glaucous

oviparous

Solid carbon dioxide is called what?

blue ice

carbohydrate

liquid nitrogen

dry ice

Solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice because it does not pass through the liquid phase. Instead, it does directly to the gas phase. (Carbon dioxide can exist as liquid but only under high pressure. ) Dry ice has many practical uses, including the long-term preservation of medical samples.

While ecosystems need a constant input of energy for their organisms, what do ecosystems recycle?

food

water

light

matter

Ecosystems need a constant input of energy for their organisms, but matter is recycled through ecosystems.

Most mercury compounds decompose when they are?

cooled

mixed

filled

heated

Most mercury compounds decompose when heated. Most mercury compounds contain mercury with a 2+-oxidation state. When there is a large excess of mercury, it is possible to form compounds containing the Hg 2 2+ ion. All mercury compounds are toxic, and it is necessary to exercise great care in their synthesis.

Animal behavior can be said to be controlled by genetics and experiences, also known as nature and what?

interaction

growth

evolution

nurture

In reality, most animal behaviors are not controlled by nature or nurture. Instead, they are influenced by both nature and nurture. In dogs, for example, the tendency to behave toward other dogs in a certain way is probably controlled by genes. However, the normal behaviors can’t develop in an environment that lacks other dogs. A puppy raised in isolation from other dogs may never develop the normal behaviors. It may always fear other dogs or act aggressively toward them.

The first two electrons in lithium fill the 1s orbital and have the same sets of four what as the two electrons in helium?

kinetic numbers

decay numbers

gravity numbers

quantum numbers

The n = 1 shell is completely filled in a helium atom. The next atom is the alkali metal lithium with an atomic number of 3. The first two electrons in lithium fill the 1s orbital and have the same sets of four quantum numbers as the two electrons in helium. The remaining electron must occupy the orbital of next lowest energy, the 2s orbital (Figure 6.27 or Figure 6.28). Thus, the electron configuration and orbital diagram of lithium are:.

What allows some things to enter the cell while keeping other things out?

cell vacuum

cell substrate

cell center

cell membrane

This window screen has a fly on it. In a way, the window screen is like a cell membrane. It lets some things pass through while keeping other things out. Air molecules and raindrops can pass through the screen, but larger objects like the fly cannot. In the first lesson of this chapter, you'll learn about different ways that substances can pass through the cell membrane. You'll find out how the cell membrane lets some substances pass through while keeping other substances out.

What is the term for something changing from water to ice?

melting

evaporation

boiling

freezing

What is an individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets called?

diploid

autotrophs

autosome

polyploid

In an individual carrying an abnormal number of X chromosomes, cellular mechanisms will inactivate all but one X in each of her cells. As a result, X-chromosomal abnormalities are typically associated with mild mental and physical defects, as well as sterility. If the X chromosome is absent altogether, the individual will not develop. Several errors in sex chromosome number have been characterized. Individuals with three X chromosomes, called triplo-X, appear female but express developmental delays and reduced fertility. The XXY chromosome complement, corresponding to one type of Klinefelter syndrome, corresponds to male individuals with small testes, enlarged breasts, and reduced body hair. The extra X chromosome undergoes inactivation to compensate for the excess genetic dosage. Turner syndrome, characterized as an X0 chromosome complement (i. , only a single sex chromosome), corresponds to a female individual with short stature, webbed skin in the neck region, hearing and cardiac impairments, and sterility. An individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets (two for diploid species) is called polyploid. For instance, fertilization of an abnormal diploid egg with a normal haploid sperm would yield a triploid zygote. Polyploid animals are extremely rare, with only a few examples among the flatworms, crustaceans, amphibians, fish, and lizards. Triploid animals are sterile because meiosis cannot proceed normally with an odd number of chromosome sets. In contrast, polyploidy is very common in the plant kingdom, and polyploid plants tend to be larger and more robust than euploids of their species.

Most of the fresh water on earth is tied up in a solid form. what are they called?

oceans

sediments

lakes

glaciers

Most of Earth’s water is salt water in the oceans. As Figure below shows, only 3 percent of Earth’s water is fresh. Freshwater is water that contains little or no dissolved salt. Most freshwater is frozen in ice caps and glaciers. Glaciers cover the peaks of some tall mountains. For example, the Cascades Mountains in North America and the Alps Mountains in Europe are capped with ice. Ice caps cover vast areas of Antarctica and Greenland. Chunks of ice frequently break off ice caps. They form icebergs that float in the oceans.

What takes place where septa is found?

forming of muscle tissue

forming of stem cells

forming of brain cells

forming of reproductive cells

Hertz proved that what type of waves travel at the speed of light?

tsunamis

sound

seismic

electromagnetic

Hertz also studied the reflection, refraction, and interference patterns of the electromagnetic waves he generated, verifying their wave character. He was able to determine wavelength from the interference patterns, and knowing their frequency, he could calculate the propagation speed using the equation υ = fλ (velocity—or speed—equals frequency times wavelength). Hertz was thus able to prove that electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. The SI unit for frequency, the hertz ( 1 Hz = 1 cycle/sec ), is named in his honor.

Specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells determine what, which is important in cases of transfusion?

blood form

blood count

blood amount

blood type

Specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type. The best-known blood types are ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood types. Blood type is important in cases of blood transfusion. A patient must receive blood of his or her own blood type to avoid clumping of red blood cells.

Where do extrusive igneous rocks cool at?

in water

underground

in volcanoes

surface

Extrusive igneous rocks cool at the surface. Volcanoes are one type of feature that forms from extrusive rocks. Several other interesting landforms are also extrusive features. Intrusive igneous rocks cool below the surface. These rocks do not always remain hidden. Rocks that formed in the crust are exposed when the rock and sediment that covers them is eroded away.

What is citrate an ionized form of?

hydrochloric acid

carbonic acid

protein

citric acid

What functions in removing phosphorylated amino acids from proteins?

peptide

sucrose

carbonate

phosphatase

What is the function of a phosphatase? a. A phosphatase removes phosphorylated amino acids from proteins. A phosphatase removes the phosphate group from phosphorylated amino acid residues in a protein. A phosphatase phosphorylates serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. A phosphatase degrades second messengers in the cell. How does NF-κB induce gene expression? a. A small, hydrophobic ligand binds to NF-κB, activating it. Phosphorylation of the inhibitor Iκ-B dissociates the complex between it and NF-κB, and allows NF-κB to enter the nucleus and stimulate transcription. NF-κB is phosphorylated and is then free to enter the nucleus and bind DNA. NF-κB is a kinase that phosphorylates a transcription factor that binds DNA and promotes protein production. Apoptosis can occur in a cell when the cell is ________________. damaged b. no longer needed c. infected by a virus d. all of the above 14. What is the effect of an inhibitor binding an enzyme? a.

The hypothalamus in vertebrates integrates what two systems?

connectors and nervous

Pathway and nervous

marrow and nervous

endocrine and nervous

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis The hypothalamus in vertebrates integrates the endocrine and nervous systems. The hypothalamus is an endocrine organ located in the diencephalon of the brain. It receives input from the body and other brain areas and initiates endocrine responses to environmental changes. The hypothalamus acts as an endocrine organ, synthesizing hormones and transporting them along axons to the posterior pituitary gland. It synthesizes and secretes regulatory hormones that control the endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus contains autonomic centers that control endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla via neuronal control. The pituitary gland, sometimes called the hypophysis or “master gland” is located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica, a groove of the sphenoid bone of the skull, illustrated in Figure 37.15. It is attached to the hypothalamus via a stalk called the pituitary stalk (or infundibulum). The anterior portion of the pituitary gland is regulated by releasing or release-inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and the posterior pituitary receives signals via neurosecretory cells to release hormones produced by the hypothalamus. The pituitary has two distinct regions—the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary—which between them secrete nine different peptide or protein hormones. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contains axons of the hypothalamic neurons.

What type of biomes have water containing little or no salt?

marine biomes

coastal biomes

aquatic biomes

freshwater biomes

Freshwater biomes have water that contains little or no salt. They include standing and running freshwater biomes. Standing freshwater biomes include ponds and lakes. Lakes are generally bigger and deeper than ponds. Some of the water in lakes is in the aphotic zone where there is too little sunlight for photosynthesis. Plankton and plants (such as the duckweed in Figure below ) are the primary producers in standing freshwater biomes.

Electricity consists of a constant stream of what tiny particles?

ions

atoms

quarks

electrons

You probably know that the wires strung between these high towers carry electricity. But do you know what electricity is? It actually consists of a constant stream of tiny particles called electrons. Electrons are negatively charged fundamental particles inside atoms. Atoms were discovered around 1800, but almost 100 years went by before electrons were discovered.

What is a solution with a ph lower than 7 called?

dioxide

basic

neutral

acid

If a solution has a higher concentration of hydronium ions than pure water, it has a pH lower than 7. A solution with a pH lower than 7 is called an acid . As the hydronium ion concentration increases, the pH value decreases. Therefore, the more acidic a solution is, the lower its pH value is. Did you ever taste vinegar? Like other acids, it tastes sour. Stronger acids can be harmful to organisms. For example, stomach acid would eat through the stomach if it were not lined with a layer of mucus. Strong acids can also damage materials, even hard materials such as glass.

Which division of the peripheral nervous system interprets signals, while the motor division sends signals?

automatic

kinetic

olfactory

sensory

Laura Guerin. The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system interprets signals, while the motor division sends signals . CC BY-NC 3.0.

What record provides evidence that new species develop to fill the habitats where old species lived following a mass extinction?

climate record

fossil fuels

erosion record

fossil record

After each mass extinction, new species develop to fill the habitats where old species lived. This is well documented in the fossil record.

What is the process of filtering waste from the kidneys?

inflammation

virus

stones

dialysis

Kidney dialysis is the process of filtering wastes from the blood using a machine.

The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom is called?

fission energy

vapor energy

potential energy

ionization energy

Summary The tendency of an element to lose or gain electrons is one of the most important factors in determining the kind of compounds it forms. Periodic behavior is most evident for ionization energy (I), the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom. The energy required to remove successive electrons from an atom increases steadily, with a substantial increase occurring with the removal of an electron from a filled inner shell. Consequently, only valence electrons can be removed in chemical reactions, leaving the filled inner shell intact. Ionization energies explain the common oxidation states observed for the elements. Ionization energies increase diagonally from the lower left of the periodic table to the upper right. Minor deviations from this trend can be explained in terms of particularly stable electronic configurations, called pseudo noble gas configurations, in either the parent atom or the resulting.

The four basic types of tissue are epithelial, muscle, connective, and what?

circulatory

regulatory

digestive

nervous

A tissue is a group of connected cells that have a similar function within an organism. More complex organisms such as jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones have a tissue level of organization. For example, jellyfish have tissues that have separate protective, digestive, and sensory functions. Though most animals have many different types of cells, they only have four basic types of tissue: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial.

What theory states that all matter consists of constantly moving particles?

Big Bang theory

inertia theory

conservtion of matter

kinetic theory of matter

The particles that make up matter are also constantly moving. They have kinetic energy. The theory that all matter consists of constantly moving particles is called the kinetic theory of matter . You can learn more about it at the URL below.

Carnivores that eat herbivores are what kind of consumers?

quaternary

tertiary

primary

secondary

Plant-like protists contains chloroplasts and make food by what process?

farming

digestion

chemical processes

photosynthesis

common name of a plant-like protist, which contains chloroplasts and makes food by photosynthesis.

What is written as systolic over diastolic?

brain pressure

blood position

fractional pressure

blood pressure

Blood pressure is written as systolic/diastolic. For example, a reading of 120/80 is said as "one twenty over eighty. " These measures of blood pressure can change with each heartbeat and over the course of the day. Pressure varies with exercise, emotions, sleep, stress, nutrition, drugs, or disease.

When a species changes in small ways over time, what is it called?

small evolution

nanoevolution

minievolution

microevolution

You already know that evolution is the change in species over time. Most evolutionary changes are small and do not lead to the creation of a new species. When populations change in small ways over time, the process is called microevolution . Microevolution results in changes within a species.

What is the purpose of a bird using flashy displays?

to signal feeding

to protect their territory

to dissuade predators

to attract mates

Birds often use flashy displays to attract mates.

What do you call the ancient cores of continents, where the earliest continental crust is now found?

mantles

craters

escarpments

cratons

The earliest continental crust is now found in the ancient cores of continents, called the cratons . Geologists can learn many things about the Precambrian by studying the rocks of the cratons.

In the case of the moose, predation is an additional factor that regulates what?

weight

speed

color

population

Where do short period comets come from?

photon belt

milky way

vesta belt

kuiper belt

Short-period comets come from the Kuiper belt, beyond Neptune. Long-period comets come from the very distant Oort cloud.

Only after implantation can an embryo develop into a what?

living thing

mammal

humans

fetus

What are atoms with unstable nuclei are considered to be?

destructive

ions

unstable

radioactive

Atoms with unstable nuclei are radioactive. To become more stable, the nuclei undergo radioactive decay. In radioactive decay, the nuclei emit energy and usually particles of matter as well. There are several types of radioactive decay, including alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Energy is emitted in all three types of decay, but only alpha and beta decay also emit particles.

In what form is atmospheric sulfur found?

sulfur monoxide

formaldehyde

sulfuric acid

sulfur dioxide (so2)

On land, sulfur is deposited in four major ways: precipitation, direct fallout from the atmosphere, rock weathering, and geothermal vents (Figure 20.17). Atmospheric sulfur is found in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), and as rain falls through the atmosphere, sulfur is dissolved in the form of weak sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Sulfur can also fall directly from the atmosphere in a process called fallout. Also, as sulfur-containing rocks weather, sulfur is released into the soil. These rocks originate from ocean sediments that are moved to land by the geologic uplifting of ocean sediments. Terrestrial ecosystems can then make use of these soil sulfates (SO42-), which enter the food web by being taken up by plant roots. When these plants decompose and die, sulfur is released back into the atmosphere as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas.